SIDISA 2012Sustainable Technology

for Environmental Protection

International Symposium of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering

9th Edition

Italian-Brazilian Symposium of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering

11th Edition

Milan, Italy26 – 29 June 2012

Edited by: Prof. L. Bonomo Prof. R. Canziani Prof. F. Malpei Prof. M. Grosso Prof. S. Saponaro

SIDISA 2012International Symposium of Sanitary

and Environmental Engineering

Milan, Italy26 – 29 June 2012

Organized by:

ANDIS(Associazione Nazionale di Ingegneria SanitariaItalian Association of Sanitary Engineering)

In collaboration with:(Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica, Ambientale, Infrastrutture Viarie, RilevamentoDept. of Environmental, Hydraulic, Infrastructuresand Surveying Engineering), Politecnico di Milano

Organized by:

ANDIS (Italian Association on Sanitary and Environmental Engineering)

In collaboration with :

DIIAR (Dept. of Environmental, Hydraulic, Infrastructures and Surveying Engineering), Environmental Engineering Section, Politecnico di Milano

Supported by:

ABES (Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental)

Fondazione Cariplo

IWA (International Water Association - Italian section)

AIDIS (Inter-American Association of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering)

MATER (Materials & Energy from Refuse)

GITISA (Gruppo Italiano di Ingegneria Sanitaria Ambientale)

Federazione delle Imprese Energetiche e Idriche

Other Patronages:

AIAT (Associazione Ingegneri per l’Ambiente e il Territorio)

Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri

ENEP (European Network of Environmental Professionals)

Federambiente (Federazione Italiana Servizi Pubblici Igiene Ambientale)

IWWG (International Waste Working Group)

Ordine degli Ingegneri della Provincia di Milano

Rete Italiana LCA

WTERT (Waste to Energy Research and Technology Council)

Main Sponsors:

Other Sponsors:

Scientific Programme Committee

Giorgio Assennato

Pier Alberto Bertazzi

Paolo Boitani

Luca Bonomo (President)

Giuseppe Bortone

Renato Boero

Marco Castaldi

Daniele Cazzuffi

Gianluca Cencia

Stefano Cernuschi

Thomas H. Christensen

Giuseppe d’Antonio

Glen Daigger

Renato Drusiani

Marco Frey

Massimo Gabellini

Antonio Carlos Gerardi

Fabio Iraldo

Boran Kártal

Helmut Kroiss

Loredana Musmeci

Rodolfo Napoli

Eduardo Pacheco Jordão

Maurizio Pettine

Frank Raes

Roberto Ramadori

Paolo Romano

Cassilda Teixeira de Carvalho

Giordano Urbini

Federico Vagliasindi

PierGiorgio Vigliani

Hrissi K. Karapanagioti

David Werner

Local Organising Committee

Luca Bonomo

Stefano Cernuschi

Michele Giugliano

Costantino Nurizzo

Renato Vismara

Roberto Canziani

Francesca Malpei

Arianna Azzellino

Manuela Antonelli

Elena Ficara

Mario Grosso

Giovanni Lonati

Lucia Rigamonti

Sabrina Saponaro

Stefano Caserini

Elena Sezenna

Eleonora Perotto

General index

Please note:

Only the name of the first author (or speaker) is written in the fol-lowing programme. The names of the other co-authors are written in the full abstract form.

General Index

ORAL COMMUNICATIONSIndex of sessions p. 3Abstracts p. 16

POSTERS

Index of title p. 154Abstracts p. 160

LIST OF AUTHORS AND CO-AUTHORS p. 215

3

Index of sessions

PLENARY SESSION - Sustainable Technology for Environmental Protection p. 16

FUTURE TRENDS AND NEEDS IN THE WATER AND URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR [ID 1168] - DAIGGER G.T.

MEETING THE CHALLENGE: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION [ID 1444] - RAES F.

SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION: THE STATE OF THE ART IN ITALY IN A EUROPAN CONTEXT [ID 1071] - CARERE M.

INTEGRATED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES [ID 1417] - CHRISTENSEN T.H.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON: “Material and energy recovery from waste: searching for optimum integration” Organised with MatER(Material & Energy from Refuse) research center p. 17

MASS BALANCE: THE KEY FOR THE EVALUATION OF MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES [ID 1451] - COSSU R.

WTE TECHNOLOGY AND THE GLOBAL WTERT COUNCIL [ID 1418] - THEMELIS N.J.

ASSESSING MATERIAL RECYCLING ACTIVITIES: CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES [ID 1442] - GROSSO M.

PYROLYSIS AS A STEP FOR METAL RECOVERY FROM COMPOSITE WASTE MATERIALS [ID 1194] - QUICKER P.G.

CLOSING THE RECYCLING LOOP WITH ADVANCED ALUMINIUM RECOVERY FROM INCINERATION BOTTOM ASHES [ID 1441] - PRUVOST F.

FROM COMPOSTING TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTION [ID 1419] - ADANI F.

ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCES OF ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE [ID 1408] - VIGANO’ F.

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL: A WORLDWIDE OUTLOOK [ID 1443] - BUEKENS A.

WASTE TO ENERGY AS A KEY COMPONENT IN INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT [ID 1207] - MANDERS J.

GASIFICATION OF WASTES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERY [ID 1232] - ARENA U.

Advanced applications for material and energy recovery from waste Presentations from industrial Companies p. 23

REVAMPING OF A TRADITIONAL COMPOSTING PLANT INTO AN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT. THE CASE HISTORY OF ALBAIRATE (MILAN, ITALY) [ID 1229] - FURLAN D.

MATERIALS RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE [ID 1414] - NAVAROTTO P.

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INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN SALERNO WASTE TO ENERGY PROJECT, WTE ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER POWER TECHNOLOGIES [ID 885] - ZANNIER S.

UPGRADE OF MSWI WITH GORE DENOX CATALYTIC FILTER FOR MEETING STRINGENT EMISSION REQUIREMENTS ON NOX, NH3 AND DUST [ID 865] - EBERT J.

SESSION WATER - Water Quality p. 25

REMOVAL OF TRACE-LEVEL CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN FROM WASTEWATER: COMPARISON OF ONLINE MONITORING OPTIONS [ID 909] - KORSHIN G.

FIRST FLUSH STORAGE TANKS OF TRANSIT OR CAPTURE KIND IN RUNOFF NETWORKS COLLECTING MULTIPLE SUBCATCHMENTS [ID 920] - SANFILIPPO U.

HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFF [ID 925] - MONTANARO C.

EVALUATION OF EUTROPHICATION AND CARRYING CAPACITY OF PHOSPHORUS IN RESERVOIRS IN THE SEMIARID REGION, NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL. [ID 863] - MATTOS A.

META-MODELING OF A PHYSICALLY-BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE NUTRIENT LOAD DISCHARGED TO THE VENICE LAGOON. [ID 1129] - SALVETTI R.

APPLICATION OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE SUSTAINABLE PLANNING OF RIO POJUCA BASIN (BAHIA, BRAZIL) WATER RESOURCES [ID 995] - RABONI M.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT TO SUPPORT DECISION ABOUT THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY IN SERRA DAS AREIAS, IN APARECIDA DE GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS-BRAZIL [ID 907] - NARCISO M.G.

AN ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODEL OF CHOLERA DYNAMICS [ID 996] - MARI L.

MULTIREGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE KINETIC CONSTANTS IN EPHEMERAL RIVERS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE ORETO RIVER [ID 987] - MANNINA G.

THE LAMBRO-SEVESO-OLONA SYSTEM CASE STUDY: ECOLOGICAL QUALITY STANDARDS, SOCIAL AND ECOSYSTEM COSTS OF A HEAVILY MODIFIED WATER BODY (HMWB). [ID 1130] - AZZELLINO A.

WASTEWATER FINISHING BY FACULTATIVE LAGOONS OPEN TO TIDAL FLOW: FIELD EXPERIENCES IN THE INTERNAL SYSTEM OF CHANNELS AT CESENATICO (FC) [ID 890] - MANCINI M.L.

MONITORING AND MODELING THE WATER QUALITY IN A PERI-URBAN WATERSHED [ID 945] - GOMES L.

SESSION SOIL - Remediation of Contaminated Sites p. 33

TRIAD APPROACH IN ITALY [ID 967] - FALCONI M.

SOIL SALINIZATION ASSESSMENT ON IRAQ USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING IMAGERY [ID 970] - TEGGI S.

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FORENSIC ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: A PROPOSAL OF NEW PROCEDURES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MONITORING OF CONTAMINATED SITES [ID 1119] - LEGA M.

ASBESTOS RISK ANALYSIS: ITALIAN PROCEDURE [ID 883] - PAGLIETTI F.

MODELING MOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS BY CHELATING AGENTS IN UNSATURATED SOILS [ID 1001] - ANTONUCCI A.

REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF EDDS SOLUTION AFTER CHEMICAL WSHING OF CONTAMINATED SITES [ID 802] - FABBRICINO M.

POPLARS AS A TOOL FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF A METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL [ID 972] - COLZI I.

LAB-SCALE TREATMENT OF TPHS CONTAMINATED SOIL WASHING RESIDUES BY WET OXIDATION [ID 1108] - VACCARI M.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELIABILITY OF COLUMN TESTS FOR THE DESIGN OF PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS [ID 1121] - CALABRO’ P.S.

COMBINED USE OF REACTIVE BARRIER AND ELECTROKINETICS FOR REMEDIATION OF Cr CONTAMINATED SOIL [ID 892] - MUNTONI A.

SESSION SOIL - Remediation of Contaminated Sites p. 39

TOWARDS A NATIONAL PROTOCOL FOR THE APPLICATION OF IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION [ID 1076] - BACIOCCHI R.

REMEDIATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER USING CHEMICAL OXIDATION BY SODIUM PERSULPHATE [ID 888] - SBAFFONI S.

ISCO - INNOVATIVE RECLAMATION TECNOLOGY FOR CHALLENGING SITES [ID 1085] - PIEPOLI G.

IDENTIFICATION OF A LOW COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUITABLE STRATEGY FOR SEDIMENTS MANAGEMENT IN SMALL HARBORS – THE COAST-BEST PROJECT [ID 998] - POMI R.

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR IN-SITU REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS [ID 960] - GORI M.

SESSION WATER - Modelling, Monitoring and Process Control p. 42

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS FOR OPERATIONAL COSTS MINIMIZATION [ID 1126] - CAFFAZ S.

SIGNAL MONITORING TOWARD AN INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS [ID 1093] - LUCCARINI L.

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM INTEGRATING SUSPENDED AND ATTACHED BIOMASSES IN A MODIFIED BAS REACTOR [ID 992] - LUCIANO A.

INFLUENCE OF OPERATIVE CONDITIONS IN A HYBRID ACTIVATED SLUDGE/BIOFILM PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN A COLD CLIMATE REGION: A CASE STUDY [ID 977] - DI TRAPANI D.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ANAMMOX PROCESS IN MULTISPECIES BIOFILMS [ID 1118] - MATTEI M.R.

6

SESSION WATER - Nutrient Removal p. 46

IMPROVEMENT OF NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A LARGE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT [ID 917] - GENON G.

FEASIBILITY OF SWINE MANURE DIGESTION EFFLUENT TREATMENT BY ANAMMOX GRANULAR GASLIFT REACTOR [ID 1084] - CORDOLA M.

NITRIFICATION DENITRIFICATION VIA NITRITE IN A PILOT-SCALE SBR TREATING THE LIQUID FRACTION OF CO-DIGESTED PIGGERY/POULTRY MANURE AND AGRO-WASTES [ID 1134] - SCAGLIONE D.

TREATMENT AND REUSE OF DIGESTATE FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION [ID 819] - TANZI G.

RECOVER OF NUTRIENT COMPOUNDS FROM DIGESTATE OF CALF MANURE BY STRUVITE PRECIPITATION USING LOW COSTS REAGENTS [ID 856] - SICILIANO A.

EFFECT ON ANAMMOX ACTIVITY OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS [ID 874] - CORDOLA M.

SESSION WATER - Treatments for drinking water p. 50

CCREAM: SOFTWARE TO EVALUATE AGGRESSIVENESS AND SCALING IN NATURAL OR TREATED WATERS [ID 818] - VISMARA R.

MODELING OF THE SPECIATION OF TRIAHALOMETHANE AND DIHALOACETONITRILES IN CHLORINATED DRINKING WATERS [ID 1056] - ROCCARO P.

CHLORATE AS DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT IN TURIN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT: FORMATION, MONITORING, POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS [ID 914] - FIORE S. SURFACE WATER DISINFECTION BY MULTIBORE FIBER ULTRAFILTRATION. A PILOT PLANT ASSESSMENT [ID 984] - IANNELLI R.

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF REAL SCALE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT [ID 1110] - CROTTI B.M.

SESSION WATER - Physical-chemical Treatments p. 53

FOULING CONTROL IN HYBRID ADSORBENT/MEMBRANE SYSTEMS BY SONICATION [ID 1035] - NADDEO V.

AN INNOVATIVE MULTIFUNCTIONAL REACTOR FOR THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER [ID 795] - SANTORO D.

NITRATE REDUCTION IN ZERO-VALENT IRON SYSTEM WITH AQUEOUS FE+2 [ID 854] - SICILIANO A.

DEGRADATION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WASTEWATER BY OZONE AND CHLORINE [ID 908] - KORSHIN G.

LONG TERM MONITORING OF BIOGAS AND LEACHATE IN THE “FOSSETTO” MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PLANT (MONSUMMANO TERME - PT) [ID 1123] - CALABRO’ P.S.

7

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON: Sites Contaminated by volatile pollutants: risk assessment, remediation and monitoring p. 56

PROBLEMS IN THE EVALUATION OF THE VAPOR INTRUSION PATHWAY AT CONTAMINATED SITES [ID 1218] - D’APRILE L.

MODELING OF VAPOR INTRUSION MITIGATION [ID 1209] - FOLKES D.

EXCLUSION DISTANCE CRITERIA FOR VAPOR INTRUSION RISK ASSESSMENT AT PETROLEUM RELEASE SITES [ID 806] - LAHVIS M.

A CASE STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION ON VAPOR INTRUSION AT A FORMER REFINERY PROPERTY [ID 1216] - MCALARY T.A.

LONG-TERM SOIL GAS, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR MONITORING FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AT A SITE POLLUTED FROM PETROLEUM-DERIVED COMPOUNDS [ID 1206] - SAPONARO S.

CASE STUDIES OF SOIL GAS SURVEYS IN THE VENICE MAINLAND. TECHNICAL REFERENCES FOR ADDRESSING SOIL GAS SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS [ID 1137] - FUIN F.

SOME ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS TOOLS APPLICABLE TO SITES CONTAMINATED BY VOLATILE POLLUTANTS [ID 1159] - MOK C.M.W.

RISK ASSESSMENT AND VAPOR FLUX MONITORING - ADVANTAGES OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR REMEDIATION DESIGN [ID 1239] - VERDELOCCO S.

EFFECT OF ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES DEGRADING VOLATILE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN AN AEROBIC SANDY SOIL [ID 860] - WERNER D.

USE OF TRACER GASES FOR IDENTIFING THE RADIUS OF INFLUENCE OF A MULTIPHASE EXTRACTION SYSTEM [ID 958] - DONATI M.

PASSIVE VAPOUR BARRIER FOR A RESIDENTIAL REDEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL SITE [ID 1160] - DAVIT J.P.

IN SITU MICROWAVE THERMAL DESORPTION OF DIESEL POLLUTED SOIL: PRELIMINARY RESULTS [ID 847] - VAGLIASINDI F.G.A.

BIOBARRIERS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTED BY GASOLINE: BIOMASS-SUPPORT SELECTION AND COLUMN TEST [ID 1136] - CAREGHINI A.

PURE OXYGEN MICRODIFFUSION IN GROUNDWATER – A case history [ID 808] - PERONI M.

BIOPRECIPITATION OF Cr6+ AND ENHANCED REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION (ERD) OF TCE

[ID 964] - ARESU A.

ANTHROPOGENIC PARTICLES AND EMERGING POLLUTANTS IN GREEK COASTAL SEDIMENTS [ID 1049] - KARAPANAGIOTI H.K.

SESSION WATER - Energy and WWTP p. 66

AERATION CONTROL STRATEGY FOR ENERGY SAVING - ION SENSITIVE ELECTRODES INPUT [ID 859] - GRAVELEAU L.

ALTERNATE ANOXIC/AEROBIC OPERATION FOR COST REDUCTION IN FULL SCALE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS: THE O.S.C.A.R. PROCESS [ID 936] - GUGLIELMI G.

8

ENERGY IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE: HEAT RECOVERY FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENT [ID 1099] - FIORE S.

AN EXAMPLE OF UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY COOPERATION FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OPTIMISATION [ID 935] - RAGAZZI M. MAXIMIZATION OF SOLIDS REMOVAL AND BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN A PILOTE-SCALE UASB REACTOR [ID 991] - CAPODAGLIO A.G. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT PRETREATMENTS TO INCREASE METHANE PRODUCTION OF ENSILED SORGHUM FORAGE [ID 926] - SAMBUSITI C. BIOTHELYS - THERMAL HYDROLYSIS TO ENHANCE BIOGAS PRODUCTION OF MUNICIPAL SLUDGE DIGESTION – FOCUS ON THE MONZA PROJECT [ID 878] - FAVALI G. ENERGY EFFICIENT THERMAL HYDROLYSIS WITH STEAM EXPLOSION [ID 923] - RINGOOT D. MFC APPLICATION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS [ID 930] - CAPODAGLIO A.G. BIOFUELS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY: CURRENT AND FUTURE ROLE IN ITALY AND IN THE E.U. [ID 969] - MOROSINI C.

SESSION WATER - Industrial wastewater treatment p. 72

APPLICABILITY OF THE ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS IN THE INTERACTION PROCESS BETWEEN TEXTILE DYES AND Saccharomyces cerevisiae LYOPHILIZED [ID 882] - DOMINGOS R.N.

SOLID –LIQUID TWO PHASE PARTITIONING BIOREACTORS FOR ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER. CASE STUDY: REMOVAL OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS [ID 959] - TOMEI M.C.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PRIMARY SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS ON 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL REMOVAL BY AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE [ID 990] - CARUCCI A.

HIGH EFFICIENCY BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT DELIVERS HIGH QUALITY EFFLUENT OF PROCESS WATER COMING FROM PLASTICIZERS PRODUCTION PLANT. [ID 834] - CACCIARI E.

FUNGAL BIODEGRADATION OF NAPHTHALENE-SULPHONATED POLYMERS IN PETROCHEMICALS WASTEWATER [ID 1087] - BRIGANTI F.

SESSION WATER - Advanced oxidation processes p. 75

DECOMPOSITION OF AZO DYES IN THE FENTON PROCESS IN THE PRESENCE OF IRON NANOCOMPOUNDS [ID 801] - KOS L. OZONE ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE DYEING EFFLUENTS [ID 828] - DI IACONI C. HETEROGENEOUS ELECTROPHOTOCATALYSIS ON TiO

2 SELF-ORGANIZED NANOTUBES FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL [ID 1124] - TUROLLA A. MECHANISTIC MODELING AND ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF UV-H2O2 AOP USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS [ID 833] - SANTORO D.

SESSION WATER - Treatment and Management of Sludge p. 78

SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION: DEVELOPMENTS OF STANDARDIZATION IN EUROPE [ID 1116] - BONATO T.

9

FULL-SCALE APPLICATION OF OZONE OXIDATION FOR MINIMIZATION OF EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCTION IN A AEROBIC DIGESTER [ID 1005] - D’AMATO E.

A LOW EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR TREATING MIXED MUNICIPAL-TEXTILE WASTEWATER [ID 827] - DI IACONI C.

SANITISATION TREATMENTS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM FOOD INDUSTRY: EXSPERIMENTAL RESULTS [ID 872] - LORELLA R.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE: MACROMOLECULAR COMPOSITION AND IWA ADM1 APPLICATION [ID 876] - CABBAI V.

SPONTANEOUS REACTIVITY OF DRY SLUDGE [ID 877] - DELLA ZASSA M.

EFFECTIVENESS OF REED BED SYSTEMS FOR SLUDGE STABILIZATION TREATMENT: DANISH AND ITALIAN EXAMPLES [ID 994] - PERUZZI E.

SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES PRESENTED AS ALTERNATIVE TO INCINERATION TO EASILY DESTROY ORGANICS AND TO RECOVER ENERGY AND PRECIOUS METAL CATALYSTS [ID 814] - CALVI R.

USE OF BIOSOLIDS IN AGRICULTURE: RISK ANALYSIS RELATED TO THE OCCURRENCE OF EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS [ID 1060] - ROCCARO P.

SESSION WATER - Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) p. 84

MBR TECHNOLOGY: ITS MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND MARKET OVER THE WORLD [ID 898] - SCANNAPIECO D.

FOAMING IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR: IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSES [ID 1062] - DI BELLA G.

THE ROLE OF EPS IN FOULING AND FOAMING PHENOMENA OCCURRING IN UCT-MBR PILOT PLANT [ID 993] - MANNINA G.

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC-INORGANIC PVDF/NANOCLAY ULTRAFILTRATION COMPOSITE MEMBRANE [ID 796] - MORIHAMA A.C.D.

REMOVAL RATES ENHANCEMENT BY POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE IN A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) TREATING TEXTILE WASTEWATERS [ID 1132] - TELI A.

THE FOULING PHENOMENON IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS: ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY SAVING [ID 1003] - MANNINA G.

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY REDUCTION IN FULL-SCALE MBR INSTALLATIONS: THE SIEMENS MEMPULSE SYSTEM [ID 986] - PERDUCA D.

EVALUATION OF THE TREATABILITY OF PRE-DIGESTED DISTILLERY WASTEWATER THROUGH MBR AND CHEMICAL POST-TREATMENT [ID 1064] - PETTA L.

INNOVATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: BAPCO REFINERY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT [ID 786] - MARINETTI M.

10

SESSION WATER - Emerging pollutant p. 89

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCES OF POLYFLUORALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFASS) IN THE ITALIAN SURFACE WATERS [ID 886] - POLESELLO S.

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN WASTEWATERS AND SURFACE WATER - THE CASE STUDY OF THE CATCHMENT AREA OF FERRARA [ID 832] - VERLICCHI P.

PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FATE AND REMOVAL IN MILAN NOSEDO WWTP: RESULTS OF A 4 YEARS RESEARCH AT FULL AND PILOT SCALE [ID 1114] - MALPEI F.

MASS BALANCE OF EMERGING ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN A SMALL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT [ID 891] - SBAFFONI S.

PROTEOMICS APPLIED TO IBUPROFEN DEGRADATION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS. [ID 1080] - BUTTIGLIERI G.

FATE OF PHARMACEUTICALS DURING THE INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE [ID 1039] - JELIC A.

SELENIUM TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS USING PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES [ID 804] - MUNIRATHINAM K.

ADVANCED TREATMENT OF URBAN WASTEWATER BY UV RADIATION: EFFECT ON ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA [ID 821] - RIZZO L.

ALGAL CYANOTOXIN PRESENCE IN LAKE USE FOR DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION AND IRRIGATION IN THE SOUTH OF ITALY [ID 924] - GUZZELLA L.

MONTHLY VARIATION OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE REMOVAL OF ANTHROPOGENIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES [ID 1040] - ROSSO D.

SESSION WATER - Constructed wetlands and phytodepuration p. 96

COMPARISON OF INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND CONFIGURATIONS AIMED TO AREA REDUCTION [ID 946] - RUABEN J.

MODELLING OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS [ID 985] - LLORENS E.

DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION OF THE VETIVER GRASS (CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIOIDES) IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS SYSTEMS [ID 1009] - OLIVEIRA E.L.D.

PHYTOTREATMENT OF DIFFERENT WASTEWATERS BY USING OLEAGINOUS PLANTS [ID 1014] - LAVAGNOLO M.C.

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR MOUNTAIN REGIONS: INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF DISCONTINUOUS LOADS AND LOW TEMPERATURES [ID 944] - ORTIGARA A.R.C.

SESSION WATER - Reuse and Recycling p. 99

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF WASTEWATER REUSE [ID 1096] - BERTANZA G.

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“BEYOND THE FENCELINE” APPROACH FOR THE INDUSTRIAL WATER RE-USE IN ITALY [ID 787] - ZAFFARONI C.

WASTEWATER REUSE FOR ENERGY CROPS IRRIGATION: CO2 BALANCE IN SIMPLIFIED TREATMENT SCHEMES [ID 1138] - MASI S.

RAPID SAND FILTRATION FOLLOWED BY H2O2/UV COMBINED TREATMENT - CASE STUDY MANCASALE TERTIARY TREATMENT PILOT PLANT FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE OF WASTEWATER [ID 1078] - FONTANI N.

COMBINED TREATMENT OF SONICATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION FOR WASTEWATER REUSE IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES [ID 901] - CARETTI C.

USE OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL WATER TOOLS TO IDENTIFY IMPACTS, RISKS AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSES [ID 810] - DELL J.

SESSION WASTE - Technical visit and all-day session on WTE (waste-to-energy) p. 103

THE “GERBIDO CASE STUDY” - DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE WTE PLANT IN TURIN [ID 954] - BENZI F.

ACTIVATION OF INCINERATOR BOTTOM ASH IN CEMENTITIOUS BLENDS: LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF PRODUCTS [ID 989] - POLETTINI A.

CHARACTERIZATION OF BOTTOM ASH FROM RDF HIGH-TEMPERATURE GASIFICATION PLANTS – ASSESSMENT OF LEACHING BEHAVIOUR AND TREATMENT OPTIONS [ID 957] - PIFFERI L.

A SUBSTANCE FLOW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION- AND GASIFICATION-BASED WASTE-TO-ENERGY UNITS [ID 1091] - DI GREGORIO F.

POTENTIAL OF BIO-DRYING FOR GENERATION OF SOLID RECOVERED FUEL FROM WET ORGANIC SUBSTRATES [ID 941] - RADA E.C.

CO2 ABSORPTION INTEGRATED WITH CARBONATION OF APC RESIDUES FOR ALKALI REGENERATION AND CO2 STORAGE IN A PILOT-SCALE BIOGAS UPGRADING PLANT [ID 1079] - COSTA G.

REUSE OF MSWI RESIDUES FOR CONCRETE PRODUCTION: COMPARISON BETWEEN MASS-BURNING AND FLUIDIZED BED BOTTOM ASHES [ID 1105] - ABBÀ A.

WASTE INCINERATION: EVALUATION OF DIRRENT KIND OF ENERGY RECOVERY [ID 822] - PANEPINTO D.

International IWA Conference on Autotrophic nitrogen removal: from research to applications p. 108

NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM-OXIDIZING BACTERIA [ID 1450] - KARTAL B.

REDOX STRATIFIED BIOFILMS TO SUPPORT COMPLETELY AUTOTROPHIC NITROGEN REMOVAL: PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS [ID 1440] - SMETS B.

COMBINED NITRITATION ANAMMOX: PROCESS CONTROL FOR A HIGH STRENGTH SUPERNATANT WITH LOW BUFFERING CAPACITY [ID 1458] - JOSS A.

TESTING THE ANAMMOX PROCESS UNDER DIFFERENT INHIBITING CONDITIONS [ID 1193] - LOTTI T.

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APPLICATION OF ANAMMOX PROCESS TO THE MAIN STREAM OF WWTPS [ID 1188] - CAMPOS J.L. AUTOTROPHIC NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM DIGESTED AGRO-WASTES [ID 1428] - SCAGLIONE D. PANAMMOX®: A TWO-STEP AUTOTROPHIC N REMOVAL PROCESS FOR HIGH LOADED NITROGEN LEACHATES [ID 1234] - COLPRIM J. APPLICATION OF THE SNAD PROCESS TO MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LEACHATE [ID 1204] - LANGONE M. THE ANAMMOX-PROCESS: RECIPES FOR A GOOD ZUPPA DI POMODORO [ID 1164] - KRUIT J. EXPANDING DEMON SIDESTREAM DEAMMONIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS MAINSTREAM APPLICATION [ID 1464] - WETT B.TREATMENT OF SLUDGE LIQUOR WITH DEAMMONIFICATION: CLEARGREEN PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY ASPECTS [ID 1235] - GRAVELEAU L. THE “ANITA™ MOX PROCESS” - EXPERIENCES FROM START-UP AND OPERATION OF DEAMMONIFICATION MBBR PLANTS [ID 1192] - WELANDER T.

SESSION WASTE - Italian Brazilian Symposium on Sustainable landfilling p. 115 and solid waste management

THE MODERN ROLE OF LANDFILLING AS A FINAL SINK REPOSITORY [ID 1120] - COSSU R. REVISITING PARADIGMS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL [ID 797] - SANTOS MORAES L.R. THE EVALUATION OF SMALL LANDFILLS CONCEPTION IN BRAZIL [ID 903] - IWAI C.K. MODEL FOR ESTIMATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM MSW ORGANIC FRACTION AFTER REACTIVATION [ID 823] - GENON G.

LANDFILL GAS EMISSIONS FROM A CONTROLLED SITE WITH DIFFERENT COVER CONDITIONS [ID 858] - TATANO F.

INVESTIGATION OF CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER IN LANDFILL OF ORNAMENTAL ROCK INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL [ID 869] - REIS F.A.G.V.

LAB SCALE TESTS BEFORE IN SITU AEROBIC STABILIZATION OF AN OLD LANDFILL [ID 929] - RAGA R.

PERFORMANCE OF A SUBMERGED AEROBIC BIOFILTRER IN TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE AND MUNICIPAL SANITARY SEWAGE [ID 912] - FERRAZ F.D.M.

AIRFLOW SYSTEM FOR LANDFILL AERATION: TECHNOLOGY AND CASE STUDIES [ID 849] - PIZZARDINI P.

MEDIUM SCALE COMPOSTING OF DOMESTIC ORGANIC WASTE UNDER TYPICAL TROPICAL FIELD CONDITIONS IN KAMPALA - UGANDA [ID 1066] - POMI R.

PROPOSAL OF A QUALITY INDEX TO THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT [ID 932] - HAMADA J.

RECYCLING GRANT AND PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES IN URBAN AREAS: THE PARTICIPATION OF WASTEPICKERS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF MINAS GERAIS AND BRAZIL [ID 1038] - MAGRINELI DOS REIS A.

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PRE-TREATMENT OF SPECIAL WASTE BEFORE LANDFILLING: WASHING OF AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUE (ASR) [ID 978] - LAI T.

HEAVY METALS REMOVAL USING WATER TREATMENT SLUDGE [ID 976] - ALBUQUERQUE A.

PIPE DESIGN FOR BIOGAS ENERGY USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION[ID 1112] - GODOY E.

SESSION WASTE - Biological Treatments p. 124

FERMENTATIVE H2 PRODUCTION FROM FOOD WASTE AT LABORATORY SCALE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF CO-DIGESTION WITH SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE [ID 889] - TUCCINARDI L.

EFFECT OF pH AND SEED MICROORGANISMS ON FERMENTATIVE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION F ROM FOOD WASTE [ID 961] - MUNTONI A.

EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF SINGLE FRACTIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE [ID 1043] - ALIBARDI L.

CHARACTERISATION OF MSW ORGANIC FRACTION FLOW SEPARATED AND TREATED IN A MECHANICAL-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANT [ID 1163] - DI LONARDO M.C.

ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF WASTE STABILITY DURING ACTIVE COMPOSTING TIME [ID 900] - MICALE C.

A SIMPLE APPROACH FOR THE EVALUATION OF MSW BIOLOGICAL STABILITY [ID 1016] - LAI T.

COMBINED BMP TESTS AND DIGESTATE CHARACTERISATION OF PECULIAR AGRICULTURAL SUBSTRATES IN ITALY [ID 836] - CARCHESIO M.

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: AN EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL REVAMPING APPLYING SINGLE STAGE WET SYSTEM [ID 947] - BOZANO GANDOLFI P.

METHANE PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF COMPLEX ORGANIC SUBSTRATES [ID 830] - PANICO A.

INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX FEED MIXTURE ON PERFORMANCE OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION [ID 1088] - TRULLI E.

SESSION WASTE - Recovery and Recycle p. 131

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE FOOD WASTE IN A HIGHLY POPULATED URBAN AREA: AN LCA EVALUATION [ID 1146] - GROSSO M.

FROM TANNERY WASTEWATER SLUDGE AND SOLID WASTE, TO FERTILIZER: AN ECO-INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE PROJECT [ID 873] - CAPONI E.

VOLATILISATION AND OXIDATION OF ALUMINIUM SCRAPS FED INTO INCINERATION FURNACES [ID 831] - BIGANZOLI L.

MSW SELECTIVE COLLECTION IN A TOURIST AREA: AN ITALIAN CASE-STUDY [ID 943] - RAGAZZI M.

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PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ADSORBENT MEDIA FROM OLIVE STONES [ID 1018] - ANTONETTI F.

SESSION WASTE - Integrated Waste Management p. 134

EVALUATION OF WASTE PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES IN DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION USING LCA [ID 1127] - NESSI S. INNOVATIVE EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC DATA ON SOURCE SEPARATION SCHEMES IN LOMBARDY [ID 884] - GIAVINI M.

OPTIMIZATION OF URBAN WASTE COLLECTION MANAGEMENT THROUGH DYNAMIC VEHICLE ROUTING [ID 1036] - NICOSIA F.G. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AS A TOOL FOR OPTIMISING THE INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LOMBARDIA [ID 1133] - RIGAMONTI L. ENERGETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION IN LIVORNO AND CECINA (TUSCANY) EXISTING PLANTS (PROJECT C-STEP) [ID 896] - MARESCA L.

SESSION AIR - Atmospheric Pollution and Emission Control p. 137

OPTIMIZATION OF EXISTING DENOX AND NEGOTIATION SUPPORT FOR NOx EMISSION LIMIT: PILOT TESTING AND FULL SCALE CONSTRUCTION [ID 809] - VOLPI F. PILOT SCALE STUDY ON THE BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED STREAMS OF H2S IN A TANNERY WASTEWATERS TREATMENT PLANT [ID 848] - MUNZ G.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NANOPARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION PROCESSES [ID 1147] - OZGEN S.

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN LOMBARDY: FINDINGS FROM THE INEMAR EMISSION INVENTORY [ID 1150] - CASERINI S.

TRI-GENERATION POWER PLANT AND CONVENTIONAL BOILERS: POLLUTANT FLOW RATE AND ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT OF STACK EMISSIONS [ID 1067] - GHERMANDI G.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE BAT CONCEPT IN THE STEELMAKING SECTOR [ID 1012] - RADA E.C.

DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO ODOUR EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS [ID 1033] - GIULIANI S.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND LUNG CANCER: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS TO DEFINE LONG-TIME EXPOSURE OF POPULATION ENROLLED IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY [ID 953] - CORDIOLI M.

LONG TERM TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN MODENA, PO VALLEY, ITALY [ID 1069] - BIGI A.

SESSION SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES p. 143

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SANITATION POLICY AND WATER QUALITY. A PARALLEL BETWEEN BRAZIL AND ITALY [ID 942] - GIANSANTE A.E.

STUDY OF AN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TO DISINFECT DRINKING WATER USING SOLAR HEAT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES [ID 1109] - SORLINI S.

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PERFORMANCE OF SLOW FILTRATION FOR WATER TREATMENT USING A MICROPOROUS CERAMIC [ID 1077] - SCALIZE P.S.

COST MODELING OF DESALINATION SYSTEMS [ID 919] - MARINETTI M.

PRÓ-BILLINGS SABESP, SANITATION PROGRAM IN WATER SOURCE PROTECTION AREA/BILLINGS RESERVOIR - MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS [ID 1053] - MATSUGUMA S.

BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESS PRECEDED BY UASB REACTORS AT GAMA WWTP [ID 1050] - FELIZATTO M.R.

TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT ROUTES [ID 1098] - BERTANZA G.

AIR AND SOLID LOW POLLUTION EMISSION IN A SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE THERMAL TREATMENT PLANT– HIGH TEMPERATURE FLUIDIZED BED LE HAVRE CASE STUDY [ID 843] - PEDRAZZI L.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE SIMULATION AND EVALUATION: DISCUSSING AN ASSESSMENT MODEL PREDICTED THROUGH A SCENARIO PROCEDURE DEVELOPED THANKS TO GIS TOOLS [ID 866] - PANDOLFI A.M.

SANITATION PROJECT IN COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES [ID 948] - SOUZA CARRERA N.C.

POSSIBLE AND PROFITABLE BIOGAS FROM MANURE [ID 962] - MASSONE A.

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Oral Communications – Abstracts

Sustainable Technology for Environmental Protection

[ABSTRACT ID: 1168]

FUTURE TRENDS AND NEEDS IN THE WATER AND URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR

DAIGGER G.T.

CH2M HILL - Englewood, CO - United States

Current approaches to urban water management are unsustainable based on continuing population growth and increased living standards which are outstripping the renewable resources of plant earth. Urban water manage-ment systems must transition from their current linear configuration to one emphasized recycling and reuse. The current approach abstracts water from the environment, treats it, uses it once, treats the used water modestly, and then returns it to the environment. This approach consumes significant quantities of energy and chemicals. Future systems must emphasize efficiency, use of local water supplies, and water recycling and reuse while ex-tracting energy and nutrients from the urban water cycle. Such systems are already available and will be further improved based on continuing use. Transition to these newer, higher performing systems will require several changes, including: (1) transition of urban water utilities from single purpose (water, stormwater, wastewater) to multi-purpose integrated utilities encompassing the entire urban water cycle, (2) increased distribution of tre-atment assets, (3) transition from volume-based to service-based financing, and integration of urban water ma-nagement utilities with city planning functions. The resulting systems can meet human needs with much less net water abstraction from the environment while becoming energy neutral and recovering significant quantities of nutrients. Achieving this transformation is one of the key objectives of the International Water Association (IWA) Cities of the Future program, which provides a platform for the progressive realization of the changes needed. Urban water management utilities will be in a state of continuous adaptation in response to the changing reality they face. They will adopt a strategic vision and follow it prudently as changes actually occur.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1444]

MEETING THE CHALLENGE: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION

RAES F.

Joint Research Centre - Ispra - Italy

There is mounting evidence that human activities are changing the Earths climate. Over the past 20 years and in 4 assessment reports, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has shown that the evidence is not only mounting but also ever more coherent. Basic understanding, observations and model calculations provide an ever more consistent picture of the human impacts on climate in the past, and give a solid basis to manage the risks of climate change in the future. It is known what needs to be done and why: that is the sci-entific-technological question as it is outlined and answered in the IPCC reports. How to come to climate action and for who: that is the political question, for which there is not yet an internationally agreed answer. Science does outline the risks of climate change. Based on that knowledge policy makers, i.e. those people in ministries and e.g. the European Commission, do try and device policies and measures to deal with the risk. Eventually, it is the decision maker, the politician, who takes the risk in deciding to spend resources for this problem or an-other. Managing a complex problem like climate change, which touches on all aspects of daily live, is obviously not only a scientific-technological problem, but needs to be embedded in a larger political discourse.In the paper, various elements of climate action are outlined. An existing framework for a more Political dis-course is then highlighted.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1071]

SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION: THE STATE OF THE ART IN ITALY IN A EUROPAN CONTEXTBECCALONI E., CARERE M., MUSMECI L.

National Institute of Health - Rome - Italy

A European thematic strategy has been launched by the European Commission in 2006 with the aim to establish a common European framework for soil protection: the strategy, that includes also a Directive proposal, is based on a sound and transparent prioritisation of the sites to be remediated, aiming at reducing soil contamination and the risk caused by it for human health and the environment. Member States shall, on the basis of the inventory and within seven years from transposition date, draw up a National Remediation Strategy, including at least remedia-tion targets and starting with those sites which pose a significant risk to human health; the strategy has the aim also to reduce the risk of contamination to other environmental compartments linked to soil such as groundwaters and for this aim is needed a strong correlation with the Water Framework Directive.The first legislative act on the remediation of contaminated sites in Italy has been published in 1997 with the legislative waste decree 22/97; the legislation has been then enlarged and improved with the ministerial decree 471/99 which laid down specific technical provisions and the Italian environmental law framework 152/06 and subsequent modifications. In Italy, nowadays, 57 national remediation sites have been identified on the basis of the possible risk for human health and the environment; they include mainly large industrial plants, most of them are petrochemicals, harbours, mines, landfill sites. The national sites have different sizes and in total cover 3% of national territory and some of them include also marine-costal areas and wetland of high biodiversity value. For some of these national sites the remediation actions are advanced, for other sites, due to the high levels of pollu-tion and the technological difficulties to reduce the contamination, the timing is more long. The list of contaminants that affect soil and groundwaters includes persistent and bioaccumulative substances such as heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides, PCB, Dioxins and other extremely toxic substances such as asbestos.The assessment criteria foreseen by the law are based on an approach that takes into account national numerical threshold values for soil and groundwaters, but also the risk for human health through the elaboration of a specific risk analysis.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1417]

INTEGRATED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIESCHRISTENSEN T.H.

Technical University of Denmark - Lyngby - Denmark

Waste management in Europe is changing these years as a consequence of political initiatives regarding reduc-tion in landfilling, focus on global warming and on resource efficiency. The waste hierarchy rules in the EU but the balance between material recycling and utilization can be challenged by LCA. It is expected that regional solutions will develop paying attention to differences in waste composition and markets for electricity, heat, fu-els and organic matter which are the products that the waste management system can deliver. This will require systematic quantification of mass balances, energy budgets and emission accounts for each technology as well as each system in order to provide a documented basis for selecting regional solutions.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON: “Material and energy recovery from waste: searching for optimum integration”

[ABSTRACT ID: 1451]

MASS BALANCE: THE KEY FOR THE EVALUATION OF MODERN WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESCOSSU R.

Università di Padova - Padova - Italy

The key parameter in the assessment of environmental impacts associated with waste management is mass flow, which should be carefully monitored to avoid the risk of creating environmental imbalance for both or-ganic and inorganic substances. The mass flow of emissions (liquid, gas, solid) associated with waste disposal

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should be monitored in both the short- and long-term. In the short term, this would imply the creation of ac-ceptable environmental conditions for populations and ecosystems close to a waste management facility. In the long term, acceptable environmental conditions should be created not only for the immediate future, but also for the future of generations to follow (environmental sustainability). As for all types of environmental issues, the main factor in controlling pollution is represented by limiting the mobility of those elements, the quantities or form of which are not in equilibrium with the environment. For production purposes substances and ele-ments are mobilised from geological deposits where they are present in a non-mobilizable form or in a form not directly available to the environment. These substances will contribute towards the generation of wastes during their extraction, production and use and may lead to uncontrolled distribution of these same substances into the environment. Even at the low concentrations established by regulations, these emissions may result in widespread environmental pollution. Throughout the entire planet the exposure to heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants is gradually increasing, thus leading to one of the most subtle and least remediable forms of pollution: diffused pollution. The task entrusted to environmental engineers is to close the mass balance between mobilized and immobilized substances in such a way that the largest possible part of the substances mobilized , returns in the shortest possible time to its non-mobilizable form, thereby minimizing the risk of exposure to uncontrolled emissions.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1418]

WTE TECHNOLOGY AND THE GLOBAL WTERT COUNCILTHEMELIS N.J.

Columbia University - New York, NY - United States

By this time, an estimated 200 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) ar treated thermally to produce electricity and heat. This global industry is usually called waste-to-energy (WTE) and is rapidly growing: An esti-mated 200 WTE facilities were built, during the first decade of the 21st century, mostly in Europe and Asia. The great majority of these plants are based on the grate combustion of as-received MSW and produce electricity. There are also several “gasification” processes, implemented mostly in Japan; however, a recent compilation of all Japanese WTE facilities showed that 84% of Japan’s MSW is treated in grate combustion plants. Several small-scale WTE plants (<5 tons/hour) are operating in Europe and Japan and are based both on grate com-bustion and gasification technologies. However, the trend is toward very large facilities that are based on the principle of combustion on a moving bed. Fifteen years ago, there was little academic interest in the WTE technology. In the U.S., this led in 2002 to the formation of the Waste-to-Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT), between the Earth Engineer-ing Center of Columbia University and the Energy Recovery Council (previously IWSA), the association of WTE companies and plants. By now, WTERT has been expanded to the Global WTERT Council that comprises twelve national organizations, including MatER (WTERT-Italy) at the University of Milan.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1442]

ASSESSING MATERIAL RECYCLING ACTIVITIES: CURRENT STATUS AND PERSPECTIVESGROSSO M., RIGAMONTI L.

Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy

This paper summarises the results of a number of life cycle evaluations that we have carried out in recent years about the recycling of packaging materials. The methodology applied is the life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA, originally developed for assessing environmental impacts of products with the so-called “cradle to grave” approach, has in fact evolved towards extended applications related to a broader range of human activities involving environmental interactions, such as waste management, treatment, recovery and disposal operations. The LCA results show that recycling is energetically and environmentally advantageous for all the packaging materials, with only few exceptions. The activity that implies the highest benefits in all impact indicators is the recycling of aluminium. The results are influenced by: 1) the different waste collection schemes in place, which in turn affect the subsequent selection efficiencies, prior to recovery; 2) the quality of the material produced by the recycling, that implies a substitution ratio equal to 1 (same quality) or less than 1 (down-cycling); 3) the hypothesis on the energy feedstock of combustible materials when used as raw materials.

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These results can be used to estimate the impacts of recycling activities within an integrated municipal waste management system. In this case each impact associated with the treatment of one tonne of each material has to be multiplied by the real quantity of that material. The overall benefit associated with the recycling of packag-ing materials within the integrated waste management system will in fact depend on the amount of packaging materials that actually is sent to recycling. The benefits associated with paper, plastic and glass have turned out to be very significant due to the high amounts collected of these materials in comparison with the amount of aluminium. In future LCA of packaging materials recycling activities the following issues should be taken into account:- A complete characterisation of the residues produced by selection and reprocessing activities is needed to

better understand their possible destination.- Due to increasing levels of separate collection, will the quality of the collected materials remain the same

(and consequently the selection and reprocessing efficiencies) or will it change? - In the coming years other applications for the polyolephinic mix may be introduced and wood may be used

for energy production (and so the avoided products may be different from those assumed in the reported analysis).

- Is the quality of secondary steel, aluminium and glass actually the same as that of the corresponding primary material? and so, is it correct assuming for these materials a substitution ratio equal to 1?

- In the future, will secondary materials actually substitute for the corresponding primary material?

[ABSTRACT ID: 1194]

PYROLYSIS AS A STEP FOR METAL RECOVERY FROM COMPOSITE WASTE MATERIALSQUICKER P.G., ROTHEUT M.

RWTH Aachen University - Aachen - Germany

Thermal waste treatment and recycling are the backbone of modern waste management. Normally, thermal waste treatment is focused on energy recovery, whereas material recovery technologies are dominated by mechanical processing steps. Our approach combines these both types of processing. The aim is the recovery of metals from waste frac-tions containing metal-plastic composite materials, by a combined thermo-mechanical treatment process. The pyrolysis of these waste fractions transfers the plastic share to a coke that is very brittle and easy to remove. The purpose of the subsequent mechanical process steps is the extraction of largely separated metal fractions with high purities and yields. Typical waste categories with significant fractions of metal composites are waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), shredder light fractions (SLF) or in future possibly fractions from urban mining. For these types of waste, efficient and ecologically friendly recycling processes are still missing. The experiments within the presented work were executed with shredder light fractions.The investigations on the pyrolytical processing step were carried out in a rotary kiln reactor, on the basis of preliminary thermo-gravimetric tests in a laboratory retort. Main objective of the experiments was the deter-mination of suitable operating parameters for the disintegration of the metal containing composite materials, especially the treatment temperature and residence time. Further examinations covered the mechanical pro-cessing of the thermal treatment product with regard to the recovery of the metals. Different mechanical treat-ment steps were investigated systematically in pilot scale. From the experimental results a favorable process configuration was deduced.The thermal and mechanical experiments demonstrated that the suggested combined thermo-mechanical treatment process is principally suitable for recovery of metals from composite waste materials. In pilot scale, very high recovery rates could be realized and especially aluminium could be extracted with a very high purity. Future investigations will focus on technical realization concepts of the overall process, the economy of the treatment method and the transferability of the approach to other waste materials.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1441]

CLOSING THE RECYCLING LOOP WITH ADVANCED ALUMINIUM RECOVERY FROM INCINERATION BOTTOM ASHES

PRUVOST F.EAA Consultant - Montelimar - France

As incineration is developing in Europe, bottom ashes are more and more considered as materials resources. Their tonnage reaches 20-25% of the waste input into the incinerators. As almost all incinerators practice a “wet discharge” through a water box, they contain 15-30% moisture. Bottom ashes consist in a combination of materials of glassy origin and of slag similar to dross from metallurgi-cal furnaces, in a mix of up to more than 50 chemical elements. However, for the optimum extraction of magnetic (ferrous) and non-ferrous metals and to prepare de-metallised bottom ashes for further use, operators pay attention to the grain size distribution which may go from “mon-sters” > 250 mm to very fine grains measured by µm.The basic technology to recover the non-ferrous metal particles is the Eddy Current (EC) Separator which ejects them at the end of a conveyor belt. Such EC machines can be adjusted to specific grain sizes when playing with 3 main parameters: wheel diameter, rotating speed, number of magnetic poles. In addition, 2 EC separators in cascade increase of course the extraction yield. Improvements over time include the separation of the rotating drum from the conveyor belt wheel, and the use of stronger magnets based on rare earths.Incinerators with a wet discharge deliver bottom ashes in which the fine particles tend to collect most of the moisture rendering the whole lot muddy, which reduces the extraction yield. Some plants try to overcome this drawback with a strong wash, or by speeding the drying by intense shoveling, or by kinetic energy to break the water bond.Dry discharge systems avoid this problem. They are developing in Switzerland. Tests show that the yields are significantly increased for particles > 5 mm compared with wet bottom ashes of the same plant. In addition, fine grains can be processed more easily and one plant has now organized its NF metals extraction in 4 grain sizes : > 5 mm, 3-5 mm, 0.7-3 mm, 0.2-0.7 mm (in progress).As a complementary technique, sensor-ejectors allow to eject metal particles entrapped in gangue to be sent again to the EC separator after crushing.In order to treat the bottom ashes in several grain size ranges, while benefiting from economies of scale, a ton-nage of more than 100 kt/y is necessary. Few incinerators produce such tonnages. Therefore, mobile plants of that size have been developed to service small incinerators, especially in Denmark.Aluminium is easily separated from the other NF metal by means of heavy media floatation or air/vibration classification. The NF metals fraction contains 60-80% aluminium. With the combination of all these positive factors it is expected that the aluminium tonnage from bottom ashes may reach 250 kt in 2020, 3 times more than in 2006.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1419]

FROM COMPOSTING TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONADANI F., TERRUZZI L., D’IMPORZANO G., SCHIEVANO A., LEDDA C., SALATI S., ORZI V., TAMBONE F., SCAGLIA B.

Gruppo Ricicla - DISAA-Dip.Sc. agrarie e ambientali-Produzione,Territorio,Agroenergie - Università degli Studi di Milano - Milano - Italy

Recently, in European countries, between the biological processes applied for the treatment of organic waste, the interest in anaerobic digestion (AD) has increased a lot. AD is a biological process by which, in the absence of oxygen, organic matter is transformed into biogas which principally consists of methane (50-80 % v/v) and carbon dioxide, of which the former can be used to produce energy and heat. The anaerobic treatment is, in ad-dition, a useful process to control odors emissions, and produces a stable and partially hygienic biomass, called digestate, which is rich in both nutrients and organic matter.The benefits getting with AD, in joint with the incentivizing policies at EU level, are doing the substitution of composting process with AD as useful practice to treat the organic fraction from source separate collection. AD allows benefits with respect to the composting because of short treatment length, low plant costs, easily management of both process and environmental issues. LCA studies agree in confirming AD as better than composting form both economical, energetic and environmental points of view.Moreover AD allows nutrients preservation. This issue is very important if it is taken into consideration that K an P are fossil limited resources, and N needs a lot of energy to be produced, emitting large amount of CO2 of

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fossil origin. Focusing on renewables, AD becomes important as it allows renewable energy but, also, renew-able nutrients production (Renewable Nutrient®, by Gruppo Ricicla). The GRUPPO RICICLA Group of the University of Milan (Italy) is outlining a set of notes and criteria in order to prove the feasibility and the utility of agricultural use of digestate, taking into account both fertilizing value and environmental impacts. The proposed criteria are based on data collected on field study during the research work of GRUPPO RICICLA and Lombardy Region group in the last 4 years and on International peer-reviewed literature. By now, little is available in literature about “the agronomic and chemical” characteristics of the digestate. The fact that digestate is rich in fertilizing elements under available forms, i.e. N-NH4, H3PO4, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ etc. suggests its use as a “ready to use” fertilizer, as an alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. As consequence of the complex transformations occurring during anaerobic digestion, the digestate, with respect to the corresponding ingested material, is characterized by higher concentrations of ammonium, dis-solved into the liquid phase, and biologically stabilized organic matter. In this way AD gives benefits with the possibility to replace completely inorganic fertilizers with digestate. Nevertheless in the case in which agricultural use cannot be proposed, our group is proposing new technol-ogy able to recover surplus N under transportable form, producing fertilizers.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1408]

ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCES OF ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE

Energy recovery from waste is a fundamental step in the sustainable management of waste. In fact, what is left downstream of an effective material recovery is typically characterised by still relevant energy content. More-over, also the separate collection of waste and the material recovery processes produce significant amounts of residues (from selection and recycling operations) that can appreciably contribute to the production of valuable energy.When analysing a waste management system according to a life cycle approach, the recovery of energy from waste can contribute in a decisive extent to the achievement of good indicators: of course from the energy standpoint, but often also from the environmental point of view. The key factor that determines whether the contributions of energy recovery to the environmental impact indicators (e.g. Global Warming Potential - GWP, Human Toxicity - HT, etc.) are favourable or unfavourable is the level of performance achieved by the process. High energy performances for a Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plant (i.e. high energy efficiency) mean that significant amounts of fossil fuels are saved and the corresponding emissions avoided.Assessing the performances of energy recovery from waste is an operation that requires a very detailed analysis of the processes that are involved. The description of such processes requires specific technical skills and the deep knowledge of a large variety of technologies. This paper highlights the effects of the main key parameters that determine the energy performances of the most common WtE facilities. The presented analyses are based on the detailed simulation of state-of-the-art plants, carried out by means of a propri-etary simulation code, which has been validated by reproducing a number of real facilities with very good agreement among actual data and simulation results.Different types of combustors (i.e. grate vs. fluidized bed), of configurations (“only electricity” vs. Combined Heat and Power - CHP), of waste characteristics and sizes of the plants have been considered. The energy efficiency in terms of net electric efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall first law efficiency have been determined, showing that the type of combustor and the characteristics of waste have only marginal ef-fects. The extent of cogeneration can be a key factor in optimizing the plant performances, but it is typically determined by external circumstances (demand of heat for district heating, etc.). As an example, a plant with 26% net electric efficiency in “only electricity” configuration achieves about 17% net electric efficiency at 60% thermal efficiency. The size of the plant appears as the real most relevant key factor that determines the level of performances that can be achieved. Net electric efficiency can range from 15% for small plants that adopts conservative design parameters to almost 30% for the largest plants designed with advanced parameters.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1443]

ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WASTE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL: A WORLDWIDE OUTLOOKBUEKENS A.G.

Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Energy recovery from (combustible) waste is as old as humanity. As a technical process waste incineration originated in the middle of the 19th Century and today it represents mature Waste-to-Energy practice. Main motivations for developing, adapting and refining waste incineration have been: the volume reduction realised, the elimination of putrefaction and concomitant smells, of microor-ganisms, viruses, and all other obnoxious and hazardous waste properties. Complex, expensive energy recovery only figured as second thought. Traditional stoker technologies started evolving from the thirties on, yet they have been challenged by fluid bed techniques, especially in Scandinavian countries, Japan and China. As an alternative to incineration, waste may be beneficiated by air classification, sizing, size reduction, and magnetic and eddy current separation and proposed for co-firing as Refuse-Derived-Fuel (RDF), in power plant, cement kilns, or industrial boilers. Other potential thermal avenues in energy from waste are gasification, pyrolysis, sub- and supercritical oxidation: their relative benefits and weaknesses are analysed. Finally, moist waste, such as sewage sludge, may be anaerobically fermented generating gas rich in methane; opportunities and difficul-ties are briefly highlighted.Incineration has been criticized as source of destruction of potential recyclables. Moreover, incineration is still condemned at times as source of emissions, although there has been tremendous progress in reducing all measurable emanations. A good measure for achievement is conveniently expressed as a reduction factor. Conventional waste streams, such as Municipal Solid Waste or sewage sludge contain a wide range of elements that are considerably enriched in fly ash or bottom ash. For other waste streams, such as Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR) or Waste Electric & Electronic Equipment (WEEE), such recovery of rare and valuable methods may determine the methods of thermal treatment and energy recovery.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1207]

WASTE TO ENERGY AS A KEY COMPONENT IN INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENTMANDERS J.

CEWEP Netherlands

The various EU directives set targets for landfill diversion of MSW and professional waste management e.g. via increased levels of material recycling and energy recovery from municipal and comparable waste.Throughout Europe there are major distinctions between groups of countries and their respective waste man-agement strategies, some of which are more successful than others as is apparent from the current European statistics. Generally speaking Western European countries , through an extensive period of development, have applied a combination of sophisticated source separation for material recycling on the one hand and thermal processing of residual waste with efficiënt energy recovery on the other. This has resulted in an integrated waste management approach and the achievement of nearly complete landfill diversion at a moderate level of cost to society.Various alternative strategies are becoming visible in countries with high landfill levels (e.g. in Southern and Eastern Europe) and in some cases it appears that they are being chosen on the basis of perceived underrating of the potential of thermal processes for their situations.In this paper the key role of Waste to Energy (i.e. incineration with efficient energy recovery) is analysed and a couple of these alternative strategies will be reviewed and compared in terms of their attractiveness on a number of relevant criteria:- Large scale feasibility and reliability- Environmental effectiveness- Cost structure aspects- The contribution made to renewable energy generation and to reduction of GWP- The balance of benefits in terms of material recycling vs recovery of energy content of the waste- Perceived acceptance to groups of stakeholders

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1232]

GASIFICATION OF WASTES FOR ENERGY AND MATERIAL RECOVERYARENA U.

Department of Environmental Sciences, Second University of Naples - Italy

The potential benefits that gasification has over traditional combustion of solid wastes are related to the evi-dence that gas is easier to handle and to burn than a solid waste and to the possibility of combining the operat-ing conditions and the features of the specific reactor to obtain a syngas suited for different applications (mainly energy recovery but also production of chemicals and fuels). There is also the possibility to produce recyclable metals and reusable slags, with the potential of a remarkable reduction of the amount of residues to be sent to final disposal. Several technologies are now commercially available for gasification of municipal solid wastes (Arena, 2012). The most diffuse are those of fluidized beds and vertical shaft furnaces, which both are generally coupled with a melting system and where the gasification process works as a sort of pre-treatment for the successive stages of gas combustion and ash melting. In these systems the hazardous low-boiling-point heavy metals volatilize as metals in the melting furnace, then are condensed as the gas temperature decreases, and are finally captured in the air pollution control (APC) system. All slag and metal produced can be reused effectively as a resource, so helping lengthening the residual years of final disposal sites. The high degree of flexibility of the gasification and melting systems also offers the possibility to operate in co-gasification mode, i.e. to treat a combination of wastes, such as bottom and fly ashes from conventional incinerators, incombustible residues, reclamation waste, sewage sludge. The process generally needs higher values of equivalence ratio and achieves slightly lower carbon conversion ratios and reduced gross power ef-ficiencies (Tanigaki et al., 2012), mainly as a consequence of the reduced heating value of the waste mixture. On the other hand, reported experiences indicate that all flue gas components are within the regulation values; low-boiling-point heavy metals are substantially present only in APC residues; most of high-boiling-point heavy metals are distributed in metal stream. An analysis of operating data from large-scale plants indicate that the gasification of solid wastes is able to obtain a reasonable optimization between material recovery, energy recovery and extension of the lifetime of existing landfill sites. Moreover, some of the commercially available technologies can be conveniently operated in co-gasification mode, allowing the treatment of municipal solid wastes together with wastes having difficul-ties to find adequate sites for their disposal.Arena U. (2012). Process and Technological Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste Gasification. A review. Waste Manag., 32(4), 625-639.Tanigaki N., Manako K., Osada M. (2012). Co-gasification of Municipal Solid Waste and Material Recovery in a Large-Scale Gasification and Melting System, Waste Manag., 32(4),667-675.

Advanced applications for material and energy recovery from waste - Presentations from industrial Companies

[ABSTRACT ID: 1229]

REVAMPING OF A TRADITIONAL COMPOSTING PLANT INTO AN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANT. THE CASE HISTORY OF ALBAIRATE (MILAN, ITALY)

KLOTZ B.(1), PAOLI S.(2), FURLAN D.(2)

Ladurner Srl - Bolzano - Italy (1) Ladurner Ambiente Spa - Bolzano - Italy (2)

The current European and national rules about energy recovery from waste and electricity generation from re-newable sources make the possibility to revamp traditional composting plants as an opportunity. The main aim of this activity is the recovery of a combustible from organic waste and, in some cases, if needed, from leachate and waste sludge. In the project Albairate, the installation of an anaerobic digestion system allows the production and recovery of biogas. The advantage of such activity is the possibility to use it for electricity generation or to introduce it in the net of gas delivery.

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The company Ladurner acts at two different levels: the technical one is based on a multi-year expertise in the field of waste management technologies and waste water management technologies. The business level is a specific business model that allows Ladurner company to act as a primary player in the market, offering com-plete solutions to the potential customers, seeking for integrated projects. As General Contractor, Ladurner offers a strategy of revamping based on multiple commercial and strategic fac-tors: continuous legal adjournment about the incentive system governing the waste market in order to address the project to the best and more profitable way, technical and strategic feasibility study, completion of the au-thorization phase, design, research of funding bodies (if needed), completion of works in a certain time without shut-down of the normal composting activity, plant management consulting and effective plant management if requested. The same activity scheme can be applied wherever composting plants already exist,work and need to be re-vamped in order to reach better financial performances. The presentation starts from the ongoing Project Albairate and describes it subsequently from both the techni-cal and strategic point of view.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1414]

MATERIALS RECOVERY FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTENAVAROTTO P.(1), DOMINGUEZ LLAURO R.(2)

Stadler Italia Srl - Piacenza - Italy (1) Cespa Sa - Barcelona - Spain (2)

ECOPARC 4 is a mechanical/biological plant with a capacity of 365.000 ton/year for the Barcelona Municipal solid waste. Final construction ended in December 2010. A 3 months extensive study of the plant performances and capaci-ties was carried out. The authors gather in this paper all the final data and show the capabilities of an auto-mated sorting plant and deduce consideration to improve future facilities.

[ABSTRACT ID: 885]

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED IN SALERNO WASTE TO ENERGY PROJECT, WTE ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER POWER TECHNOLOGIES

ZANNIER S., BAGGIOLINI C.Daneco Impianti Srl - Milano - Italy

In June 2011 Daneco Impianti won the Public Bid for Salerno Waste to Energy plant. This plant will be one of the most advanced, architecturally integrated and environmental friendly incinerator of medium-large size all over Italy and Europe.The design includes innovative aspects and technical solutions suitable to simplify maintenance activities, al-lowing the minimization of operation & maintenance costs and the maximization of plant availability.One of the main design choice is the dry two-stages system selected for flue gas deacidification. The treatment line consists of a Venturi reactor with sodium bicarbonate and powdered activated carbon injection, followed by a fabric filter. The innovative aspect is represented by the dosage of a lime and magnesium based reagent directly in the combustion chamber. The reagent expresses its action through the peak reduction of flue gas acidity (mainly sulphur oxides), as well as through the toughness reduction of the deposits that usually form in the steam generator. As a consequence, significant environmental and economical advantages are reached: decrease in sodium bicarbonate consumption, decrease in deacidification residues production, increase in filter’s bags life.Another innovative aspect is the production of demineralised water for the thermal cycle by an osmosis system. The permeate separated by osmotic membranes is subjected to successive stages of decarbonation and finish-ing, characterized by the absence of potentially hazardous reagents, such as those used for the ion exchange resins regeneration (HCl, NaOH).The design was directed also to the optimization of the maintenance activities. As an example, the steam generator has three radiant passes and a horizontal convective pass. The third radiant and the convective passes are reduced in height in order to allow the installation of a overhead crane within the building: the boiler

25

bundles can be easily extracted by the crane, minimizing maintenance time and allowing to achieve boiler availability higher than 8.000 h/year.In addition, Waste to Energy technology is analyzed from an economical point of view. Costs split in different sec-tions and operation & maintenance costs are reported; an investigation on specific investment costs is carried out, showing relations among thermal capacity, number of process lines and total investment. Finally a techni-cal-economical comparison among conventional power plants, Waste to Energy and Biomass to Energy plants is developed: the main evaluation topics are energy production costs and size effect on costs and revenues.

[ABSTRACT ID: 865]

UPGRADE OF MSWI WITH GORE DENOX CATALYTIC FILTER FOR MEETING STRINGENT EMISSION REQUIREMENTS ON NOX, NH3 AND DUST

EBERT J.(1), PICCININ C.(2)

W.L.Gore&Associates - Putzbrunn - Germany (1) Acegas APS - Padova - Italy (2)

In 2005, the European Commission [1] submitted targets for improved air quality with high attention to the emitted pollutants NOx and PM. National regulations must consider these targets for all emission sources. Municipal waste incinerator plants may contribute to an improved air quality although their leverages are less severe than those of power plants.W.L.Gore & Associates has recently developed a new technology for the reduction of Nitrogen Oxides coming along with lowest emissions of PM, first applied at the municipal waste incinerator of Acegas APS Padova. The upgrade of the existing flue gas cleaning system, currently operating with SNCR, inhibits the exchange of the filter material in the baghouse filter and the installation a separate injection of the reducing agent NH4OH. The multi-layer catalytic filter medium consists of a ePTFE membrane with highest efficiency for PM removal, laminated on a support, and a separate catalytic insert for the reduction of NOx. The baghouse design and operation parameter have been kept in the same range as before. Sodium bicarbonate and activated carbon is injected upstream the baghouse.After start of the upgraded system, the plant is operating with a hybrid solution of SNCR and the Gore® DeNOx technology wherein the SNCR is only used as backup if the catalyst might deactivate. Emission levels of NOx <70mg/Nm³, 11%O2 (daily average) and NH3<10mg/Nm³, 11%O2 (daily average) have to be achieved.In case of catalyst deactivation by ammonium sulphates, the catalytic insert would be removed and regener-ated outside the filter by a certain procedure.The presentation will show the setup of the Gore® DeNOx technology, its fitting to existing dry-sorption flue gas cleaning system and the experiences from operator’s perspective. The operating expenses and the reliability of this technology will be of high attention.[1] Thematic strategy on Air pollution, COM {2005} 446 final

SESSION WATER - Water Quality

[ABSTRACT ID: 909]

REMOVAL OF TRACE-LEVEL CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN FROM WASTEWATER: COMPARISON OF ONLINE MONITORING OPTIONS

KORSHIN G.

University of Washington - Seattle, WA - United States

The presence and potential effects of compounds of emerging concern (CECs) on exposed populations and wildlife attracts growing attention worldwide. Because conventional analyses for these species can be ex-tremely expensive and time-consuming, optimization of wastewater operations designed to remove CECs re-quires that online monitoring methods be developed. In accord with this, this study examined the performance

26

of absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy in quantitation of CEC removal from wastewater by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Absorbance measurements were carried out in several modes that allowed ex-amining both the differential spectra and wavelength-dependent relative changes of wastewater absorbance. Three-dimensional excitation/emission matrixes (3D EEM) were generated to examine effects of AOP on com-pound classes constituting effluent organic matter (EfOM) present in all wastewaters. Changes of EfOM proper-ties caused by AOP were also examined using high-performance size exclusion chromatography. These experiments demonstrated that for all examined wastewaters that originated from several major sites in the United States, both the absorbance and 3D EEM spectra underwent consistent, monotonic and highly repro-ducible changes at varying ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses. Effects seen in the spectroscopic responses were largely identical for filtered and unfiltered wastewater. 3D EEM and HPSEC data showed that all EfOM classes were affected by AOP, with somewhat higher involvement of biopolymers at low ozone doses. Relative changes of absorbance and fluorescence were unambiguously correlated with the degree of degradation of vir-tually all examined CEC classes that included, among others, synthetic musks, antibiotics, X-ray contrast media etc. A quantitative model developed to interpret correlations between relative changes of EfOM spectroscopic properties and, on the other hand, the degradation of any selected CEC demonstrated that the functional form of these correlations is defined by the reactivity of the target compounds with ozone and hydroxyl radical, yields of OH• radicals and also spectroscopic and kinetic properties of the reactive functionalities in EfOM. These observations show that online monitoring of optical properties of wastewater represent a power tool with which to quantify and optimize wastewater treatment.

[ABSTRACT ID: 920]

FIRST FLUSH STORAGE TANKS OF TRANSIT OR CAPTURE KIND IN RUNOFF NETWORKS COLLECTING MULTIPLE SUBCATCHMENTS

SANFILIPPO U., BECCIU G., PAOLETTI A., CIMA M.

Politecnico di Milano - DIIAR Sez. CIMI - Milano - Italy

The paper discusses the efficiency, in terms of the reduction of both water volumes and pollution loads dis-charged to receiving water bodies, of first flush storage tanks in stormwater runoff networks of urban drainage systems, depending on their specific capacity, their kind (transit or capture) and their position inside networks collecting multiple subcatchments (one single tank downstream the whole system rather than multiple tanks, i.e. one per each subcatchment, in series or just in parallel). In particular, in the case of multiple subcatchments with one single tank downstream the whole system rather than multiple tanks in series, it is discussed also the influence of the distance between the two delivery points into the main sewer from each subcatchment.The analysis has been carried out numerically, by means of the software tool InfoWorks CS from Wallingford Software Ltd, considering as a significant example a system consisting in two urban subcatchments each one with a contributing area equal to 100 ha and one single sewer conveying runoff waters to the main sewer, with the distance between the two confluences ranging from 0 to 10 Km and the specific discharge allowed downstream each single subcatchment equal to 1 l/s per contributing hectare. For such a system it has been simulated the effect of the continuous series, with a 5 minutes timestep, of the rainfall precipitations, and of the dry periods between them, of one year with average characteristics well representing the raingauge station of Milan – Via Monviso.The achieved results show that the distance between the two confluences almost has no influence on the amount of both water volumes and pollution loads washed off in wet weather from the catchment surfaces.On the contrary, as expected and as already well known literature, the capacity of the tanks has the most relevant role on annual basis in terms of both overflow volumes and discharged pollution loads, while a very smaller influence is related to the position of the tanks (one single tank downstream the whole system rather than multiple tanks, i.e. one per each subcatchment, in series or just in parallel).By far more complex, and more interesting to discuss, are the effects due to the kind of the tanks (transit or capture) on the discharged pollution loads, by the way being of course not relevant at all for the overflow vol-umes. In facts, because of the complete mixing and the consequent pollution wash-off which occurs in transit tanks each time they become completely filled by the first flush, the capture tanks (keeping all other conditions the same) are intrinsically more efficient to reduce the discharged pollution loads. Nevertheless, such an advan-tage is, on an annual basis and for all the system configurations (one single tank downstream the whole system rather than multiple tanks, i.e. one per each subcatchment, in series or just in parallel), very modest in case of

27

a small specific capacity (that is about 25 m³/ha), while it becomes progressively more remarkable for higher values of the specific capacity. This means, from the engineering point of view, that the bigger complexity of installation, operation and maintenance required for the capture kind of the first foul flush storage tanks does make sense only when their specific capacity is significantly higher than 25 m³/ha.

[ABSTRACT ID: 925]

HIGHWAY STORMWATER RUNOFFMONTANARO C.(1), RANIERI E.(1), KAYHANIAN M.(2)

Dept of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari - Bari - Italy (1) Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universityof California - Davis, California - United States (2)

ìThis paper reviews international highway runoff characterization studies from each continent to make a com-parison of the results and to underline homogeneity in the models and the methods of monitoring and analysis of highway stormwater. To reach this objectives, the paper is organized as: review and organization of runoff characterization paper from North America, Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa (annual average daily traffic, drainage area, number of lanes, pavement type, impervious area, land use, hydrologic characteristic, sampling methods, QA/QC infor-mation, analytical technique, holding time, detection limits and water quality parameters); comparison of the results; description of importance of first flush (Gnecco et al., 2006); examination of toxicity of highway runoff (Kayhanian et al., 2008), and particle bound pollutants; individualization of surrogate water quality parameters; description of modeling and prediction of HWY runoff. Finally, the paper describes: indications presents in environmental regulations; potential use of universal meth-od of collecting, analyzing, and interoperating runoff data; potential application of regional and international runoff quality data to address water quality standards and regulatory compliances. Discussion of results evidences that there is a need for an homogeneous approach in collecting data to the aim of compare them with the existing data. In fact, a high variability of the many water quality constituents is ob-served in highway stormwater runoff (table 1). This variability makes difficult the prediction of stormwater run-off constituents from site to site, or between runoff events at a single site, which is necessary for the planning and assessment of highway stormwater runoff data. To enable accurate prediction of the various constituents, a comprehensive understanding of the constituents of highway stormwater runoff, and more importantly, how these constituents vary both temporally and spatially, is required(Thomson, McBean, Snodgrass, 1995). Finally, this comparison of results also shown that is not necessary to implement new data campaign where conditions are quite similar other experiences, to avoid useless costs.References: Gnecco I., Berretta c., Lanza L.G., La BarBera P., 2006. Quality of stormwater runoff from paved surfaces of two

production sites. Water Science & Technology, Vol 54 No 6–7 pp 177–184.KayhanIan M., StranSKy c., Bay S., 2008. Toxicity of urban highway runoff with respect to storm duration.Science of

the total environment 389, 386– 406.thoMSon n.r, McBean e.a., SnodGraSS W.,1995.Highwaystormwater runoff quality: development of surrogate pa-

rameter relationships. Water, Air, and SoilPollution 94: 307–347.

[ABSTRACT ID: 863]

EVALUATION OF EUTROPHICATION AND CARRYING CAPACITY OF PHOSPHORUS IN RESERVOIRS IN THE SEMIARID REGION, NORTHEAST OF BRAZIL.

OLIVEIRA J.N.P.(1), BECKER V.(1), MATTOS A.(1)

Natal, Rio Grande do Norte - Brazil (2)

Marechal Dutra and Cruzeta reservoirs are important tropical water supply systems, located in the Piranhas-Açu basin, semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, northeast Brazil. These reservoirs have suffered an accelerated process of eutrophication, influenced mainly by input of high point and diffuse loads and high evap-oration rates typical of the region, which favors the concentration of nutrients in the water. In order to assess the current trophic levels and maximum phosphorus load input to allow the maintenance of water quality of the reservoirs within trophic levels acceptable for watersupply, was used the methodology proposed by CEPIS (1991), which is based on the study of tropical lakes, including lakes and reservoirs in Brazil. The study period

28

was from June 2010 to March 2011 in both reservoirs. According to the methodology applied Marechal Dutra reservoir presented total phosphorus concentration of 82 mg/l and the Cruzeta reservoir 112 mg/l, resulting in a higher probability to both are connected to eutrophic state (63% probability for Marechal Dutra reservoir and 72% probability to the Cruzeta reservoir). Regarding the input of phosphorus external loads through the basin, the Marechal Dutra reservoir presented input load of 9830,16 kg P/year, while for the Cruzeta reservoir the input was 18371,13 kg P/year. In assessing the maximum permissible phosphorus load input of in each reser-voir, so that mesotrophic conditions remain the same throughout the year (total P concentration of < 40 mg/ l), the Marechal Dutra reservoir showed maximum carrying capacity of 4795,2 kg P/year, while for the reservoir Cruzeta this capacity was 6561.2 kg P/year. In this situation it is necessary to reduce the phosphorus external input around 51.21% for the Marechal Dutra reservoir and around 64.29% to the Cruzeta reservoir. Based on the results obtained is evident that the reservoirs are in advanced process of eutrophication, requiring correc-tive action to mitigate the course of this process, particularly the reduction of high external loads of phosphorus that contribute to the maintenance or aggravation of the process, such as those arising from untreated sewage and runoff from agricultural areas.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1129]

META-MODELING OF A PHYSICALLY-BASED MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE NUTRIENT LOAD DISCHARGED TO THE VENICE LAGOON.

AZZELLINO A.(1), GIUPPONI C.(2), PARATI P.(3), SALVETTI R.(1), VISMARA R.(1)

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR - Milano - Italy (1) Ca’ Foscari University - Venezia - Italy (2)

ARPA Veneto - Padova - Italy (3)

In the last two decades, numerous models and modeling techniques have been developed to simulate nonpoint source pollution effects. Most models simulate hydrologic, chemical, and physical processes involved in the entrainment and transport of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides. Very often these models require a distributed modeling approach and are limited in scope by the requirement of within element homogeneity and by the need to manipulate extensive data sets.Physically based models are extensively used in this field as a decision support for managing the non point source emissions. Common characteristic of this type of models is a demanding input of several state variables that makes more difficult the calibration and effort-costing implementing any simulation scenario. When the size of the simulation increases, in fact, watershed is divided into individual elements, each with its own set of model parameters, in an effort to account for the spatial variability. In doing so, the tendency to increase the size of the grid cells to maintain a manageable number of elements is compromised by the requirement of homogeneity that will restrict the size of the cell to be modeled. This study presents the case of the Venice Lagoon Watershed (VLW) which was modeled by means of the physically-based SWAT (i.e. Soil and Water As-sessment Tool). Due to the size of the watershed (about 2000 km2) and to the fact that VLW discharges in the Lagoon through several outlets, SWAT model was applied by dividing the VLW area into 8 main sub-basins that were modelled and simulated separately. Although reliable in its predictions, this modeling solution makes quite labour-costing implementing the scenario analysis. We propose to overcome this limit by developing a meta-model, simpler but as accurate as the physically-based model, that could be effectively used for speeding up the scenario analysis.The meta-model was build on the basis of the SWAT simulations through the training of a MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network. The MLP network is a function of predictors that minimize the prediction error of target variables. The typical MLP architecture implies an “input layer” containing the predictors, a “hidden layer” con-taining unobservable nodes, or units, being each hidden unit some function of the predictors, and an “output layer” containing the response variables. The MLP meta-model was successfully trained and showed an overall accuracy higher than 70% both on the training and on the evaluation set. MLP and SWAT predictions were compared for two different scenarios: the “80-90s” scenario considering the VLW situation in the 80-90 decade and a BAT scenario considering the application of the Best Available Technologies for all the point sources in the VLW. MLP meta-model was revealed to be highly reliable and absolutely comparable in its predictions to the SWAT model, allowing a significant simplification in conducting scenario analysis.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 995]

APPLICATION OF A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE SUSTAINABLE PLANNING OF RIO POJUCA BASIN (BAHIA, BRAZIL) WATER RESOURCES

TORRETTA V., RABONI M., URBINI G.Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia - Varese - Italy

Decision Support Systems (DSS) facilitate the management of environment and land use through modelling of different future scenarios. This is the reason why they are useful for a master plan drawing up which considers the sustainable development of a river basin. In this paper we present the structure and the application of a DSS to Rio Pojuca watershed, a 9,296 km2 area in the Northeast Region of Brazil (Bahia State).It is composed of surface-water quality models, which consider parameters such as total phosphorus, BOD, dissolved oxygen and thermo-tolerant coliform bacteria pollution due to civil and industrial loads. A model evaluates the riverine microhabitat applying autochthonous fish species Habitat Suitability Indexes (HSIs). Local ichthyologists valuated indexes of water depth, velocity, substrate and dissolved oxygen for two fish species. Surface-water quality and microhabitat models are based on a hydrologic and a flow (or hydraulic) model.Models have been calibrated and validated using discharge and water quality measurements at five gauging stations along the river collected during a 1.5-year period of monitoring.The system is able to generate scenarios due to climate change (modifying the hydrology of the river), popula-tion growth, industrial development, withdrawal of water from reservoir in series, upgrading of sewage systems and wastewater treatment plants. The DSS also assesses the compliance to Brazilian water-quality regulations and simple economic budget for the systems upgrading. Output data are available on spreadsheet and ready to be spatially analyzed in a GIS software.The DSS is applied to a challenging scenario: the building of a reservoir in series on Rio Pojuca River for supply-ing the Capital (Salvador) of drinking water.We show how DSS can help the decision-making process to achieve the sustainable development of the river basin, considering the combination of population growth, economic activities, river discharge changes, man-agement of sewage and wastewater treatment systems.Moreover, the simple and modular structure of the DSS gives the possibility to apply it to other river basins and allows to directly involve stakeholders in the decision making process.The experience has been characterized also by a large involvement of local technicians and specialists, with the aim to emphasize the existing qualifications and to consider local tradition and culture.

[ABSTRACT ID: 907]

HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT TO SUPPORT DECISION ABOUT THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY IN SERRA DAS AREIAS, IN APARECIDA DE GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS-BRAZIL

NARCISO M.G.(1), GOMES L.P.(2)

Saneamento de Goiás S.A.-SANEAGO - Goiânia-Goiás - Brazil (1) University of the Vale do Rio dos Sinos-UNISINOS - São Leopoldo-Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil (2)

In this paper we diagnose the quality of aquifer waters at Serra das Areias, in Aparecida de Goiânia-Brazil, for public supply. The study area of this work is that formed by the patch of urban occupation in the surrounding area of the “Serra das Areias”, beyond the Serra itself, in the city of Aparecida de Goiânia. It’s called “Inde-pendence and the region.” However, it is also considered a larger area for expanded analysis of the region. The boundaries of the expanded analysis area are: 666000E, 8130000N, 700000E, 8152000N. Test results were used for water quality of 19 water wells, located in the area “Independence and the region”, collected in occasion of perforations of all wells, and in subsequent tests of flow and water quality, carried out for control of some of those wells. The time between the first test and the last vary between 8 to 11 years. According to the analyses performed at the time of the first test of flow rate and quality, waters from the wells drilled there, in operation, are within potability standards, except in a few wells regarding iron content, color and turbidity. Those parameters are above the maximum standards allowed by Directive 1469, in force at that time, and with Directive 2914, currently in force for standards of drinking water for human consumption Brasil. However, the tests later reveal values well above those permitted by law, which revealed the need for treatment of these waters to allow for domestic use. Investigation of local geology and water-rock interaction is one of the ap-proaches required to understand the presence of iron in those waters.This paper suggests that the treatment of underground source water depends on the geological knowledge of the region. Contribute to the quality of

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water in the aquifer itself and geological conservation and/or preservation of recharge areas, since the region adjacent to the “Serra das Areias” is inhabited.Such knowledge allows one to know which elements should be added or removed from the water in order to render it potable. Thus, it is possible to define the treatment to be adopted and its technical,economic and operating feasibility.

[ABSTRACT ID: 996]

AN ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODEL OF CHOLERA DYNAMICSMARI L.(1), BERTUZZO E.(1), RIGHETTO L.(1), CASAGRANDI R.(2), RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE I.(3), RINALDO A.(1), GATTO M.(2)

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne - Lausanne - Switzerland (1) Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (2)

Princeton University - Princeton, NJ - United States (3)

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>. The primary symptom of the disease is profuse diarrhea, which can prove fatal if left untreated. The stool of infected human hosts also contains high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria which, in case of insufficient sewage treatment, can come in contact with other potential hosts through contaminated water or food supplies. Poor sanitation is thus the main driver of disease transmission, and this explains why cholera still exerts a toll of thousands of hu-man lives in low-income countries each year. Here we present a mathematical model for epidemic cholera ac-counting for epidemiological dynamics, large-scale hydrological transport of pathogens and human-mediated dissemination of the disease. Specifically, we focus on the distinctive fecal-oral transmission route of cholera, that is on the processes through which susceptible people become infected via the ingestion of water or food contaminated by <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>. To that end, we describe the dynamics of pathogen concentrations in two distinct water compartments, namely the drinking water reservoir and the sewage system, and the inter-connections between the two, which can be influenced by hydrometereological forcings, e.g. seasonal flooding due to monsoonal precipitations. We first apply the model to the cholera epidemic that hit Haiti in 2010-2011 and show its ability to reproduce the observed spatiotemporal epidemic patterns. Then we analyze the effects of different intervention scenarios, thus showing that improvements of sewage treatment systems and overall sanitation conditions can actually affect large-scale cholera transmission.

[ABSTRACT ID: 987]

MULTIREGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE KINETIC CONSTANTS IN EPHEMERAL RIVERS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE ORETO RIVER

CANDELA A., MANNINA G., VIVIANI G.Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Aerospaziale - Università di Palermo - Palermo, Italy - Italy

River water quality models can be valuable tools for the assessment and management of receiving water body quality. However, such water quality models require accurate model calibration in order to specify model parameters. Reliable model calibration requires an extensive array of water quality data that are generally rare and resource-intensive, both economically and in terms of human resources, to collect. In the case of small rivers, such data are scarce due to the fact that these rivers are generally considered too insignificant, from a practical and economic viewpoint, to justify the investment of such considerable time and resources. As a consequence, the literature contains very few studies on the water quality modelling for small rivers, and such studies as have been published are fairly limited in scope. Moreover, it is very difficult to use major water qual-ity literature models which require detailed information regarding the river system. In addition, to accounting for concerns related to limited data, model structures should also be parsimonious.In this paper, a simplified river water quality model is presented. The model is an extension of the Streeter–Phelps model and takes into account the physic-chemical and biological processes most relevant to modelling the quality of receiving water bodies (i.e., degradation of dissolved carbonaceous substances, ammonium oxi-dation, algal uptake and denitrification, dissolved oxygen balance, including depletion by degradation processes and supply by physical reaeration and photosynthetic production). The model has been applied to an Italian case study, the Oreto river (IT), which has been the object of an Italian research project aimed at assessing the river’s water quality. For this reason, several monitoring campaigns have been previously carried out in order to collect water quantity and quality data on this river system. In particular, twelve river cross sections were monitored, and both flow and water quality data were collected for each cross section. The results of the calibrated model show satisfactory agreement with the measured data and results reveal important differences

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between the parameters used to model small rivers as compared to those for large rivers. These results appear related to the different roles played by physical–chemical–biological processes in small rivers as compared to larger systems. As a consequence, a multiregression analysis has been carried out in order to point out general relationships for small rivers between quality parameters and river characteristics

[ABSTRACT ID: 1130]

THE LAMBRO-SEVESO-OLONA SYSTEM CASE STUDY: ECOLOGICAL QUALITY STANDARDS, SOCIAL AND ECOSYSTEM COSTS OF A HEAVILY MODIFIED WATER BODY (HMWB).

AZZELLINO A.(1), CANOBBIO S.(2), ÇEVIRGEN S.(1), MEZZANOTTE V.(2), SALVETTI R.(1)

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR - Milano - Italy (1) Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, DISAT - Milano - Italy (2)

The EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) introduced several innovations into European water policy, includ-ing the integration of economic approaches. Economic considerations play a role to justify exemptions from the overarching aim of the Directive, i.e. to achieve good status of all water bodies by 2015. If reaching this objective in time should be disproportionately costly, either the 2015 deadline may be extended, or the objec-tive may be relaxed. The WFD requires Member States to distinguish between ‘natural’ and ‘heavily modified water bodies’ (HMWBs). The latter are designated as having an acceptably lower ecological status as the result of hydromorphological pressures, which cannot be removed because of the high social or economic cost. Be-cause of this, the quality targets for HMWBs are ‘good chemical status’ (compliant to natural water bodies) and ‘good ecological potential’, pragmatically defined as the ecological quality expected under the conditions of the implementation of all possible measures. This may result sometimes in disproportionately costly restoration measures or it may even result in ecologically meaningless solutions. The Lambro-Seveso-Olona system is not a natural watershed since it derives from the human regulation of the natural hydrology of the territory around Milan city area. The average population density in the Lambro-Seveso-Olona area is higher than 1000 inhabit-ants/km2 (peak values are more than 7000 inhabitants/km2 in the Milan urban area and around 1500-2000 inhabitants/km2 respectively in the areas of the provinces of Varese and Como which are mostly drained by the Lambro). These population densities are among the highest in Italy and Europe. Industry is also highly devel-oped in this basin, chemical, textile, paper, pulp and food industries being the most important ones. Although at present the Lambro-Seveso-Olona system does not receive any more the untreated wastewaters of the Milan urban area, treated wastewaters constitute about half of the streamflow. Biotic communities in this river have a long history of poor quality status, having suffered great damage due to domestic and industrial discharges. Recently new chemical quality standards for macropollutants (i.e. LIMeco index according the legislative decree n.152, 2006) have been set by the Italian legislation as support for the good ecological status according the WFD. This new index consider dissolved oxygen, ammonia and nitrate concentration, and total phosphorus. It is very restrictive, particularly with nitrate and phosphorus, and it makes extremely challenging the achievement of the water quality objectives for the Lambro-Seveso-Olona system. Aim of this study is to analyse through a modeling exercise the restoration possibilities of the Lambro-Seveso-Olona system, investigating both the source apportionment of the macropollutants, the discharge limits that should be set to achieve the good qual-ity status and their corresponding cost.

[ABSTRACT ID: 890]

WASTEWATER FINISHING BY FACULTATIVE LAGOONS OPEN TO TIDAL FLOW: FIELD EXPERIENCES IN THE INTERNAL SYSTEM OF CHANNELS AT CESENATICO (FC)

MANCINI M.L.

DICAM-Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna - Bologna - Italy

Aim of the present investigation is to verify the effect of transitory water volumes in completing water treatment before discharging in coastal sea and to give information about water depth regulation and flowrate manage-ment in order to influence natural phenomena.Freshwater coming from discharging systems of Waste Water Treatment Plants, and discharged in coastal areas is often responsible of low seawater quality in bathing sea zone. Usually, in urbanized coastal territories, treated and untreated effluents outfall into transition volumes, which provide to discharge into sea according with un-steady tidal flow. When ground and basin morphology implicate an extended system of channels and storage

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capabilities permit hydraulic retention time of the same order of HRT in WWTP, significant finishing effects are foreseeable on water quality discharged to sea, because of provided by combined aerobic and anoxic natural phenomena, The research is carried out taking samples for laboratory analysis and monitoring profiles, by an YSI multipa-rameter probe, into an internal channel of Cesenatico harbour basin at five kilometers from sea outlet. Along his length (almost 2000 m) this tract receives, in dry water conditions, only residual organic loading from Cesena municipal wastewater treatment plant (200.000 AE). It presents low average depth (max 0,9-1,5 m) and almost constant width. Four fixed point, in output, middle and input cells, are monitored in order to verify active phenomena and finishing effects on discharged wastewater such in terms of C, N, P biological removal as in terms of physical removal during sedimentation phases related to low velocity cycles. In different tidal conditions are measured water depth, velocity, temperature, salinity, pH, redox, oxygen, ammonium and nitrate nitrogen. Data present as largely prevalent, along water column, photosynthetic and aerobic oxidizing activities but reveal also an under placed active layer varying between 10 to 20 cm where anoxic denitrification conditions are maintained by oxygen consumption of bottom activities.Modelling of oxygen and biomass balances permit to quantify the different role of productive and oxidizing ac-tivities supported by mixed microalgal and bacterial populations during daily and nightly cycles. The focused internal part of the channel system has been modelled as an unsteady flow reactor tank, where variations in depth and input/output discharge are provided by tide, but prevalent freshwater conditions are maintained by the high rate input of treated wastewater. Unsteady flow conditions, regulated by downstream level, according with tidal oscillations, are schematized, for water quality calculations, as four sequencing daily cycles of storage and discharge. Wastewater finishing effects, provided by bacterial and algal combined popula-tions, are described by classic facultative lagoon biological processes developed in three plug flow reactor tanks.

[ABSTRACT ID: 945]

MONITORING AND MODELING THE WATER QUALITY IN A PERI-URBAN WATERSHEDGOMES L., CASTILHO FILHO G.S., HAMADA J.

ABES - BAURU - SP - Brazil

This paper highlights the close relationship between the land occupation and the water quality in a peri-urban watershed of a medium-sized city (350 thousand inhabitants) in São Paulo State, Brazil. The situation presents as critical, for the exploited underground aquifer is in the limit of its capacity, and the town has only a unique option of surface water source in its administrative boundaries. It is important to understand how the pressure of urban expansion, farming and cattle raising have affected the water quality of this unique surface source. For that reason, a more in-depth study was initiated in 2010, covering the main stream and tributaries and the land occupation characteristics. The present study covers the identification of point and diffused pollutants sources, resulted from land occupation, and the development of a water quality model. The characterization of the land occupation was carried out by watersheds units. The control sections in the watershed were defined near the mouths of major tributaries. The water sampling was carried out monthly, covering the dry and rainy seasons. The evaluated parameters were: biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) and Fecal Coliform (FC); bathymetry and water speed determination were as well performed. The DO and BOD variations were fit to the Streeter and Phelps model, for the main stream, and can be correlated to the land use in each watershed. Critical sources of pollution are related to: (a) prison systems, totaling about 5,000 prisoners and (b) the sewage coming from a sewage treatment plant, in the preliminary stage of operation, with capacity to treat sewage of 35 thousand people. Secondary sources are related to small farms, a industrial district in it’s occupation stage, pastures, municipal sanitary landfill site and diversed crops, with emphasis to the eucalyptus areas. It is concluded that, with the understanding of the complex and dynamic relationship between land use and water quality, and its modeling, it is possible to evaluate future scenarios in order to help urban planning and set goals and effective management for the watershed.

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SESSION SOIL - Remediation of Contaminated Sites

[ABSTRACT ID: 967]

TRIAD APPROACH IN ITALYFALCONI M.

ISPRA - Rome - Italy

The objective of the Triad approach is to manage decision uncertainty, increasing confidence that project deci-sions (about contaminant presence, location, fate, exposure, and risk reduction choices and design) are made suitably and cost-effectively. Triad gets sufficiently accurate conceptual site model that is the basis for site-related decisions by proactively identifying and managing data and decision uncertainties.The word Triad is intended to convey that there are three elements:• Systematic Project Planning that begins by clearly defining desired project outcomes, exploring and manag-

ing the uncertainties in a way of obtaining data and decision of a known quality.• Dynamic Work Strategies is the element that allows projects to be completed “faster” and “cheaper” than

ever possible under traditional, static work strategies. Work planning documents written in a dynamic or flexible mode, guide the course of the project to adapt in real-time as new information becomes available.

• Real-time Measurement Technologies that gather data fast enough to support real-time decisions. The range of technologies supporting real-time measurements includes field analytical instrumentation, in situ sensing systems, geophysics, rapid turn-around from traditional laboratories, and computer systems that assist proj-ect planning, and store, display, map, manipulate, and share data.

The first-generation data quality model, still in use, considers data quality only in terms of analytical method performance and considering those as definitive data, ignores sampling uncertainties and the impacts of ma-trix heterogeneity. The Triad Approach reveals the recognition, based on 30 years of experience, of the need for a second generation model for sampling and analysis to tackle those uncertainties reducing the financial and liability risks created when non-representative data lead to erroneous decisions. The Triad approach is a scientific and technical initiative, not a regulatory approach, though it is hoped that regulatory bodies will take note of advancing scientific knowledge and technical capability and integrate them better into their regulatory frameworks.In Italy, Annex 2 to the part IV of D.Lgsl. 152/06 establishes that field analysis, soil gas surveys, geophysical technologies can be exploited to obtain a better areal coverage of the information on the subsoil and multi-step characterization can be used subsequently to the approval of the control authorities. But despite the fact that there are no evident conflicts with the legislation in force, the stakeholders don’t leave easily their comfort zone and there are just few application of real time technologies used just for screening or monitoring.

[ABSTRACT ID: 970]

SOIL SALINIZATION ASSESSMENT ON IRAQ USING SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING IMAGERYTEGGI S.(1), COSTANZINI S.(1), DESPINI F.(1), GHERMANDI G.(1), IMMORDINO F.(2)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Civile - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia - Modena - Italy (1) ENEA - Bologna - Italy (2)

Soil salinization is a form of topsoil degradation due to the formation of soluble salts at deleterious levels. This phenomenon can seriously compromise vegetation health and agricultural productivity, and represents a world wide environmental problem.Remote sensing is a very useful tool for soil salinization monitoring and assessment. High levels of salts in topsoil cause the variation of many chemical-physical surface properties that can be analyzed using remote sensing imagery. Moreover, remote sensing is an established techniques for vegetation characterization, thus, considering that salinity strongly influence the type and the health of vegetation, it allows indirect assessment of salinization. In this work we show some results of a study aimed to define the most suitable remote sensing methodologies for soil salinity assessment in Iraq. This activity is part of the Strategies for Water and Land Resources in Iraq

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project. The test area studied lies in the Al Wehda region, in the lower Mesopotamian plain, 30 km south of Baghdad, and is about 27 km x 20 km wide.This study, still ongoing, is split into the analysis of soil salinization of bare soils and for vegetated soils. The most problematic aspect is the lack of ground information due the well known recent history of Iraq. The only in-formation available is a pedologic classification based on visual interpretation and on some ground inspections. The satellite images used were acquired by the ETM+ and by the SPOT5 satellite sensors, in the Visibile-Near Infrared electromagnetic region, and with spatial resolution of 30 m (ETM+) and of 10 m (SPOT5).The methods used for the investigation of bare soils and vegetation can be summarized in: pre-elaborations (at-mospheric corrections, gereferentiation, reflectance computation); individuation of bare soils and of vegetated soils; analysis of the correlations between several surface quantities computed from the satellite images and soil salinity indicators; analysis of the suitability of these quantities for soil salinity classification of the images using for example class separability analysis, principal component analysis and vegetation indexes.The first results obtained indicate that some areas with soil salinization, in particular those with outcrop of salt at the surface, and different type of vegetation, including halophytic plants, can be individuated. Nevertheless, the comparison with the pedologic classification is very problematic and, in some cases, leads to contradictory evaluations. The pedologic classification is not aimed to soli salinity characterization, thus this parameter could not be a strong key for categories separation. The work carried out until now shows that remote sensing images could be fruitfully used for the soil salini-zation characterization of the studied area, but the definition of the methodology would require a dataset of ground information that describes in detail the actual soil salinization.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1119]

FORENSIC ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING: A PROPOSAL OF NEW PROCEDURES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MONITORING OF CONTAMINATED SITES

LEGA M., NAPOLI R., FERRARA C., SEVERINO V.Dipartimento di Scienze per l’Ambiente - Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope - Naples - Italy

Educated often in civil or chemical engineering, biology, biochemistry geology, soil mechanics, chemistry and hydrogeology, today’s experienced environmental engineer has had to acquire a working knowledge in a wide variety of other disciplines such as toxicology, public health, ecology and/or other environmental sciences as well and, moreover, grew in its capacity to keep abreast of newer technologies and adapt existing technologies to new challenges. Thus, to understand the forensic value of the environmental engineer in the environmental field, it is important to highlight that this engineering role requires such broad knowledge of related areas and a validated problem solver capability.This paper analyzes some specific case studies developed by environmental engineering research team of University Parthenope and introduces a proposal of new procedures and technologies in the monitoring of contaminated site that are not usual for the domain of the environmental engineering and, particularly, for the forensics field.The main novelty of this proposal lies in the specific procedure that involves aerial infrared thermography, spe-cific information technology tools and combines the data collected at different altitudes with those grabbed by standard methods.In the examination of investigated scenario our procedures involve the use of the aerial platforms and in some cases also “special” aerial platforms like a specialized Drone/UAV.In the localization of environmental criticalities our techniques involve IR Thermography, in particular Quantita-tive Infra-Red Thermography. In detail, we use the state of the art and evolution in the field of infrared scanners and imaging systems, allowing quantitative measurements, and related data acquisition and processing (not only a “simple” qualitative analysis of the false color images produced by IR films or by video output of standard IR devices). Moreover, we propose the integration of thermographic systems and multispectral analysis.The proposed procedures, techniques and technologies were tested and validated in environmental police actions directed by Italian Government Bodies (like Public Prosecutor, Environmental Protection Agency, Coast Guard, Financial Police, Forest Rangers etc.) in real on the field operations and not only in demonstration activities.Moreover, the proposed methods could serve an attorney’s case well in situations involving the following: issues deriving from contaminated soil, water or air; environmental construction errors and accidents and any allega-tions of faulty design and/or operations; liability from pollution incidents and a host of other issues requiring an investigation into causation, negligence, product liability, etc.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 883]

ASBESTOS RISK ANALYSIS: ITALIAN PROCEDUREPAGLIETTI F., MALINCONICO S.INAIL Ex-ISPESL - Rome - Italy

Human health risk assessment can be defined as a quantitative estimation of the potential adverse effects on human health associated to single or multiple contaminant exposure through specific exposure routes. Its determination is performed in a different way, depending on the type of effects (carcinogenic and/or toxic), that the compound may have on the human receptor. The risk analysis procedure usually performed in Italy, and also accounted for in the present work, is based on the ASTM approach, i.e. on the Risk Based Corrective Action. In contaminated sites, and particularly in Italian Superfund, often results a high level of contamination due to dan-gerous substances. Those contaminated areas, spread all over Italian Regions, presents different risk factors and environmental impact. In some of these, asbestos constitutes the principal polluting agent and in the others only a secondary contaminant. Indeed, in the past, it has been widely used in the industrial, civil and construc-tion field and so it can be found all over the Italian national territory. Asbestos has been classified as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Can-cer but its chemic-physical properties are considerably different from most of other contaminants.The application of risk analysis procedure to this special pollutant and to asbestos contaminated sites shown not reliable results and so it isn’t considered applicable. In fact applying the risk analysis it isn’t often possible give a value to some risk indicators due to the specific properties of fibers (do not evaporate into air or dissolve in water and don’t migrate through soil). Due to Italy has already realized an Asbestos Mapping all over the Country, which count about 28.000 sites located, it was necessary to give a risk priority to intervene with urgent measures of risk containment or reme-diation activities.Here we will present this new Italian procedure to classify different asbestos risk degree for similar situations.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1001]MODELING MOBILIZATION OF HEAVY METALS BY CHELATING AGENTS IN UNSATURATED SOILS

ANTONUCCI A.(1), VIOTTI P.(1), LUCIANO A.(1), MANCINI G.(2)

Sapienza University of Rome - Rome - Italy (1) University of Catania - Catania - Italy (2)

The chelating agents are able to mobilize heavy metals in the soil and can be used in the remediation of a con-taminated site. On the other hand, their use could be harmful because of their ability to change the soil struc-ture and facilitate the migration of mobilized metal to the groundwater. A numerical model can help to evaluate the efficiency of chelating agent and its dosage for maximizing the extraction efficiency while minimizing risks to the environment.Previous studies (Yip et al. 2009) have shown that the lead may be weakly bound to the soil (exchangeable and bound to lead carbonates) or strongly adsorbed (attached to the oxides, organic matter and residual). Empirical equations, whose parameters have been determined experimentally, have been proposed for the extraction of these different types of adsorbed lead.The paper aims to simulate the behavior of chelating substances such as EDTA or EDDS through the use of a numerical model that can be applied to different kind of soil to estimate, using the complete set of chemical reactions involved in the process, the thickness of the interested layer of soil, the amount of complex formed in the reaction and the lead residue in column. The model is applied to unsaturated soils for which you need to take into account non-stationary systems. The numerical modeling was performed using the Richards equation to describe fluid motion in unsaturated soil and to determine the moisture level.The formation of complex was simulated considering the characteristics of chelating agents while the transport of the chemicals (complex and the free EDTA/EDDS) within the soil was modeled using the advection–disper-sion equation (ADE). The chemical reactions were modeled based on empirical equations taking into account the rate of kinetics involved in the process. Three different types of soil, whose properties influence the transport of fluids within the unsaturated soil, were taken into account. The hydraulic properties of the soil are defined according to the Brooks and Corey model. The model represents an evaluable tool to assess the feasibility of chelating agents for heavy metals contami-nated soil remediation. It is useful to optimize the operating parameters (chelating dosage, application mode and treatment thickness) in order to achieve the maximum treatment efficiency while minimizing environmental risks.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 802]

REUSE AND DISPOSAL OF EDDS SOLUTION AFTER CHEMICAL WASHING OF CONTAMINATED SITESFABBRICINO M., ADINOLFI P., DI MARINO L., FERRARO A., LUONGO V., MALAFRONTE L., PONTONI L.

University of Naples Federico II - Naples - Italy

The paper presents a research study aimed at optimizing the remediation of a contaminated site presenting a lead concentration of approximately 9000 mg/kg. The proposed remediation system is based on soil wash-ing. Ethylenediamine-N,N’-disuccinic acid (EDDS) is used as a chelating agent. The objective of the study is to evaluate: i) the convenience of multi-step extraction; ii) the possibility of EDDS solution regeneration and reuse; iii) the effect of aging on decontaminated soil; iv) and the possibility of EDDS disposal by the municipal waste-water treatment plant.The entire treatment cycle is investigated in the laboratory using a continuous stirred-tank reactor. Different molar concentrations of the washing solutions and the efficiencies of varying slurry concentrations are exam-ined. Multi-step washing is compared with single-step washing, and the regeneration and re-use of washing solution are also tested.Following the indication of Pueyo et al. (2008), the effect of soil aging is simulated to verify the long-term ef-ficacy of the process. Ecotoxicity tests are performed on decontaminated soils before and after aging. Finally, disposal of washing solution is investigated, including analysis of the biodegradability of the exhausted solu-tion; the bioavailablity of chelated lead; and the biodegradability of EDDS solution after one, two, and three regeneration-reuse cycles. Ecotoxicity tests are performed on Artemia salina, Daphnia magna, and Lepidium sativum. The biodegradability of washing solution and bioavailability of chelated lead are investigated through respirometric tests using a multiple-analysis, programmable titration analyzer. Lead was measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results allow to define the parameter for the design and exercise of a full-scale reactor for site decon-tamination, minimizing the cost-to-efficiency ratio, and to verify that EDDS-exhausted solutions are no longer biodegradable because of the presence of chelated lead, which is no longer bioavailable. In contrast, regener-ated solutions are biodegradable and can therefore be disposed of in municipal wastewater treatment plants, although their degradation requires more time than fresh EDDS solutions require. Results of ecotoxicity tests confirm the non-toxicity of exhausted EDDS solutions, and the reduced toxicity of decontaminated soil with respect to the amount of extracted lead.

[ABSTRACT ID: 972]POPLARS AS A TOOL FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION OF A METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL

COLZI I.(1), BERRETTINI S.(2), PUCCI B.(2), GONNELLI C.(1)

Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica, Laboratorio di Fisiologia Vegetale - Firenze - Italy (1)

HydroGea Vision S.r.l. - Firenze - Italy (2)

Phytoremediation is an emerging cleanup technology, which uses plants for treating environmental contami-nants, such as heavy metals, in soils, groundwater, and industrial wastes. Compared to traditional remediation technologies (e.g., soil excavation and dumping, vitrification, stabilization and soil washing/flushing), phytore-mediation provides an in situ solution at a relative low level of financial and technical input. The early phy-toremediation studies used hyperaccumulator species, which are plants able to tolerate high levels of certain metals in the soil, and at the same time accumulate them in aerial and harvestable parts of the plant. Anyhow, hyperaccumulators are usually small herbaceous plants with slow growth rates, while fast-growing tree spe-cies, such as poplars, could be a suitable candidate to remediate heavy metal-polluted soils. Compared to herbaceous species, poplar trees have several advantageous characteristics, such as a deeper root system, a higher productivity and the establishment of a continuous vegetation cover, resulting in site stabilization, reduced risk of erosion and contaminant leaching. Poplars have proven to be suitable for remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites as they showed high metal tolerance and accumulation potential in in vitro screen-ings, field and pot experiments.The aim of this study was to assess the potential use of some poplar species for the restoration of a soil con-taminated with arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc. The study site, large 0,8 hectares, was located at a disused glassworks at Empoli (Firenze, Italy) and the contamination was at a depth of 1 m from the top.In previous pot trials four different poplar species (Populus nigra, Populus nigra italica, Populus alba, Populus x euroamericana clone I-214) were grown on contaminated soil from the study site and tested for their metal

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tolerance and accumulation in leaves. The results indicated Populus nigra and Populus x euroamericana clone I-214 as good candidates for the remediation of the contaminated site. Young plants (one-year-old) of these species were therefore planted in the study site during spring 2009. Leaves and soil samples were collected at the time of the tree planting and each year at the end of summer, and digested for the metal determination on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed that after two years of cultivation metal concentra-tions in soil decreased in a significant way and values were almost always below the normative limits set by Italian law for soils in residential zone. Metal concentration in the leaf samples of 2011 were higher than that found in the leaves of the young trees at the start of the cultivation, showing the phytoextraction capacity by poplar threes. We obtained promising results after just two years of field experiments and poplars exhibited a great potential for phytoremediation applications.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1108]

LAB-SCALE TREATMENT OF TPHS CONTAMINATED SOIL WASHING RESIDUES BY WET OXIDATIONVACCARI M.(1), COLLIVIGNARELLI M.(2), ZANABONI S.(2)

University of Brescia - Brescia - Italy (1) University of Pavia - Pavia - Italy (2)

Soil washing is a remediation technology commonly used to treat soil contaminated with total petroleum hy-drocarbons (TPHs). After treatment, coarse materials (i.e. gravel and sand) are clean and can be reused, e.g. as aggregate for concrete production; contaminants are concentrated in the filter-pressed sludge containing fine grains (i.e silt and clay), which is usually landfilled. Sludge landfilling weights a lot on the operational costs of a soil washing plant; according to authors estimation, the current cost for soil washing sludge landfilling in Italy varies between 15 and 35 € per ton of contaminated soil treated in the plant. This paper presents the results of a lab-scale experimentation aimed at investigating the treatability of sludge produced in soil washing plants by wet oxidation in order to remove pollutants and allow its reuse; effect of process parameters on the TPHs removal was investigated, as well.Experiments were carried out in a continuously stirred autoclave operated in batch mode, which was fed with an aqueous suspension containing 22.8% w/w of sludge produced in a soil washing pilot plant.Several tests were carried out varying process parameters as follows:- temperature: 150-300 °C- reaction time: 15-60 min;- initial oxygen pressure: 10-30 atm,The suspension was characterised before and after treatment by determination of: TPHs, COD, and total sus-pended solids before and after treatment. TPHs concentration in the sludge resulted equal to 14,300 mg/kg dw.As an example, tests carried out at 20 atm initial pressure of oxygen (before heating) and 30 minutes reaction time, showed that TPHs concentration in decreased from 6,020 mg/kg dw (150°C) to 290 mg/kg dw (300 °C), The full paper will contain the results of the entire experimentation. Briefly, the results show that TPHs removal yield higher than 90% can be obtained with 15 atm initial pressure of oxygen (before heating), 30 minutes reac-tion time and 250°C temperature.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1121]

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELIABILITY OF COLUMN TESTS FOR THE DESIGN OF PERMEABLE REACTIVE BARRIERS

CALABRO’ P.S., BILARDI S., MORACI N.Dipartimento di Meccanica e Materiali - Università degli studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria

Reggio Calabria - Italy

The treatment of contaminated groundwater by permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) represents an established alternative to “pump and treat” technique. The reactive materials used in PRBs have to guarantee at the same time a high contaminants removal efficiency, the preservation of reactivity and hydraulic conductivity in the long term and the non release of contaminants downstream of the barrier. Zero Valent Iron (ZVI) is certainly the most common reactive medium in installed PRBs worldwide, it guarantees an excellent capacity of treating a large number organic and inorganic contaminants through several removal mechanisms (oxidation-reduction, copre-cipitation, absorption). Unfortunately, ZVI corrosion although unavoidable and, rather, necessary for contami-

38

nants removal, both for its expansive nature and for the possible formation of precipitates can eventually lead to a drastic and significant reduction of hydraulic conductivity with the subsequent possible bypass of the barrier by the contaminated plume. During the barrier design, together with the studies necessary for the characteriza-tion of the contamination and of the hydrogeology of the aquifer, in order of evaluating the design parameters of the barrier itself (e.g. thickness, kinetic parameters), column tests between the reactive medium and contami-nated groundwater are necessary. Since PRBs have a lifespan from several years to a few decades, in order of reducing column tests duration to make it compatible with design procedures, they are usually accelerated respect to in situ conditions increasing contaminants massic discharge through the column either augmenting the specific water flow or the concentration of contaminants or both. The objective of this research is of evalu-ating the influence of hydraulic discharge and initial nickel concentration on column tests results and therefore of assessing if the acceleration of the same tests lead to results sufficiently reliable to be used for PRBs design. Tested reactive media are a granular mixture between ZVI and Pumice (that in previous research demonstrated its ability in preserving the hydraulic conductivity in the long term) and ZVI used alone. The contaminant studied is nickel an heavy metal rather common in contaminated sites and particularly difficult to remove. The column tests, carried out varying both hydraulic discharge and initial nickel concentration, demonstrated how acceler-ated ones are often non sufficiently representative of in situ conditions especially regarding the preservation of the hydraulic conductivity.

[ABSTRACT ID: 892]

COMBINED USE OF REACTIVE BARRIER AND ELECTROKINETICS FOR REMEDIATION OF Cr CONTAMINATED SOIL

CAPPAI G.(1), DE GIOANNIS G.(1), MUNTONI A.(1), SPIGA D.(1), ZIJLSTRA J.J.P.(2)

Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tecnologie Ambientali - Università degli Studi di Cagliari - Cagliari - Italy (1) GeoChemTec - Cagliari - Italy (2)

The difficulty of removing Cr by means of electrokinetics is widely acknowledged. Analysis of data obtained in previous studies has indicated how the efficiency of unenhanced electrokinetic (EK) removal of Cr falls between 3-64%, with the majority of experiments considered resulting in removal of less than 35% from real contaminated soils. The complexity of Cr EK removal is mainly due to its presence in soils in various oxidation states, behaving differently under the applied electric field. Hexavalent Cr is typically largely soluble over a wide pH range and forms oxyanionic species which migrate towards the anode during the EK treatment. Within the pH range 4-9 Cr(III) is sparingly soluble and precipitates as hydroxides, being therefore hardly removed by EK, whilst at higher pH values it may form anionic complexes which electromigrate towards the anode. Although Cr(VI) is characterised by higher EK removal efficiency compared to the trivalent form, it may adsorb in acid soil and be reduced to Cr(III) in presence of ferrous iron, sulphide and soil organic matter. Moreover, while at-tempting to achieve EK removal, even in the absence of reducing agents in the soil, redox reactions occurring at the cathode during water electrolysis may cause reduction to Cr(III) which may then form anionic species due to the alkaline pH; these would thus migrate towards the anode changing their speciation to either neutral or cationic aqueous complexes depending on pH, likely also leading to precipitation phenomena. Since Cr(III) and Cr(VI) forms are expected to coexist in an EK treatment, the mobilization and migration of Cr in both the oxida-tion states should be further investigated. A reactive barrier (RB) of transformed red mud (TRM), a by-product of the refinement of bauxite in alumina production, was placed adjacent to the anode of an electrokinetic (EK) system with the aim of enhancing removal of chromium added to a low permeability clayey soil, and favouring entrapment. The innovative study focused on evaluation of the synergic interaction between the EK system and the RB, and of the efficiency when compared to traditional EK remediation (control tests). The results obtained underlined the successful outcome of treatment of the Cr(VI)-contaminated soil. In presence of the TRM RB, 19.4% wt. of total Cr content was detected in the anolyte and 20.6% wt. trapped in the anodic RB after 6 d, ver-sus 6.6% wt. in the anolyte and 8.8% wt. in the soil adjacent to the anode following the control run without RB. On increasing duration of treatment up to 12 d, 60.8% wt. of total initial Cr was found in the anolyte and 25.5% wt. trapped in the RB, versus 9.1% wt. and 5.3% wt., respectively, after a control run of the same duration. Finally, on increasing the mass of TRM in the RB, 60.6% wt. of initial Cr content was found to have accumulated in the RB, with Cr being completely absent from the anodic chamber.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1076]

TOWARDS A NATIONAL PROTOCOL FOR THE APPLICATION OF IN-SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATIONBACIOCCHI R.(1), D’APRILE L.(2), INNOCENTI I.(3), MASSETTI F.(3), VERGINELLI I.(1)

University of Rome Tor Vergata - Rome - Italy (1) ISPRA - Rome - Italy (2)

eni R&M - Rome - Italy (3)

In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) is an effective technology for the remediation of sites contaminated by a wide range of organic contaminants. Despite it is a well established technology in the United States, the number of full-scale ISCO application in Europe and particularly in Italy is still quite low. The development of this technol-ogy cannot be achieved by simply transferring the know-how gathered in the US, since the hydro-geological conditions typically met in Europe may differ from those typically encountered in the US. Besides, the different legislative framework may require modification in the oxidant’s formulation as well as in the injection scheme, whereas specific confinement measures have probably to be taken to avoid migration of oxidants and pos-sible by-products. The introduction of ISCO in the portfolio of remediation technologies suitable for the Italian market, specifically for national priority contaminated sites, has been facilitated by the issue of a protocol in 2005, specifically developed for the Porto Marghera contaminated site. Starting from the 2000/60/CE directive, this protocol allowed application of ISCO provided that the technology was applied under controlled conditions. Besides, the execution of a lab-scale feasibility test was considered as a pre-requisite condition to demonstrate the applicability of ISCO to a given site-specific condition. Although execution of a pilot-scale test was fore-seen in the protocol, no specific indication or requirements on its design, nor indications or suggestions on its monitoring and interpretation, were provided. In order to provide an answer to these issues, ENI R&M and the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, (ISPRA) have formed a working group aimed to issue an updated version of the protocol, with specific attention to the inclusion of the key criteria for ISCO application and for the execution of both lab-scale and pilot-scale feasibility test. In the framework of this research pro-gram, performed in collaboration with the University of Rome Tor Vergata, ENI R&M has already completed the pilot-scale application of an In Situ Fenton’s Oxidation (ISFO) test in a hydrocarbon-contaminated site. Besides, the pilot-scale application of a further ISFO application has already been approved within the clean-up project of a MTBE-contaminated site and is foreseen to be completed within mid-2012. Finally, the lab-scale feasibility test on another site, contaminated by chlorinated solvents, is projected to start soon. This paper will discuss the main results and findings obtained so far through the lab-scale and pilot-scale feasibility tests performed on the different sites investigated in the framework of the protocol activities. Based on this experience, the main issues to be considered in the design of ISCO will be highlighted and the main indications suitable for inclusion in the first draft of the new protocol will be presented.

[ABSTRACT ID: 888]

REMEDIATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER USING CHEMICAL OXIDATION BY SODIUM PERSULPHATE

BONI M.R., SBAFFONI S., MELE F.

Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering. SAPIENZA, University of Rome - Italy

This study was focused on the remediation of an industrial site, in which the contamination of groundwater due to organic and inorganic compound, such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP), benzene, iron and manganese, has been observed. The project includes the introduction of an oxidizing agent in the ground, in particular the sodium persulphate. This chemical reaction is usually made thanks to a catalyst (such as silver, copper or iron ions) in order to increase both the speed and the power of the reaction, and also to pro-mote strong oxidizing properties species (sulfate and hydroxyl radicals) composition. The aim of this research is to verify in situ chemical oxidation feasibility, by means of laboratory and pilot tests. Some batch tests were performed using demineralized water which was artificially contaminated by iron (5 mg/l), manganese (6 mg/l), DCB (4*10^(-3) mg/l), DCP (5*10^(-3) mg/l), and benzene (2*10^(-3) mg/l). All contaminated solutions were prepared according with the maximum concentrations measured on groundwater samples collected in situ. Than a “mixed solution”, containing all the compounds has been prepared to under-stand the effects of competition for the chemical reagent. All the tests had been performed by varying the reac-

40

tion time in order to determine the oxidation kinetics, also sodium persulphate concentration has been varied to determine the optimal dosage.Tests carried out on inorganic compounds showed that sodium persulphate is effective for the chemical oxida-tion of iron from a dose of 10 mg/l, while manganese was barely removed with a reagent dose of 1000 mg/l. As for the organic contaminants, experiments proved the efficiency of 100 mg/l of sodium persulphate. Results also showed that manganese needs a specific treatment. For the mixed solution good response has been obtained with 100 mg/l of persulphate, especially for benzene and iron removal. Using 1000 mg/l of persulphate, iron solubilization has been observed probably due to the decrease of pH, generated by the high dosage; costs in-creasing, resulting from the use of such a higher dose, are not justified by the negligible efficiency improvement.Because groundwater contain some natural organic matter and other compounds that could slow down the oxi-dation process competing for the oxidizing agent, some batch tests were carried out with water samples from the site. In general, it was observed that high values of COD and low content of dissolved iron led to decreasing yields.Further tests were carried out by varying the concentration of iron in order to determine the impact of the catalyst in the removal efficiency and to confirm the possible destruction of sulphate radicals by the excess of iron. Besides also the sodium persulphate degradation kinetics as well as the reagent and reaction by-products toxicity by Vibrio Fisheri ecotoxicity test were studied.Since it is generally observed that the amount of reagent that has to be injected in situ is more than the one calculated, due to the all site-specific factors, a pilot test has also been conducted in order to verify the appli-cability of the treatment systems.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1085]

ISCO - INNOVATIVE RECLAMATION TECNOLOGY FOR CHALLENGING SITESPIEPOLI G., PIEPOLI A.

A.S.T.C. Remediation - Milano - Italy

ISCO In Situ Chemical Oxidation is an innovative technology, already applied in the USA, for the reclamation of groundwater and soil. Compared to the more common and traditional techniques, an ISCO application doesn’t require excavation, is cost-effective, is applicable on operating sites and is versatile.The operating procedure is divided in four phases:1. Investigation;2. Bench test;3. Field test;4. Full scale application.The investigation has to be carried on with a high level of accuracy, we normally recommend to apply the MIP-system in order to get a precise 3D dimensional distribution of the contamination. Moreover it is possible to collect undisturbed soil samples by avoiding the heating and/or the run-off of the probe.The second step is the bench test. It has always to be run, in order to do an evaluation of the applicability of ISCO treatment on the contamination. With the geological results we do a first estimation of the chemicals needed and if it is better to work under alkaline or acid conditions, in order to determine the proper chemical activation according with the hydrogeological conditions.The results of the test give us a first know-how of the behavior of the compounds in the soil matrix: how they react and how they desorb.The costs of this preliminary study can be evaluated in 3˙000 ÷ 5˙000 € always related on the number of analyses that has to be done.The third step is the field test. The data collected since now has to be transferred to the field. Laboratory data don’t have a linear relationship with the field data, so it is important to do a field test as confirmation of the feasibility of the project developed.The costs of this phase are roughly 100 €/m^3 of soil treated, including analyses and drillings.The full scale can now be dealt easily. The know-how on the geology and hydrogeology is very detailed, more-over the quantities of chemicals needed are site specific dimensioned and the injection rate is fixed. The team is now able to operate safely even though the higher amount of chemicals to apply.The Authorities are more and more willing to apply this kind of new technologies, but there is still hesitancy. For this reason we are incline to involve the parties also in the evaluation of the goodness of the job done in the office, in the laboratory and on site.

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We have several projects ongoing. The results of our latest jobs may be available during the conference. The ef-ficiency of our ISCO application has always been confirmed by the field tests. Since now no job was interrupted due to the inefficiency of the treatment.

[ABSTRACT ID: 998]

IDENTIFICATION OF A LOW COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUITABLE STRATEGY FOR SEDIMENTS MANAGEMENT IN SMALL HARBORS – THE COAST-BEST PROJECT

POMI R.(1), POLETTINI A.(1), MUNTONI A.(2), DE GIOANNIS G.(3), VILLANI B.(4), ROMANO E.(5), MONTRESORI G.(6), PIETERS A.(7), RIZZI E.(8), CORSI C.(9), ZUCCA A.(10), MORELLI M.(4), DASTOLI S.(5), RANIA S.(9), SERCI A.(11), SUNSERI

M.(6), PERETTI R.(10), GUBIANI F.(8)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale - Università La Sapienza - Roma - Italy (1) Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tecnologie Ambientali - Università di Cagliari - Cagliari - Italy (2) Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tecnologie Ambientali - Università di Cagliari - Cagliari - Italy (3)

Agenzia Regionale Prevenzione e Ambiente (ARPA) dell’Emilia Romagna - Bologna - Italy (4) Istituto per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale - Roma - Italy (5)

LabeLab srl - Bologna - Italy (6) ENVISAN NV - Hofstade - Aalst - Belgium (7)

I.C.O.P. S.p.A. - Udine - Italy (8) SOGESID S.p.A. - Roma - Italy (9)

Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria del CNR - Cagliari - Italy (10) Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tecnologie Ambientali dell’ Università degli Studi di Cagliari - Cagliari - Italy (11)

Due to the presence of organic and inorganic pollutants in marine and harbour sediments, dredging is often carried out in order to prevent environmental pollution or to restore contaminated areas; in comparison to main-tenance dredging, carried out with the sole purpose of attaining the proper depth for shipping and/or yachting, the so-called environmental dredging should be designed in order to minimize sediment re-suspension; more-over, contaminated dredged sediments need to be properly managed in order to prevent adverse effects on the environment. While marine disposal is banned by law, landfilling can be regarded as a disposal strategy only for a small fraction of dredged sediment, and options for sediments utilization should conversely be pursued. How-ever, prior to utilization sediments should be treated in order to separate non-contaminated fractions, to remove the contaminants from the material or to immobilize them in the solid matrix attaining the final quality required for utilization. Due to the concomitant presence of a wide set of pollutants, an effective treatment should be based on the appropriate combination of a number of treatment stages. The application of an adequate treat-ment train is often hindered by high capital and management costs, uncertainties in prediction of products characteristics, as well as by the absence of a market for the final product. Such issues play a significant role in hampering the implementation of appropriate management schemes for dredged sediments when small harbours are concerned, since financial means and environmental risks are lower in comparison to sites of na-tional concern. It should be noted that both in Italy and Europe, the number of small ports used for yachting and fishing where dredging is required for maintenance and/or for environmental purposes makes the identification of environmental friendly, as well as technically-economically feasible, management options compulsory. In the present work, co-financed by the European Commission within the Life+ 08 Environment framework (Project Life+ 08 ENV/IT/426 – “CO-ordinated Approach for Sediment Treatment and BEneficial reuse in Small harbours neTworks (COAST-BEST)”) the focus was made on the nine small ports of the Emilia Romagna Region in order to identify a network-based management strategy of ports (i.e., horizontal integration) and to attain a vertical integration of each management stage (site characterization, sediment dredging and treatment, product management and marketing, residues management, involvement of the different private and public actors) that could be extended to similar contexts. Given the scale of the system concerned, simple low-cost treatment schemes based on separation of sediment fractions of different characteristics and composition were tested by means of a preliminary lab-scale campaign the results of which will be transferred to the pilot scale.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 960]

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR IN-SITU REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTSGORI M., GORI R., SIRINI P.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence - Florence - Italy

Contaminated marine sediments is currently mainly dredged and either contained or treated ex situ. There are three types of dredging: capital, maintenance and remediation dredging. Environmental dredging can create challenges, such as, finding available space to construct confined disposal facilities and dealing with residual contaminants. Application of in-situ treatment for remediation of contaminated sites could avoid the disposal of contaminated sediments in upland containment facilities or in landfill. Actually, Europe-wide, the volume of dredged material is very roughly estimated at 200 million cubic metres per year, of which the 10-20% are con-taminated both with organic and inorganic compounds.In this context, a research project was conducted, aiming at studying the possible application of an in-situ treat-ment (reactive capping) for remediation of contaminated marine sediments. In situ capping (either in place of dredging or for capping residual contaminants) can be limited by concerns re-garding navigation, uniform cap placement, biointrusion and geotechnical stability. A potential solution for many in situ capping concerns is the use of a reactive material mat. A reactive material cap could greatly reduce the thickness required for the cap compared to a conventional sand cap. Various reactive materials (e.g., activated carbon, apatite, organoclay, zeolite, zero-valent iron) are used for wastewater and groundwater treatment and may be applicable to in situ capping. Production processes have been developed to manufacture reactive mate-rial filled geotextile mats. In the present study we tested two different materials as adsorbents for removing As, Hg, Cu, Zn and Pb: a commercial organoclay (a surface-modified clay) and red mud (a by-product of bauxite processing via the Bayer process). The study had the following objectives: (i) to investigate the metal adsorption capacity of the materials as a function of contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and presence of other ions; (ii) to evaluate whether unwanted contaminants are released from the materials during the adsorption process; and (iii) to investigate the leach-ability of the adsorbed metals. The presence of the studied metals in the solid samples was also determined by digesting the samples with a HNO3/HF mixture in a Teflon bomb heated in a microwave oven. Adsorption kinet-ics for metals removal were determined by means of batch experiments. Different set of trials were performed at different pH values, different solid/liquid ratios and with different starting solutions (deionised water, tap water and synthetic seawater).

SESSION WATER - Modelling, Monitoring and Process Control

[ABSTRACT ID: 1126]

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS FOR OPERATIONAL COSTS MINIMIZATION

CAFFAZ S.(1), COLOMBO M.(2), FICARA E.(2)

Publiacqua S.p.A. - Firenze - Italy (1) Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (2)

In this work state of the art mathematical models (ASM1 and ASM3, ADM from the International Water Associa-tion) are applied to simulate the behavior of the biological units (activated sludge with predenitrification and anaerobic digestion) of the wastewater treatment plant of S. Colombano (FI), the main aim of the modeling ex-ercise being the simulation of various operational strategies to minimizing operational costs. Two commercially available simulation platforms were used: AQUASIM (Eawag, CH) and WEST (MostofWaters, BE). As for the water line, two years operational data were used for model parameters calibration, resulting in a sat-isfactory prediction of effluent concentrations and of the mixed liquor suspended solids in the activated sludge basin.By simulating the waste sludge anaerobic digestion unit, a discrepancy was observed between real biogas pro-ductions and those predicted according to waste sludge composition suggested by the ASM model. Specifically,

43

the anaerobic degradable fraction of the waste sludge was too low if compared with actual biogas production, suggesting that the inert fraction in the waste sludge was overestimated. The activated sludge model was thus modified by including one more state variable describing a very slowly degradable particulate organic matter, and one more process describing the slowly hydrolytic process of this newly introduced organic fraction. Finally, the calibrated model was used for scenarios analysis. The effect of a decrease in the sludge age (SRT) was first simulated. Consequent reduction in aeration cost, increase in biosolids centrifugation and disposal costs, increase in biogas production, and therefore in renewable energy and heat production from a CHP unit were all quantified. A second strategy to reduce energy consumption was then considered and consisted in test-ing a new regulation strategy for the aeration rate in the nitrification tank consisting in modifying the aeration rate to achieve a desired set-point value for the effluent concentration of ammonium instead of a set-point dis-solved oxygen value. This strategy also resulted in consistent savings in the aeration costs (up to 92 k€/year), and in a reduction in the effluent total nitrogen thanks to a higher denitrification efficiency made possible by the reduced oxygen content in the sludge recycling line. A higher nitrite concentration is also expected, which is however irrelevant in light of the enforcement of the sole total nitrogen concentration in the wastewater effluent.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1093]

SIGNAL MONITORING TOWARD AN INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT AND AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

LUCCARINI L.(1), PULCINI D.(2), CANZIANI R.(2), GIUNCHI D.(3), MELLO P.(4), SOTTARA D.(4)

ENEA UTVALAMB – IDR - Bologna - Italy (1) Department of Environmental, Hydraulic, Infrastructures and Surveying Engineering,

Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (2) HERA Spa - Forlì (FC) - Italy (3)

Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Computer Science, University of Bologna Bologna - Italy (4)

In small plants typical operating costs for treated water are higher than those of large plants and this is certain-ly dependent on the relative higher load variations at small plants compared at the larger, but also on the fact the instrumentation installed on the former is minimal. An appropriate low cost equipment could be installed in small plants (data logger stand-alone with proper sensors) and the data produced used to implement an intelligent control system capable to monitor the processes continuously, analyze the collected time series and classify the various operational states reachable by the plant. Such a system should be able to recognize known situations, extracting features and patterns from the signals, and apply domain knowledge to choose itself the most appropriate control actions, effectively acting as a Decision-Support System (DSS) with Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) capabilities. The typical signals used are pH, ORP, DO, measurable by cheap and reliable sensors, which correlation with bio-logical processes is known in SBR but not in continuous flows plants. In this work is introduced the first part of a project where a preliminary analysis of this correlation, comparing trends, range of values and characteristic points, is executed.The experimental activity is carried out on a continuous flow pilot plant of 360L, composed by a pre-denitrifica-tion tank (95 L), a nitrification tank (162 L), a settler (85 L) and equipped of a mechanical stirrer, a variable-flow blower (connected to a membrane diffuser) and three peristaltic pumps for influent loading, internal and sludge recycle. The plant, fed with the real municipal wastewater drawn after the full-scale screen, is provided of pH and ORP probes in the anoxic tank and pH, ORP, DO, NH4-N, NO3-N and TSS in the aerobic tank which are on-line acquired with a stand-alone data logger. The real wastewaters were sampled (at a frequency of 1 sample/h) by an automatic sampler and the waste-water has been characterized by chemical methods according to standard methods. Seven data sets of 24 h were collected and the daily variability has been expressed as arithmetic means and 95% confidence range. Ammonia removal in the pilot plant was almost complete due to the effective nitrification activity under aerobic conditions. In fact, ammonia concentrations was always below 0.5 mgNH4-N/L. On the contrary, nitrate con-centrations in the aerobic tank was rather variable from values ranging from 6 to 18 mg NO3-N/L according to the influent N loading rate.It is noteworthy that the acquired signals (DO, pH and ORP) measured in the aerobic tank also show very high variability according to the influent daily cyclic characteristics and the trend of the nitrification process,

44

monitored by NO3-N and NH4-N sensors in the aerobic tank. Also the trend of pH and ORP in anoxic tank confirms the same cyclicity showing that the denitrification process is influenced by the inflow and the in-ternal recycle.

[ABSTRACT ID: 992]A NUMERICAL STUDY OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM INTEGRATING SUSPENDED

AND ATTACHED BIOMASSES IN A MODIFIED BAS REACTORLUCIANO A.(1), VIOTTI P.(1), MANCINI G.(2)

Sapienza University of Rome - Rome - Italy (1) University of Catania - Catania - Italy (2)

High effluent quality standards, such as those required by recent European regulations, coupled with the increasing economic value of land surrounding large cities, have lead to a growing interest in developing alter-native and less surface consuming, wastewater treatment solutions. The need for new wastewater treatment process is further strengthened by the increased attention and intolerance of urban communities on the main impacts such as odors and noise. For these reasons a treatment system, alternative to conventional domestic wastewater plant, was developed.An integrated wastewater treatment system incorporating a Biofilm Airlift Suspension reactor (BAS) with at-tached biomass was proposed to combine the advantages of attached biomass systems (high retention time required for ammonia removal) with those typical of deep shaft reactors (high oxygen concentration and low sludge production) in a more compact treatment unit. The reactor is developed in a medium-depth shaft with a limited diameter. Rough pipes act as support for the biomass and suspended biomass is present and participates to the removal efficiencies of the different sub-strates. Another advantage of this system is the possibility of nitrate removal thanks to the biofilm stratification into two zones: an aerated outer one and an anoxic deeper one. If well operated, the simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) process can reduce the reactor volume and the recirculation energy cost required by the more traditional separation systems of aerobic and anoxic processes. To test the efficiency of the proposed system a numerical model was developed model for simulating the wastewater treatment process occurring in the modified BAS reactor.The model was substantially based on a flux model and a biofilm model. The flux model takes into account, in steady state conditions, the substrate transport due to convective-diffusive phenomena. The biofilm model is able to evaluate the substrates utilization rate, considering the transport resistances from the liquid phase to the interface between liquid-biofilm (external mass transport) and those existing from the interface to the active sites of the biofilm (internal mass transport).The model allows the calculation of substrates profiles (COD, NH4+, NO3- and O2) along the reactor height and inside the biofilm. It was verified though a series of sensitivity tests and validated using experimental results. The results have shown the feasibility of such kind of plant, for its efficiencies, coupled to well known properties like its low impact in terms of space and like the low sludge production. Such model was used for the design of a full scale treatment plant located in Italy.

[ABSTRACT ID: 977]

INFLUENCE OF OPERATIVE CONDITIONS IN A HYBRID ACTIVATED SLUDGE/BIOFILM PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN A COLD CLIMATE REGION: A CASE STUDY

DI TRAPANI D.(1), TORREGROSSA M.(1), VIVIANI G.(1), ODEGAARD H.(2)

Università di Palermo - Palermo - Italy (1) Norwegian University of Science and Technology - Trondheim - Norway (2)

Secondary treatment of municipal wastewater is usually accomplished by biological processes that can be clas-sified as being either suspended or attached growth. In the last years the idea to combine the two different bio-masses by introducing suspended carriers into the aeration tank for biofilm attachment and growth was proposed. Nitrification, for instance, may be maintained throughout the winter, without the increase of suspended biomass concentration, and therefore without the need to increase the aerobic or clarifier volumes. Indeed, the increase of the overall sludge age in the system leads to a favourable environment for the growth of nitrifying bacteria.

45

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the performances of a hybrid MBBR process, mostly in terms of nitrification, when operating with different values of the sludge retention time (SRT), and highlighting the influence of temperature on the process. Based on experience in practice it was hypothesized that nitri-fication could be maintained at far lower SRT’s than in conventional activated sludge systems and with high organic loading rates applied.The pilot plant was built at the Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, and was fed with municipal wastewater subject to primary clarification. The first and third aerobic reactors were conventional pure suspended biomass systems, while the second aerobic reactor was filled with the KaldnesTM K1 carriers, with a filling fraction of 60%, cor-responding to a net surface area in the reactor of 300 m2/m3. AUR batch test were performed to evaluate the nitrification rates of both suspended biomass and biofilm.The obtained results suggested that it is possible to run a hybrid reactor with low mixed liquor SRT values, as well as low temperatures, with on one hand high organic matter removal efficiencies and, on the other hand, still having a high ammonium removal efficiency, since a large fraction of nitrification activity will take place in the biofilm.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1118]

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE ANAMMOX PROCESS IN MULTISPECIES BIOFILMSD’ACUNTO B.(1), ESPOSITO G.(2), FRUNZO L.(1), MATTEI M.R.(2), PIROZZI F.(3)

Department of Mathematics and Applications “Renato Caccioppoli”, University of Naples Federico II Napoli - Italy (1)

Department of Mechanics, Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Cassino - Cassino - Italy (2) Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples - Napoli - Italy (3)

Deterioration of quality of inland and coastal waters, as effect of excessive nutrients concentration, have become a big concern towards the end of 20th century. In order to solve this serious environmental problem, greater efforts have been exerted on improving news techniques and strategies to reduce the amount of such nutrients in wastewaters. The conventional method for biologically removing nitrogen is based on sequential aerobic autotrophic nitri-fication with molecular oxygen as electron acceptor and anaerobic heterotrophic denitrification with organic carbon as electron donor (Khin and Annachhatre 2004). The requirement of oxygen and organic carbon makes the combined nitrification-denitrification process quite expensive. In order to solve this problem various kind of biological nitrogen removal processes have been studied and tested. One of the most interesting is anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX). The anammox process requires no organic carbon addition to support denitrifi-cation (Van de Graaf et al 1996), and produces a low biomass yield, with small sludge production.Several researchers have investigated different process configurations for ammonia removal which includes anammox metabolism. In particular the possibility to combine partial nitritation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation in a single biofilm appears very interesting. This system necessitates only one reactor, does not require organic source and requires less oxygen compared to nitritation-anammox process. In designing these biofilm reactors and in predicting their behaviour under different operating conditions, mathematical modelling can be of big help. The scope of this work is to present a multispecies biofilm model for nitritation-anammox reactor and oxygen-limited removal nitrogen process. The proposed model is applied in several engineering configurations in order to evaluate the competition between the different bacterial groups involved in the process.Chemical, physical and biological transient processes are analyzed. The model takes into account oxygen-limited nitrogen removal processes coupled with soluble COD (i.e. Acetate) removal by aerobic denitrifying and anaerobic bacteria. The Oxygen-limited nitrogen removal processes involve growth of three autotrophic organ-isms: aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AeAOB), aerobic nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (ANOB) and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB).COD removal by aerobic denitrifying and anaerobic bacteria involves growth of two heterotrophic organisms: Aerobic acetate degraders and anaerobic acetate degraders. Four reacting component are simultaneously con-sidered: ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and acetate as soluble COD. Furthermore the model includes growth, decay and endogenous respiration of the organisms. Finally anoxic denitrification involves two reactions proceeding with both nitrate and nitrite since anammox competes for nitrite with denitrification.

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SESSION WATER - Nutrient Removal

[ABSTRACT ID: 917]

IMPROVEMENT OF NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A LARGE URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTBORSARELLI A.(1), GENON G.(1), ZANETTI M.C.(1), ACRI M.(2), LORENZI E.(2), MEUCCI L.(2), DE CEGLIA M.(2)

Politecnico di Torino DIATI - Torino (TO) - Italy (1) SMAT Torino - Torino (TO) - Italy (2)

The wastewater treatment plant serving the metropolitan area of Torino is connected to the Po river near to the town, in an area that has been considered very critical for potential eutrophication phenomena. This fact leads to the requirement of very high nitrogen removal performances; an examination of water treatment line and also of the sludge system has been performed, in order to identify potential interventions suitable to obtain the required improvement.First of all an analytical screening of the nitrogen concentrations in different points of the plant was performed in the following positions: for the wastewater line before and after the biological nitrification – denitrification sections, for the sludges the internal recycles coming from dewatering, in immission point for the different ex-ternal residues treated together with wastewater.The experimental results have been used to construct a nitrogen mass balance in the plant and to identify the removal capacities that the different treatments operating in the system are able to realise.On the basis of the performed observations from these results, in order to improve the nitrogen removal, two fundamental technological solutions have been identified. The first one, to be realized on the wastewater treatment system, doesn’t require plant innovations, but only interventions on the biological treatment tanks. Measure and control systems are considered, in order to improve the utilization of the tanks volumes and to optimize the shifting from aerobic to anoxic conditions, and from anoxic to aerobic. The second technological solution, necessarily connected with a plant innovation, consists in the realization of a system of autotrophic anoxic removal of nitrogen operating on the internal recycle, with the adoption of a fixed specialized biomass bioreactor operating on the recycle flux that is very rich in ammonia nitrogen, and poor in organic carbon.The two possibilities have been deeply investigated, by evaluating the literature indications and the actual re-alisations in full scale plants with similar problems; on these basis it was possible to define the schemes of ap-plication of the two solutions in the considered case, and to establish the performances that could be obtained from the proposed plant modifications.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1084]

FEASIBILITY OF SWINE MANURE DIGESTION EFFLUENT TREATMENT BY ANAMMOX GRANULAR GASLIFT REACTOR

CORDOLA M.(1), CARETTI C.(1), D’ANIELLO M.(1), CAFFAZ S.(2), LUBELLO C.(1)

Università degli Studi di Firenze - Firenze - Italy (1) Publiacqua - Firenze - Italy (2)

Many authors (e.g. Qiao, 2010) confirm the feasibility of the Anammox process application to piggery waste-waters, but very few data are available on the direct treatment of real wastewaters without any dilution. This paper shows the results of an experimental study on the treatment of swine manure digestion effluent by the Anammox process.To this aim, a biofilm gas-lift suspension reactor was designed and constructed. The advantages of the three-phase gas-lift loop reactors, which are used in many chemical and biochemical industrial processes, are the intimate contact between gas, liquid and solid phases, and the mixing control. The gas-lift systems, which are characterized by lower shear rates than mechanically stirred systems, are attractive for processes involving shear-sensitive particles, such as biofilm particles.In anaerobic processes (e.g. anaerobic digestion, Anammox), the circulation in the reactor is induced by recircu-lating the biogas produced by the biochemical reactions. In this study, the biogas (i.e. nitrogen gas produced by the Anammox bacteria ) was recirculated by an external pump from the top to the bottom of the gas-lift reactor by means of a porous sparger below the riser. In order to maintain the pH at a constant value, the biogas was integrated with a mixture of N2 and CO2 (95% and 5%, respectively).

47

The reactor was fed with a medium composed of the digester liquor originated from the piggery wastewater anaerobic digestion, and a synthetic solution. The digestate was taken from a piggery farm of 20000 pigs in Lombardy (Italy), and was sieved (mash size 0.8 mm) and stored at -20°C before use. After the start-up, which was carried out with only synthetic wastewater, the digestate percentage in the feed solution was increased from 0 to 100%. The nitrite and the ammonium content was maintained nearly constant adding NaNO2 and (NH4)2SO4 solutions. Influent concentrations were 1180±140 mg N-NO2/l and 980±170 mg N-NH4/l.The maximum activity of the Anammox biomass in the reactor was evaluated by means of two different proce-dures: batch test measurements of the nitrite concentration over time, and manometric batch test with the on-line measurement of the increasing headspace pressure, due to the nitrogen gas production. In both procedures the inlet pump was stopped, and a solution containing ammonium 10 M (as (NH4)2SO4) and nitrite 10 M (as NaNO2) was injected into the reactor.The reactor has operated continuously for 40 days and is still working, achieving nitrogen removal efficiencies ranging from 84.8% to 90.7% for total N, from 89.3% to 93.8% for ammonium and above 99.8% for nitrite.

References: QIao, S., yaMaMoto, t., MISaKa, M., ISaKa, K., SuMIno, t., BhattI, z., FuruKaWa, K. (2010) High-rate nitrogen removal

from livestock manure digester liquor by combined partial nitritation–anammox process. Biodegradation, 21:11–20.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1134]

NITRIFICATION DENITRIFICATION VIA NITRITE IN A PILOT-SCALE SBR TREATING THE LIQUID FRACTION OF CO-DIGESTED PIGGERY/POULTRY MANURE AND AGRO-WASTES

SCAGLIONE D., TORNOTTI G., TELI A., FICARA E., CANZIANI R., MALPEI F.

Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy

The liquid fraction of the digestates of animal manure is rich in nitrogen, but its disposal is often an issue in in-tensive-breeding farms due to arable land shortage. This aspect has prompted attention to biological processes performing nitrogen removal. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) configuration is a good option when treating animal manure and nitrification via nitrite a more economically sustainable alternative (Dosta et al., 2008), al-though high N2O emissions may be a drawback (Kampschreur et al., 2009). This work aimed to verify the appli-cability of the nitritation-denitrification (DENO2) to agricultural digestates in a pilot-scale 800L SBR located at a piggery farm in Northern Italy where a full scale digester fed on thickened piggery manure, poultry manure and agro-wastes was in operation. The SBR feed was the digestate supernatant after centrifugation, and had highly variable characteristics because of seasonal variations in the piggery waste production and in the quality and quantity of the co-substrates. The SBR worked at 25-30°C with a DO concentration of 0.5-1.0 mgO2 L-1and an hydraulic retention time of 2-4 days, a sludge age of 4-30 days, and a loading rate of 0.21-0.66 gN L-1d-1. A stable nitritation process was rapidly established with a NO2/NOx ratio of 80-85 %. Nitrogen removal rates were 0.21-0.51 gN L-1d-1 with a NH4-N removal efficiency of 96%. Free ammonia (FA) and Free Nitrous Acid (FNA) inhibition were assessed by respirometric tests. The best-fitting model for FA inhibition was the extended non-competitive one, with an IC50 of 148±5 mgFA/L. As for FNA, the best fitting model was the non-competi-tive inhibition one with a IC50 of 0.16±0.02 mgFNA/L.The average N2O emissions measured during two cycles operating under low bCOD/N ratio corresponded to 14% of the treated nitrogen load. N2O was mainly emitted in the first 20 min of aeration and it was probably related to a stripping phenomenon of N2O accumulated in the liquid during the anoxic phase. The DENO2 process performed in an SBR confirmed to be a technically feasible option to treat the liquid frac-tion of agricultural digestates despite the high influent variability, with satisfactory nitrogen removal efficiency and stable suppression of nitrite oxidisers. However, the high N2O emissions detected are a relevant issue and deserve more insights. Dosta J, López-Palau S, Mata-Alvarez J. (2008) Study of the biological N removal over nitrite in a physico-chemical-biological treatment of digested pig manure in a SBR. Water Sci Technol. 2008;58(1):119-25Kampschreur MJ, Temmink H, Kleerebezem R, Jetten MSM, van Loosdrecht MCM. (2009) Nitrous oxide emis-sion during wastewater treatment. Water Res. 9;43(17):4093-103.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 819]

TREATMENT AND REUSE OF DIGESTATE FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONTANZI G., SERAFINI E.

SEPRA s.r.l - Cesano Maderno (MI) - Italy

In Italy most of the biogas plant are located in the “Pianura Padana”, where there is also the majority of live-stock production in our country; consequently it is also the area of Italy with the main problems concerning the management of nitrogen loads on agricultural soils. Proof of this are the problems of eutrophication of the Adriatic Sea.Hence arises the need to manage digestate respecting the parameters imposed by the Nitrates Directive.SEPRA has been working since August 2010 on R&D projects for treatment of the digestate produced from biogas plants, through the use of different technologies such as biological nitrification / denitrification, ultrafil-tration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO).Two alternative goals have been set: complete COD/nitrogen removal for discharge or COD/nitrogen separation for reuse as biological fertilizer.NITROGEN REMOVALThis activity brought to a full scale (60 t/d) treatment plant located in the sensitive area of Parco del Delta del Po. The goal of our project was to reach limits for discharge in surface water. The first step is the removal of coarse solids from the digestate through screw filter and centrifugation; sepa-rated solids are used in agricultural activities.The clarified solution has a residual solids concentration of 2,5-3% (1% soluble salts). It goes to a treatment plant with nitrification/denitrification, inside the farm, to get a partial reduction of nitrogen.Sludge (30-40 gr/l solids) obtained from the biological process, after a passage through a coarse mechanical filter, goes to a UF plant with tubular membranes where solids are removed.The concentrated sludge returns to the biological plant and excess sludge to centrifugation.UF permeate can be furtherly treated by single stage RO in case nitrogen concentration exceeds limits for discharge. The permeate of RO is currently being discharged into surface waters in compliance with the param-eters established by the D. Decree 152/06, but in future it will be reused inside the farm. NITROGEN RECOVERYWithin the same project a smaller scale (1 t/d) plant was operated for nitrogen, phosfate and potassium recov-ery.System lay-out is similar, but with two main differences: there is no nitrification/denitrification and so RO sec-tion is much more developed. RO plant is a two stages-two passes system than can operate up to 80 bar.Outputs of the system are separated solid to be reused in agriculture, water for discharge or reuse and a con-centrated liquor containing dissolved N-P-K. RO can reach 6% TDS; an evaporation test was perfomed on a lab scale to furtherly concentrate this liquor up to 25% TDS. This concentrated liquor proved to be a very interesting biological fertilizer, including all nutrients.Compared to other digestate treatment processes (e.g. ammonia stripping and absorption with concentrated sulphuric acid) this process leads to a richer fertilizer with minimal use of chemicals.

[ABSTRACT ID: 856]

RECOVER OF NUTRIENT COMPOUNDS FROM DIGESTATE OF CALF MANURE BY STRUVITE PRECIPITATION USING LOW COSTS REAGENTS

SICILIANO A., DE ROSA S.

University of Calabria - Rende (CS) - Italy

The production of renewable energy by means of anaerobic digestion of animal manures has rapidly expanded in the last years. This process increases the land spreading of digestate, which causes the release of large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus into streams, lakes, seas, and land surfaces. A variety of treatment tech-nologies have been developed for the removal of nutrient load. However, the conventional processes don’tt recycle these compounds as a truly sustainable product. The recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from the wastewater in the form of crystalline struvite (MgNH4PO4•6H2O) is found to be a sustainable option because the struvite is considered a possible fertilizer. However, for the treatment of digestate, because of the low con-

49

tents of magnesium and phosphorus relative to the ammonia concentrations, large amounts of the reagents are required, making the process expensive. To reduce the costs of the process, some research has evaluated the feasibility of using many by-products of magnesium for the treatment of wastewater. However, no studies have reported the use of alternative sources of phosphorus, which is much more rare and expensive, and the consumption of which generally represents the primary cost of the treatment. Hence, in the present paper, we evaluate the possibility of using bone meal as a low-cost source of phosphorus for struvite precipitation. This by-product, derived from the thermal treatment of meat waste and usually put into landfill in Europe, can be exploited for its high phosphorus content and thereby make the process economically sustainable.The experiments were conducted on a digestate of calf manure, using reaction times between 1 and 30 min, pH values between 8 and 11 and Mg+2:NH4+ and PO4-3:NH4+ ratios between 1 and 1.5. The results showed similar phosphorus abatements for all reaction times tested, and an increase of ammonia removal only of 5% with the rise of treatment between 1 and 30 min. Moreover only a moderate variation of ammonia removal in the pH range tested was observed, while the phosphorus abatement increased in re-sponse to growing pH. These different trends suggest that probably some other insoluble compounds of phos-phorus, as calcium phosphate, are produced during the treatment. The results show also the increase in the efficiencies of the treatment correlated with the amounts of Mg+2 and PO4-3, reaching maximum abatements of ammonia and phosphorus, respectively of about 91% and 97%, with Mg+2:NH4+ and PO4-3:NH4+ ratios of 1.3. Furthermore, high recovery for magnesium close to 99% was detected, which indicates an effective for-mation of struvite powder. This is confirmed by X-ray diffractogram of the precipitated produced, which shows positions and intensity of the peaks match with those of real pure struvite. In conclusion the process developed using only low cost sources is effective and easily manageable and could be applied on a large scale.

[ABSTRACT ID: 874]

EFFECT ON ANAMMOX ACTIVITY OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICSCARETTI C.(1), CORDOLA M.(1), CAFFAZ S.(2), LUBELLO C.(1)

Università degli Studi di Firenze - Firenze - Italy (1) Publiacqua SpA - Firenze - Italy (2)

Manure digester effluent is expected to be a prime application of the anammox technique. Swine wastewater is a mixture of swine urine, excrement and service water and contains extremely high concentrations of nitrogen as well as various potentially interfering factors such as veterinary antibiotics.The aim of this study was to evaluate the content and persistence of veterinary antibiotics in swine digester effluent and to assess their effect on the activity of anammox bacteria.To know the amount of drugs administered on swine livestocks, veterinary prescriptions from a sample of pig farms located in the area of the Canale Maestro della Chiana, (Arezzo), were acquired from the local health authority.Four classes of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary were taken into account: penicillins, pleuromutilines, tetracyclines and sulfonamides.These antibiotics are excreted unmetabolized via swine manure, and it has been reported that as much as 30-90% can be excreted (Sarmah et al., 2006).Using the solid-liquid partition coefficients Kd for each compound, the amount of active substances remaining in the aqueous solution as well as the amount absorbed by the sludge during the wastewater biological treat-ment were assessed.The maximum antibiotics concentration value of the digester liquor ranged from 3 mg/l up to 95 mg/l. In order to evaluate the treatability of the digester liquor of swine wastewaters, inhibition tests were performed with these concentrations.The maximum specific anammox activity (SAA) was evaluated by means of manometric batch tests (Bettazzi et al., 2010) performed in a vessel inoculated with granular anammox biomass, originating from the full-scale anammox reactor of Dokhaven-Sluisjesdijk wastewater treatment plant in Rotterdam.The effect of prolonged exposition to oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole on the anammox activity was evaluated by repeated batch assays conducted for 14 days at regular intervals of 24 hours. The inhibiting effect of expo-sure to oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole on the specific anammox activity increased with higher concentrations and longer exposure time. After 14 days exposure to 100 mg/L of oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole the anam-mox activity decreased till 75% and 50% relative to the unexposed culture, respectively.Experimental tests are still ongoing, and all the results will be presented in the final manuscript.

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References: BettazzI e., caFFaz S., VannInI c., LuBeLLo c. (2010), Nitrite inhibition and intermediates effects on Anammox bacte-

ria: A batch-scale experimental study. Process Biochemistry 45(4):573-580.SarMah a.K., Meyer M.t., BoxaLL a.B.a. (2006). A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, oc-

currence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) in the environment. Chemosphere, 65(5):725– 759.

SESSION WATER - Physical-chemical Treatments for drinking water

[ABSTRACT ID: 818]

CCREAM: SOFTWARE TO EVALUATE AGGRESSIVENESS AND SCALING IN NATURAL OR TREATED WATERSVISMARA R., BERBENNI P., RAVEZZANI D.A., RESTELLI M.

Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy

The concept of water equilibrium is essential for supply and distribution problems, especially for its manage-ment where aggressive and scaling properties due to imbalance can damage distribution systems. These prob-lems are controlled by the interactions established among the species of the calcium carbonate - carbonic acid chemical system, that is always present in water. Chemical equilibrium in water depends on several factors: concentrations of anions and cations, partial pressure of dissolved gases, temperature, pH, oxidation state of redox couples, alkalinity, carbonates and bicarbonates balance, ionic strength, activity coefficients and solubility of the measured solids that form precipitates. The complexity of modelling the system, due to the numerous equilibriums involved in, led to the development of several indexes to evaluate water stability with respect to calcium carbonate, but they only give a qualitative evaluation of the water state. Grounding on the definition of CCPP index (Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential) proposed by Rossum (1980), which quantitatively estimates the amount of CaCO3 that must be dissolved or precipitated to bring water to equilibrium, here is proposed a software that computes carbonic species concentrations at the equilibrium by means of an iterative process, taking into account the modifications that affect water characteristics while reaching the equilibrium state. This work attempts to overcome the limits of a qualitative description and provides a software useful for the choice of technical solutions to avoid aggressiveness and scaling problems. The proposed model considers the following theoretical simplifications: - ionic strength is lower than 0.6; - pH between 5.5 and 8.5;- total alkalinity derives only from the carbonic acid species, in particular from the bicarbonate ion;- calcite is the only CaCO3 crystalline form;- water and calco-carbonic species constitute a closed system with precipitates.Consequently, the model can be adapted to specific fields of application, such as groundwaters, spring waters and water treatment plants effluents treated for reuse. The main steps of the model and the equations used for the calculations are indicated in Figure 1. This model allows to:- quantitatively estimate the water state with respect to equilibrium taking as input data only the information

contained in a water analysis report and compute all concentration species at equilibrium;- make simulation of water mixing; - identify actual water condition with respect to the equilibrium curve according to Legrand-Poirier, useful to

choice technical solution to bring water to desired conditions. The computational method was applied to sev-eral waters of different origin and composition (spring, well, reverse osmosis plant, ion exchange resin plant) to be validated mathematically and experimentally with the marble test, according to DIN standards. Results confirmed the accuracy of the computations.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1056]MODELING OF THE SPECIATION OF TRIAHALOMETHANE AND DIHALOACETONITRILES

IN CHLORINATED DRINKING WATERSROCCARO P.(1), VAGLIASINDI F.(1), KORSHIN G.(2)

University of Catania - Catania - Italy (1) University of Washington - Seattle - United States (2)

In the last decades, consistent efforts have been made to determine the identities and toxicities of various disinfection by-products (DBP) species. Although, more than 600 DBP species have been identified, more than 60% of the total organic halogens (TOX) is not known. Many unregulated DBPs are more toxic than regulated DBPs. For instance, the nitrogenous DBP have been shown much more cytotoxic and genotoxic than carbo-naceous DBP) and the iodinated and brominated DBPs are much more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. Therefore, this study investigated the formation and speciation of four species of trihalomethanes, THM (chlo-roform, dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform) and three species of dihalocetonitriles, DHAN (dichloro-, bromochloro- and dibromoacetonitrile) during chlorination of different surface waters. Chlori-nation experiments were carried out at pH 7 at widely varying reaction times and bromide concentrations (from background to 2 mg/L). Concurrent natural organic matter (NOM) transformations based on the kinetic analysis of DBP data and also via differential spectroscopy that quantifies the extent of NOM halogenations were ex-plored. THM and DHAN speciation was interpreted based on the previously published approach to model mixed chlorination/bromination pathways via apparent dimensionless ratios of bromination/chlorination reaction rates at each halogen incorporation node.DHAN concentration was always much lower than THM concentration as expected. Relative molar yields of DHAN increased more than that of THM. In particular, at higher bromide concentrations the yields of DHAN in-creased more than two-fold because of the significant enhancement of yields of the brominated species. Inter-pretation of kinetic data confirmed the applicability of the formal THM and DHAN speciation model and showed the existence of varying preferences towards bromination pathway at different reaction nodes. The preference towards bromination was especially notable during the first step of halogen incorporation. In contrast, the monochlorinated intermediate showed little or no preference towards bromination while the monobrominated intermediate was highly reactive with bromine. Differencial absorbance at 272 nm, defined as DA272(t) = A272 (0) – A272(t), was correlated with THM and DHAN at varying chlorine doses and reaction times. At higher bromide concentration the slope of the correlation between either THM or DHAN and DA272 was found to decrease for the chlorinated DBP and to increase for the brominated DBP. This behaviour was also found related with the speciation of DBP. Indeed a strong correlation was found between the speciation coefficient and the slope of the DBP vs. DA272 correlation. Obtained results are useful for better understanding the mechanism of THM and HAN formation and speciation during water chlorination and to predict and monitor the speciation of these classes of DBP using a simple ap-proach suitable for real time monitoring.

[ABSTRACT ID: 914]CHLORATE AS DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT IN TURIN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

FORMATION, MONITORING, POSSIBLE SOLUTIONSCEDRINO A.(1), ZANETTI M.C.(1), FIORE S.(1), GENON G.(1), MEUCCI L.(2), FUNGI M.(2), PEIRETTI S.(2)

Politecnico di Torino DIATI - Torino (TO) - Italy (1) SMAT Torino - Torino (TO) - Italy (2)

The increased application of chlorine dioxide in the disinfection of public drinking water (surface water treat-ment plants) avoids formation of trihalomethanes, but it can generate two other disinfection byproducts (DBPs), chlorite and chlorate. In particular, this paper concerns chlorate ion formation during chlorine dioxide genera-tion and oxidation reactions, but also in relation with dosage of sodium hypochlorite solutions. This aspect is very important in consideration of the fact that in the 4th Edition of WHO Drinking Water Guidelines (2011) a limit of 700 µg/lfor the chlorate ion is suggested.SMAT (Società Metropolitana Acque Torino) uses both chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite solutions for primary oxidation processes in its surface treatment plants. For this reason it was considered as an important task first of all the evaluation of DBPs neo-formation phenomenon; afterwards it was evaluated the possibil-ity to establish the potential precursors and the influencing conditions, and finally to define process and plant improvements directed to limit the formation phenomena.

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With this program an analytical screening of the three treatment lines has been performed, by taking samples from the raw river water to primary oxidation, activated carbon filters, and in the final network; different day hours and different seasons have been considered, in order to detect the more critical conditions; also some variations in chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite dosing have been considered. The highest peaks in chlo-rate concentration were detected in summer.On the basis of the observation that chlorate formation can be bound to natural degradation of hypochlorite before use, or different dismutation phenomena during disinfection, it was considered that the first contribu-tion can be more easily diminished, and it was decided to verify if this containment can be sufficient in order to obtain respect of standards. The temperature parameter was established as very significant in order to increase hypochlorite transformation in chlorate, and it was decided to operate a refrigerated chemical storage: an experimental verification by pilot tests was sufficient to establish the operation effectiveness, and its capacity to arrive to desired results; so it was established to operate this improvement in a full scale operational plant.The actual research is devoted to evaluation of effects of raw water quality, organic precursors presence, op-erating conditions on the second phenomenon (formation during disinfection), in order to establish corrective actions also for this phase.

[ABSTRACT ID: 984]

SURFACE WATER DISINFECTION BY MULTIBORE FIBER ULTRAFILTRATION. A PILOT PLANT ASSESSMENTIANNELLI R.(1), BIANCHI V.(1), CASINI B.(2), BUZZIGOLI A.(2), PRIVITERA G.(2), VERANI M.(3), CARDUCCI A.(3)

Dept. of Civil Engineering. University of Pisa - Pisa PI - Italy (1) Dept. of Experimental Patology. University of Pisa - Pisa PI - Italy (2)

Dept. of Biology. University of Pisa - Pisa PI - Italy (3)

The maturing of the low-density-membrane technology over the past thirty years has resulted in an economi-cally viable drinking water treatment option for both large- and small-scale applications. Specifically, ultrafiltra-tion (UF) represents an effective alternative to obtain safe drinking water, due to its ability to remove microbio-logical contamination from surface water.While reverse osmosis (RO) pores are almost 3 orders finer than UF pores, a typical RO system provides an inferior barrier to bacteria and viruses (Wilf, 2010). This apparent contradiction is linked to the membrane manufacture: RO membranes are optimized to achieve high salt rejection, with the drawback of tolerating minor physical defects. Moreover, typical spiral wound RO modules are mounted in pressure vessels with large diam-eter gasket seals, creating possible local leaks from feed to permeate. Conversely, hollow-fiber UF membranes have a higher degree of manufacturing integrity, supported by the “potting” method which seals the fibers with epoxy resins that completely penetrate the pores.The newly introduced multibore fibers promise to further increase the reliability of the microorganism barrier by a narrower pore size distribution, an increased warranty against fiber breaks and an efficient backwashing feasibility.While the main advantage of UF against chemical disinfection is the drastic reduction of disinfection-by-product (DBP) formation, some chemicals are anyway needed to preserve membrane efficiency. Since most UF mem-branes are highly chlorine-tolerant, daily cleanings are usually performed using sodium hypochlorite at basic pH. Less frequent cycles of alkaline/acid cleaning are also required to restore the reduced permeability. These cleanings need a proper optimization, since oxidative cleanings risk to enhance organic fouling by increasing membrane hydrophilicity (Levitsky et al., 2011) and improper alkaline/acid cleanings can significantly reduce the membrane operative life.The objective of this study is to understand and refine principles and scope of UF membrane use for surface water disinfection.The study was performed on field using a 3.5 m3/h pilot plant equipped with multibore UF modules (Dizzer® 500, Inge), aimed at assessing the feasibility of an upgrading of the Pescia purification plant in Tuscany, Italy. A one-year monitoring of standard drinking water parameters, as well as specific microbiological parameters (Legionella sp., Mycobacterium sp., Adenovirus and Coliphage) and DBP production has been planned.Preliminary results highlighted a strong impact of the adopted cleaning strategies on energy and water con-sumption, efficacy of bacteria and virus barrier and DBP formation.Aknowledgments The authors wish to aknowledge the Acque s.p.a. water company for their financial contribution and operative cooperation to this work.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1110]

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF REAL SCALE DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTCROTTI B.M.(1), COLLIVIGNARELLI M.C.(1), SORLINI S.(2), CASTAGNOLA F.(1)

Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering - Pavia - Italy (1) Department of Civil, Architectural, Landscape and Environmental Engineering - Brescia - Italy (2)

In the last years, the treatment of water used for human consumption has become more complex due to the tightening of the legislative and statutory provisions and the worsening in quality of water supply. These rea-sons have led to the need for a more efficient sequence of processes in the water treatment plant (WTP) and, as a consequence, “heavy” upgrading for existing plants. Performance assessments based on routinary monitor-ing activities, intensive monitoring campaigns and specific laboratory tests, can establish the operative limits of the plant and enable the administrator to implement corrective actions (both management and plant engineer-ing) in order to optimize the WTP performance.The aim of this work was to find the criteria for optimizing the operation of a full-scale WTP used for the city of Mortara (PV) with the goal to increase the quality of the delivered water and to investigate technical and man-agement issues of the same plant.The results show that the WTP operates in different conditions from those adopted in the design phase and an insufficient removal of specific pollutants, particularly of arsenic, is obtained. In this regard, ad hoc experimental tests were proposed in order to verify the biological activity of biofilters, oxidative capacity, adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. Variations to the process scheme were defined and implemented. At this moment, a simplified plant design scheduling the dosage of KMnO4 and FeCl3 is being studied, in order to optimize, re-spectively, Mn and As oxidation and insoluble compounds precipitation. Therefore, the optimum dosage of these reagents and possible influences on the remaining processes are be-ing defined. Moreover, an experimental campaign for defining the influence and the best operative backwashing procedures for biofilters and activated carbon filters is defined.

SESSION WATER - ACQUA - Trattamenti chimico fisici

[ABSTRACT ID: 1035]

FOULING CONTROL IN HYBRID ADSORBENT/MEMBRANE SYSTEMS BY SONICATIONNADDEO V., LANDI M., BELGIORNO V.

Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED) at Department of Civil Engineering University of Salerno - Fisciano (SA) - Italy

Wastewater reuse has become a necessity as a result of the growth in demand and the shortage of water resources. Reclaimed water can be used for agricultural, industrial, recreational and environmental purposes. To reuse water, it has to be subjected to other treatments in addition to classical ones, capable of adapting its quality to its utilization. Nowadays membrane technology is widely used for water and wastewater treatment. Membrane ultrafiltration represents one of the most viable technologies to implement a water reuse. However, the main barrier to a larger use is represented by membrane fouling. NOM is a major constituent in water that may produce fouling during membrane filtration treatments. NOM blocks membrane pores binding particles together to generate a low permeability particle cake layer on the membrane surface. To overcome such prob-lems caused by NOM in membrane filtration applications, conjunctive use of adsorbents and membranes is thus becoming more attractive for water treatment because the adsorbents can capture and retain NOM before it reaches the membrane surface. Aluminum-based adsorbent (Heated Aluminum Oxide Particles, HAOPs) have great properties for use in hybrid adsorption/membrane filtration systems. The HAOPs produces particularly effective when they were pre-deposited on the membrane (as opposed to being mixed into the feed upstream) slow down the fouling formation. Anyway the hybrid HAOPs/membrane treatment is not able to completely prevent fouling formation.Recent studies have shown that ultrasound provides an alternative technology for membrane fouling control able to enhance the product quality in an environmentally benign manner. Cavitation, indeed, offers immense potentiality for intensification of physical or chemical processing in an energy-efficient manner. However ultra-

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sonic parameters are not completely well-known. In this work results from an experimental study of ultrasoni-cally-assisted ultrafiltration, varying ultrasonic frequencies, are presented. The performances of ultrasonic oxidation in HAOPs/membrane ultrafiltration and their relative combinations were evaluated on domestic wastewater samples. Membrane ultrafiltration tests were performed using a constant flux cross-flow filtration. The membrane had a nominal pore size of 0.1 µm and an effective surface area of 8.5 cm2. Sonication was carried out in an ultrasonic bath at 800W with different frequencies, with a ultrasonic power of 5 W/L. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) was measured online and permeate samples were collected for analysis of UV254 and turbidity.Results show that ultrasonic field can drastically reduce membrane fouling. It was found that lower frequen-cy slows down the fouling formation, but, on the other hand, higher frequency improves the NOM removal. Moreover, synergistic effects in NOM removal were observed when the processes were simultaneously ap-plied.

[ABSTRACT ID: 795]

AN INNOVATIVE MULTIFUNCTIONAL REACTOR FOR THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER

SANTORO O.(1), PASTORE T.(1), SANTORO D.(2), CRAPULLI F.(2), RAISEE M.(3), MOGHADDAMI M.(3)

AquaSoil SRL - Fasano (Brindisi) - Italy (1) University of Western Ontario - London (Ontario) - Canada (2)

University of Teheran - Teheran - Iran (3)

In this paper, the performance of a combined process operated in a new multifunctional reactor for the simulta-neous removal of wastewater pollutant indicators (COD and total coliforms) and organic contaminants (phenols) were assessed. The combined process, which consisted of coagulation with aluminum polychloride and zeolite, disinfection with sodium hypochlorite and absorption with powder activated carbon, was optimized using a re-sponse surface methodology approach. Experimental and modeling results indicated that all chemicals played a significant role in the combined treatment process. The optimal treatment performance occurred when the chemical dosages were: AP=84-106 µL/L, PAC= 5 mg/L, Z=34-70 mg/L and SH=3.4-5.6 mg/L. Such combined treatment was able to remove 59.7-70.9 % COD and 5.1-5.3 logs of total coliforms The performance of the optimal combination of chemicals was also tested for long term efficiency against the removal of phenols and COD peaks, showing that the multifunctional reactor was able to remove, on average, 50% of initial phenol concentration while also acting as an active barrier against COD shock loadings which occasionally entered the treatment system.

[ABSTRACT ID: 854]

NITRATE REDUCTION IN ZERO-VALENT IRON SYSTEM WITH AQUEOUS FE+2SICILIANO A., DE ROSA S.

University of Calabria - Rende (CS) - Italy

The nitrate pollution is a serious environmental problem because causes eutrophication phenomena and may lead to diseases when drink water sources are contaminated. The sources of nitrogen compounds include nitroge-nous fertilizers, animal manure, municipal and industrial wastewaters. Many physicochemical and biological pro-cesses have been developed for removing nitrate from contaminated water among which ion exchange, reverse osmosis, bio-logical denitrification, but, these conventional processes, may be expensive or difficult to operate.In recent years, removal of N-NO3- in water by means of zero-valent iron has been widely studied for the high reduction power of this metal, because it is abundant, inexpensive and readily available, and because its reduc-tion process requires little maintenance. However, nitrate removal by Fe0 is a rapid process exclusively under acidic conditions, the resulting iron corrosion products could significantly inhibit reduction reaction and, gener-ally, a high transfer into solution of soluble iron occurs. The efficiency of the treatment could be improved by the addition into solution of enough amount of Fe2+, because in this way it is possible to locally transform the corrosion products into reactive compounds, so as to facilitate nitrate reduction. In the present paper are reported the results of an experimental work carried out in order to define a process, using Fe0 and Fe+2, efficient in nitrate removal of water and wastewater and able to avoid high residual con-centrations of iron ions.

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The experiments were conducted on volumes of 1 L of synthetic solutions with N-NO3- and Fe+2 concentra-tions between 30 mg/L and 120 mg/L, setting the pH at 3 and using Fe0 amounts between 10 g and 40 g. The results of the tests carried out showed as, with a N-NO3- concentration and a Fe+2 dosage of 30 mg/l, the efficiency of the treatment increases in response to zero valent iron dosage up to a 30g. These conditions allow to reach a complete reduction of nitrate in 24 h with a negligible amount of iron ions into treated solutions. The increase of Fe+2 dosage results into a growth of reaction rate that substantially reduces the time required for the treatment. The improvement of reduction ability allows to treat solutions characterized with N-NO3- con-centrations up to 120 mg/l with efficiencies about 90%. Moreover, with Fe+2 additions comparable with the N-NO3- amounts, were obtained the lowest value of iron ions after the treatment.In conclusion, the process developed is able to effectively reduce high nitrate concentrations, limiting the re-sidual Fe+2 into treated solutions.

[ABSTRACT ID: 908]

DEGRADATION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS IN WASTEWATER BY OZONE AND CHLORINEKORSHIN G.(1), NANABOINA V.(1), LI W.(2), ZHOU Q.(2)

University of Washington - Seattle, WA - United States (1) Nankai University - Tianjin - China (2)

This study addressed the degradation of an emerging class of organic pollutants in water, namely chemo-therapeutic drugs that are used to treat various cancers. While the actual occurrence and health effects of residuals of these agents remain to be ascertained in more detail, available evidence indicates a high possibility of their pronounced effects of fetal growth. In addition, up to 80% of these drugs are consumed in an outpa-tient mode, and as a result, they are released into municipal wastewater. In this study, interactions of several chemotherapeutic drugs such as cyclophosphamide, ifosmide, flutamide, chlorambucil, busulfan, tamoxifen, decarbazine, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracyl (5-FU) with ozone and chlorine were examined. While some of these compounds were determined to undergo rapid degradation in the presence of ozone, others, notably cyclophosphamide, and especially busulfan were highly resistant to oxidation. 5-FU was moderately reactive with ozone and also degraded by chlorine, but not chloramine. Examination of the mechanisms and kinetics of the oxidation of 5-FU by chlorine showed the presence of complex effects of water chemistry, especially those of pH. Modeling of the dependence of apparent rates of the chlorination of 5-FU showed that speciation of 5-FU in solution played a major role in this process. The equilibria that reflect the degradation of 5-FU by chlorine in-cluded species whose formation was not predicted based on expected protonation of 5-FU. Further exploration of the reactions of the chemotherapeutic drugs with ozone and halogen will answer questions concerning their removal by conventional and advanced wastewater treatment operations.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1123]

LONG TERM MONITORING OF BIOGAS AND LEACHATE IN THE “FOSSETTO” MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TREATMENT PLANT (MONSUMMANO TERME - PT)

CALABRO’ P.S.(1), ORSI S.(2), GENTILI E.(3), MEONI C.(4)

Dipartimento di Meccanica e Materiali - Università degli studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria Reggio Calabria - Italy (1)

CMSA - Cooperativa Muratori Sterratori e Affini - Montecatini Terme - Italy (2) Professional Chemical Engineer - Chiesina Uzzanese - Italy (3)

Professional Geologist - Ponsacco - Italy (4)

“Fossetto” landfill is in operation in the municipality of Monsummano Terme (PT) since 1988, it is located in a flat area in the Northern part of Padule (marsh) di Fucecchio, the authorized volume for landfilling is about 1.000.000 m3; at the moment the plant is mainly used to dispose of residual municipal solid waste (from June 2003 after mechanical-biological treatment) collected in eight municipalities of Valdinievole (River Nievole Valley) and of limited quantities of incinerator bottom ash and slag. The landfill is composed of four cells, at the moment the biggest one, called Landfill 4, is in use. Since operation beginning till 2005, all the collected leachate was sent by tank trucks to external plants for treatment, from September 2006 a reverse osmosis in situ treatment plant works at full capacity. This physical-chemical plant includes mixing and pre-aeration, siev-ing, pre-filtration by cartridge filters, membrane ultrafiltration, chemical conditioning to reach pH 5,5 by adding

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sulphuric acid, membrane reverse osmosis (two modules), chlorination, activated carbon filtration. Treated water is discharged in a small stream nearby while concentrated leachate is recirculated in the landfill body following Italian Regulations and a specific permit of Pistoia Province. Biogas generated in the main landfill cell is being collected by a system of vertical wells and used to generate electric energy. The diffused biogas emis-sion through landfill surface is periodically monitored, and, following the results obtained during the monitoring campaigns, the biogas collection efficiency has been assessed to be about 60% for the years 2008-2009 and 30% for the years 2010 and 2011. This drastic change has been attributed to a different management of the biogas collection system (decrease in the vacuum induced in the collection system). The objective of this paper is to show how the recirculation of concentrated leachate did not induce significant changes in leachate composition and quantity while, on the contrary, biogas production and composition have been largely influenced from the mechanical biological treatment, concentrated leachate recirculation and by the reduction of the vacuum induced in the collection system.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON: Sites Contaminated by volatile pollutants: risk assessment, remediation and monitoring

[ABSTRACT ID: 1218]

PROBLEMS IN THE EVALUATION OF THE VAPOR INTRUSION PATHWAY AT CONTAMINATED SITESD’APRILE L.(1), BERARDI S.(2), BEMPORAD E.(2)

ISPRA - Rome - Italy (1) INAIL - Rome - Italy (2)

The application of risk assessment at contaminated sites both for the evaluation of risks related to the con-centration of contaminants in soil, sub-soil and groundwater and for the development of site-specific target levels, is required by different national regulatory acts and as far as remediation activities are concerned, by the Legislative Decree n. 152 of 2006 (with amendments). In Italy technical guidelines for the application of risk assessment were developed by ISPRA (National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research) in coopera-tion with the Regional Environmental Agencies (ARPA) and other relevant national institutes (research section of the Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority, National Health Institute). The latest update of the guidelines was developed in 2008. The above mentioned guidelines also address the problems related to Vapor Intrusion (VI) pathway assessment. VI is defined by the US EPA as the migration of volatile chemicals from the subsurface (contaminated soil and/or groundwater) into overlying buildings and outdoor areas. According to the indication of the available scientific literature addressing the potential overestimation of the impacts of vapour intrusion due to the application of ASTM Risk Based Corrective Action Procedure and John-son and Ettinger model, the guidelines suggest the use a “multiple lines of evidence” approach to evaluate whether there is a significant risk from VI. When a potential risk from VI pathway is highlighted through the ap-plication of risk assessment (both forward and backward application), then soil-gas and indoor air monitoring is required to verify the results obtained by the application of ASTM based models.The main problems raise from the application of the proposed approach due to the following causes:- lack of national guidelines on soil-gas and indoor air monitoring;- lack of soil-gas screening levels for all the potential contaminants for soil and groundwater addressed in

Legislative Decree n.152 of 2006 (Annex 5).The paper describes a proposal of a technical procedure for the calculation of soil-gas screening levels us-ing the air target levels and specific attenuation factors developed by applying the equations described in the guidelines issued by ISPRA.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1209]MODELING OF VAPOR INTRUSION MITIGATION

FOLKES D.EnviroGroup Limited - Centennial, Colorado - United States

Vapor intrusion mitigation typically involves modification of the vapor intrusion pathway into the building, either by sealing openings, diluting soil vapor concentrations, reversing advective flow direction, or all of the above. This paper uses the concepts behind the Johnson and Ettinger (1991) heuristic model (JE model) to explore the response of the vapor intrusion pathway to common mitigation techniques, which helps explain some of the behaviors observed in the real world.The JE model is an equilibrium relationship between diffusive flux through the soil, flux into the building (both advective flow and diffusion through soil-filled cracks in the concrete) and flux through the building indoor air space. By sealing cracks, we are reducing the crack flow area and the effective diffusivity of the material in the crack. As observed by Johnson and Ettinger (1991), this effort alone has a limited effect on vapor intrusion (or the attenuation factor). By venting the soils immediately below the building or floor slab (also known as sub-slab venting), we are removing mass and reducing soil vapor concentrations; this has two effects: first, all things being equal, the flux into the building is reduced proportionately to the soil vapor concentration, and second, the rate of diffusion through the soil increases. For any given soil venting rate, the resultant soil vapor concentration represents the new equilibrium concentration between fluxes, except now we are including a venting or “mitigation” flux. As a result, we can use the equilibrium relationships (e.g., JE model) to estimate the venting rate needed to achieve a certain amount of dilution (Folkes, 2011). At the same time, venting for the purpose of diluting soil vapor concentrations below the slab requires a pres-sure gradient, commonly a negative pressure induced at one or more suction points. This negative pressure re-duces the pressure gradient across the slab (assuming the building is initially negatively pressurized compared to the soil), reducing the rate of vapor flow and advective flux. If this negative pressure is sufficient to reverse the pressure gradient, we refer to this as sub-slab depressurization. Therefore, both sub-slab venting and sub-slab depressurization have similar effects on the vapor intrusion pathway, the difference being the primary objective (dilution versus depressurization). This explains why empirical data indicate that soil vapor concentra-tions decrease when sub-slab depressurization is employed (EPA, 1993).

[ABSTRACT ID: 806]

EXCLUSION DISTANCE CRITERIA FOR VAPOR INTRUSION RISK ASSESSMENT AT PETROLEUM RELEASE SITES

LAHVIS M.Shell Global Solutions (US) - Houston, Tx - United States

Vapor intrusion risk assessment at petroleum hydrocarbon sites, to date, has largely been conservative because of uncertainties related to the significance of biodegradation in limiting potential vapor transport to indoor air. The over-conservatism has produced numerous false positive errors (i.e., potential issues identified when none actually exists). Meaningful consideration of biodegradation in vapor intrusion assessment would help eliminate many of these false positives.Recent field and modeling studies have helped address many of the data gaps related to the significance of biodegradation at retail (gasoline station) sites. The studies have shown biodegradation will limit the potential for vapor intrusion provided oxygen (O2) availability between the source and building/enclosed space recep-tor exceeds metabolically-driven O2 demand. Two of the critical factors affecting the O2 mass-balance in the unsaturated zone are source strength/type (e.g., non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) or dissolved phase) and source/receptor separation distance. Results show that biodegradation (attenuation) will limit the potential for vapor intrusion at retail (petrol station) sites with dissolved phase hydrocarbon sources and at retail sites with NAPL sources to source/receptor separation (“exclusion”) distances > 15 ft. These results are based on assum-ing conditional probabilities, a threshold concentration for benzene in soil gas, and no preferential pathways. In addition, exclusion distance criteria are shown to be more appropriate than attenuation factors for site screen-ing applications at petroleum release sites. Consideration of these findings is important for development of rational vapor intrusion guidance and effective utilization of limited resources.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1216]

A CASE STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION ON VAPOR INTRUSION AT A FORMER REFINERY PROPERTY

MCALARY T.A.(1), NICHOLSON P.(1), BERTRAND D.(1), GROENEVELT H.(1), ETTINGER R.(2)

Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. - Guelph, Ontario - Canada (1) Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. - Santa Barbara, California - United States (2)

Aerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone will often reduce the potential for subsurface vapor intrusion to indoor air. There is a need for improved understanding of the conditions under which aerobic degradation occurs and the extent to which it will cause attenuation of subsurface vapor con-centrations. This presentation describes a case study of a soil vapor investigation conducted to evaluate the fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons present beneath an office building (a single-story structure with slab-on-grade construction, 6 m wide by 12 m long) at a former refinery. The geology consists of silty-clay soils from ground surface to about 6 m bgs and a sandy confined aquifer from 6 to 12 m depth. Hydrocarbons currently exist as a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL, predominantly light fuel range hydrocarbons) at an approximate depth range of 6 to 10.7 m below ground surface (m bgs). The LNAPL smear-zone is deeper than the current water table because historic groundwater extraction caused a widespread depression in the water table elevation in the past. This case study provides a significant amount of new information regarding the sub-surface distribution of hydrocarbon vapors and the influence of biodegradation as an attenuation mechanism in the assessment of subsurface vapor intrusion to indoor air. Soil vapor samples were collected after a prolonged drought and again a half-year later after a very wet rainy season. Very high hydrocarbon vapor concentrations occur in the lower vadose zone, based on samples at depths of 2.7 and 3.6 m bgs, with elevated carbon dioxide and very little oxygen. Shallower soil gas (1.8 m bgs) and sub-slab soil gas samples have significantly lower hydrocarbon vapor concentrations, indicating that there is a biologically active layer in the shallow subsurface. Concentrations of benzene are reduced from tens of thousands of micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) to less than 100 µg/m3 over a vertical distance of as little as about 1.8 m, and possibly to much lower levels, because most of the sub-slab samples had benzene concentrations below the analytical reporting limit. Spatial variabil-ity of up to several orders of magnitude was observed within the study area, which was no larger than a typical domestic residence. Seasonal variability of up to two orders of magnitude in hydrocarbon concentrations was observed in samples from the shallow soil vapor probes, although deeper soil vapor samples showed much less or no significant seasonal variability. For the shallow (1.8 m and subslab) intervals, there is an apparent correla-tion between increases in the hydrocarbon vapor concentrations and the significant increase in rainfall prior to the second sampling event, which may have limited oxygen supply to the subsurface, relative to the prolonged drought that preceded the first sampling event.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1206]

LONG-TERM SOIL GAS, INDOOR AND OUTDOOR MONITORING FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AT A SITE POLLUTED FROM PETROLEUM-DERIVED COMPOUNDS

SAPONARO S., ROMELE L., SEZENNA E.Politecnico di Milano - DIIAR - Milano (MI) - Italy

Petroleum-derived contamination usually includes many different pollutants that can be hardly quantified as specific compounds; moreover, physical-chemical and toxicological data necessary for health and environ-mental risk assessment are unavailable for many of the individual components. Therefore, for risk assessment purposes, petroleum mixtures are usually divided into “fractions” including sets of compounds, with fraction-specific fate and transport behavior and toxicity. The definition of the fractions must be consistent with available analytical capabilities. Among the different approaches, the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group (TPHCWG, 1997) and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MADEP, 2004) speciations have been widely applied for soils, ground-water and/or free phase. However, some modifications are necessary when hydrocarbon fingerprinting must be obtained in soil gas or ambient air to assess health risk of vapor inhalation, due to the different environmental medium sampled or the different sampling methods.This work reports about the lesson learned in the risk assessment procedure performed at a site in Milan (Italy) where soil remediation (excavation and off site disposal) was partially carried out in 2005, leaving a residual

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volume of soil polluted with monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEXs), polyaromatic compounds (PAHs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) beneath a mitigation system. Indoor air, outdoor air, crawl-space air and soil gas samplings have been carried out since January 2009; however, in March 2011 the monitoring network was upgraded to its final configuration composed of 18 indoor, 7 outdoor and 4 crawl-space sampling locations and 60 soil gas probes (15 at 1 m b.g.s., 17 at 4 m b.g.s., 14 at 10 m b.g.s. and 14 at 15 m b.g.s.). One monitor-ing campaign for season (March, July and October 2011, January 2012) was performed after that, speciating hydrocarbons with both the modified TPHCWG approach and the modified MADEP approach. For each monitoring campaigns, the carcinogenic risks and the cumulative hazard index were estimated for the outdoor and the indoor exposures based on the representative soil gas concentration at the different depths and transport through soil or soil + building foundations (analytical models) from each depth; the estimates differed by one/two orders of magnitude. Health risk calculation based on the MADEP approach resulted in more con-servative risk values due to naphthalene, which was not included in any MADEP fraction but was considered as an individual pollutant with carcinogenic effects via inhalation based on Cal/EPA designation.Compared with background values, indoor, outdoor and crawl-space air concentrations at the site suggested that naphthalene and petroleum hydrocarbons were widely spread and sources other than pollution in soil were most affecting quality of the inhaled air.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1137]

CASE STUDIES OF SOIL GAS SURVEYS IN THE VENICE MAINLAND. TECHNICAL REFERENCES FOR ADDRESSING SOIL GAS SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

FUIN F.(1), FORMENTON G.(2), GIRALDO G.(2), MORETTO C.(1), DELL’ANDREA E.(1), COLOMBINI G.(1)

ARPA Veneto - Venezia - Italy (1) ARPA Veneto - Padova - Italy (2)

Soil vapour data are used in site investigation and remediation projects to delineate the source of contamina-tion, to identify potential risks from the inhalation of air associated with soil vapour migration, to determine the effectiveness of remedial action.In the last years the environmental protection Agency of Veneto Region (ARPAV) was involved in several soil gas surveys to verify the sampling approach and to collect soil gas replicate samples, using different sampling techniques. ARPAV, moreover, developed a guidance for active soil gas investigation, to provide a reference for addressing soil gas sample collection and analysis. This paper describes the sampling frameworks proposed by ARPAV and reports data from several soil gas surveys.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1159]

SOME ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS TOOLS APPLICABLE TO SITES CONTAMINATED BY VOLATILE POLLUTANTS

MOK C.M.W.(1), RUGGERI R.(2)

AMEC Environment & Infrastructure - Oakland, CA - United States (1) AMEC Environment & Infrastructure - Sesto San Giovanni, MI - Italy (2)

Common volatile pollutants in the subsurface are present in multiple phases, non-aqueous, aqueous, sorbed, and vapor, each with distinct flow and transport characteristics. Partitioning and distribution of various phases at a site are variable, from source zone transitioning to the edge of contaminant plume. They are often compli-cated by complex subsurface geologic and hydrologic conditions. Effective management of sites contaminated by volatile pollutants hinges upon adequate delineation of various zones with different levels of contamination and characteristics, selection and implementation of appropriate containment and/or remediation actions targeting each zone, and monitoring of the progress. This paper presents a few advanced characterization and analysis tools for use to support effective management of these sites. In the past 20 years, many simulation-optimization models have been developed for optimizing chemical containment and remediation design as well as monitoring plan. Most of these models consider the dissolved phase and utilize linear programming techniques only. These models might not be appropriate tools for developing site-wide strategies. With funding provided by the US Department of Energy, a global optimization model with a general-purpose flow and trans-port simulator for multiphase, multi-component fluid flow through porous or fractured geologic media with heat

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transfer. The implemented robust optimizers can handle complicated objective functions and constraint criteria that might have discontinuities and multiple local extreme. This tool can be applied to optimize a wide range of remediate and containment systems as well as monitoring plans for sites contaminated by volatile pollut-ants. Example applications of simulation-optimization model will be presented. Extension of optimization from deterministic to a stochastic framework to account for uncertainties will be discussed. Environmental managers often make site decisions based on their professional judgment using available information. Decision analysis provides a comprehensive and objective assessment of various remediation and containment alternatives, leading to the most appropriate strategies for managing a site. Decision analysis includes procedures, methods, and tools for identifying, representing, and assessing important aspects of a decision, and for translating the formal representation of a decision and its corresponding recommendation into insight for the decision maker and other stakeholders. In addition to the capital and operation costs of remediation alternatives, the probability and consequence in case of unacceptable performance are addressed in the analysis. Case examples will be presented to illustrate the applications to a few sites with volatile pollutants.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1239]

RISK ASSESSMENT AND VAPOR FLUX MONITORING - ADVANTAGES OF AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR REMEDIATION DESIGN

VERDELOCCO S., BATTAGLIA A., BATTAGLIA E.

AECOM Italy srl - Milano - Italy

This paper describes three case studies demonstrating the advantages of integrating vapor flux monitoring Risk Assessments (RA).It is commonly recognised that where the application of the equations for calculating volatilization factors determines a non-acceptable value of risk relating the vapour inhalation exposure route, direct measurements (soil-gas sampling, measures of indoor and outdoor air) should be considered to verify the results obtained by applying often too conservative models.The case studies address different types of contaminated sites.1-A Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) siteA MGP located in the historical Venice’s downtown has been operational from 1900’s until 1970’s. Currently the site hosts offices and the storage of equipments utilized for the city’s gas distribution network maintenance. RA results based on modeling showed that one of critical issues is mercury contamination in the unsaturated soil. Due to the potential criticality of this chemical related to the modeling of vapor inhalation, soil gas was sampled at a number of locations. Contrary to what was predicted by the model, the low concentrations measured in the soil gas did not indicate the presence of a source of volatile form of this chemical in unsaturated soils. There-fore for the current use of the site, no remediation action related to the mercury is required.2-A pharmaceutical-chemical plant siteA pharmaceutical-chemical plant is bordered by commercial and residential buildings. The investigations showed potential contamination mainly in groundwater (BTEXS). The RA outputs based on modeling indicated that the critical pathway for all the receptors was the inhalation of vapors originating from the groundwater. Both soil gas and outdoor air were sampled. For commercial receptors (workers of the plant) the outdoor air concentration were compared with the occupational exposure limits (TLV-TWA or D.Lgs.81/2008). This com-parison indicated that the measured air concentrations are acceptable. However the measured concentrations were not acceptable for the commercial and residential receptors near the site. Additional groundwater and soil gas monitoring sessions have been planned to verify the preliminary results. The investigations are still ongoing.3-An agricultural area impacted by a crude oil blow outIn 1994 the site was the scene of a large inland crude oil spill following an oil well blow-out. The event resulted in almost 15,000 m3 of light crude oil being released overland contaminating both soil and ground-water. Land use in the area is agricultural with the majority used for the production of rice. After years of remediation activities a RA was performed to estimate the risk posed by the residual concentrations. The RA results show acceptable risks for all the receptors. To confirm the RA results regulators asked one year of outdoor air measurement. The measured concentrations were modelled and the final results allowed the complete release of the areas.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 860]

EFFECT OF ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL ON MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES DEGRADING VOLATILE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN AN AEROBIC SANDY SOIL

ALI A., DAVENPORT R., WERNER D.Newcastle University - Newcastle upon Tyne - United Kingdom

Many fuels nowadays contain a biofuel component, which may impact fuel biodegradability. We therefore investigated the microbial degradation of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPHs) with and without 10 percent ethanol (E10) or 20 percent biodiesel (B20) in an aerobic sandy soil. The percentage of the added VPHs mass remaining at the end of batch experiments were comparable between fuel mixtures, while biofuel residuals were not detectable, implying that E10 and B20 were overall more readily biodegraded. However, toluene deg-radation was fastest in the absence of ethanol, and E10 had significantly higher m-xylene residuals than the pure VPHs mixture. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that each fuel mixture selected for a distinct bacterial community, each dominated by different Pseudomonas spp. Average biomass yields were comparable for the three fuel mixtures, ranging from 0.40 ± 0.16 to 0.51 ± 0.22 g of biomass carbon per g of fuel carbon degraded. The main findings were confirmed in mini-lysimeter experi-ments. Additional batch experiment with inorganic nutrient addition resulted in more rapid VPHs biodegradation, higher total cell counts, lower biomass yields, and more similar microbial community structures. We conclude that competition for scare inorganic nutrients between different microbial community members and/or cata-bolic repression may hinder monoaromatic hydrocarbon degradation in the presence of biofuels, in particular ethanol. The impact of biofuel components on the fuel biodegradation will therefore depend on site-specific conditions such as the amount of fuel spilled, the nutrient availability, the source-receptor pathways and the timeframe available for natural attenuation to occur.

[ABSTRACT ID: 958]

USE OF TRACER GASES FOR IDENTIFING THE RADIUS OF INFLUENCE OF A MULTIPHASE EXTRACTION SYSTEM

DONATI M.(1), ZANON M.(1), BISSOLOTTI G.(2), PASINETTI E.(2), PERONI M.(2)

Ecologia Environmental Solutions Srl - Zola Predosa (BO) - Italy (1) SIAD S.p.A. - Dalmine (BG) - Italy (2)

A field test with tracer gases was conducted prior to designing a full scale Multi Phase Extraction system (MPE) for an industrial site in the North of Italy. The test was carried out to measure the site-specific radius of influ-ence (ROI).The site is an industrial area which is impacted by BTEX and short chain hydrocarbons contamination in the vadose zone. The vadose zone investigated in this study is approximately 12 m thick from 0 to 13 m below ground level (bgl). A superficial aquifer 1m thick is present at the depth of 7 m bgl. The MPE system at the site was operated at no.1 extraction well intercepting the superficial unsaturated zone, and no.1 well intercepting the deeper unsaturated zone.Two noble gases Helium and Neon were injected in the two unsaturated zones and their concentrations were measured in the soil-gas stream collected from the MPE extraction wells. Noble gas were injected in pure concentration, with flows of about 1-2 NL/min, while the soil-gas extraction was about 260 m3/h. Tests were followed by continuous gas-chromatographic analysis of the extracted soil-gases which were sampled in cor-respondence of the MPE exhaust chimney. From the analysis of the concentration trend of tracer gases over time, it was possible to detect the tracer gases extracted from each point of injection tested. Noble gases concentration measurements reached values up to 500 ppm for Neon and 300 ppm for Helium. Data collected showed that the ROI of the MPE system was 20-22 meters for both unsaturated zones, but the comparison of the measured travel time of tracer gases against the calculated one highlighted the likely pres-ence of preferential pathways. In particular, it was possible to conclude the following:- the extraction in the upper vadose layer reveled to be more efficient because the travel time of tracer gases was very rapid. This might be due to the existence of preferential pathways;- the extraction in the lower vadose layer generally required more time compared to the upper layer, and mea-sured travel time in several cases corresponded with the one calculated by the model. In terms of lithology the deeper vadose layer could be described as a more homogeneous media compared to the upper layer, present-ing less preferential pathways.

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The differences of concentration peaks and travel time of the two tracer gases injected during parallels tests provides one important additional indirect consideration which is the absence (or very reduced presence) of short-circuits between two vadose zones in the tested area.The test with tracers allowed not only to measure the potential ROI on an MPE (or SVE) technology, but also it allowed to measure the travel time of the gases in each layer, and the verification of the potential existence of interconnections between the layers. The test showed an apparent soil vapor extraction ROI of 20-22 meters, but the comparison of the expected and measured travel time highlights the likely presence of preferential pathways in the underground matrix.Based on these observations and considerations, and to the fact that preferential pathways might decrease the efficiency of the remedial action, the radius of influence ROI for the design of the full scale system was set to 12-15 meters.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1160]

PASSIVE VAPOUR BARRIER FOR A RESIDENTIAL REDEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL SITEDAVIT J.P.(1), GARETTO A.(1), HERS I.(2)

Golder Associates Srl - Turin - Italy (1) Golder Associates Ltd - Vancouver, BC - Canada (2)

Impact on air quality inside buildings due to intrusion of vapours of volatile organic compounds (“VOCs”) is a source of concern for most sites affected by groundwater or soil contamination by VOCs. In case of redevelop-ment of industrial sites for residential uses it is necessary to achieve a high reduction rate in vapour intrusion to avoid inacceptable exposure levels of residents. The case study presented is related to the residential redevelopment of a formerly industrial site located in a residential area in a town in Italy and impacted by VOCs in soil vapour and groundwater. Abatement measures will be needed to mitigate soil vapour intrusion into the future residential dwellings. A reduction of 8 orders of magnitude (1*108) in VOC vapour concentrations in soil is required to meet the applicable indoor air standards for residential use. An evaluation of the feasibility of a passive soil vapour mitigation system was carried out. The evaluation in-cluded:• the development of a conceptual model for vapour intrusion;• the conceptual design of the mitigation system;• a research of geomembranes available on the market;• the modelling of the required passive venting rate of the sub-slab void system;• the prediction of the resulting vapour intrusion attenuation factor and of the expected indoor air VOC concen-

trations in future building lofts.A preliminary evaluation of different geomembranes was completed. Two primary types of geomembrane bar-riers available on the market, the sheet membranes and the spray-applied membranes, were considered as acceptable for the subject case.A CFD numerical model was used for the preliminary simulation of the air flow in the vented slab layer as a function of the local atmospheric conditions, considering stack effect and solar irradiation.A preliminary vapour intrusion modelling study was completed to evaluate passive venting efficiency. A modi-fied version of the Johnson and Ettinger (1991) model was used for predictions of the attenuation factor be-tween soil vapour and indoor air.The model simulations were completed in summer and winter conditions. The indoor air concentration of TCE was predicted from the attenuation factor. The indoor 1,1-DCE concentration was estimated using the attenu-ation factor for TCE, because of a small difference between the attenuation factors of TCE and 1,1-DCE. The predicted indoor air concentrations were compared to the residential standards. The model predicted that indoor air concentrations will be below the residential standards if the conceptual design described above is implemented at the site. Particular attention should be given to the design of the mitigation system, to the se-lection of good quality geomembranes and to the construction of the passive vapour barrier.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 847]

IN SITU MICROWAVE THERMAL DESORPTION OF DIESEL POLLUTED SOIL: PRELIMINARY RESULTSFALCIGLIA P.P., URSO G., VAGLIASINDI F.G.A.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania - Catania - Italy

The occurrence of industrial sites contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons is a widespread and relevant envi-ronmental problem. Among hydrocarbons, diesel fuel, a complex mixture of saturated (60 - 80 % of n-alkanes and naphtenes) and aromatic hydrocarbons (20 - 40%), is widely used in the world and represents a permanent source of soil and water pollution (Khalladi et al., 2009; Serrano et al., 2008). Several technologies, such as chemical oxidation (Do et al., 2009), bioremediation (Bento et al., 2005), or electrokinetic oxidation (Tsai et al., 2010), can be used for removing this specific pollutant. Among them, thermal treatments are the most popular and versatile due to their removal efficiency, cost and required time (Falciglia et al., 2011).In order to overcome the limits of ex-situ treatment technologies, in the last few years novel in situ thermal treatments are emerging for the remediation of hydrocarbon polluted soils. Specifically, in situ treatment using microwave could represent an optimum choice for several specific reasons (Barba et al., 2011).Limited research (Abramovitch et al.,1998, 1999; Kawala and Atamanczuk, 1999; Liu et al., 2004; Liu and Yu, 2006) has been conducted on microwave remediation of hydrocarbon polluted soils, and the possibility to treat diesel polluted soil using microwave as energy source is still unknown.The main goals of the work was to assess the influence of operating power and treatment time on soil tempera-ture and diesel residual contamination and thus removal efficiency.Commercially available diesel fuel (Esso, Italy) was used to artificially contaminate a sandy soils at a concentra-tion of 8500 mg kg-1. Contaminated soil samples were treated simulating microwave thermal process condi-tions using a bench scale apparatus.In the experiments, an operating power ranging from 100 to 1000 W and different treatment time (5, 10, 18 e 30 mins) were investigated.After treatment, soil samples were removed from the apparatus and the soil temperature was measured. Re-sidual contaminant content was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Removal efficiency (Re) was also calculated.Main results show that treatment time and operating power significantly influence the microwave treatment. Specifically, Re higher than 50% are achievable using the highest power values and treatment times higher than 10 minutes.Results are of scientific and practical interest and may be used in scaling-up and designing desorption systems for preliminary cost and optimal condition assessment.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1136]

BIOBARRIERS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GROUNDWATER POLLUTED BY GASOLINE: BIOMASS-SUPPORT SELECTION AND COLUMN TEST

SAPONARO S.(1), CAREGHINI A.(1), SEZENNA E.(1), FRANZETTI A.(2), GANDOLFI I.(2), DAGHIO M.(2), BESTETTI G.(2)

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR sez. Ambientale - Milano - Italy (1) Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e del Territorio - Milano - Italy (2)

Groundwater resources are highly vulnerably to gasoline and petroleum spills. BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-benzene, Xylenes) and MTBE (Metyl Tert-Butyl Ether) are the main contaminants dissolved in water as a conse-quence of this kind of events. Biological treatments are often used to remediate groundwater contaminated by these pollutants, but site-specific conditions can pose a limit to the treatment efficacy.Biobarriers (BBs) are a new type of in situ technology for the remediation of contaminated groundwater. This system can overcome problems in the treatment zone, such as soil heterogeneity, poor hydraulic conductivity or biomass distribution, through the creation of a biologically active permeable zone within the aquifer. The selec-tion of proper filling material and bacteria are critical issues to ensure the efficacy of the BB system. In this work results of laboratory experiments on a BB system are discussed. A proper filling material for BB applications was selected among four possible granular materials (perlite, pumice, expanded clay, activated carbon), based on the physical-chemical properties affecting the BB performance and the attachment capacity toward bacteria. A column test (250 cm long) was carried out for 43 days using pumice without inoculation at the flow rate of 3 l/d. Physical-chemical parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and specific electric

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conductivity) and concentrations of the main pollutants of interest (BTEX, MTBE, tert-butyl alcohol, 1,2,4-trim-etylbenzene, naphthalene) were measured in water samples collected from eight piezometers uniformly distrib-uted along the column length. Molecular microbiological analyses were also carried out on pumice before and after the treatment to assess the differences in the bacterial community. Different decreasing trends in the pollutant concentration along the column were observed for the different groups of contaminants that found explanation in the distribution of different microbial populations through the column. This work was cofinanced by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research during the research program PRIN 2008 “In situ groundwater remediation from petroleum-derived products”.

[ABSTRACT ID: 808]

PURE OXYGEN MICRODIFFUSION IN GROUNDWATER – A case historyBISSOLOTTI G.(1), PASINETTI E.(1), PERONI M.(1), DI NAUTA S.(2), PAGLIARANI V.(2), MONTANARI A.(2)

SIAD S.p.A - Bergamo - Italy (1) Petroltecnica S.p.A. - Cerasolo Ausa di Coriano (RN) - Italy (2)

During 2011, it was conducted a test of bioremediation based on micro-diffusion of pure oxygen in groundwa-ter of a disused petrol station located in Central Italy. The examined site was characterized by very high hydrocarbon contamination levels. In particular the con-tamination reached values of 74.000 microg/l of Total Hydrocarbon, 35.000 microg/l of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 11.470 microg/l of MtBE and traces of tetrachloroethylene.In order to evaluate the efficiency of the application the study was divided in two phases: 1. laboratory respirometric tests;2. test in situ.Laboratory respirometric tests confirmed the feasibility of the bioremediation, picking out the possibility to reach the complete removal of the contamination dissolved in groundwater. A series of microbiological analysis verified the presence of autochthon aerobic bacteria, specific for biodegradation of the site contamination. In particular it was found the presence of 105 MPN/ml for Hexane oxidants, Toluene oxidants and MtBE oxidants. Test in situ had the objective to validate the laboratory results in function of the specific site characterisation and to verify the diffusion of gas in groundwater.The test lasted 2 months and involved the injection of pure oxygen in the most contaminated well. Pure oxygen was injected by a micro-structured diffuser, immersed to 6 meters below water table, with flows of 0,6 Nl/h. After two months of injection, test in situ showed a significant removal of contaminants: 72% of total Hydrocar-bon, 19% of Benzene, 42% of Toluene, 98% of Etilbenzene, 49% of p-Xilene, 97% of trimethylbenzene forms and the disappearance of tetrachloroethylene.At the end of the test of injection the microbiological analyses showed an increase of total and specific bacterial counts, till to 7 orders of magnitude higher. Denitrifying bacteria were analyzed too, showing a growth signifi-cantly lower.The microbiological growth was identified also for MtBE specific oxidants, witnessing the biological activity for the degradation of these contaminants even if in two months it was not possible to evidence significant in-situ reduction. The feasibility of aerobic degradation of MtBE was demonstrate with further laboratory respirometric test that showed the capability of microflora naturally present in groundwater to remove MtBE with a rate of 36 µgMtBE L-1d-1.The study also examined the composition of the indigenous bacterial population, identifying the following species: P. veronii and P. fluorescens. These bacteria are typical organism in the degradation of aromatic com-pounds and hydrocarbons.In order to understand the radius of influence of the technology, excluding the consumption rates, the study provided a test of injection in groundwater of tracer gases (Neon and Kripton). The use of tracer gases allowed to find a radius of influence of the injection technology of about 6 metres.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 964]

BIOPRECIPITATION OF Cr6+ AND ENHANCED REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION (ERD) OF TCEARESU A.(1), FERRIERE L.(2), SANTI D.(1)

Arcadis Italy - Assago (MI) - Italy (1) Arcadis France - Le Plessis-Robinson - France (2)

Most chlorinated compounds are recalcitrant under natural aerobic groundwater conditions. Carbon substrates allow natural bacteria to consume oxygen and create anaerobic and strongly reducing conditions, amenable to treatment. The classic reductive dechlorination starts from PCE to TCE, cis-1,2-DCE, VC, Ethene and CO2. On the other hand Cr6+ is unstable in reducing environments and converts to Cr3+ that forms very stable chro-mium hydroxide and iron-chromium complex precipitates. Several compounds can be used as organic carbon (electrons donor) source, in this case Arcadis used molasses.The site was formerly a chromium plant, where the activity began in 1962 and stopped in 2005. Until 1970 wastes were disposed directly in the soil. The site is located on a plateau with a clay layer up to 4 m and chalk from 4 m to > 100 m bgl. Groundwater table is at 25 m bgl and permeability ranges from 10-6 to 10-7 m/s.HVOC concentrations in groundwater ranged from 10 mg/l to 1 g/l and Cr6+ concentrations from 250 mg/l to 700 mg/l. Cr6+ impacts on site only, TCE off site as well, interesting a monitoring well, located 300 m down-gradient of the site.Based on a risk analysis and groundwater modelling (no groundwater use on the plateau – single target is a industrial well 1 km far from the site), groundwater remediation targets were established, for the site down-gradient limits, in 6 mg/l for HVOC and 3 mg/l for TCE, and 1,2 mg/l for Cr, very high compared to Italian CSC.The first measure carried out by Arcadis was a P&T system started in a continuous basis in 2002 and worked up to 2006, allowing to recover 0,8 t of HVOC and 2,5 t of Cr6+ , but without decreasing the concentration of contaminants in groundwater. After the demolition of the plants, about 4200 t of Cr and TPH contaminated soils were removed and disposed in a dedicated landfill on the site, the remaining impacted areas were capped. In 2005 Arcadis proposed the ERD technology using molasses. 38 injection wells (including 10 off site wells downgradient to the site), done in 3 phases in order to focus on the main impacted sources, and 8 pump and treat wells were made. Injection wells were screened from 5 m above groundwater table level to 10 m beneath the groundwater table level. From March 2006 to December 2008, 11 molasses injection events were realized using about 60 mc of molasses mixture every injection.According to good results in all the wells and having reached the goals in the sentinels wells, French public authorities agreed to stop injections at the end of 2008, asking to monitor groundwater quality during a 2 years period. No significant rebound effect was observed. The administration agreed to stop the onsite monitoring but asked for an additional 2 year downgradient wells monitoring. The efficiency on TCE was on average higher than 90% in monitoring wells (> 99% on the main impacted wells) and from 32% (single well) to a 99.9% on Cr6+.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1049]

ANTHROPOGENIC PARTICLES AND EMERGING POLLUTANTS IN GREEK COASTAL SEDIMENTSKARAPANAGIOTI H.K.(1), SIAVALAS G.(2), CHRISTANIS K.(2), TAKADA H.(3), LLORCA M.(4), FARRE M.(4), BARCELO D.(4)

Department of Chemistry, University of Patras - Patras - Greece (1) Department of Geology, University of Patras - Patras - Greece (2)

Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG) - Tokyo - Japan (3) Idaea-Csic - Barcelona - Spain (4)

Anthropogenic activities affect the surrounding environment. Coastal systems are the most affected areas since a lot of the industrial activity takes place close to ports. Pollutants are directly discarded into the sea or they arrive through river outflow as well as air deposition. Part of this pollution stays localized around the sources whereas other parts diffuse throughout the sea. Nowadays, there seems to be no pristine marine sediments. For this reason, it is interesting to monitor and understand the current situation of different coastal sites in order to evaluate the environmental condition of a country. In the present study, sediments from various coastal areas in Greece have been collected and tested for the presence of different anthropogenic particles and persistent and

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emerging pollutants. Anthropogenic particles include plastic fragments, char and fly ash particles. Persistent and emerging pollutants include PAHs, PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, and perfluorinated compounds. Some of the sedi-ment measurements are also compared with measurements performed at the same sites on plastic passive samplers and in one case to a passive air sampler. Preliminary results suggest that sediment properties and especially organic carbon content seem to be important for the presence and persistence of organic pollutants more than the degree of proximity to industrial sites.

SESSION WATER - Energy and WWTP

[ABSTRACT ID: 859]

AERATION CONTROL STRATEGY FOR ENERGY SAVING - ION SENSITIVE ELECTRODES INPUTGRAVELEAU L.(1), DESCAMPS P.(1), GERARD R.(2), FIEVEZ E.(1), HAZARD J.P.(1), SECONDAT M.(1)

Degremont - Rueil Malmaison - France (1) Suez Environnement - Paris La Defense - France (2)

INTODUCTIONThis article deals with the different ways to control the aeration to achieve nutrient removal and ensure high quality of the treated water. It outlines a new algorithm based on ammonium and nitrate sensors allowing en-ergy savings and presents the results obtained on energy savings but also on sludge characteristics and the treated water quality.METHODSTwo municipal wastewater treatment plants have been equipped with a new control system – named Green-bass® during a 10 months period. Both fixed air control and variable air control methods were tested. Energy consumption was compared for the different aeration control systems. The energy consumption was expressed by the ratio “Electricity consumed (kWh) / Water treated (m3)” per day.RESULTSFixed air flow versus variable air flow supplyAeration can be provided by air blowers equipped with a variable speed drive (VSD). In that case, it is possible to adapt the air flow according to the pollutant load to be treated. When there is no VSDs, aeration is usually controlled by the oxidation reduction potential (details in the full paper). In our study, the addition of speed control decreased the amount of air supplied about 30% due to a better management of the air supply to the needs. Optimization of the air flow control by ammonium / nitrates online sensorsIn this study, one group is controlled by conventional software based on oxidation reduction potential and the second group is controlled by the Greenbass® product, based on ammonium and nitrate monitoring probes (details of the parameters in the full paper). The ratio of Air flow supply / water flow treated is used to compare the energy needed in each group consider-ing that the treated water has the same quality. In either case, a 15% energy savings is achieved for the same quality of treated water (detailed in the full paper).Survey of the biological parametersOxygen is always supplied in excess in the aerated tank to be sure that the nutrient removal is performed in aerobic conditions. The starvation of oxygen may induce biological disturbance as sludge bulking and foaming. It may also decrease the sludge dewatering properties leading to an increase in the consumption of polymer. No significant difference has been noticed on the settling velocity between the file controlled with the conven-tional software and the one with Greenbass®. The test on the dewatering properties of the sludge revealed no differences on the polymer consumption and the suspended solid concentration (details in the full paper). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSThis large study is relative to the control of the aeration based on conventional data (oxidation-reduction poten-tial) and on ammonium and nitrate concentrations. It reveals two main points: • the variation of frequency on the air supply, reduced the electrical consumption by about 30% without degra-

dation of the water quality• Greenbass® increased by 15% the energy savings regardless of the air supply system – fixed or variable.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 936]

ALTERNATE ANOXIC/AEROBIC OPERATION FOR COST REDUCTION IN FULL SCALE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS: THE O.S.C.A.R. PROCESS

GUGLIELMI G.(1), VIAN M.(1), BANCHER C.(1), GOLLER A.(2), NARDELLI P.(3), ANDREOTTOLA G.(4)

E.T.C. Engineering srl - Trento - Italy (1) CET scarl - Trento - Italy (2)

Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Agenzia per la Depurazione - Trento - Italy (3) Università degli Studi di Trento - Trento - Italy (4)

Intermittent aeration is a reliable option for process optimization in municipal wastewater treatment, due to higher flexibility and other advantages in terms of OPEX reduction and effluent quality. The single-tank nitri-fication/denitrification shifts N removal pathways from a space- to a time-scale, by alternating blowers and mixers according to suitable process parameters. In earlier applications based on indirect measurements of the process (pH, ORP, DO), the NH4 break-point is characterized by a sharp increase of DO and pH whereas the NO3 break-point is identified by a flex in the ORP trend: this approach has been successfully tested in both pilot- and full-scale applications (inter alia Andreottola et al. 2002, Paul et al., 1998). However, tuning the aeration/mixing facilities on the basis of indirect process parameters is affected by major limitations: (i) the bending points are not always easy to be identified, especially when the system is over-aerated, under- or over-loaded; (ii) the am-monia break point is easily detectable in the ORP curve only when DO curve suddenly increase from low level to high one at the end of nitrification; (iii) sometimes direct control on nitrogen forms is strictly needed (e.g. specific limitations on effluent ammonia). O.S.C.A.R. (Optimal Solutions for Cost Abatement in nutrients Removal) is an advanced PLC-SCADA controller for intermittent nitrification/denitrification according to real-time measurement of DO and N forms, namely NH4 and (if needed) NO3. The algorithms for full-scale application have been derived from successful pilot-scale experimentations carried out at the University of Trento (Guglielmi and Andreottola, 2011). The paper focuses on the main outcomes of a full-scale installation in terms of (i) process efficiency in effluent quality and energy consumption, (ii) model-aided optimization by means of ASM No.1.The MWWTP in Baselga di Piné (20 km from Trento, Italy) is a 10,000 PE installation built in early ‘80s according to a conventional activated sludge configuration for extended aeration in the biotank. The flow scheme for main stream consists in: pre-treatment (coarse and fine screen, grit chamber), biological process tanks (two com-partments, 900 m3 each), longitudinal secondary settling tanks with sludge recirculation, disinfection. Since Spring 2011 the bioprocess has been converted to intermittent aeration regulated by the OSCAR. The impact on effluent quality in terms of nitrogen was quick and dramatic, increasing from 48.3% to 90%.The optimization of process parameters (NH4 tresholds, DO setpoint, ect) has been performed by means of calibrated ASM 1 run on the WEST® platform. As a consequence, specific energy consumption dropped from 1.65 to 1.10 kWh/kgCODrem.A rationale to assess how the OSCAR could fit existing plants will also be detailed in the paper.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1099]

ENERGY IN THE URBAN WATER CYCLE: HEAT RECOVERY FROM WASTEWATER TREATMENTGENON G., FIORE S.

DIATI Politecnico di Torino - Torino - Italy

With the general aim to improve the production of energy with sustainable tools in order to reduce the green-house gases emissions, wastewater urban flows can be considered an important energy source. In fact, besides traditional technical solutions for energy recovery from wastewater treatment processes such as the anaerobic digestion of sludges, a large amount of thermal energy is present in the sewage system because of the temperature of wastewater, which varies from 12°C to 25°C along the year in European climate; so the perspectives for its recovery should be considered.The thermal energy represented by the heat that water contains in all the different phases of urban water cycle must take into account the heat flow that is connected with the collected and transported wastewater, and also with the discharged effluent. In particular it is very important to consider the thermal energy enclosed in wastewater coming from households: actually about an half of the drinking water used in a household is heated and it leaves the house at an average temperature of 27°C, leading to an estimate of an amount of unemployed energy of about 10 MJ/ab d.

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In order to evaluate for a specific wastewater collection network the potential capacity of heat recovery, and subsequently the real possibilities for the heat valorization and the structures required for this implementation, and afterwards the costs and the advantages of the operation, the required procedure is composed by the fol-lowing steps: - evaluation of the wastewater collection net, with particular interest for the pipes where the flowing wastewa-

ter has the highest flow-rate;- measure or estimation of wastewater temperature, which should sufficiently above the recipient body value

to make heat recovery feasible;- identification of the potential users of the recovered heat and of their distance from the heat recovery sys-

tem, in order to identify the correspondence between source and destination and the possibility to minimize the distance user/heat recovery point and consequently the heat losses;

- individuation of structural systems (heat pumps and heat exchangers and connected systems) that are re-quired to allow the specific use;

- evaluation of realization and operative costs for this strategy, and comparison of these costs with the rev-enues from the utilization of heat, and also with the advantages in terms of reduced externalities that can be ascertained in this solution.

In the present paper the existing results obtained in some real scale experiences realized in large metropolitan areas of North of Europe are evaluated; the feasibility for an initial implementation of this possibility in the Ital-ian context is also considered, together with the necessity to identify the practical conditions for realization of this objective, and also the estimation of the global energy balance for a metropolitan area and of the reduction of the consequent externalities are main issues.

[ABSTRACT ID: 935]

AN EXAMPLE OF UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY COOPERATION FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OPTIMISATIONRAGAZZI M.(1), RADA E.C.(1), ZANDONAI M.(2)

University of Trento - Trento - Italy (1) ALPI BIOGAS - Bolzano - Italy (2)

The consortium ALPI BIOGAS was founded in September 2007, within the framework of the area program of the European Union “Applied Spatial Management ASM”, administrated by the department of innovation, the research and development of the Autonomous Province of Bozen. The consortium has the objective to join scientific, managing and technical experiences on local scale with the purpose of creating a group able to solve the open questions connected to the diffusion of the biogas-technology in Trentino-Alto Adige and over the whole national territory. It was paid great attention by SYNECO Srl, the head company of the center, to the formation of a vertical corporation that involve all the company actors of the system. The project counts on the participation of two significant energy users, like Ziegelei Gasser Srl (bricks production) and ECOROTT (compost management), a consulting and education agency, E&T Srl and two main scientific consultants: from a scientific point of view the ALPI BIOGAS project relies mainly on the participation of the Istituto Agrario di S. Michele A/A and the University of Trento (DICA). Finally, also the biomass association of South Tyrol, the Autonomous Province of Bozen, the Unione Agricoltori and RENERTEC (renewable energy center) support the ALPI BIOGAS project. An extension of the research group is planned through the affiliation of other industrial partners. This integrated group allowed the activation of a series of researches.This paper presents the main characteristics of three financed research projects (with an overall budget of higher than 1 Mil. Euros) and the work in progress:1) pre-treatment (through an extensive literature research to determine the best available techniques, develop-ment and implementation of a pilot plant for the pre-treatment of biomass to boost anaerobic digestion; moni-toring of the relevant parameters for an entire year; by now the project is at the end of the development phase); 2) anaerobic process (through a multi-step approach with multiple reactors in series; the aim of this project is the optimization of the exploitation of the available reactor volumes through original control methods; a few discarded biomasses have been selected for experimental runs in pilot scale);3) post-treatment (through an literature research to determine the best available techniques; development and implementation of two pilot plant for the concentration or removal of nutrients from the anaerobic sludge; moni-toring of the process parameters for an entire year. By now the project is starting).The University of Trento participates with the entire group of sanitary engineering.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 991]

MAXIMIZATION OF SOLIDS REMOVAL AND BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN A PILOTE-SCALE UASB REACTORCAPODAGLIO A.G., CALLEGARI A.

University of Pavia - Pavia - Italy

In many developing countries financial constraints restrict application of conventional wastewater treatment technologies and alternatives are searched for. Anaerobic wastewater treatment, in particular high-rate sys-tems (such as UASB), offers a cost effective alternative. High-rate anaerobic wastewater has been developed for the treatment of high strength industrial wastewaters, characterized by very concentrated type of wastewaters. Domestic sewage and municipal wastewaters are a dilute type of wastewater, with a relative high content of suspended solids and low temperature. The suspended solids may constitute 50- 65% of the total COD. Generally COD concentrations of municipal sewage is <1000 mg/l. Anaerobic treatment of these type of wastewater is limited by the hydrodynamic constraints in the sys-tem rather than the organic conversion capacity. However, sewage temperatures are often lower than indus-trial wastewaters. When temperature drops below 20 °C and non-digested sludge starts to accumulate in the sludge bed, the hydrolytic and methanogenic capacity of the sludge will gradually decrease, leading to process failure. Only under tropical climate conditions municipal wastewaters reach temperatures suitable for anaerobic wastewater treatment (van Haandel and Lettinga, 1994). For this reason anaerobic sewage treatment systems, especially up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) re-actors, have grown in maturity, occupying an outstanding position in several tropical countries in view of their favourable temperature conditions. Their acceptance changed from a phase of disbelief, which lasted until the early 1980s, to the current phase of widespread acceptance.The first applications of full-scale reactors were made in Colombia, Brazil and India. Since the early nineties, hundreds of full-scale UASB reactors have been constructed from 50 - 50,000 m3 in volume (von Sperling and Chernicharo, 2005), particularly under (sub)-tropical conditions (Draaijer et al., 1992; Schellinkhout and Osorio, 1994). Total removal rates with regard to COD and TSS are up to 70–80% and sometimes even higher (von Sperling and Chernicharo, 2005; Van Haandel and Lettinga, 1994).The paper illustrates results obtained from an experimental UASB pilot plant under varying running conditions. Special attention is paid to the efficiency of biogas production and to the maximization of solids removal in order to reduce sludge disposal costs.

[ABSTRACT ID: 926]

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT PRETREATMENTS TO INCREASE METHANE PRODUCTION OF ENSILED SORGHUM FORAGE

SAMBUSITI C.(1), FICARA E.(1), ROLLINI M.(2), MANZONI M.(2), CARRÈRE H.(3), MALPEI F.(1)

DIIAR, Environmental Section, Politecnico di Milano - Italy (1) DISTAM, Food Science and Microbiology Department, Università degli Studi - Milano - Italy (2)

INRA, UR050, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Environnement, Avenue des Etang - Narbonne - France (3)

Sorghum represents a suitable substrate for anaerobic digestion in agricultural biogas plants. As lignocellulosic substrate, the anaerobic biodegradability of sorghum depends on its content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose and hemicelluloses are generally degradable under anaerobic conditions; nevertheless, lignin acts as a physical barrier, preventing their degradation. Therefore, pretreatments are needed to improve the ac-cessibility of holocellulose and thereafter increase the methane potential of sorghum. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different pretreatments on methane production of ensiled sorghum forage.Ensiled sorghum forage, used for animal feed, was collected from a farm near Cremona (Italy). After collection, it was dried and stored in air-tight containers prior to use. Mechanical pretreatment was performed by using a cutting mill (Retsch) with a 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mm screens. Sorghum samples were ground into particles with mean diameters of 994, 471, 269 and 169 µm. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment tests were conducted by soaking samples (0.5–1.5 mm particle sizes) in a NaOH solution at 40°C for 24 h, at different NaOH dosages (1 and 10 g NaOH/100gTS). Thermal pretreatment tests were performed using a cylindrical steel tank with a volume of 6.2 L. Sample was introduced in the tank with tap water (6 g H2O/gTS), heated to reach the desired temperature (at 100°C and 160°C) and maintained at this condition for 30 min. After alkaline and thermal pretreatments, sam-

70

ples were filtered through a sieve of 0.8 mm of pore size. The sieve-separated solid and liquid fractions were taken for compositional analysis. Enzymatic pretreatment was performed employing a mixture of the following commercial preparations: Agazym BGL (Garzanti Specialties) and Primafast 200 (Genencor Inc.). BGL was found to contain 120.3 ± 5.9 mg protein /ml, 235.7 ± 24.3 IU/ml endoglucanase activity and 126.5 ± 10.6 IU/ml xylanase. Primafast is a highly concentrated preparation containing 167.0 ± 9.5 mg protein/ml, with 2063.4 ± 0,8 IU/ml endoglucanase and 282.8 ± 5.7 IU/ml xylanase. Enzymes were added at a final concentration of up to 0.40 and 0.12 ml/gTS respectively, then H2O was added (3 ml/gTS), pH set at 5.0 and samples incubated at 50 °C for up to 72 h. Sugars were determined by HPLC using a Refractive Index (RI) detector. BMP tests were performed in duplicate under mesophilic conditions (35°C). The substrate to inoculum ratio was 1 gVS/gVS. NaOH pretreatment and combined NaOH and enzymatic pretreatment resulted in the highest methane yield increase. At the highest NaOH dosage, the specific methane production of sorghum increased by 26% and up to 35-36%, by a combined NaOH and enzymatic pretreatment. A reduction of particle sizes, within the range stud-ied, didn’t improve significantly the maximum methane production of ensiled sorghum forage. No significant effect of thermal and enzymatic pretreatment were also observed.

[ABSTRACT ID: 878]

BIOTHELYS - THERMAL HYDROLYSIS TO ENHANCE BIOGAS PRODUCTION OF MUNICIPAL SLUDGE DIGESTION – FOCUS ON THE MONZA PROJECT

FAVALI G.(1), CHAUZY J.(2)

SIBA S.p.A. - Milano - Italy (1) Veolia Water - Paris - France (2)

Thermal Hydrolysis is known for several years to be the most efficient pre-treatment prior to mesophilic an-aerobic digestion process to enhance the sludge biodegradability and maximize the biogas production. Veolia Water has been working for more than 15 years on this process in order to develop the BioThelysTM process.With now over 4÷5 years of experience operating thermal hydrolysis plants, many feedbacks have been ac-cumulated which leads to propose this process for bigger installations.The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Monza project which is the biggest reference of the process, in-stalled by SIBA, Italian subsidiary of Veolia WST for Municipal market.The plant at San Rocco in Monza in Italy serves today a population of 665,000 PE, to be expanded up to 760,000 PE; the sludge treatment line is already designed for future needs.Today, total sludge production of the WWTP is around 43.000 kgSS/d, meanwhile the amount treated through the BioThelysTM section is 28.000 kgSS/d, i.e. all the biological secondary sludge (20.000 kg/d) and a part of primary (8.000 kg/d). The remaining 15.000 kgSS/d of primary sludge is thickened in the new mechanical thickeners and then mixed with the hydrolysed sludge from the TH prior to digestion.Thermal hydrolysis disrupts cellular material, floc particles and organic macro molecules, so the hydrolysed sludge is less viscous and easier to pump. In addition, the greater biodegradability of hydrolysed sludge im-proves the removal of volatile suspended solids in the downstream anaerobic digestion, which increases the biogas yield and reduces the quantity of sludge for final disposal. The first step of the treatment is to dewater the raw sludge to about 15 to 16% dry solids using a centrifuge in order to minimise the energy required for TH. Thermal hydrolysis is done at a temperature of 165°C and during 30 min. The BioThelysTM system consists of 2 lines of two batch hydrolysis reactors of 12.5 m3 each working in paral-lel (four reactors). Each reactor goes through multi-step cycle taking around 150 minutes. The reactors of one line operating in parallel but staggered in order to recover energy from one reactor to another using the flash steam method.Anaerobic digestion of total mixed sludge is performed in only one of the two 7,000 m3 existing reactors, today operating in parallel.The overall results are a reduction of about 65÷70 % in the volatile suspended solids content of the sludge, with most of that being converted into biogas. The new facilities are likely to give a 40% reduction in the sludge volume for final disposal and enhanced biogas production. Expected gas production is 14.000 Nm3/d, that means 6.500 Nm3/d more than the production without BioThelysTM. Today, biogas usage is dedicated to run endothermic motors that drive compressors for the activated sludge aeration. In the future, a more efficient solution can be envisaged by using CHP groups: relevant energy balance will be described.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 923]

ENERGY EFFICIENT THERMAL HYDROLYSIS WITH STEAM EXPLOSIONRINGOOT D.(1), PANTER K.(2), KLEIVEN H.(1)

Cambi A.S. - Asker - Norway (1) Ebcor Ltd - London - United Kingdom (2)

Cambi A.S. of Norway has developed thermal hydrolysis (TH) with steam explosion since the early nineties into a proven technology for the treatment of sludge. This has resulted in a track record of 26 operational plants and in the largest advanced digestion project in the world (150,000 ton DS/y) today being built in Washington DC, USA. The first TH plants were built to increase digester loading, reduce sludge volumes and to create a Class A bio-solid, a fully hygienised, low-odour cake easy and safe to return to land. Today, however, energy consumption is a major topic for WWTP operators. Next to sludge handling, energy is usually the second largest operational expense in wastewater treatment with costs continue to rise. This has sparked a strong interest in TH as a means of improving the energy balance of a WWTP and requires thermal hydrolysis plants to be designed with maximum energy efficiency. Factors influencing the energy balance of the thermal hydrolysis process and methods for improving the energy balance are presented and discussed.

[ABSTRACT ID: 930]

MFC APPLICATION TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSCAPODAGLIO A.G., CALLEGARI A., MOLOGNONI D.

University of Pavia - Pavia - Italy

An MFC (Microbial Fuel Cell) is a special kind of fuel cell that generates electrical energy by direct oxidation of organic matter using bacteria as catalysts of chemical reactions. Then, MFCs can exploit biomass and organic loads in applications such as industrial and urban wastewater treatment and also in instances where the organ-ic contents is that is otherwise useless (e.g. the biodegradable organic part of waste waters or the sediments on the ocean floor) to produce a renewable electrical energy source.Two different types of MFCs were built and tested under varying laboratory conditions: batch and continu-ous flow. The batch-type MFCs are mediator-less, single-chamber cells (the volume of the anodic chamber is approximately 100 ml) with an open-air cathode operating in batch mode with synthetic waste. Each cell is realized with a different combination of cathode-anode material and dimensions, thus giving origin to different open circuit voltage, and different internal resistance combinations.During batch-MFCs trial it was observed that the maximum output power (MOP) of an MFC depends on: MFC structure and materials, cell size (anode and cathode dimensions, cell volume), kind of substrate and substrate concentration. MOP can be increased by: scaling up the cell size, using many cells connected together. It was shown that the use of independent MFCs connected together: increases the maximum output power, attenuates scaling-up issues (power density, internal resistance), increases reliability through modularity (provided that a control strategy is used to exclude nonworking cells), meets load requirements. Based on several months of experimentation with different types of batch-operated MFCs under multiple conditions, a prototype of MFC system with continuous flow between cathode and anode was developed, with design reproducing the flow of a typical wastewater treatment process.MFCs were operated for a period of over one year. In the current configuration, (at timeof writing the outline paper) the continuos-flow cells worked continuosly for long periods oftime (months) with-out significant problems, generating currents with tensions up to 40 mV.In an actual treatment plant at industrial scale this model, appropriately up-scaled, could replace the tradi-tional biological treatment reactor with an MFC process, by means of which energy could be recovered while degrading organic matter. The design of the cathode and anode is one of the biggest challenges for developing MFCs: in this prototype, these electrodes are made with carbon cloth and steel for minimization of the internal resistance. Operation and results of several months of experiments and improvements on the prototype are discussed in the paper.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 969]

BIOFUELS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY: CURRENT AND FUTURE ROLE IN ITALY AND IN THE E.U.MOROSINI C., STELLA S., URBINI G.

Insubria University, Department of Science and High Technology, Section Environment-Health-Safety-Territory - Varese (VA) - Italy

The European Commission has recently (2011) adopted an extensive strategy (Trasporti 2050) for a competitive transport system able to increase the mobility, to feed the growth and the occupation and, at the same time, to contribute to a significative reduction of Europe dependence on oil import and, finally, to reduce of 60% carbon dioxide emissions, related to transport, within 2050.In order to achieve this result, a transformation of the current European transport system will be necessary. From now till 2050, the ambitious aims will imply complex measures among which the limitation of oil-derived fuels in favour of renewable fuels.In particular, the following actions are forecasted:-halving of conventional fuels use, in urban transport, within 2030 and their total exclusion within 2050;-employment, within 2050, of 40% of sustainable fuels at low carbon dioxide emission in the aeronautical sec-tor and reduction of at least 40% of carbon dioxide emissions in carriage by sea.This programme opens several development possibilities for renewable biofuels, such as Biogas, Bioethanol and Biodiesel. The E.U. has fixed important development levels for these biofuels, the realization of which im-poses to pass through new generation technologies, still on trial (mainly as regards the Bioethanol production), and still object of economic sustainability analysis.The paper examines the possible development scenarios by highlighting that biofuels, in the framework of a necessary differentiation of energy matrices, could usefully contribute to the European programme of sustain-able mobility. Nevertheless the authors, in their analysis, also remark some important difficulties related to their limited production and economic competition level.

SESSION WATER- Industrial wastewater treatment

[ABSTRACT ID: 882]

APPLICABILITY OF THE ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS IN THE INTERACTION PROCESS BETWEEN TEXTILE DYES AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE LYOPHILIZED

FABRIS G.D.S.L.(1), CORSO C.R.(2), GUARI E.B.(2), YAMAGAMI N.S.(2), MORÃO L.G.(2), DOMINGOS R.N.(3)

IGCE/UNESP - Rio Claro São Paulo - Brazil (1) IB/UNESP - Rio Claro São Paulo - Brazil (2)

CEA/IGCE/UNESP - Rio Claro São Paulo - Brazil (3)

Nowadays the problem of environmental pollution has attracted great attention of governments and of researcher for the environmental remediation. As for industrial wastewaters, pollutants that are most difficult to remove are the textile dyes. This difficulty comes from the synthetic origin and molecular complexity, that makes them stable and, consequently, resistant to the natural processes of biodegradation. One technique of removal largely used and that shows to be highly viable it’s the physical adsorption by organic materials, instead of the use of activated charcoal, due to its high cost. This technique is known as biosorption, where we use materials like rice rusk, sawdust, fungi, among others, as an adsorbent. In this work, we analyze the removal of the textile dye Direct Red 23 using lyophilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae as adsorbent, and we observed the behavior of its adsorp-tion isotherms. At first we had prepared a suspension of S. cerevisiae lyophilized at 2.5% and test tubes with a concentration of 100 ug.mL-1 of the dye Direct Red 23 in pH 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5. In each test tube we also put a concentration of 0.250, 0.500, 0.750, 1.000 e 1.250 mg.mL-1 of yeast at 2.5%. We homogenized and placed in a stove at 30°C for 2h to perform the adsorption test. After the adsorption, we centrifuged the solution at 4000rpm and analysed the solution in a spectrophotometer UV-Vis. From absorbance data it was possible to determine the remaining concentration of dye in the solution after the treatment. It was observed that for total removal of the dye in the solution the yeast concentration was 1.407 mg.mL-1 at pH 2.5, 8.806 mg.mL-1 at pH 4.5 and

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9.286 mg.mL-1at pH 6.5. This is confirmed when we do an analysis of the adsorption isotherms. At pH 2.5 the behavior between the yeast and molecules of dye occurs in the form of monolayer, that is, it obeys the Langmuir isotherms, and because of that molecules are more closely packed on the surface of the yeast; at pH 4.5 the be-havior still obeys the Langmuir isotherms, however, an interaction among the molecules of dye themselves starts; already at pH 6.5 it is observed that both the Langmuir isotherms and Freundlich isotherms are obeyed, telling us that the system behavior is like both monolayer and multilayer, where exist a part being the interaction of dye molecules and cellular wall, and another being the interaction among the molecules of dye, taking us to a low compression on the cellular wall of S. cerevisiae, explaining the big difference in the amount needed for the total removal of the dye in the solution. The S. cerevisiae lyophilized proved to be a great adsorbent and his efficiency in the biosorption process is high in acid medium due to the sulfonic groups of the dye being in the reduced form (-SO3H) and its adherence is made preferably with the cellular wall of the microorganism.Support: CNPq/CAPES/FUNDUNESP/FAPESP

[ABSTRACT ID: 959]

SOLID –LIQUID TWO PHASE PARTITIONING BIOREACTORS FOR ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF XENO-BIOTIC COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER. CASE STUDY: REMOVAL OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS

TOMEI M.C.(1), ANNESINI M.C.(2), DAUGULIS A.J.(3)

Water Research Institute, C.N.R. - Monterotondo Stazione (Roma) - Italy (1) Department of Chemical Engineering Materials & Environment, Sapienza University of Rome - Roma - Italy (2)

Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University - Kingston Ontario - Canada (3)

Two phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) have proven to be an effective technology in reducing toxicity aris-ing from high xenobiotic concentrations in biodegradation processes. The selective partitioning of target mol-ecules is the rationale behind the design and operation of TPPBs, which are characterized by a cell-containing aqueous phase, and a second immiscible phase (organic solvent or solid polymer) that acts to selectively sequester toxic molecules, and to deliver these substrates to the biocatalyst based on microbial demand. In the bioremediation of contaminated water, where mixed cultures are necessarily utilized, the use of polymers as the sequestering phase is extremely advantageous as polymers are completely biocompatible and inert with respect to the biomass. This feature avoids possible parallel solvent biodegradation that could decrease the removal efficiency in liquid-liquid TPPBs. An additional advantage of polymers is their low cost in comparison to organic solvents. A new opportunity for this technology is to recycle waste materials as the partitioning phase. Recent experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of this strategy for the bioremediation of hydrocarbons and substituted phenols employing used automobile tires.In this paper a review of the results obtained for the removal of substituted phenols as single com-pounds and in mixture is presented. We investigated the biodegradation kinetics of 4-nitrophenol (4NP), 2,4-dimethylphenol(2,4DMP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4DCP), in a two phase sequencing batch partitioning bioreactor (TPPB-SBR) utilizing both commercial polymers (Hytrel-DuPont and Tone-Dow Chemical) as well as used automobile tires. With polymers, the detoxification of the inhibitory substrate, in single compounds tests, occurs rapidly within the feed and in the early part of the reaction phase of the bioreactor, and leads to signifi-cantly enhanced (up to 100%) specific rates of substrate consumption. Individual polymers have varying affini-ties for different target molecules leading to selective uptake of substrates and, as demonstrated in our studies, an overall enhancement of the process performance arising from the preferred uptake of the more recalcitrant molecule (2,4 DMP or 2,4 DCP in mixture with 4NP). The use of polymers through many (> 60) cycles with mini-mal accumulation of substrates demonstrates their robustness in this application. Waste tires were applied in the same manner for the biodegradation of 2,4DCP showing a significant detoxifi-cation effect: 65% removal efficiency was achieved in a TPPB SBR operated with tires while the conventional single phase system showed a very low removal efficiency (~17%) under the same operating conditions. Current work is aimed at the use of mixed substrate feeds, the use of waste rubber/plastics as the sequestering phase, as well as modelling of these systems to predict suitable conditions and operating regions in the treat-ment of recalcitrant substrates.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 990]

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PRIMARY SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS ON 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL REMOVAL BY AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE

MILIA S.(1), ROSSETTI S.(2), PERRA M.(3), CARUCCI A.(3)

National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering (IGAG-CNR) - Cagliari - Italy (1)

National Research Council of Italy – Water Research Institute (IRSA-CNR) - Rome - Italy (2) University of Cagliari - Department of Civil-Environmental Engineering and Architecture (DICAAR)

Cagliari - Italy (3)

INTRODUCTIONChlorinated phenols represent a major environmental problem, due to their high toxicity and their widespread use in both industrial and agricultural activities. In this study, the novel aerobic granular sludge technology was applied for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), with sodium acetate (NaAc) as the primary substrate: since dosage of an external carbon source may represent a relevant cost at larger scale, the effects of decreasing NaAc influent concentrations on process performances and granules physical properties were evaluated in order to minimize operating costs.EXPERIMENTALA Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactor (GSBR) with a working volume of 4.2 liters was used to carry out the experiments. The reactor was operated with a 4-hour cycle configuration, each cycle consisting of 60 min static anaerobic feeding, 173.5 min aeration, 1.5 min settling and 5 min effluent withdrawal.RESULTSThe GSBR was successfully started-up with high influent NaAc concentration (800 mg/L), while 2,4-DCP was gradually increased up to its target level (20 mg/L). Due to space limitation, only results related to the maximum 2,4-DCP concentration and to decreasing NaAc dosages in the influent (from 800 mg/L to 400 mg/L) will be described and discussed.Both NaAc and 2,4-DCP removal efficiencies were high (98-100% and 100%, respectively) throughout the ex-perimental activity. In particular, the amount of NaAc detected in the bulk liquid at the end of the feeding phase decreased as the applied NaAc influent concentration was reduced (i.e. as the 2,4-DCP/NaAc ratio increased), and it was negligible at the highest 2,4-DCP/NaAc ratio (0.05), suggesting the complete anaerobic conversion of NaAc into slowly biodegradable PHB. As for 2,4-DCP, chloride release was close to the stoichiometric value (0.43 mgCl/mg2,4-DCP) throughout the research, indicating the complete mineralization of the toxic compound.The increase of the applied 2,4-DCP/NaAc ratio from 0.025 to 0.05 also influenced microbial population dy-namics and granules physical properties such size and morphology (results not shown), and probably forced granular biomass to enhance self aggregation (i.e. higher density) as a defensive strategy against the toxic effects of 2,4-DCP. Such increase of granules density (from 72±1 to 112±1 gTSS per liter of granules) was accompanied by enhanced settling ability (SVI8 decreased from 70±9 to 30±2 ml/gTSS), which in turn led to better effluent quality in terms of TSS content (from 118.9±26.3 to 35.6±10.6 mgTSS/L).ConClusionsHigh NaAc concentration in the influent was found to be fundamental during GSBR start-up, while it was less important for the long term operation. Aerobic granular sludge completely degraded 2,4-DCP throughout the experimental activity; the applied 2,4-DCP/NaAc ratio influenced granules microbiological and physical proper-ties, and a positive correlation was observed with effluent quality in terms of TSS content.

[ABSTRACT ID: 834]

HIGH EFFICIENCY BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT DELIVERS HIGH QUALITY EFFLUENT OF PRO-CESS WATER COMING FROM PLASTICIZERS PRODUCTION PLANT

AIELLO F.(1), TIZZANINI G.(1), CACCIARI E.(2)

Polynt Spa - Arezzo - Italy (1) Environmental Consultant - Monza - Italy (2)

The paper describes the WWTP of a multinational Italian chemical industry that produces polyester resins, plas-ticizers and phthalic anhydride in the San Giovanni Valdarno (AR) factory.

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The renovated biological section has been operating for almost two years. It consists of two circular tanks, 1,500 m3 each, for a maximum total volume of 3,000 m3 at a max level of 8.5 m. The selector has a volume of 10 mc and the DAF secondary clarifier has 40 m2, net surface. Performances dur-ing these first two years of operation have been remarkable: COD average concentrations of 2,500 mg/l in the influent are reduced to 27-53 mg/l in the effluent, with 97.9 - 98.9 % stable removal. Influent flow rate varies from 300 – up to 700 m3/d and the food to microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) varies in the range 0.17-0.2 /day, as COD. The specific production of waste sludge is 0.05-0.1 kg SST/kg COD. Biomass separation is performed by a DAF unit.Its performance is really remarkable: normally 4-5 mg/l suspended solids in the effluent, with peaks less than 10 mg/l. Cationic polymer dosage is 2-2.2 g /kg SST .

[ABSTRACT ID: 1087]

FUNGAL BIODEGRADATION OF NAPHTHALENE-SULPHONATED POLYMERS IN PETROCHEMICALS WASTEWATER

BRIGANTI F.(1), GULLOTTO A.(2), LUBELLO C.(1), MUNZ G.(2), MANNUCCI A.(2), GORI R.(2)

Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze - Firenze - Italy (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Firenze - Firenze - Italy (2)

A preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the potential of different fungi in the biodegradation of waste-water containing 2-naphthalensulfonic acid (2-NSA) polymers. Those compounds are widely used in different industrial processes and give rise to wastewater with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC). Classical biological wastewater treatments are not able to remove those pollutants, in literature same bacterial or fungi strains are described to degrade monomers and sometimes dimers, but the high mo-lecular weight oligomers result to be recalcitrant to biodegradation. Objectives of the present research were the selection of fungi able to biodegrade 2-NSA polymers. A first se-lection was based on the assessment of growth capabilities for more than 20 different fungi on an agar plate containing as sole carbon source a 2-NSA polymers mixture. Fungi able to grow on the above mentioned plates were then tested in a liquid medium containing larger amounts of 2-NSA polymers. All the experiments were conducted in flasks and daily analysed by HPLC coupled to UV-Vis diode array detec-tion. This second test allowed us to select a Cunningamella strain and two basidiomyceteous fungi: Bjerkandera adusta and Pleurotus ostreatus. Cunninghamella exhibited a fast and simultaneous reduction of all the oligo-mers suggesting that the prevailing mechanism is the adsorption of 2NSA polymers by the biomass. On the contrary, for B. adusta and P. ostreatus a decrease of high molecular weight polymers was associated with a corresponding increase of 2-NSA monomer and dimer suggesting that the main mechanism is the depoly-merisation of the high molecular weight 2-NSA polymers. B. adusta and P. ostreatus were also able to degrade further addictions of the 2-NSA polymers mixture. COD measurements showed a reduction larger than 60 %.This investigation establishes the ability of two basidiomiceteous fungi, B. adusta and P. ostreatus, to degrade a 2-NSA polymers mixture. The utilization of these fungi at a pilot scale for the decontamination of industrial wastewater containing high molecular weight 2-NSA polymers is under investigation.

SESSION WATER - Advanced oxidation processes

[ABSTRACT ID: 801]

DECOMPOSITION OF AZO DYES IN THE FENTON PROCESS IN THE PRESENCE OF IRON NANOCOMPOUNDSKOS L.(1), SÓJKA-LEDAKOWICZ J.(1), MICHALSKA K.(1), ŻYŁŁA R.(1), PERKOWSKI J.(2)

Textile Research Institute - Lodz - Poland (1) Technical University of Lodz - Lodz - Poland (2)

Color is one of the basic indices describing the quality of water used for both municipal and industrial purposes. Actually, nearly all branches of industry discharge dyestuff to sewage. The type and quantities of the dyestuff

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vary with the type of industrial plant, production volume and assortment, as well as applied technologies. No doubt their greatest supplier continues to be the chemical industry connected with the production of dyes as well as the textile industry which applies the dyes.Methods used to decompose dyes include oxidation/precipitation in the Fenton process. This is one of the sim-plest and most economical methods. It consists in non-selective and highly efficient oxidation of organic com-pounds by means of hydroxyl radicals formed in the chain reaction of hydrogen peroxide decomposition in the presence of bivalent iron salts. The process is a radical reaction during which big amounts of hydroxyl radicals HO• are generated. The radicals can oxidize even the most resistant pollutants. Due to a very high oxidizing po-tential of hydroxyl radicals, they are able to decompose organic compounds, in this number dyes in wastewater, which are difficult to oxidize and undergo biodegradation. A novelty of the oxidation of pollutants using the Fen-ton method is carrying out the process in the presence of iron nanocompounds. The presence of nanoparticles has an effect on the oxidation of many compounds including also dyes occurring in water. However, there are a relatively few data in the literature concerning this problem. Hence, the aim of our studies was to determine the efficiency of decomposition of azo dyes by the Fenton method in the presence of iron nanocompounds and to compare it with the classical Fenton method. The subject of our studies were selected azo dyes used in textile industry. Water solutions of the dyes were sub-jected to treatment by the classical Fenton method and to treatment in the presence of iron nanocompounds. In wastewater samples before and after the treatment, color was determined by DFZ as well as COD and TOC. The Fenton process was optimized due to studies of the effect of compound used in the treatment, doses of iron and nano-iron, hydrogen peroxide and pH of the solution on decoloration efficiency. It was found that the efficiency of dye decomposition in the processes of wastewater treatment in which iron nanocompounds were applied, was higher than in the classical method.

Acknowledgements:The study was financed by the Polish National Science Centre. Project no. N N523 751240.

[ABSTRACT ID: 828]

OZONE ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF TEXTILE DYEING EFFLUENTSDI IACONI C.(1), LOTITO A.(2), DE SANCTIS M.(3), BERGNA G.(4)

Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque - CNR - Bari - Italy (1) Politecnico di Bari - Bari - Italy (2)

Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque - CNR - Roma - Italy (3) Lariana Depur SpA - Como - Italy (4)

Textile manufacturing is one of the most environmentally harmful industries in the world because of the large water consumption as well as the variety and amount of pollutants discharged into wastewater. Effluents from textile dyeing processes are intensely coloured and polluted with recalcitrant compounds (Pearce et al., 2003). Therefore, conventional biological treatment is not properly suitable for efficiently treating this type of wastewater. In the present study, an innovative process based on ozone enhanced biological degradation, car-ried out in an aerobic granular biomass system (SBBGR – Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor), was tested at lab-scale for treating a textile dyeing effluent. SBBGR is a biofilter operating in discontinuous mode; in this system all the steps of the biological treatment (i.e., carbon removal, nitrogen removal, etc.) take place, one after the other, in a same tank instead of moving to a second tank as in conventional systems. In SBBGR the whole biomass is confined in a dedicated zone of the reactor (a secondary settler is therefore no longer necessary). This feature allows the liquid in the biofilter to be easily recirculated through an adjacent reactor where the chemical oxidant (i.e., ozone) is dosed. Furthermore, the discontinuous operation of SBBGR permits to use ozone in specific way (i.e., soon after a preliminary biological degradation phase to avoid consuming the oxidant for degrading biodegradable pollutants) (Di Iaconi et al., 2010).The effectiveness of SBBGR with or without ozone enhancement for treating the effluent of a fabric dyeing mill located in the textile district of Como (Lombardia, Italy) was tested at lab-scale. The data obtained showed that biological treatment alone did not guarantee depurative levels sufficient for direct discharge into superficial wa-ter bodies. In fact, concentration values higher than the discharge limits were recorded in the effluent for COD (208 mg/L) and surfactants (3.3 mg/L). The data obtained also showed that the residual COD content in the ef-fluent consisted of recalcitrant compounds (the whole biodegradable organic content was removed by the SB-BGR which produced an effluent with a BOD5 value close to zero). Furthermore, the results showed that colour removal by the SBBGR alone was scarce (lower than 25%) with a highly coloured effluent. By enhancing SBBGR

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treatment with 60 mg of ozone per liter of wastewater, an improvement of the overall COD (up to 82.7%), sur-factant (up to 87.6%) and colour removal (up to 76.4% and 81.1% at 426 nm and 558 nm, respectively) was obtained with an effluent suitable for discharging into a water receiver. The process was characterized by a negligible sludge production (about 0.05 kg of dry sludge per kg of COD removed). Molecular analysis allowed the microbial composition of the SBBGR biomass to be defined.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1124]

HETEROGENEOUS ELECTROPHOTOCATALYSIS ON TiO2 SELF-ORGANIZED NANOTUBES FOR ORGANIC REMOVAL

TUROLLA A.(1), BESTETTI M.(2), ANTONELLI M.(1)

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR - Environmental Section - Milano - Italy (1) Politecnico di Milano, CMIC - Milano - Italy (2)

The electrophotocatalytic decolorization of a textile azo dye (Reactive Red 243, RR243), by large scale nano-tubular structured TiO2 electrodes, was optimized assessing the influence of some operating parameters (bias voltage, lamp emission wavelength, catalyst surface and catalyst positioning with respect to the lamp, initial dye concentration, radical scavengers as alkalinity), by photoelectrochemical characterization and decoloriza-tion trials. Nanostructured TiO2 was grown by anodic oxidation directly on Ti substrate and the TiO2/Ti catalyst was used as photo-anode under UV irradiation, subjected to anodic polarization (bias). Reactor configuration and operating conditions were optimized in order to maximize catalyst photoactivation and decolorization yields, so that an improved reactor configuration (1.8 L) was developed. TiO2/Ti electro-photocatalysis was compared with a benchmark consisting of P-25 Degussa TiO2 in slurry phase at the same catalytic surface.Reactor optimized configuration permitted to achieve the complete decolorization of a 25 mg/L Reactive Red 243 solution in 60 minutes and its mineralization at 80% in 100 minutes. Electrophotocatalysis was proven to be more competitive than P-25 benchmark, since the latter reached complete decolorization in 360 minutes. Neither chemical reagents nor catalyst separation phases were required.

[ABSTRACT ID: 833]

MECHANISTIC MODELING AND ENERGY ASSESSMENT OF UV-H2O2 AOP USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

MOGHADDAMI M.(1), SANTORO D.(2), RAISEE M.(1)

University of Teheran - Teheran - Iran (1) Trojan Technologies - London ON - Canada (2)

In this paper, a comprehensive kinetic model of UV-H2O2 AOP was coupled with the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations using CFD to predict the oxidation of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and tri(2-chloroethtyl) phosphate (TCEP) in two different photoreactors. Also, the EEO efficiency (electrical energy per unit flow per log removal) was predicted for both TCEP and TBP oxidation. The species transport, chemical reactions, and UV fluence rate sub-models have been fully coupled in our model using a spatially dependent hydrogen peroxide absorbance (function of the local hydroxyl peroxide concentration). The CFD model is used to evaluate and compare the energy consumption of annular and cross flow reactors and finding the optimum conditions.: a parallel- and a cross-flow UV device employing a UV lamp emitting primarily the 253.7 nm radiation. CFD simu-lations enabled the spatial visualization of hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical distributions in the photore-actor. The contours of the incident radiation and chemical species are presented and the energy consumption in both reactors for degradation of different contaminants is computed.

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SESSION WATER - Treatment and Management of Sludge

[ABSTRACT ID: 1116]

SLUDGE CHARACTERIZATION: DEVELOPMENTS OF STANDARDIZATION IN EUROPESPINOSA L.(1), GINISTY P.(2)

Commissariat Env. Emerg. in Apulia (Puglia) Region - Bari - Italy (1) IFTS - Inst. de la Filtr. et des Techn. Séparatives - Agen - France (2)

Sludge management is one of the critical issues facing modern society due to the fast increase in its production as a result of extended sewerage, new work installations and up-grading of existing facilities.Characterization is an important step in sludge management. This is recognized by European countries which consider necessary the development of standardized characterization procedures to properly perform sludge operations, and correctly fulfill legal requirements because objective, transparent, and easy to be controlled procedures would allow sludge management to be properly performed, legal requirements correctly fulfilled, and comparison and consistency of application done.To this end, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) established the Technical Committee 308 (TC308) whose main tasks are the production of standard methods for the chemical, biological and physical characterization of sludge, and of guidelines for good management practice.Main objectives and strategic directions of TC308 are to (i) elaborate documents (Standards or Reports) on terminology, methods of analysis and characterization, good practice for different methods of sludge use and disposal, and operational practices for preparing sludge, in order to harmonise the technical language, methods and practices for sludge across Europe, (ii) promote and enable sustainable development through good practice for the conservation of organic matter and completion of nutrient cycles, (iii) contribute to improvements in pub-lic and environmental health and food safety through promoting and disseminating good practice, (iv) support and contribute to the production and revision of european Directives relevant to sludge, (v) support european stakeholders in sludge management (legislators, public and private companies, control agencies, etc.), and (vi) give orientation to producers and users on how to meet legislation requirements in relation to the area of grow-ing interest, like safety, health, environment protection, etc.Scope of CEN/TC308 includes sewage sludge and all other sludge types potentially having similar environmen-tal effects. CEN/TC308 also cooperates with other programmes, such as ISO/TC190 (Soil quality), CEN/TC223 (Soil improvers and growing media), and CEN/TC292 (Characterization of wastes).Work of CEN/TC308 has been organized in several Working Groups dealing with the standardization of methods for determining sludge chemical, biological and physical properties/parameters, the preparation of Guidelines of good practice for the different options of sludge use and disposal, and the preparation of documents on the current and future needs in sludge management, and with the development of guidance to preserve and extend utilisation and disposal routes.In this paper the recent developments of work carried out by CEN/TC308 are outlined.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1005]

FULL-SCALE APPLICATION OF OZONE OXIDATION FOR MINIMIZATION OF EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCTION IN A AEROBIC DIGESTER

SIRINI P.(1), CHIAVOLA A.(2), D’AMATO E.(1), GORI R.(1), LUBELLO C.(1)

DICEA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Florence - Florence - Italy (1) DICEA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza - Rome - Italy (2)

Biological wastewater treatment processes are based on the transformation of dissolved and suspended contaminants into new biomass, residual soluble and gaseous end products. The new biomass represents the excess sludge which must be regularly removed from the plant and appropriately treated before final disposal and/or reuse. Costs related to treatment and disposal may account for up to 60% of the total operating costs of the wastewater treatment plant. Furthermore, regulations recently introduced have posed new and more strin-gent requirements on the quality of the treated biosolids to be complied with for their final disposal or reuse.

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Due to these issues, increasing attention has been devoted to the study of valid alternatives for reducing biolog-ical sludge production In the late 1990s, an innovative disintegration process was proposed, based on the use of ozone which is known to be a strong oxidant. Literature data reports sludge reduction percentages achieved by ozonation falling into a wide range: from 100% to few percentages depending on the operative conditions of the ozonation process and also on sludge characteristics. Application of ozonation for sludge minimization was evaluated in a full-scale Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) for domestic sewage. The WWTP treats about 30,000 population equivalent (P.E.), distributed on two parallel lines, having 20,000 and 10,000 P.E., respec-tively, as treatment capacity. A sludge fraction was continuously collected from the aerobic digestion tank of the 20,000 P.E. line, subjected to ozone in a contact chamber and then recirculated to the digestion tank. Three different ozone flowrates were tested: (1) 60 gO3/h; (2) 500 gO3/h; (3) 670 gO3/h. The corresponding specific dosages were: 0.16-1.40-1.23 gO3/kg Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The higher ozone dosages allowed to achieve a significant decrease of the amount of sludge to be finally disposed off by the WWTP; an appreciable improvement of sludge settleability was also observed which allowed to increase the hydraulic residence time in the thickening unit. In terms of monthly-based production, a reduction from 64 to 85% was obtained with respect to the expected amount in the absence of ozonation at different influent loadings. Assuming an average reduction value of 71%, based on a final disposal cost of the dried sludge of 140 €/Mg, it was estimated a cost saving of about 63,000 €/y due to ozonation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 827]

A LOW EXCESS SLUDGE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR TREATING MIXED MUNICIPAL-TEXTILE WASTEWATERDI IACONI C.(1), LOPEZ A.(1), MANCINI A.(1), ROSSETTI S.(2), BERGNA G.(3)

Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque -CNR - Bari - Italy (1) Istituto di Ricerca Sulle Acque -CNR - Roma - Italy (2)

Lariana Depur SpA - Como - Italy (3)

Treatment and final disposal of the sludge produced during wastewater treatment may account for 50-60% of total plant operating costs (Horan, 1990). Therefore, in the near future, reducing excess sludge production will be one of the most challenging tasks involved in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. Among the new technologies recently proposed to comply with this request, the most promising is the system devel-oped by the Water Research Institute (IRSA) of the Italian National Research Council whose acronym is SBBGR (Sequencing Batch Biofilter Granular Reactor). SBBGR is a “time oriented” submerged biofilter in which all the steps of the biological treatment take place, one after the other, in the same tank instead of moving to a second tank for the continuation of the treatment as in conventional treatment systems. Furthermore, due to the particular characteristics of the biomass grown in the SBBGR (granular biomass), a high sludge age value can be achieved with a consequent reduction in sludge production (Di Iaconi et al., 2010). SBBGR was tested at lab-scale for treating the influent of “Alto Seveso” centralized wastewater treatment plant (Fino Mornasco, Italy) that treats 30% domestic wastewater and 70% textile industry effluent. SBBGR performance recorded at an hydraulic residence time of 11 h showed that that the system was able to remove about 85% of COD and TKN content with a residual concentration in the effluent of 36 mg/L and 5.4 mg/L, respectively. The low oxidised nitrogen concentration in the effluent (i.e., 7.6 mg/L) indicated the existence of simultaneous denitrification process although no planned anoxic phase was included in the SBBGR treatment cycle. This can be ascribed to the high biomass concentration recorded in the system (i.e., 32 kgTSS/m3bed ) and to the transient conditions (typical of sequential reactors) which generated contiguous anoxic and aerobic biomass layers. The simultane-ous denitrification process was also confirmed by the presence of nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms detected by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) analysis carried out on the biomass samplings.SBBR also showed an excellent filtration performance. In fact, the suspended solids average removal efficiency was about 95% with a final residual concentration as low as 4 mg/L. Finally, the plant was able to remove 72% and 40-50% of the total surfactant content and colour, respectively. These removals allowed, however, to meet the in force discharge limits (i.e., 2 mg/L of total surfactants and colour not visible after a 20-fold dilution). The process was featured by a low sludge production value (i.e., about 0.12 kg TSS/kgCODremoved) due to the very high sludge age (i.e., higher than 500 d). The evaluation of the treatment cost showed an operative cost (including energy consumption and sludge disposal) of 0.10 € per m3 of wastewater.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 872]

SANITISATION TREATMENTS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM FOOD INDUSTRY: EXSPERIMENTAL RESULTSLORELLA R., SERGIO P.

CRPA - Reggio Emilia - Italy

In Emilia-Romagna Region, the agronomic use of agro-industrial sewage sludge has a number of simplifica-tions compared to those from municipal wastewater plants; for example sewage sludge from food industry with seasonal activity can go directly into the field, without storage. Therefore, tests were conducted to verify some quick sanitation and deodorization systems, to assess their ap-plication in such situations and thus improve the “acceptability” of this operation.As part of a research project funded by Emilia-Romagna Region, sanitisation testing of agro-industrial sew-age sludge were conducted with differents rapid systems. Three different types of agro-industrial sludge were added with peracetic acid and lime, both at two doses (Lime: 3-4% 6-8% by weight. PAA: 250-3000 mg/kg of sludge. The monitoring plan that was implemented for each of the 3 tests is as follows:- Physico-chemical characterization (in triplicate) of different thesis at the time 0, 24 hours and 48 hours after

treatment;- Microbiological characterization (in triplicate) of sludge (control) at time 0 and after 48 hours and treated

sludges 24 and 48 hours after treatment: Salmonella, fecal Streptococci and Escherichia coli;- continuous temperature detection in the mass by the insertion of two sensors for each thesis;- odorous emissions measurement using dynamic olfactometry in 4 times within 48 hours after the treatment,

in accordance with European Standard EN 13725 and UNI EN 13725. The sampling was performed using the flux chamber.

As regards the temperature, it was verified that the addition of peracetic acid (PAA) does not induce significant increases in the mass; at increasing dosages, however, the difference between control and treated sludge is bigger.The addition of lime induced significant increases of temperature, which is always located above the values detected in the control, even with the lower dose.Compared to untreated thesis, the results showed that the lime ensure the best level of sanitation and deodor-ization, but against the high pH of the treated sludge is to be assessed carefully for agronomic use.Peracetic acid, known disinfectant with a strong oxidizing power, is not suitable for materials shovelable.As regards the odorous emissions, very variable in different theses, even with the addition of the additive most effective (lime), impact can be mitigated, but not canceled. The composting continues to be the optimal method of sludge stabilization, sanitation and deodorization.

[ABSTRACT ID: 876]

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE: MACROMOLECULAR COMPOSITION AND IWA ADM1 APPLICATION

CABBAI V., BALLICO M., GOI D.Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, University of Udine - Udine - Italy

The aim of this study is to characterize sewage sludge coming from an anaerobic digester (AD) in order to implement the ADM1 model (Anaerobic Digestion Model no°1, Batstone et al., 2002) and to simulate the pro-cess unit behaviour.A mixture of primary and secondary sludge was drawn from a wastewater treatment plant of 100.000 P.E., in which an anaerobic mesophilic digester (2800 m3 total volume) was used for sewage sludge stabilization and biogas production. A monitoring period was carried out to understand the sludge properties, the digester unit behaviour and to estimate the parameters values for the ADM1 implementation. The monitoring period was led during February and April 2011: two samples of sewage sludge and digestate were collected weekly. The following sewage sludge parameters were analysed on samples: total solids (TS), volatile solids (TVS), total an soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODt, CODs), total and soluble Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKNt, TKNs), ammonia and pH. The key macromolecular compounds for anaerobic biodegradability (such as carbohydrate, proteins,

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lipids and volatile fatty acids) were measured in each sample. Flow in and temperature were monitored daily at digester unit. Biogas flow was registered monthly. Further parameters were measured on digestate samples: total solids (TS), volatile solids (TVS), pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA).The analysis carried out shows an elevate concentration of proteins in soluble phase of sewage sludge. CODs has the following average composition: 72% protein, 18%VFA, 8% carbohydrates, 1% lipids and 1% inert mate-rial. Total proteins are on average the 23% of total COD.The monitoring period has highlighted a strong daily variability of sewage sludge characteristics and OLR (Organic Loading Rate): to better understand the AD unit behaviour, an ADM1 model was built by GPS-X 6.0 software. Parameters collected during the monitoring period were used to define the influent model input adopting an ASM1/ADM1 interface (Copp’s interface, Copp et al., 2003). The kinetic and stoichiometric param-eters khyd_ch, khyd_pr, khyd_li, fch,xc, fpr,xc, fli,xc, fsi,xc, fxi,xc were calibrated. The simulations underlined potential of AD modelling tool and the importance of macromolecular composition assessment.

[ABSTRACT ID: 877]

SPONTANEOUS REACTIVITY OF DRY SLUDGECANU P.(1), DELLA ZASSA M.(1), ZERLOTTIN M.(2), REFOSCO D.(2)

University of Padova - Padova - Italy (1) Acque del Chiampo S.p.A. - Arzignano (VI) - Italy (2)

We experimentally studied the occurrence of spontaneous self-heating of dry sludge, to understand its nature, course and remediation. We focused on sludge produced by a wastewater treatment plant from both municipal and industrial wastes (approx. 90% total organic carbon, mainly from local tanneries). Dried sludge from other plants have been compared as well.In the reference plant, dried sludge is collected into Big-Bags (approx. 1.5m3) and stored in a dedicated landfill. After several years of regular operation of the landfill, without any management or environmental problems, in-dications of local warming were revealed, together with smoke emissions associated with malicious odors, and consequently local surface subsidence. During our monitoring of the site in the past two years, temperatures of approximately 80°C were measured in some areas at a depth varying from 6 to 10 meters.While such remarkable effects of sludge self-heating was new and unexpected in our experience, scientific and technical literature confirm that extreme heating of dry, powdery solids, including wastewater treatment sludge, can actually occur, possibly leading to fires.To understand our sludge’s behavior, experiments were carried out both in situ, using large quantities of dried sludge (~1t), and in the laboratory, on smaller amounts of material (~0.2kg), using thermally insulated vessels. The tests are carried out by monitoring the temperature of the sludge over long periods of time (up to months), aiming to reproduce the spontaneous self-heating of sludge and investigate enhancing and damping factors. The solid has been further characterized with thermal analysis (DSC) and microscopic techniques (ESEM).Tests demonstrate that air and water are key factor to modulate the heating, both by triggering the onset and damping the temperature. The highest the oxygenation, the highest the heating of the material; the more water is added (up to significant percentage of the initial solid weight, say 50%) the longest the exothermic phenom-enon lasts; further addition of water leads to the reactivation of the material. Water can drive O2 through the porosity of material and react in exothermal solid hydration and reaction steps. Water emphasizes the effects, but it is not sufficient to start it in an air-free atmosphere. The initial solid moisture concentration (between 2 and 15%) affects the onset of self-heating as expected. The sludge particles size strongly influences the exo-thermic behavior, indicating that surface reactions are taking place. In larger particles, permeability of the solids to water and air is limited and the heating process mitigated. Accordingly, a sustainable alternative to keep self-heating controlled is pelletisation. Evidences are clear that the sludge drying procedure can significantly affect its potential self-heating reactivity, up to determining enough intrinsic reactivity to result in an auto-combustion. Temperature values as well as other tests suggest that the exothermic process nature is mainly chemical and physical, though microbiological activity might be marginally involved.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 994]

EFFECTIVENESS OF REED BED SYSTEMS FOR SLUDGE STABILIZATION TREATMENT: DANISH AND ITALIAN EXAMPLES

PERUZZI E.(1), NIELSEN S.(2), MACCI C.(1), DONI S.(1), IANNELLI R.(3), AIELLO M.(4), MASCIANDARO G.(1)

CNR-ISE - Pisa - Italy (1) Orbicon - Roskilde - Denmark (2)

UNIPI-DCE - Pisa - Italy (3) ACQUE SPA - Pisa - Italy (4)

Reed bed systems for sludge treatment have been widely used in Denmark for many years, while in other coun-tries, such as Italy, are more recent and less common. In this study, results about sludge stabilization occurring within beds after the entire period of operation in two different urban wastewater treatment plants situated in Denmark (Nakskov, 30,000 p.e.) and in Italy (La Fon-tina, 30,000 p.e.) were presented. In order, to evaluate the process of sludge stabilization parameters that highlighted the biochemical and chemico-structural properties of sludge organic matter have been determined. In addition, the residual sludge biotoxicity have been investigated through a microbiological parameter, phyto-test, availability of inorganic and organic pollutants. Statistical procedures were used to evaluate the process effectiveness in order to compare results obtained from the different WWTPs. The results showed that stabilization of the sludge similarly occurred in both treatment plants, even though in different landscape ecosystems, as shown by the low content of water soluble carbon and dehydrogenase activity. Moreover, the organic matter humification was demonstrated by the pyrolytic indices of mineralization and humification and by the significant level of humic carbon content. Furthermore, parameters related to sludge biotoxicity have been evaluated. Results about Escherichia coli have shown that the stabilised sludges were sanitized in both treatment plants; moreover, data about germination tests, bioavailable heavy metals and hazardous organic compounds demonstrated that the stabilised sludges were not toxic for environmental purposes.

[ABSTRACT ID: 814]

SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES PRESENTED AS ALTERNATIVE TO INCINERATION TO EASILY DESTROY ORGANICS AND TO RECOVER ENERGY

AND PRECIOUS METAL CATALYSTSO’REGAN J.(1), DENTELLA S.(2), CALVI R.(2)

CEO, SCFI Group Ltd. - Cork - Ireland (1) Application Development, SIAD S.p.A. - Bergamo - Italy (2)

Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), above 374oC and 221 bar, is an innovative, economic and effective destruction method for organic wastewater and sludge and is a realistic alternative to conventional methods. From 1998 to 2007 extensive evaluations of the destruction of sewage sludge by SCWO were performed: the results achieved showed the technology can give 99.9% destruction of the organic material in the sludge and the inorganic material left in the effluent was non leachable and is very easily settled. In 2007 SCFI Group (Ireland), acquired the patented SCWO technology AquaCritox® from Chematur Engineering (Sweden), and in 2008 finalized an agreement with SIAD Group (Italy) to introduce the technology and supply liquid oxygen under pressure in Italy and almost all the eastern European countries.SCFI Group since May 2008 started its 250 l/h AquaCritox® demonstration plant in Cork, which has been in continuous operation on sewage sludge to document the long term reliability of the technology.Oxidation of organic wastes to CO2, H2O, and other small molecules can effectively minimise waste volume and detoxify many hazardous compounds. SCWO is an exothermic process, autothermal at just 3% organic content in the waste stream: energy in excess may be utilised to generate electricity and heat.Sludges, both municipal and industrial, coming from several different European regions, have been treated in the pilot plant and some results are here presented.SCWO destroys all organic wastes containing any combination of elements. Low biodegradability or high toxicity has no effect on suitability for treatment by SCWO.

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Nevertheless reaction time is extremely fast, at typically less than 60 seconds. Nitrogen containing compounds will revert to elemental N2 without production of NOx. The process does not produce dioxins, being the effluent gas a mixture of CO2, N2 and residual O2.The inorganic residue is removed from the liquid stream that has a COD of < 5mg/l. The inorganics are inert and suitable for use as building material, non-hazardous landfill: in case of spent cata-lysts processed by SCWO, residuals are almost only precious metals. In addiction to the analytical sludge test results, industrial ones are here reported, as well as the description of new Cork industrial Aqua Critox unit able to destroy 60 metric tonne per day of waste containing up to 300 gram per litre of chemical oxygen demand.The unit is fitted with energy recovery and is capable of generating approximately 120 kw of electricity.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1060]

USE OF BIOSOLIDS IN AGRICULTURE: RISK ANALYSIS RELATED TO THE OCCURRENCE OF EMERGING ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS

ROCCARO P., VAGLIASINDI F.University of Catania - Catania - Italy

Huge amounts (average 30 kg dry matter per inhabitant day) of sludge are generated all over the world from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This results, for instance, in approximately 7 million dry tons of digested municipal sludge produced annually in the United States and in 10 million dry tons in the European Member States. The management of biosolids in an economically and environmentally acceptable way has become a matter of increasing importance during the last few years. While aerobic digestion is usually used for sludge stabilization, anaerobic digestion is commonly used at medium and large WWTPs. Land application of digested municipal sludge, also known as biosolids, is a possible alterna-tive for reusing the biosolids instead of disposal. The use of biosolids in agriculture has risen significantly in the last decade. For instance, in Europe about 40% of the produced biosolids are used in agriculture, while about 50% of the biosolids produced in US is applied to land as fertilizer or soil amendment. The rest is usually dis-posed in landfills or as landfill cover. In the light of the increased production of sewage sludge across the Euro-pean Union, the European Commission is currently considering whether the current Directive should be revised.The beneficial effects of sludge application on soil organic matter status, structural properties and soil moisture retention are also well documented. However biosolids are a complex mixture that contains several inorganic (e.g. metals) and organic (e.g. endocrine disrupting compounds, EDCs, and Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products, PPCPs) contaminants of concerns. While several studies have investigated the occurrence and health risk related to the heavy metals present in biosolids, little information is available about the risk related to the presence of PPCPs.The occurrence of PPCPs in biosolids has been recently reported. Therefore, in this study the risk analysis of the presence of emerging contaminants in biosolids was assesses. The EPA Regulation was adopted and the reference soil/biosolid concentration (RSC, mg of contaminant per kg of sludge) was calculated for selected emerging compounds and under different pathway. Obtained RSC values were compared with those related to heavy metals and with the concentrations observed in biosolids. It seems that the risk related to the presence of emerging organic contaminants in biosolids is low and therefore the existing regulations can guarantee the safe reuse of biosolids. However, due to the limited information on the effects of these and other emerging organic contaminants in the environment (e.g. toxicity, ecotoxicity, increased resistance of bacteria, possible synergistic effects due to the presence of emerging organic contaminants mixture) and because of the lack of information on their occurrence in biosolids, more research is needed to better ascertain the risk related to the land application of biosolids. In order to overcome the current approach based on the risk analysis carried out for a single matrix, a holistic approach was proposed to evaluate the health and ecological risk related to the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment.

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SESSION WATER - Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

[ABSTRACT ID: 898]

MBR TECHNOLOGY: ITS MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND MARKET OVER THE WORLDSCANNAPIECO D., NADDEO V., BELGIORNO V.

Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno - Fisciano (SA) - Italy

This paper aims to review the Membrane BioReactor (MBR) market and to develop the state of the art world-wide. MBRs are a Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) process coupled with membrane separation, aiming to retain the biomass and concentrate it up reducing in turn the necessary tank size, also increasing the efficiency of the biotreatment process. Advantages of MBRs include that secondary clarifiers and tertiary filtration pro-cesses are to be eliminated, thereby reducing plant footprint. In addition, they produce a quality effluent suitable for reuse applications.The present work analyzes existing MBR plants, categorizing them in function of the membrane configuration (Hollow Fibre-HF, Flat Sheet-FS, Multitube-MT) and their collocation in function of the oxidation tank (side-stream-sMBR, immersed-iMBR), and show several key operational parameters, such as aeration rate, cleaning protocols and the like.Concerning membrane suppliers, Zenon GE is the largest MBR company of the world, with 650 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in which ZeeWeed® HF membrane have been installed, providing a total capacity of 3E+09 L/d; Kubota supplies FS immersed membranes, with more than 3300 MBR WWTPs installed worldwide, their capacity being equal to 9E+08 L/d; Huber is the FS membrane supplier for around 30 WWTPs, treating an average flux of 8E+05 L/d; Toray operates in 100 WWTPs with its FS MBRs, producing a total permeate flux of 1E+06 L/d; Mitsubishi Rayon, whose HF iMBR installations are more than 3000, mainly operates in Asia, and is the third membrane supplier worldwide, after Zenon GE and Kubota.In relation to geographical distribution of industrial WWTPs, Italy comes first with 20% of the installed plants. Germany, France, and the Netherlands follow with 40–60 MBR units in operation. No real leadership can be noted, as most of the industrial applications concern small but highly loaded flows, therefore the cost of the fil-tration system is not the differentiating factor. Historical and geographical market control can be noted in each country, such as Kubota-Zenon GE in Italy, Wehrle in Germany, Zenon GE in France, X-Flow-Mitsubishi in the Netherlands, Kubota-Wehrle in Spain, or Zenon GE in Hungary.The municipal market looks quite different: the United Kingdom appears to be the only country with more municipal than industrial MBR plants. Then, in function of the number of existing MBR plants, are Germany and Italy, followed by France, Spain and the Netherlands. The iMBR commercialization opened the municipal market to the MBR process, and it is therefore not a surprise to see that this market is strongly dominated by the two leaders Zenon-GE and Kubota. Newcomers with immersed technologies have recently acquired some refer-ences, such as Koch and Toray.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1062]

FOAMING IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR: IDENTIFICATION OF CAUSESDI BELLA G.(1), TORREGROSSA M.(2), CAPODICI M.(2)

Università di PAlermo - Palermo - Italy (1) Università of Palermo - Palermo - Italy (2)

In the wastewater treatment the Convectional Activated Sludge (CAS) process is old technology but is still widely adopted worldwide. Nevertheless, some disadvantages have promoted the research and application of new “advanced” technologies. In particular, during the CAS working some biological or physical dysfunctions can occurred, causing an effluent quality worsening. In this context the use of Membrane BioReactor (MBR) reduce the potential negative dysfunction effects. In the MBR the solid-liquid separation is carried out by means of membrane filtration and a poor sedimentation does not affect the plant management.

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However, unlike other dysfunctions, the disadvantages produced by biological foam similarly affect both MBR and CAS plants: (1) since a lot of mixed liquor suspended solids remain trapped inside the foam it may be dif-ficult to control the sludge concentration in the aeration tank; (2) the foam rapidly decays, producing a nasty smell; (3) if not cut off, the foam can accumulate to such an extent that it overflows the basin freeboard and covers walkways, handrails and surrounding areas. The biological foaming was related to the metabolism of certain microorganisms that synthesize and excrete hydrophobic compounds. Recently, the biological foaming in the MBR has attracted the attention of many researchers because MBR foam has been also observed in the absence of foam-former microorganisms, con-trarily to CASs. In this paper the authors investigate the role of EPS and filamentous bacteria analyzing different samples from different MBR pilot plants. In particular, in order to define the macroscopic features and the role of EPS and filamentous bacteria in the MBR foaming, some test reported by Di Bella et al. (2011) were used. Specifically, in order to quantify the foam produced, differentiating the effect of EPS and filamentous, a modified Scum Index (SI) test was applied. The SI evaluation has been inspired to the selective flotation principle proposed by Pretorius and Laubscher (1987). In particular, the original method has been slightly modified: in general the complete protocol of separa-tion/purification has been applied. However, in the our case the foam volume separated during each purification step (SI1, SI2 ..) or after the initial flotation (SI0, without purification process) were also considered. In fact, the dilution of scum sample separated may be negatively influence the EPS effect. Finally, a multiple classification of SI was proposed, relating to effect of EPS or filamentous bacteria, and the causes of biological foaming were identified in terms of foaming potential, foam quality and quantity.• Di Bella G., Torregrossa M., Viviani G. (2011). The role of EPS concentration in MBR foaming: analysis of a

submerged pilot plant. Biores. Tecnhol. 102(2), 1628-1635.• Pretorius W.A. and Laubscher, C.P. (1987) Control of biological scum in activated sludge plant by mean of

selective floating,. Wat.Sci. Techn. 19, 1003-1011.

[ABSTRACT ID: 993]

THE ROLE OF EPS IN FOULING AND FOAMING PHENOMENA OCCURRING IN UCT-MBR PILOT PLANTCOSENZA A., DI BELLA G., MANNINA G., TORREGROSSA M., VIVIANI G.

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università di Palermo - Palermo - Italy

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Aerospaziale - Università di Palermo - Palermo, Italy - ItalyNowadays Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) technology represents an excellent way to treat wastewater. Indeed, it presents several advantages as confirmed and discussed in the international literature. Despite the several ad-vantages, this technology is not exempt from the common operational problems, such as the foaming phenom-ena. The causes and the effects of this latter phenomena are now well known for conventional activated sludge system, where the foam formation is mainly charge to the hydrophobic microorganisms (e.g. Nocardioforms or Microthrix parvicella) metabolism. However, foam in MBR plants has also been observed in the absence of foam-forming microorganisms and, under these circumstances, the quantity of foam has been reported as be-ing related to concentrations of the protein Extra-cellular Polymer Substances or EPSs (Nakajima and Mishima, 2005). Nevertheless, the presence of EPSs has only been widely correlated to the fouling phenomena which strongly limits the MBR applicability. At now only few studies have been performed in order to explore the EPSs role in MBR foaming (Di Bella et al., 2011). Bearing in mind such considerations the main aim of this work is to improve knowledge about the issue EPS/foaming/fouling. More specifically foaming and fouling phenomena, coupled with EPS concentration, were monitored and analyzed during the University Cape Town (UCT) MBR pilot plant operating (165 days). The pilot plant under study was fed with 40 L/h of real wastewater. It was composed of an anaerobic reactor, an anoxic reactor, an aerobic reactor and a further aerobic tank in which two hollow fibre membrane modules were submerged (both membrane type Zenon Zeeweed 10). Total EPS concentration was evaluated by using the “heating method” (Di Bella et al., 2011) on aerobic mixed liquor samples. Through this protocol the soluble microbial product (SMP) fraction that represents the soluble portion of total EPS as well as the bound fraction of total EPS were measured. While, in order to evaluate the foaming quality and quantity of biological foam Scum Index (SI) and Foam Power (FP) testes were carried out. Moreover, the analysis of membrane fouling was based on the resistance in series model. Results have demonstrated that membrane fouling was mainly due to a reversible deposition of suspended solids on the membrane surface, while the low

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concentration of SMP (due to operational condition in the UCT-MBR) produces a low irreversible fouling. In par-ticular, cake resistance represents the majority of total hydraulic resistance. On the other hand, the proteic EPS bound caused foaming, expecially during the last phase of experimentation as suggested by the high values of SI (>10-15%,) and FP (>70 ml L-1). In particular, in the UCT-MBR pilot plant the foaming was maily attributed to EPS concentration in the aeration tank, which also influence the membrane fouling and its behaviour.

[ABSTRACT ID: 796]

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC-INORGANIC PVDF/NANOCLAY ULTRAFILTRATION COMPOSITE MEMBRANEMORIHAMA A.C.D., MIERZWA J.C.

Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil

In the last years, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) became the most popular polymer for microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, because of its competitive mechanicals proprieties, thermal and chemical stabil-ity, radiation resistance and low dielectric constant and superficial energy. On the other hand, PVDF membranes show some limitations in water and wastewater treatment application due to their hydrophobicity. Hydrophobic membranes have lower superficial energy and bigger water contact angle, which result in low permeate flux making the membranes more susceptible to fouling ((ZHAO et al., 2008) e (LIU et al., 2007)).Based on the principle that hydrophilicity is an antifouling performance prerequisite, various membrane modi-fication methods have been explored in order to incorporate hydrophilic proprieties in the conventional hydro-phobic membrane ((ZHAO et al., 2008) e (LIU et al., 2011)).Inorganic nanoparticles incorporated in PVDF polymeric solution have been studied extensively because of their simplicity. It is well known that inorganic nanoparticles have unique proprieties to improve the membrane per-formance, due to their small sizes, large surface areas and strong activity ((YAN et al., 2006) e (LIU et al., 2011)).Although scientific research on this topic has already been published, there has never been published scientific research on blending modification using hydrophilic bentonite (nanoclay) inorganic nanoparticles in the PVDF polymeric solution. The objective of this study is to compare the characteristics of organic-inorganic composite (PVDF/nanoclay) of UF membrane with simple UF membrane.The membranes will be synthesized by phase-inversion method. PVDF is dissolved in NMP and different amounts of nanoclay are added to the PVDF solution. Polyvinylpyrrolidone is added too as pore-forming. This solution is then casted onto a glass plate to produce a flat sheet membrane. The casted membrane is charac-terized and submitted to filtration performances testes. It is expected that composite membrane shows a better performance, mechanical proprieties, hydrophilicity and fouling resistance.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1132]

REMOVAL RATES ENHANCEMENT BY POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE IN A MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR (MBR) TREATING TEXTILE WASTEWATERS

TELI A.1, ANTONELLI M.1, BONOMO L.1, MIGLIORISI L.2, MALPEI F.1

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR, Sezione Ambientale, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 - 20133 - Milano - Italy1 Siemens S.p.A., Industry, Water Technologies, Viale Piero e Alberto Pirelli, 10, 20126 - Milano - Italy2

ìThis study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of polyaluminium chloride (PACl) dosage into a pilot scale MBR fed with a mixed textile (65% as flow and 70% as COD load) and domestic wastewater in terms of perme-ate quality enhancement and fouling control. The pilot operated for 7.5 months without PACl (period P-1, flux: 10 LMH) and then with the addition of polyaluminium chloride (12.5 mg/gMLSS) at 10 LMH for 3 months (period P-2) and at 12.5 LMH for other 3 months (period P-3). The addition of PACl resulted in a significant enhance-ment of permeate quality. In particular, between P-1 and P-2 removal rates related to total phosphorus and tex-tile macro-parameters such as color and anionic surfactants, increased of +64%, +16% and +7%, respectively. No significant effect was observed on COD, non ionic surfactants and nitrogen compounds removal. Moreover, the MBR technology coupled with PACl dosage provided an effluent quality very similar to that obtained at full scale after tertiary treatments (high rate clarification and ozone oxidation) for macro-pollutants such as COD, TSS, and nutrients on condition that a proper PACl dose is fixed to guarantee desired phosphorous removal rates. On the contrary, as for color, at the absorbance values observed in this study the MBR process combined with PACl was not sufficient to reach the same quality as the tertiary effluent. As a consequence, in order to meet higher standards for color, ozone oxidation is needed.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1003]THE FOULING PHENOMENON IN MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS:

ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY SAVINGCOSENZA A., MANNINA G., VIVIANI G.

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Aerospaziale - Università di Palermo - Palermo, Italy - Italy

Membrane fouling still represents the main limiting issue for a wide application of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology in the wastewater treatment field. Fouling causes the permeability reduction and/or an increase of transmembrane pressure (TMP) depending on the operation mode consequently increasing the energy consumption. This circumstance, coupled with the higher aeration requirement, makes MBR technology high operating costs. For reducing membrane fouling, aeration represents a crucial element. Indeed, by varying the aeration rate consequent variation on membrane fouling, permeate flux and energetic demand occur. Another way to mitigate the membrane fouling is represented by physical (removes reversible fouling) and chemical (removes irreversible fouling) membrane cleaning. The energy required to achieve a pressure suitable for flow reversion (backwashing) or for aeration (relaxation combined with aeration) contributes to increase the MBR energy demand and consequently the operating costs. Despite several studies have been performed knowledge on fouling phenomenon is still lacking and controversial (Drews, 2010). In this context, MBR models may repre-sent an useful tool to predict the membrane fouling (measuring the membrane resistances) and to select which operating conditions have to be optimized for its reduction in a feasible (in terms of costs) energetic demand condition. Bearing in mind these considerations the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect on energy demand of three membrane fouling control strategies and their combination: aeration, backwashing (in terms of dura-tion, Tb, and permeate flux, qb) and filtration duration (Tf). In particular, regarding the aeration, air flow rate vari-ation has been investigated. To accomplish such goals an integrated MBR model developed in previous studies (Cosenza et al. 2011) was employed. The model takes into account only the variation of the coarse bubble air flow rate (qa) inside the tank in which the membrane is submerged. This variation contributes to change the apparent shear intensity of the fluid turbulence modelled according to Cosenza et al. (2011). Aeration energy demand has been computed considering the power requirement in the case of adiabatic compression. Regard-ing to the pumping energy requirement the power requirement for pumping internal recirculation flow, waste sludge and for permeate extraction have been considered. In order to perform the analysis the values of qa, qb, Tb and Tf were sampled by means Monte Carlo sampling inside each defined variation range. All possible combinations of the fouling control strategies have also been taken into account. Results have demonstrated that among the backwashing conditions the permeate flux used for backwashing mainly influences the mem-brane fouling, while backwashing duration resulted to be non influential. Globally the highest energetic demand strategy is due to coarse bubble air flow rate.

[ABSTRACT ID: 986]ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR ENERGY REDUCTION

IN FULL-SCALE MBR INSTALLATIONS: THE SIEMENS MEMPULSE SYSTEMPERDUCA D.

Siemens SpA - Casteggio - Italy

This paper is relevant to the application of the Siemens MemPulseTM membrane system for the reduction of energy consumption in full-scale installations.The combination of the UF hollow fibres configuration and the MemPulseTM system reduces significantly air scour energy and provides a very compact footprint.The MemPulseTM air scour system incorporates a MemPulseTM device at the base of each membrane module which converts continuous airflow into irregular pulses of air. This results in an increase in scouring effective-ness, and an overall reduction in air scour energy consumption. The system can be used in a wide range of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment applications. It can also easily be retrofitted to existing plants wishing to replace conventional clarification processes with membrane separation.The MemPulseTM device introduces air and mixed liquor into the bottom of the membrane modules through an “airlift effect”. The air bubbles blend with the mixed liquor and rise up into membrane fibers, providing effective scouring to the membrane surface and refreshing the membrane surface to prevent solids concentration. No moving parts are added to the system, decreasing operation and maintenance costs. The MemPulseTM MBR device provides even distribution of air and mixed liquor, ensuring consistent operating conditions for the membrane modules.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1064]

EVALUATION OF THE TREATABILITY OF PRE-DIGESTED DISTILLERY WASTEWATER THROUGH MBR AND CHEMICAL POST-TREATMENT

PETTA L., DANIELA S., FARINA R., PUCCETTI M., SPAGNI A.ENEA - Bologna - Italy

Distilleries generate a high-strength wastewater characterized by a high COD, total nitrogen, volatile fatty acids, phenols and dark brown colour, thus representing at the same time a valuable renewable energy source and a serious environmental concern.A two-stage process with an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor (UASB) followed by a Membrane BioRe-actor (MBR) was investigated. In the present paper the results of the anoxic-aerobic membrane bioreactor will be shown.The anaerobic pre-treatment through the lab scale UASB reactor resulted in a high methane specific production (300-450 L CH4/kg COD) and a COD removal efficiency higher than 90%. Nevertheless, it is not enough to re-spect law limits for surface water discharge, especially concerning organic matter, nitrogen and colour content in the effluent.A lab-scale anoxic-aerobic MBR plant with a maximum volume of 0.85 L (anoxic) and 1 L (aerobic), has been started-up with sludge inoculum from conventional plant. The plant was operated for more 120 days in a ther-mostatic room at 20 ± 0.5 °C adopting a 80d SRT.Though MBR treatment led to the complete removal of total and volatile suspended solid and to a significant reduction of the residual slowly biodegradable COD (average removal was 60%), the process is ineffective in phosphate and nitrate removal, and the colour removal is still inadequate due to the presence of melanoidins, consisting in a low and high molecular weight polymers formed as one of the final products of Maillard reaction, which impart dark brown colour to distillery wastewaters (Martins and van Boekel, 2004). Only 6-7% degrada-tion of the melanoidins is achieved in the conventional anaerobic-aerobic effluent treatment process (Gonzales et al., 2000) as due to their antioxidant properties, melanoidins are toxic to many microorganisms involved in wastewater treatment (Sirianuntapiboon et al., 2004).According to such evidences, different chemical treatments of MBR effluent were operated aimed at colour removal: powdered activated carbon, quicklime and alum.Complete decolourization was observed in packed activated carbon bed for wastewater filtration, while the coagulation with alum and quicklime was not effective for colour removal.The coagulation with quicklime was very effective for phosphate removal with respect to law limits for dis-charge in inland surface water. The optimum dosage of quicklime was found to be 8 g/L resulting in 80% phosphorus removal and in 85% orto-phosphate removal in a 20 minutes reaction time for MBR effluent. Alum and iron salts were not effective for phosphorus removal.The lab scale integrated processes provide an almost complete solution to the treatment of distilleries waste-water. The system needs to improve its overall performances by reducing general costs The final effluent can be used as a fertilizer due to its high nitrogen, phosphorus and organic content.

[ABSTRACT ID: 786]INNOVATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: BAPCO REFINERY WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

MARINETTI M.(1), ZAFFARONI C.(1), DAIGGER G.T.(2), VENKATACHALAM M.(3)

CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy (1) CH2M HILL - Denver (Colorado) - United States (2)

BAPCO - Awali - Bahrain (3)

The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Bapco) currently uses primary treatment of oily wastewater to effectively remove solids, oil and grease. Secondary treatment is currently being implemented to address the soluble species. The wastewater at Bapco is hot and high saline (factors that strongly affect biological activity) and the new discharge limits into the Gulf sea, set by the Bahrain Government, are extremely stringent, especially for nitrogen, reflecting a standard as high as anywhere in the world .For these reasons biological treatment was a challenging task and, extensive study/testing was required to identify the available technologies, and the performance achievable. A technical/scientific approach was used to address the unique situation of Bapco’s wastewater, including:

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• initial technology screening and biological plant modeling; • more than 6 months of field activities with:

- detailed bench scale testing;- pilot plant operation, - laboratory experiments to identify main kinetic and stoichiometric parameters;- calibration of ASM2d model;- characterization of the Refinery effluent as well as individual streams;

Due to the low TSS and TKN limit, a process based on the membrane bioreactor (MBR) incorporating biological nitrification- denitrification was developed.MBR is a common solution where discharge limits are stringent. However, concerns about the compatibility of the membranes with oily wastewater, have restricted their use in refineries until now. During the pilot tests, close monitoring of the oil effects on the membranes gave the assurance that the risk can be mitigated. Batch experiments on the biomass revealed that nitrification and denitrification kinetic parameters diverge sig-nificantly from the values commonly applied for plants design. Spent caustic is also a problematic stream for disposal. Thus, a unique solution was developed using it as a “green” source of needed carbon and alkalinity, to improve biological nitrogen removal. This was successfully pilot tested, and proved to be highly beneficial.CH2M HILL and Bapco concluded that the MBR technology, using a 4 stage process, is the appropriate solution for the treatment of the Refinery’s effluent. Detailed engineering was completed and the project was endorsed by the Bahraini Environmental Protection Agency and approved for implementation. The plant is expected to start operation before the end of 2012. This presentation describes the results of the pilot and laboratory activity as well as the scientific approach applied with this project.

SESSION WATER - Emerging pollutants

[ABSTRACT ID: 886]

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SOURCES OF POLYFLUORALKYL SUBSTANCES (PFASS) IN THE ITALIAN SURFACE WATERS

POLESELLO S., RUSCONI M., VALSECCHI S.CNR-IRSA - Brugherio - Italy

A survey of the distribution of perfluorinated carboxylates (from C5 to C10) and perfluorinated sulphonates (C4 and C8) in the main Italian river basins have been carried out in 2011 in order to get a reliable picture of the poly-fluoralkyl substances (PFAS) contamination and possibly to identify the main sources for the aquatic environment. Monitoring campaigns on river Po, the major Italian river which flows into the Adriatic Sea, its tributaries, river Adige, river Tevere, river Arno and river Brenta basin have been carried out in different hydrological conditions. A survey has been performed also in transitional coastal areas such as river Po Delta and Lagoon of Venice. Chemical plant discharges and drinking waters present in the same basins were also sampled. Analyses of PFAS were achieved by using an on-line SPE-HPLC-MS-MS system. Recovery for PFASs for all ana-lytes was above 70% at µg/L levels. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.2 to 2.5 ng/l.The monitoring campaigns allowed to identify hot spots in the main Italian basins. Unlike rivers Tevere and Adige which are not significantly impacted, concentrations determined at the basin clo-sure of the river Po are comparable to those measured in the PFAS heavily impacted areas of northern Europe: PFOS concentrations are low (ranging from < LOD to 2.5 ng/L) while PFOA is the main compound (about 25 ng/L). Fluoropolymer factory, present in the Tanaro/Bormida watershed, was confirmed as the main source of the latter molecule. Plant for the production of fluorochemicals , used as intermediates in the polymer synthe-sis, is a significant source of PFOA and PFBS in the river Brenta which discharges in the Adriatic sea. Two important textile industrial districts in Italy (counties of Vicenza and Prato) have been also identified as a significant source of PFPeA and PFHxA which are discharged in the Brenta basin and in river Arno. These shorter chain perfluorocarboxylics acids can be considered as tracers for this kind of industrial pressure. The same compounds were also measured in the river Adda, an important tributary of the river Po, but the source shall be still to be identified.The diffusion of these substances in the drinking waters in the same areas has been also studied.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 832]

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN WASTEWATERS AND SURFACE WATER - THE CASE STUDY OF THE CATCHMENT AREA OF FERRARA

VERLICCHI P.(1), AL AUKIDY M.(1), JELIC A.(2), PETROVIC M.(3)

Department of Engineering UNIFE - Ferrara - Italy (1) Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Barcelona - Spain (2)

Catalan Institute of Water Research - Girona - Spain (3)

intRoduCtion This study deals with the occurrence (exposure assessment) of 11 antibiotics for human use and an anti-epileptic drug in raw and treated urban wastewater and in surface water. The monitored compounds were: clarithromycin, azithromycin, roxythromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, metronidazole, trimethoprim and carbamazepine. The area selected for the study was the catchment area of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Fer-rara (Northern Italy), and the receiving water body for the treated effluent from the WWTP. WWTP Ferrara is a conventional activated sludge plant that releases effluent into a local surface water body network used for irrigation purposes. The monitoring study was carried out in March 2010 and in May 2011 in order to investigate the occurrence (i.e. measured environmental concentrations - MECs) of the selected compounds in the three sampling points: influent and effluent of the WWTP and the receiving surface water body. Besides, predicted environmental con-centrations (PECs) of the compounds, for the same sampling points, were estimated based on local consump-tion of pharmaceuticals as suggested by European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA, 2006). Main Results and Brief Summary of the Discussion TopicsAll the selected compounds, except doxycycline and tetracycline, have been detected in the influent and efflu-ent samples in concentrations ranging from 42-2212 ng/L and 23-638 ng/L, respectively. Only five compounds were detected above their detection limits in the surface water samples: clarithromycin, azithromycin, cipro-floxacin, trimethoprim and carbamazepine; where they were present in concentrations between 2 and 25 ng/L. The comparison between predicted and measured concentrations shows that quite often, in the influent and in the effluent of the WWTP, PEC is higher than MEC, with few exceptions: PEC provides a good approximation for 4 out of 12 compounds (i.e. azythromycin, roxythromycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin). While PEC for eryth-romycin, ofloxacin, metronidazole were two orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding MEC, PECs for clarithromycin, trimethorpim and carbamazepine were always one-two orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding MEC in influent and effluent wastewater. Surface water PECs were always about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the corresponding MECs. This study also discusses the reasons for such discrepancies between PECs and MECs and presents a compari-son with the results obtained in similar studies in some European countries. Moreover it focuses on the impor-tance of the characteristics of the receiving water body and how environmental characteristics may contribute in mitigating the impact of the release of these recalcitrant compounds.Finally the removal of the target compounds in the WWTP has been discussed, as well, and compared with available literature data.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1114]

PHARMACEUTICAL ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FATE AND REMOVAL IN MILAN NOSEDO WWTP: RESULTS OF A 4 YEARS RESEARCH AT FULL AND PILOT SCALE

MALPEI F.(1), BOUJU H.(2), BUTTIGLIERI G.(3), CASTIGLIONI S.(4), COLIA S.(5), MAZZINI R.(6), ZUCCATO E.(4)

DIIAR Polimi - Milano - Italy (1) School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (2)

ICRA. H2O Building - Girona - Spain (3) Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - Milano - Italy (4)

Metropolitana Milanese SpA –Servizio Idrico Integrato della città di Milano - Italy (5) Milano Depur SpA - Milano - Italy (6)

Milan Water and Wastewater Services are covering a 120 km2 area and are managed by MM since 2003. Col-lection and treatment of municipal wastewater is organized in 3 basins (Milano Sud, Milan Nosedo and Milan Est), connected to 3 WWTPs. Public sewers extends to 1,440 km and treatment capacity is 2,550,000 PE.

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The Nosedo WWTP receives approximately 50% of the overall Milan wastewater flow and is equipped with a conventional secondary treatment (CAS) plus sand filtration and disinfection. The effluent fully respects the agricultural reuse standards, according to Italian DPR 185/2003. Since 2005, more then 70•106 m3year-1 (ap-prox 50% of the effluent flow) are reused on a 37 km2 agricultural district where corn, grass, grain and rice are cultivated, thus resulting in one the most relevant agricultural reuse reality in Europe.Pharmaceutical substances removal from wastewater is an important issue since their discharge into the en-vironment might damage ecosystems and impact human water supply quality. Knowledge about their fate in wastewater treatment plant is still scarce and pharmaceuticals discharge has not been regulated in Europe yet. Therefore monitoring of wastewater contamination is of particular interest for a reliable assessment of environ-mental risks, particularly in cases of more sensitive situations such as high loaded water basins or agricultural wastewater reuse.Since 2005 and for 4 years long, Istituto Mario Negri and DIIAR Politecnico di Milano have realized several separate or joint studies and researches regarding the presence and fate of pharmaceutical active compounds of human origin (PhACs) in Milan Nosedo. The results obtained represents a relevant and consistent reference in the Italian panorama in terms of a) presence and concentration range of PhACs in municipal wastewater, variability along the yearly period, removal efficiencies etc.and b) comparison of the full scale plants and a pilot scale MBR operating in parallel. Removal rates in Nosedo were higher than those measured in other treatment plants in Italy but pharmaceuti-cals were still present in substantial amounts in treated water and sulphamethoxazole, ofloxacin, clarithromy-cin, vancomycin (antibiotics), atenolol (cardiovascular drug), furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide (diuretics), diclof-enac (anti inflammatory) ranitidine (gastrointestinal drug), carbamazepine (anti-epileptic drug) and bezafibrate (lipid regulator) were the most abundant residual drugs. An anoxic-aerobic MBR pilot plant operated in parallel of the full scale CAS. Four sampling campaigns were performed at different operating conditions in terms of SRTs (15 to 50 days) and influent concentrations. In the long term comparison of CAS and MBR performances it is possible to evidence relevant differences only for few compounds. No significant differences are measured for very recalcitrant or, on the other hand, readily removed compounds. The operation of MBR at SRT in the range 15-50 d does not show a clear increasing or decreasing removal trend for a majority of the targeted compounds. Hence, the improvement of PhACs removal in MBR is rather limited and did not appear to be an essential alternative. Nevertheless, since MBR quality is of a far bet-ter quality than CAS, the use of MBR coupled to a tertiary treatment (i.e. NF, ozonation or GAC) might result in better removal of a wide range of PhACs and micropollutants.

[ABSTRACT ID: 891]MASS BALANCE OF EMERGING ORGANIC MICROPOLLUTANTS

IN A SMALL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTBONI M.R., SBAFFONI S., TEDESCO P.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, SAPIENZA University of Rome - Roma - Italy

Emerging organic micropollutants are compounds measured in µg/l or ng/l which may have long-term negative effects on both wildlife and humans. The release sources of these substances are numerous, both anthropo-genic and natural, but not always detectable. However, Municipal sewage and Wastewater Treatment Plant effluents are considered to be the major sources of pollution.The purpose of this work was to perform a mass balance of emerging organic micropollutants on activated sludge tank and on secondary settling in a small wastewater treatment plant in the Municipality of Rome; in particular, we evaluated the removal efficiency achievable from each reactor and the output amount of each substance. Two hydrodynamic tests were used for determining the real hydraulic retention time of wastewater, using Lithium Carbonate (Li2CO3) as a tracer, entered with pulse mode and monitored over time in order to build the experimental curve of each reactor. From this, finally, it was rebuilt the model that simulates the be-havior of each reactor in order to identify both the real hydraulic retention time and any possible dysfunctions present within them.The analytes monitored in this work were: Estrone (E1), 17β-Estradiol (E2) and 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) for steroid hormones, 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) and Bisphenol A (BPA) for substituted Phenols and Alkylphenols.Samples were characterized also in terms of pH, BOD5, COD, TSS, VSS, Ammonia, Nitrites, Nitrates and Metals.Mass balance on activated sludge tank showed that the emerging organic micropollutants removed were: EE2 (34%) and BPA (59%). The processes that occur in the secondary settling tank, however, were able to reduce

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EE2 (42%) and BPA (15%). The residual amount of each substance is distributed between the effluent and re-turn sludge line. 4-NP, E1 and E2 were removed in none of the reactors. An estimate of the total removal of emerging organic micropollutants from wastewater treatment plant showed that the treatment plant removed 74% of BPA and 78% of EE2. In conclusion, the removal of emerging organic micropollutants in the WWTP studied was only partial, indicating that a conventional WWTP is not able to demolish these contaminants. Accordingly, these compounds are found in water body potentially active and dangerous to wildlife and humans.Also the role of biodegradation and biosorption should be investigated in order to better understand the path-ways involved in the removal process.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1080]

PROTEOMICS APPLIED TO IBUPROFEN DEGRADATION IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS.BUTTIGLIERI G.(1), COLLADO N.(2), FERRANDO-CLIMENT L.(1), RODRIGUEZ-MOZAZ S.(1),

COMAS J.(2), RODRIGUEZ-RODA I.(1)

ICRA (Catalan Institute for Water Resources) - Girona - Spain (1) LEQUiA, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Girona, - Girona - Spain (2)

Large amounts of pharmaceuticals compounds are discharged into the sewer system and, if not fully metabo-lized in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), arrive to the environment producing deleterious effects to the aquatic organisms. A significant percentage of removal in most municipal WWTPs relies on biodegradation per-formed by microbial communities. Nonetheless, little information is available and further research is required to define degradation pathways. No enzymes clearly attributed to any pharmaceutical degradation route are known in activated sludge systems yet.The present work proposes the use of proteomics, a novel technique in this field based on the study of micro-bial community proteins, to test its reliability when dealing with activated sludge samples spiked with a phar-maceutical compound (Ibuprofen). Ibuprofen is one of the most used active principal ingredients in pharmaceu-tical formulations, and despite its high removal rates in WWTPs, it can still be found in different environmental compartments.First objective of this work is to apply proteomics to a complex matrix like activated sludge. Afterwards, co-herent and plausible trends over time of proteins presence and intensity levels changes in the proteome (e.g. increasing and decreasing or stabilising) when degrading ibuprofen, were defined. The proteins following these defined trends were detected.The batch experiments consisted of a set of 2 litres glass bottles (in duplicates), aerated and completely mixed activated sludge, with a suspended solid content of 1000 mgTSS/L and two Ibuprofen spiked concentrations (10 and 1000 µg/L). The liquid phase was sampled at different scheduled times to determine Ibuprofen con-centrations. The analyses were carried out using an UPLC system coupled to a triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometer working in negative ionization mode. Ibuprofen removal efficiencies were calculated and kinetics estimated. The solid phase of the samples was analysed for proteomics purposes. DIGE (differential in gel electrophoresis) was run and a specific tool and software (Progenesis SameSpots) enabled accurate analy-sis of differences in protein abundance.Proteins expressions were compared over the time and also between both Ibuprofen concentrations. Power analyses (statistical technique to decide how large a sample is needed to enable reliable statistical judgments) provided useful information on biological reproducibility and the number of necessary replicates. Principal component analyses were carried out. The resulting statistical and comparative study was robust and it was possible to find proteins following the expected trends even if no newly expressed proteins were found. The obtained results suggested that proteomics is a promising methodology in this field although a lot of effort still must be invested when applying this technique in such complex matrixes.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1039]

FATE OF PHARMACEUTICALS DURING THE INTEGRATED TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

JELIC A.(1), DI FABIO S.(2), FATONE F.(2), PETROVIC M.(3), BARCELO D.(1)

IDAEA CSIC - Barcelona - Spain (1) Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona - Verona - Italy (2)

ICRA - Girona - Spain (3)

Designed to be active and interact with receptors in humans and animals or to be toxic for many infectious organisms, pharmaceuticals (PhACs) can easily have unintended effects on animals and microorganisms in the environment. Therefore, this group of emerging contaminants has received noticeable attention over the past decade. Traces of PhACs have been detected in surface water and aquatic sediment, as well as in soil irrigated with reclaimed water or treated with biosolids from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). WWTPs have been mostly studied as they were identified as the main point of collection and subsequent release of PhACs into the environment. Nevertheless, the information is mostly related to the water train of WWTP, and less is known about the occurrence and fate of PhACs during sludge treatment processes. Chemical characterization of sludge is not at all simple, and this might be the main reason for the lack of information. Besides, the qual-ity of sludge depends on the composition of wastewater and the type of treatments applied to both water and sludge. Among sludge treatment processes, anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most commonly applied stabiliza-tion method. AD is the best option for the stabilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) from an economic and environmental standpoint. It is a very good solution for the reduction of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFSMW) in separate or combined AD. Although AD is the most studied sludge stabilization process, the data on the occurrence and fate of PhACs in AD are very scarce. In this study, we aimed at assessing the occurrence and behavior of 42 selected PhACs during wastewater treatment, with an accent on anaerobic co-digestion stage. The PhACs of interest belong to different thera-peutic groups, i.e. analgesics and anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and antiepileptic drug, antibiotics etc. The studied municipal integrated WWTP treats low loaded domestic wastewater in a nitrogen and phosphorous biological removal process. The sludge treatment train provides the anaerobic co-digestion of WAS and the OFMSW, with the following separate short-cut nitrogen removal from the anaerobic supernatant. Samples of influent (i.e. aqueous phase and suspended solids), and effluent; thickened and digested sludge were collected to determine the mass flows of the target PhACs throughout the WWTP. Partitioning of PhACs between aque-ous and solid phases of AD was studied to obtain more information on their fate during the treatment, and to understand better the contribution of biodegradation and sorption on the overall removal. The preparation and analysis of the samples were performed according to the previously developed multiresidual methodologies for analysis of PhACs in wastewater and sludge samples.Acknowledgements. This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project Consolider-Ingenio 2010 SCARCE.

[ABSTRACT ID: 804]

SELENIUM TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS USING PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIESMUNIRATHINAM K.(1), SANDY T.A.(2), CIONGOLI B.(3)

CH2M HILL - Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania) - United States (1) CH2M HILL - Charlotte (North Carolina) - United States (2)

CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy (3)

Due to its ubiquity and associated aquatic toxicity even at low concentrations, Selenium (Se) treatment in wastewater has become a major challenge for a wide range of industries including mining, oil and gas, and power. Mining operations are a major anthropogenic source of Se release in the environment. Since Se is natu-rally present in most soils, mining operations including excavation can result in the release of Se in waste rocks and tailings. Surface runoff due to precipitation, groundwater intrusion or mine operations transfers the sele-nium from the rock to the water matrix and introduces it to the aquatic environment mainly in the form of sele-nate. Processing of oil into gasoline and petrochemicals through refining processes will result in selenium in the refinery wastewaters. The major source of selenium in the refinery plant is in stripped sour water wastestream

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and exists primarily as selenocyanate. Some selenium also present in the desalter wastestream. Typically, the organically bound selenium such as selenocyanate will be hydrolyzed in the activated sludge system by aerobic bacteria and get oxidized to selenite. Hence, the refinery activated sludge wastewater treatment plant effluent will contain selenium primarily in the form of selenite. Pulverized coal combustion in power industries will re-sult in the release of selenium in the power industry wastewater. Wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes that do not use forced oxidation will result in wastewater that contains selenium primarily in the selenite form. Wastewater from forced oxidation FGD scrubbers is predominately comprised of the selenate form of selenium.This paper will present a general overview of technically feasible selenium treatment technologies such as Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI), Ion Exchange (IX), Reverse Osmosis (RO)/Evaporator and Crystallizer, and biological treat-ment. Biological treatment will include anoxic/anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (FBR) and advanced biological metals removal (ABMet®) technologies. Selenium removal using biological treatment has been found very ef-fective for the removal of selenite and selenate. Under anoxic/anaerobic environment, certain heterotrophic fac-ultative bacteria will reduce the selenite and selenate in the wastewaters to elemental selenium, which in turn can be removed as insoluble non-hazardous solids along with bacterial solids. Pilot studies were conducted on the mining and refinery wastewaters using the anoxic/anaerobic FBR treatment technology for selenium removal. This paper will present the results of the pilot studies in addition to presenting the overview of other feasible physical/chemical selenium treatment technologies.

[ABSTRACT ID: 821]

ADVANCED TREATMENT OF URBAN WASTEWATER BY UV RADIATION: EFFECT ON ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA

RIZZO L.(1), FIORENTINO A.(1), ANSELMO A.(2)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno - Fisciano - Italy (1) Pluriacque - Prignano Cilento (SA) - Italy (2)

intRoduCtion Infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) often fail to respond to conventional medical treat-ment, resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. The occurrence of antibiotics and ARB in urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) and streams, make believe UWWTPs potential hot spots for resistance transfer and selection of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. In the present work, the effect of UV ra-diation lamp on antibiotic resistance and ARB inactivation was investigated and compared with conventional chlorination process; additionally, the photodegradation of selected antibiotics (Amoxicillin (AMX), ciprofloxacin (CPX), and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)) was also investigated.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Wastewater samples were taken downstream of biological process of a small UW-WTP located in the province of Salerno (Italy). Two different strains of Escherichia coli (higher antibiotic con-centration, HAC; lower antibiotic concentration, LAC) resistant to the target antibiotics were isolated from the wastewater sample and subsequently inoculated in previously autoclaved wastewater samples. UV radiation tests were carried out with 250 W wide spectrum UV lamp. Chlorination tests were carried out with a 2 mg/L initial chlorine dose (the same used in the UWWTP). Antibiotic resistance was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibit concentration (MIC), using E-test (Biomérieux). Antibiotics were measured by LC/MS (Waters). RESULTS: total inactivation by UV radiation was observed after 60 min in HAC E. coli strain inoculated waste-water; the same inactivation rate in chlorination experiment was observed only after 120 min. When the effect of disinfection process was investigated on LAC E. coli strain, total inactivation was not achieved also after 120 min; moreover, UV radiation process confirmed higher inactivation efficiency (37 UFC/100 mL, 120 min) compared to chlorination one (680 UFC/100 mL, 120 min). UV radiation also effected E. coli strain resistance to antibiotics; in particular, MIC for CPX (12 µg/L at t=0) started to decrease after 60 min irradiation (half of initial value achieved after 120 min). On the opposite, chlorination process did not result in any effect of antibiotic resistance also after 120 min. Moreover, wastewater samples spiked with the target antibiotics at 1 mg/L initial concentration respectively to evaluate their photodegradation, resulted in half-life time in the following order: CPX (t1/2=14 min) < AMX (t1/2=20min) < SMX (t1/2=25min).CONCLUSIONS: Unlike of chlorination process, UV radiation disinfection can decrease bacteria resistance to antibiotics. Actually, this effect strongly depends on bacteria type, bacterial strain and antibiotic. Accordingly, ARB may be released into the stream and horizontal transfer and selection of antimicrobial resistance genes among bacteria may occur.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 924]

ALGAL CYANOTOXIN PRESENCE IN LAKE USE FOR DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION AND IRRIGATION IN THE SOUTH OF ITALYGUZZELLA L., POZZONI F., GHISLANZONI L.

CNR-IRSA - Brugherio - Italy

The problem of the growth of cyanobacteria in the water resources used for drinking water production or for irrigation is an emerging problem for the management of these resources. In lakes around the world and even in fresh water reservoirs, the number of cases of algal blooms due to cya-nobacteria has increased in recent years. The development of these abundant blooms has become a serious environmental problem, since many species are able to produce cyanotoxins, as secondary metabolites, that are highly toxic to humans and aquatic organisms. In general, the toxicity of cyanobacteria blooms is due to the simultaneous presence of different toxins, whose relative proportions and spatial distribution may change, lead-ing to differences in toxicity of bloom (An et al., 1994).Microcystins, highly toxic cyclic peptides, are a group of hepatotoxins produced by a large number of aquatic species of cyanobacteria, such as Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix.A massive development of Planktothrix rubescens was observed in 2009 in a reservoir (Lake Occhito) used for crop irrigation and drinking water production in Southern Italy (Apulia Region). A one-year sampling cam-paign on the lake assessed the dynamics of phytoplankton cyanobacteria and the temporal evolution of toxin production. The endo-cellular microcystins were separated by filtration and extracted, after being frozen, with an organic solvent, while those in the dissolved water were concentrated on a C18 SPE but they were both analyzed by HPLC-DAD. The values of endo-cellular microcystins were compared to those of algal density and chlorophyll-a content.The microcystin detected was [d-Asp3] microcystin-RR, identified by retention time and spectrum comparing with a certified standard. Microcystin extra-cellular concentration were never above the WHO limits for drinking water use (1 µg/L) and the maximum level of dissolved microcystin was 0.7 µg/L on April 2009 sample. In the same sample the highest endo-cellular concentration (30.8 µg/L) of [d-Asp3] microcystin-RR was measured. As predictable, endo-cellular toxin was 90-95% of the total microcystin content; the endo-cellular content ranged from 10 to 40 times greater that the dissolved content. Acute toxicity tests (24 h exposure) with Thamnocephalus platyurus were carried on using endo-cellular and extra-cellular water extracts. Only the endocellular extract, 10 times concentrated, of April 2009, showed a measurable inhibition, pointing out that the acute toxicity effects on T. platyurus appeared starting from a con-centration of about 300 µg/L of [d-Asp3] microcystin-RR. The 24 h dose-response curve showed that the EC50 of [d-Asp3] -microcystin-RR to T. platyurus was 845 µg/L. Comparing with literature results, this microcystin is less toxic than microcystin-LR, but more toxic than microcystin-RR.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1040]

MONTHLY VARIATION OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH THE REMOVAL OF ANTHROPOGENIC MICROPOLLUTANTS IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES

TSENG L.(1), WU Y.(1), MCVEY M.(2), GORI R.(3), ROSSO D.(1)

University of California, Irvine - Irvine, CA - United States (1) University of California, San Diego - San Diego - United States (2)

University of Florence - Florence - Italy (3)

Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in general incorporate biological processes for organic matter and nutrient removal (BNR), during which EPS are produced by bacteria. EPS are believed to have a role in floc formation, cell protection, storage of enzymes, and means of cell-to-cell communication, though their composition and quantity vary with treatment processes, influent nutrients, and operational parameters such as solid retention time (SRT). Previous studies suggest wastewater EPS production may have a seasonal trend and activated sludge (AS) EPS tend to have higher protein content, however more EPS monitoring stud-ies are needed to provide more insight. Recent studies have shown EPS aiding the removal and biodegrada-tion of anthropogenic organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and endocrine disrupting compounds which have been detected in domestic wastewater. In addition, the tightly-bound (TB-EPS) and the loosely-bound (LB-EPS) EPS fractions may interact differently with micropollutants because of their different properties and composition. The objective of this study was to monitor EPS and test their correlation with the

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removal of selected anthropogenic micropollutants in two AS WWTPs: Plant 1 (16 MGD, 8.5-d SRT) and Plant 2 (5 MGD, 4.3-d SRT). The selected micropollutants were galaxolide (HHCB), diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), gemfibrozil (GMF), and bisphenol A (BPA).Our results show that EPS have a seasonal trend and positively correlated with temperature, particularly in Plant 1. Moreover, the monthly EPS production in Plant 2 varied greatly, this may be due to the chlorination of return activated sludge (RAS) to control foaming. We also found that HHCB correlated significantly with EPS and all their components in Plant 1. This was expected because of its hydrophobicity (log Kow = 6.1). In Plant 2, only NPX correlated significantly with two components of EPS, positively with LB-EPS and negatively with TB-EPS. HHCB had significant positive correlation with temperature in Plant 1 (r = 0.558, p <0.05), and GMF and DCF also had a significant positive correlation with temperature in Plant 2 (r = 0.501, p < 0.05 and r = 0.588, p < 0.01, respectively). This may imply increasing temperatures favor the adsorption of these micropollutants onto sludge solids. Our results also suggest that the removal of these micropollutants from wastewater correlated little with EPS production.

SESSION WATER - Constructed wetlands and phytodepuration

[ABSTRACT ID: 946]

COMPARISON OF INNOVATIVE CONSTRUCTED WETLAND CONFIGURATIONS AIMED TO AREA REDUCTIONFOLADORI P., RUABEN J., ORTIGARA A.R.C., ANDREOTTOLA G.

University of Trento - Trento TN - Italy

Constructed wetlands (CWs) demonstrated in the last decades an increasing interest at international level due to their low costs, sustainability and efficiency in the treatment of municipal wastewater. Although the increas-ing applications of CWs, improvements in the nitrogen removal performance coupled with the reduction of land area requirements are still a challenge to be addressed. Among the most promising techniques utilized in order to improve the nitrogen removal and reduce area requirement are the recirculation of treated water and the artificial aeration. Recirculation has been applied in hybrid HSSF + VSSF systems and in VSSF CWs (where the nitrified effluent is recirculated in the primary settler). Artificial aeration has been proposed to enhance HSSF CW systems: compressed air is diffused at the bottom of the bed by means of pipes. The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of innovative systems in the treatment of high hydraulic and organic loads and the possibility to reduce the area required for the system when compared to conventional CWs. COD and nitrogen removal was compared in four VSSF + HSSF configurations: two conventional configurations (Low Load and High Load) and two innovative configurations (High Load Recirculated VSSF and High Load Aer-ated VSSF). These four configurations were tested in a hybrid plant (VSSF + HSSF) with a surface area of 12 m2, located in a mountain region of the province of Trento (Italy). In the two innovative configurations, the VSSF system was operated with a valve at the bottom of the bed to maintain periodic partially saturated conditions in the bed. In the recirculated configuration periodic short recirculations were performed from the bottom to the top of the VSSF bed with the aim to improve spontaneous aeration and favour nitrification. The High Load Aer-ated VSSF was based on the aeration at the bottom of the bed. The typical cycle was based on the alternation of saturated (+ artificial aeration) conditions and unsaturated conditions. COD removal efficiency was always above 90% in all configurations, even with high organic loads (60-90 gCOD m-2 d-1 for the VSSF).The innovative configurations are promising in terms of total nitrogen removal: removed loads were 5.4 and 5.6 gN m-2 d-1 in the recirculated and the aerated VSSF configuration respectively, three fold higher than the total N loads removed in the conventional low load VSSF. The High Load Recirculated VSSF favoured the nitrification, while the High Load Aerated VSSF enhanced simultaneous nitrification and denitrification due to the low dis-solved oxygen concentration maintained in the bed.The extra investment needed to equip VSSF CWs with aeration/recirculation would be compensated by a lower area requirement. In fact the High Load Recirculated and the High Load Aerated VSSF operated at 1.5 m2/PE and 1.9 m2/PE compared to 3.2 m2/PE of the conventional low loaded VSSF.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 985]

MODELLING OF ARSENIC RETENTION IN SUBSURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDSLLORENS E., POCH M.ICRA - Girona - Spain

The presence of high arsenic concentrations in drinking water has been declared as a major risk to human health in many parts of the world. A suitable treatment of water supplies must face up the arsenic issue. An ec-onomically viable and alternative option of treatment is the constructed wetland (CW) technology. Modelling has emerged as a powerful tool for a better understanding of water treatment systems such as CWs. The present contribution presents the first step implementation of one of the most significant arsenic retention processes that take place within CWs (aqueous complexation and arsenic precipitation) in RCB (giving the RCB-ARSENIC model) and shows first simulation results. Those aqueous complexation reactions related to arsenic considered within RCB-ARSENIC were considered as equilibrium reactions. Only 7 mineral precipitation-dissolution reac-tions were included within the model: scorodite, mansfieldite, quartz, k-feldspar, muscovite and montmoril-lonite-mg. Three theoretical case studies (arsenite concentrations of 23.5, 50 and 100 ug/l) were simulated in order to test the resulting model. According to the results given, up until now it can be considered that the first step of the RCB-ARSENIC implementation provided quite good values.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1009]

DEVELOPMENT EVALUATION OF THE VETIVER GRASS (CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIOIDES) IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS SYSTEMS

OLIVEIRA E.L.D., MIRANDA-SANTOS L., AVELINO M.C.G.S., VON DREIFUS T., SILVA G.H.R.D.UNESP - Bauru - São Paulo - Brazil

The wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands system trying to breed the natural process, the aim of intro-ducing technology is to keep the purification processes under appropriate conditions. Vegetation planted acts as an extractor of essentials nutrients for its metabolism; transfer oxygen to the substrate; promotes the forma-tion of the active biofilms to degradation of the organic substances. The plant species used in this study is the Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides). It is a perennial grass, which supports large variations in water, room temperature and nutrient concentration. So, the aim of this work is to evaluate the development of Vetiver grass when applied to constructed wetlands systems in tropical climates. The wastewater treatment plant is kind of constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow system. The sewage treatment system consisting of four phases: preliminary treatment; primary treatment, secondary treatment, tertiary treatment. The last two phases match to the planted beds. The parameters analyzed are: conductivity, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen, color, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus and phosphate. To evaluate the performance of vetiver, will be observed the following parameters: height and color of leaves, and nutritional analysis (concentrations of macro and micro nutrients; productivity of green mass and dry mass; protein value, ability to extract nutrients and calculate of stock of nitrogen e phosphorus). The data obtained from sample collected of the beds will be compared with the control sample, which not receives effluent. From the results obtained will be possible to make inferences about the reduction of nutrient concentration presents in the treated effluent and the development of the plant. The values of radiation use efficiency describing high biomass production, the values obtained from vetiver (18 kg/ha per MJ/m-2) is similar to other plants with C4 metabolism, such as corn (Zea mays L.) with a 16 kg / ha per MJ/m2. Another important aspect about this plant species is not considered invasive, thus does not cause damage to the ecosystems where introduced. The high growth rate, combined with its tolerance to different environ-mental conditions, suggests that vetiver is an ideal plant for large-scale use in wastewater treatment, which was observed as after planting from individuals treated with water grew 12 cm in 40 days. Other researches demonstrate the great potential of vetiver grass to phytoremediation. Until this moment we can infer that the constructed wetlands are systems wastewater efficient and the vetiver grass is used worldwide in bioengineer-ing works, and their notoriety due to their efficiency in containing slopes, and its wide tolerance to different environmental conditions, so it may be appropriate to the constructed wetland systems.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1014]

PHYTOTREATMENT OF DIFFERENT WASTEWATERS BY USING OLEAGINOUS PLANTSLAVAGNOLO M.C.(1), COSSU R.(1), MALAGOLI M.(2)

Image dep., University of Padova - Padova - Italy (1) Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Padova - Padova - Italy (2)

A lab-scale research study was undertaken at the University of Padua in order to evaluate the phytotreatment efficiency of oleaginous plants used in the production of biofuels. Wastewaters used were grey waters and yellow waters (urine), separated through the use of a toilet with a control device to separate the fluxes and leachate from an old landfill. The species used for phytotreatment were Brassica napus (rapeseed), Glycine max (soybean) and Helianthus annuus (sunflower). Phytotreatment was conducted in pots featuring a volume of approx. 20 l for leachate treatment, and an approx. 300 l container for the treatment of grey and yellow waters. The substrates chosen for the plants growth were sandy soil and clayey ground. The study was performed in various phases and at increasing pollutant loads in time. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of using oleaginous species in the phytotreatment of grey and yellow waters, and for leachate particularly in view of the high removal efficiencies of pollutants obtained. The scarce inhibition registered in the growth of plants was not associated to the toxic effects of the pollutants present in wastewaters, but rather underlined the need to include yellow waters, rich in nitrogen, to compensate for the poor presence of nutrients in grey waters as the lack of phosphorus in leachate.

[ABSTRACT ID: 944]

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR MOUNTAIN REGIONS: INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF DISCONTI-NUOUS LOADS AND LOW TEMPERATURES

ORTIGARA A.R.C., FOLADORI P., RUABEN J., ANDREOTTOLA G.

University of Trento - Trento TN - Italy

Several communities in the Alps have varying populations due to the seasonal inflow of tourists. Constructed Wetlands (CWs) represent an effective wastewater treatment technology in such contexts. Vertical Subsurface Flow CWs (VSSF-CW) can effectively treat wastewater with high hydraulic and organic loads over limited peri-ods of time in summer where temperatures are favorable. Nevertheless, doubts remain on whether VSSF-CWs are applicable and efficient in winter. This paper focuses on the monitoring of COD and nitrogen removal per-formance in two VSSF-CW pilot plants during the winter period at temperatures of 2-10°C under the following conditions: (1) regular feeding conditions (continuous period); (2) discontinuous period with long idle periods (which may reduce the active biomass within the CW bed). Two outdoor pilot plant VSSF-CWs (surface area: 2.25 m2) were located in the Province of Trento (Italy) at 739 m a.s.l.: a Low-Load VSSF, reflecting local guidelines and a High-Load VSSF with higher loads applied. Total COD, soluble COD, TKN, NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N, TSS, PO4-P were measured. The influence of low temperatures (2-18°C) on the nitrification rate in CW cores and in the CW granular material (collected from the CW pilot plant) was investigated by using Ammonia Utilization Rate (AUR) tests, after the development of a specific AUR test suitable for application to CWs.During the continuous period, even if the applied organic load in the High-Load VSSF was 73.6 gCOD m-2 d-1 against 25.9 gCOD m-2 d-1 in the Low-Load VSSF, the COD removal efficiency was similar in the two lines (80% and 81% on average, respectively). During the discontinuous period, the COD removal efficiency decrease to about 65% in the Low-Load VSSF (where 3.2 m2/PE were applied) and to 55% in the High-Load VSSF (where 1.5 m2/PE were applied).TKN removal was 54% and 71% in the High-Load VSSF and Low-Load VSSF respectively during the continuous feeding period. With the discontinuous feeding, the TKN removal remained around 57% in the Low-Load VSSF but it strongly decreased in the High-Load VSSF. AUR tests on the CW lab core also showed a strong temperature dependency, with maximum specific nitrifica-tion rate (vN) values ranging from 14.5-16.2 gNH4-N m-2 d-1 at 18°C to 2.8 gNH4-N m-2 d-1 at 2°C. The granular material collected from the Low-Load VSSF with discontinuous feeding underwent a lab AUR test at 15°C and a recovery in NH4+ removal efficiency was observed, obtaining vN,15 of 7.2 gNH4-N m-2 d-1. Although the temperature has a great influence on TKN removal, the fact that the nitrifying biomass can quickly recover after the winter months makes CW plants suitable for those mountain communities whose population varies significantly throughout the year.

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SESSION WATER - Reuse and Recycling

[ABSTRACT ID: 1096]

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF WASTEWATER REUSEBERTANZA G.(1), ABBÀ A.(2), PAPA M.(1), PRANDINI F.(1), COLLIVIGNARELLI C.(1), PAPIRI S.(2), CORRADINI R.(3)

Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture, Land and Environment, University of Brescia - Brescia - Italy (1) Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, University of Pavia - Pavia - Italy (2)

Freelance consultant - Mortara - Italy (3)

Regulations on wastewater reuse are in force in Italy since 2003. Actually, within the EU, discussion is still un-dergoing, in fact no regulations are defined.Several research studies have been carried out on this topic in the last decades, so that plenty of scientific data are available. Moreover reuse practices are widely diffused, so that also many data from the field could be col-lected.From a general standpoint, two conditions must be fulfilled in order to consider wastewater reuse a suitable practice: (1) recovery must be carried out within absolutely safe measures for workers and the environment, and (2) technical-economic feasibility has to be demonstrated.While these two conditions are relatively easy to be checked when a single situation is studied, on the contrary, large scale evaluations (e.g. hydrographic basin scale) are more complex. From the other hand, it is well estab-lished that water management has to be conducted at the hydrographic basin scale. Evaluation tools are then required, so as to assess reuse feasibility. Actually, the lack of reliable evaluation criteria leads people in charge of environment government to keep conservative positions (i.e. reuse is forbidden), which, in short, causes the missed recovery (i.e the wastage) of material resources (water and nutrients).In this work, technical-economic indicators have been developed for this scope. The research was conducted in cooperation with ISPRA (the National Environment Protection Agency).Proposed indicators give a synthetic (but reliable) evaluation of:a. the wastewater treatment plant: its performance (treatment efficiency and reliability) is assessed, based on a

simplified statistical analysis of operation data;b. the hydraulic system required to transport the water from the treatment plant to the user: the estimation of

size and costs of pumping stations, pipelines etc. is carried out;c. possible advantages for the user: it is evaluated in terms of water availability and water quality in comparison

with the present situation.As an example, the treatment plant performance, with respect to the substance xi, is represented by the indica-tor Ii, which is calculated as:Ii=(zi-1)/(zi(zi-2)) with -2<Ii<+2where zi depends on the effluent concentration xi, EFF, with respect to the effluent standard xi, LIM:if: xi, EFF ≤ xi, LIM then zi = xi, EFF / xi, LIMxi, EFF > xi, LIM then zi = (xi, EFF + xi, IN - 2∙xi, LIM) / (xi, IN - xi, LIM)xi, IN being the influent concentrationThis evaluation procedure was tuned by applying it to several real cases: about ten plants have been investi-gated, where reuse is already practiced or where feasibility studies are in course.The application of the proposed evaluation tool could be successfully adopted by governance authorities for deciding whether and under which conditions wastewater can be reused, so as to optimise the resource valo-risation at the large scale.

[ABSTRACT ID: 787]

“BEYOND THE FENCELINE” APPROACH FOR THE INDUSTRIAL WATER RE-USE IN ITALYZAFFARONI C., CATTANEO S.

CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy

The area, located in the northern part of the Adriatic Sea, is characterized by very stringent water discharge limits, and faces also a highly fluctuating population due to tourism needs and the presence of a major indus-trial area, including energy and chemical plants, requiring high amounts of different quality waters. A total of 30.000.000 m3/year of surface water is needed for potable/industrial use.

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Water distribution and collection in the area involves two main stakeholders:• a public operator: responsible for the potable water distribution to the town and to the industrial site, and

for the municipal wastewater collection and treatment and for the industrial wastewater treatment and dis-charge.

• a private operator: responsible for the water intake, treatment and distribution and for the wastewater collec-tion at the large industrial area and other minor industrial settlements nearby;

The stakeholders hired CH2M HILL to evaluate possible synergies in order to improve the conservation of sur-face water, and thus a more sustainable use of territory. The study considered: • Different re-use factors and reclaimable water sources;• Different needs of plants installation/modification with valorization of most recent units and substitution of

the older ones; • Economical aspect (capital and operational costs) of each option.The “Beyond the Fenceline” approach (i.e. municipal effluent as a water source for industrial area) was identi-fied as most appropriate solution and developed into a basic design with cost estimate. The oldest line of the municipal WWTP will be transformed into a membrane biological reactor, whose permeate will feed a new nanofiltration unit (installed at large industrial site, replacing part of the existing units). The NF permeate will be directly used for industrial purpose and fed to the existing demi water plant.The overall surface water consumption saving of 8.000.000 m3/y will be coupled with a 50% reduction of the amount of total nitrogen discharged to the sea.An overview of the project is provided, focusing on process design criteria/solutions and available technologies adopted to promote water reuse.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1138]WASTEWATER REUSE FOR ENERGY CROPS IRRIGATION:

CO2 BALANCE IN SIMPLIFIED TREATMENT SCHEMESMANCINI I.M.(1), MASI S.(1), CANIANI D.(1), COLUCCI V.D.(1), CHIARULLO L.(2), CHIOLA S.(1), LABELLA A.(1)

Department of Engineering and Physics of the Environment, University of Basilicata - Potenza - Italy (1) FEEM - Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei - Viggiano (PZ) - Italy (2)

The objective of this study is the assessment of the environmental sustainability of urban wastewater reuse for irrigation, by the CO2 emissions balance.The wastewater for reusing is obtained by modifying a conventional activated sludge process with Ludzack-Ettinger scheme. The proposed scheme is able to remove pathogens and dangerous components for the environment, but it is able to release nutrients useful for fertigation of energy crops.The proposed plant has a significant operational flexibility, guaranteed by the possibility of gradually chang-ing the plant configuration passing from the configuration for energy crops irrigation to that for discharge into receiving water bodies.The innovative feature of this research is the assessment of the budget of climate-changing greenhouse gas emissions caused by the simplified treatment for controlled release and reuse of reclaimed wastewater.Numerical simulations have been carried out by implementing, using SIMULINK - MATLAB code (The MathWorks, Inc.), the ASM1 model (Activated Sludge Model No. 1), developed by IWA (International Water Association). The innovative aspect of the research is the fact that the stoichiometric matrix of the ASM1 model have been modified, in order to obtain equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases directly from the mass balance equations.The developed model is able to estimate the emissions of equivalent CO2 in function of: energy consumption due to wastewater biological treatment, according to the simplified schemes of controlled release; alkalinity control; variation of sludge production as a function of different plant configurations; energy consumption for sludge management; GHG emissions by sludge disposal in landfill; production of fertilizers and agronomic re-covery of nutrients released by the proposed treatment.The created model is therefore able to perform a continuous monitoring of equivalent CO2 emissions from a wastewater treatment plant.The aim is to assess the evolution of greenhouse gas emissions due to changes of possible adopted treatment schemes, and to estimate the amount of emissions. The advantage is that with the same system, setting up a plant configuration rather than another, we can define the quality level of the effluent that may be more suitable for irrigation of energy crops or for the protection of a receiving water body.

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The new controlled-release scheme produces wastewater with high concentrations of fertilizers and nutrients, such as stabilized nitrogen and organic matter, but minimizing risks for the environment, in order to minimize total emissions of equivalent CO2.In addition, it is possible to choose the optimal plant configuration that allows the lower emissions of green-house gases, while ensuring an efficient treatment of wastewater.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1078]

RAPID SAND FILTRATION FOLLOWED BY H2O2/UV COMBINED TREATMENT - CASE STUDY MANCASALE TERTIARY TREATMENT PILOT PLANT FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE OF WASTEWATER

PARABITA C.(1), FONTANI N.(1), GUGLIELMI L.(1), CANOVI L.(1), SORLINI S.(2), GIALDINI F.(2), SANTORO D.(3), MANTOVI P.(4)

Gruppo IREN - Reggio Emilia (RE) - Italy (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio e Ambiente (DICATA) dell’Università di Brescia

Brescia (BS) - Italy (2) Trojan UV - London, Ontario - Canada (3)

Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali (CRPA) - Reggio Emilia (RE) - Italy (4)

The effluent from the Reggio Emilia wastewater treatment plant (named Mancasale, 280.000 PE), located in the region Emilia-Romagna which is part of the Po river basin, has the potential to be reclaimed and reused in ag-riculture in order to satisfy the irrigation demand of approximately 2.000 hectares cultivated with quality crops for food and feed productions, such as maize, grassland, lucerne, tomatoes and vineyard.The tertiary treatment, aimed at achieving a wastewater quality suitable for reuse in agriculture under the limit-ing conditions fixed by Italian legislation (Ministerial Decree n.185 of 12 June 2003), has been designed basing on the pilot tests conducted with advanced water treatment technologies for purification and disinfection.Experimental trials carried out enabled the comparison of the following different combined processes and their mix: a) rapid sand filtration, b) ozonation, c) hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane, d) H2O2/UV combined treat-ment, e) rapid sand filtration + ozonation, f) rapid sand filtration + H2O2/UV combined treatment.Influent and effluent wastewater from each treatment were collected daily, pointing out anomalies and vari-ances with regard to initial start-up. Pilot plant running data were matched to chemical-biological parameters of influent/effluent waters. Results demonstrated that waters potentially in conformity with limit values required by the Italian Ministerial Decree n. 185/2003 derived from: c) hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane, e) rapid sand filtration + ozonation, f) rapid sand filtration + H2O2/UV combined treatment.Considering experimental results, option (f) was evaluated as the best solution from the technical-economical point of view.The pilot plant based on rapid sand filtration + H2O2/UV combined treatment reduced TSS of about 100% and microbiological parameters of about 99% (coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella). Mineral oils, a critical parameter in comparison with the limit fixed by Italian legislation, were reduced more than 50% using H2O2 without UV. For mineral oils at 3-6 mg/l H2O2, concentration the removal rate reached 90-100%, in any case satisfactory even at 1,5 mg/l H2O2 concentration. The disinfection treatment based on UV was very ef-ficient already at low rates (10-45 mJ/cm2).Rapid sand filtration followed by H2O2/UV combined treatment resulted a simple, flexible and cost-effective sustainable process, respectful of Italian Legislation parameters; the possibility to modulate the above two treatments, depending on wastewater use (for irrigation or not) and their chemical characteristics, is essential. For these reasons, the real scale tertiary treatment plant, based on the above mentioned combined technolo-gies, will be realized on industrial scale in Mancasale plant.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 901]

COMBINED TREATMENT OF SONICATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION FOR WASTEWATER REUSE IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

CARETTI C.(1), COPPINI E.(2), GORI R.(1)

Università degli Studi di Firenze - Firenze - Italy (1) GIDA SpA - prato - Italy (2)

This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at estimating the efficiency of the combined pro-cess of ultrafiltration (UF) and ultrasound (US) for the refinement of wastewater to be reused in wet textile pro-cesses. Two different dead-end hollow fibers UF pilot plants operated in parallel, the first one manufactured by Inge (in/out, J=60 l/m2/h) and the other one by Polymem (out/in, J=25 l/m2/h). The US pilot plant consists of a 140 l reactor, equipped with 24 transducers working at 350 kHz, characterized by a sonication density of 4.7 W/l.The combined treatment of UF and US was experienced on pilot scale for the treatment of two different efflu-ents. The first one is the secondary effluent of the Baciacavallo WWTP, which treats part of the effluents of one of the largest textile industries district in Italy (Prato), and the second one is the effluent of a dye house (King Color) located in Carpi, another important Italian textile district.Before to be discharged in the Ombrone river, the Baciacavallo WWTP secondary effluent is refined using a coagulation-flocculation treatment and ozonation. A share of the reclaimed wastewater undergoes further refinement (coagulation-flocculation, low pressure sand filtration and ozonation) and is distributed to about 90 textile industries by means of an industrial aqueduct. According to the experimental results within the Ba-ciacavallo WWTP, the combined treatment of UF and US guaranteed the compliance with the target values for wastewater reuse in wet textile industries. The process was as efficient as the present refinery treatment and less influenced by the quality variation of the influent. Moreover, the high efficiency of UF to remove solids and to gain low levels of SDI makes this solution particularly appropriate for the textile industries which use the reverse osmosis treatment before the dyeing process. As far as the King Color dyehouse WWTP effluent is concerned, the configuration of sonication followed by ultrafiltration gave the best results in terms of both the effluent quality and the UF sustainable flux values. Since in this case no dilution with municipal wastewater and other finishing processes is occurring, a higher dilution with fresh water is necessary for reusing the refined effluent. As a matter of fact, in the case of the King Color refined effluent a dilution of 50% is necessary, while for the Baciacavallo refined effluent a dilution of 30% is sufficient.Because of the promising results obtained with the pilot scale trials, pre-industrials scale plants have been installed both within Baciacavallo and King Color WWTP. Experimental trials on pre-industrials scale plants are still ongoing: the results and the cost analysis will be presented in the final manuscript.This study is part of the Research Project PURIFAST (Purification of industrial and mixed wastewater by com-bined membrane filtration and sonochemical technologies) LIFE+ ENV/IT/000439.

[ABSTRACT ID: 810]

USE OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL WATER TOOLS TO IDENTIFY IMPACTS, RISKS AND MANAGEMENT RESPONSES

MARINETTI M.(1), DELL J.(2), ZAFFARONI C.(1)

CH2M HILL - San Donato Milanese (MI) - Italy (1) CH2M HILL - Santa Ana (CA) - United States (2)

Access to clean water has emerged as a critical issue affecting economic activity, development, and business around the world. Water availability and discharge practices are becoming critical factors in industrial and en-ergy production operations. A company’s license to operate is often linked to its ability to manage water issues to the satisfaction of stakeholders. Moreover, natural resources – metals, crude oil and natural gas – are often extracted in ecologically sensitive areas, using water-intensive processes that can also generate large amounts of produced water.Companies that understand the trends shaping the global business environment will be better positioned to iden-tify new market opportunities, mitigate risk, develop sustainable water strategies, and create shareholder value.This paper presents tools created by three business consortium organizations to help individual companies and other organizations to better understand what emerging water issues might mean for them, given their opera-

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tions, needs, and circumstances and to build a business water strategy. CH2M HILL led the development of the tools with the business organizations. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Global Water Tool is a tool for companies to map their industrial and non-industrial sites to view a picture of their water uses and risks relative to water availability in their global operations and supply chains. The tool allows a company to: • Compare its water use with validated information on the availability of water and sanitation, both on a country

and watershed basis. • Calculate water consumption and efficiency. • Establish relative water risks in the organization’s portfolio. • Create key reporting indicators on water, inventories, risk, and performance metrics. • Facilitate effective communications between internal and external stakeholders on the company’s water is-

sues.The International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) worked with WBCSD to create a customized Global Water Tool for the Oil and Gas sector. This tool employs a value chain approach by considering water use in each part of the oil and gas value chain.The GEMI Local Water Tool is a tool to help companies in evaluating external impacts, business risks, opportuni-ties and management plans related to water use and discharge at specific site or operation, providing following features:• It helps companies assess external impacts, business risks, opportunities and manage water-related issues

at specific sites.• It provides interconnectivity between global and local water risk assessments and a uniform approach be-

tween site assessments. • It provides a central repository of information to create reports for internal and external stakeholders.This paper presents an overview of the tools and provides two case studies of the Global Water Tool and the Local Water Tool.

SESSION WASTE - Technical visit and session on WTE processes

[ABSTRACT ID: 954]

THE “GERBIDO CASE STUDY” - DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE WTE PLANT IN TURINBENZI F., RAPALI M.

Trattamento Rifiuti Metropolitani - Torino - Italy

The presentation will focus on the Gerbido case study, highlighting the main aspects: the WTE plant process and technical characteristics, its inspection Organizations, its funding arrangements, the opening and the progress of the construction’s site work emphasizing the care for the workers safety.First of all, the exposition will explain the WTE plant project, currently under construction, with special attention to the flue gas cleaning system and to the devices for the whole process control. Referring to the environmental impact, we will emphasize the planning of an environmental monitoring already during the construction phase.Then, we will introduce the role of supervisor organizations, which are many more than those required by law: in addition to ARPA (Regional Agency for Environmental Protection), in fact, a Comitato Locale di Controllo (Local Committee for Control) was established for increasing the community protection; it is composed by representa-tives of political and technical local municipalities most affected by the WTE and can wield a privileged control from planning to the management phase of the WTE plant.The presentation will then focus on the financing of the WTE plant: after defining the overall financial require-ments of Gerbido project and their coverage, we will focus on the distinctive features of bank loans in project finance modality and on their implications on the definition of waste disposal tariff.Focusing on the construction’s site work, the current progress of the work will be described, underlining the TRM’s attention to the workers safety: in addition to law requirements, our Company came to an agreement with an organization composed both by construction companies and trade unions; it has the task to assist TRM in promoting, training, counseling and monitoring in order to prevent accidents. Finally, honoring the values TRM has always supported, we will describe the efforts to ensure transparency to institutions, stakeholders and local community; in fact, we recently inaugurated a Visitors Center for welcoming visitors. It contains many information supports, both traditional than multimedia.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 989]

ACTIVATION OF INCINERATOR BOTTOM ASH IN CEMENTITIOUS BLENDS: LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF PRODUCTS

ONORI R., POLETTINI A., POMI R.Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” - Roma - Italy

Bottom ash (BA) is the major solid residue of waste incineration, and qualitatively the material most suited for reuse among the solid residues of the process. The similarities in physical properties and content of major ele-ments between construction materials and incinerator BA make it virtually suited for recycling as a substitute for natural aggregate. While commonly practiced uses rely on an implicitly assumed inert behaviour of BA, its chemical reactivity under alkaline and oxidizing conditions is also widely documented; known drawbacks of this include H2 production, hydration of Ca and Mg oxides and ettringite formation with associated expansion and cracking. An alternative approach involves promoting the transformation of reactive compounds in BA (i.e., the unstable amorphous phase and Ca, Si and Al minerals) to improve its technical properties for reuse. In the proposed paper, an experimental investigation on the effects of alkaline activation of incinerator BA on the material’s reactivity in cementitious blends will be presented. The study was focused on producing alterna-tive construction materials from incinerator BA. The activation treatment was aimed at dissolving the alumino-silicate phases of BA, making the constituents available for pozzolanic-type reactions. Hot slurry-phase alkaline activation made use of different Ca-, Na- and K-based compounds (CaCl2.2H2O, CaSO4.2H2O, NaOH and KOH) added at 0, 2 and 4% dosages.Cement-based blends were prepared using 0, 20 and 40% wt. of alkali-activated BA. The mixtures were cast in 30-mm cubic moulds, stored at 40 °C and relative humidity (RH) > 90% for 24 h, then demoulded and allowed to cure at 40 °C and RH > 90% for different curing times.The present work specifically focuses on the release of major elements and trace metals from the mixtures, so as to assess the potential environmental impact of the materials and gain an insight into the mechanisms governing the release of contaminants from the hardened matrix. To this aim, the EN 12457 and EN 14429 (ANC) leaching tests were applied to the hardened materials after the specified curing times. Geochemical modelling of the ANC eluates was conducted using Visual Minteq as the mathematical code, after a careful revi-sion of the thermodynamic database to include relevant solid phases for cement-based systems. Geochemical modelling provided information on the mineral phases responsible for the release of major elements from the hardened materials and also indicated the role played by surface sorption onto amorphous Fe and Al minerals on Pb leaching. The leaching of the other trace metal cations investigated could not be explained by any pure mineral included in the thermodynamic database used nor by sorption onto reactive surfaces, suggesting they were present in the materials in the form of complex minerals or phase assemblages for which no consistent thermodynamic data are presently available in the literature.

[ABSTRACT ID: 957]

CHARACTERIZATION OF BOTTOM ASH FROM RDF HIGH-TEMPERATURE GASIFICATION PLANTS – ASSESSMENT OF LEACHING BEHAVIOUR AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

GORI M.(1), PIFFERI L.(2), SIRINI P.(1)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Florence - Florence - Italy (1)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” - Rome - Italy (2)

Bottom ash (BA) accounts for most of the overall residues coming from waste-to-energy plants, therefore, reuse of this material has a high priority with respect to integrated solid waste management. Several coun-tries, especially in Northern Europe, allow the use of BA for construction-related applications, with beneficial effects for what concern the reduction of the amount of residues to be landfilled and the partial substitution of nonrenewable natural resources. In this context, in the present study an investigation about the physical and technical properties, the chemical and mineralogical composition and the leaching behaviour of BA was carried out, with the aim of assessing the most appropriate treatment options. Two samples of BA were collected after quenching from two municipal fixed-bed Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) high-temperature gasification plants. Since different studies demonstrated that BA exhibits chemical and morphological characteristics depending upon its particle size distribution, laboratory investigations were conducted with reference to different grain size classes. Preliminary results of physical and geotechnical characterization indicated the suitability of vitrified BA for reuse

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in the field of civil engineering: the grain size distribution curves allowed to classify both samples with a judg-ment as excellent to good for road sub-base; specific gravity value was determined for one of the two analyzed samples and it resulted to be just a little bit higher than characteristic soil values and results from compaction tests highlighted that the sample seemed to be not appreciably affected by crushing and susceptible to higher compaction energy application. Chemical characterization showed a marked difference in behaviour and qual-ity for the two considered materials, however, for both samples, chemical composition indicated that Fe, Mn, Cu and Cr were the most abundant metals, with a slight enrichment in the finest fractions. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the materials contained large amounts of glass. This aspect was also confirmed by the results of availability and Acid Neutralization Capacity (ANC) leaching tests. Suitability of samples for inert waste landfilling and reuse was evaluated through the leaching test EN 12457-2: in one sample the concentration of all metals was below the limits set by law, while limits were exceeded for Cu, Cr and Ni in the other sample, where the finest fraction showed to give the main contribution to leaching of Cu and Ni.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1091]

A SUBSTANCE FLOW ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION- AND GASIFICATION-BASED WASTE-TO-ENERGY UNITSDI GREGORIO F.(1), ARENA N.(2), ARENA U.(2)

Department of Environmental Sciences - Caserta - Italy (1) AMRA - Analysis and Monitoring of Environmental Risk - Napoli - Italy (2)

The waste management systems that are operating successfully worldwide demonstrate that no one process is suitable for all the municipal solid waste streams, and that no single waste management practice, be it landfill-ing, recycling, biochemical or thermochemical conversion, can handle the full array of waste types. They also confirm that thermal treatment of unsorted residual waste is an essential component of any sustainable waste management system, which plays a number of crucial roles (reduction of waste mass and volume; saving of landfill space; recovery of minerals from the solid residues; destruction of a number of waste contaminants; reduction of GHG emissions from anaerobic decomposition of the organic wastes; sustainable recovery of solid waste energy). They are generally reported as waste-to-energy (WtE) units even though their implementation is driven more than by energy production by the dramatic reduction of waste volume (this is the case of countries as Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Japan and Singapore, where it is always more difficult to find ad-equate new sites for sanitary landfills).WtE plants can be grouped into two main categories: combustion-based and gasification-based technologies. The first includes mass burn incineration in moving-grate and fluidized bed reactors: it is a well established technology, with about 1000 plants in operation, having a capacity that ranges from 50 to 750kt/y. The second includes gasification in fluidized bed, moving-grate, rotary kiln and shaft reactors: it involves more complex processes and is less proven on a commercial scale, even though about 100 gasification-based WtE plants, having a capacity that ranges from 10 to 250kt/y, are in continuous operation by years, mainly in Japan but also in Korea and Europe. Therefore, gasification could today be proposed as a viable alternative solution for a WtE treatment, which is also able to provide a dramatic reduction of the amount of residues that must be disposed in landfills. On the other hand, it appears premature to indicate the gasification as a strong competitor for com-bustion systems, at least for any size of WtE plants. The paper aims to provide data for a critical analysis of the two WtE options, by proposing a comparison be-tween a combustion- and a gasification-based process carried out in a moving-grate furnace and in a high temperature shaft reactor, respectively. Data from several units in operation have been processed by means of the Material and Substance Flow Analysis, which develops a systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials and elements within a system defined in space and time, by connecting the sources, the pathways, and the intermediate and final sinks of each species in a specific process. The obtained different layers of the MFA/SFA highlight, in particular, the patterns of crucial elements (such as carbon, hydrogen, mercury and cad-mium) in the different output streams of the two compared processes.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 941]

POTENTIAL OF BIO-DRYING FOR GENERATION OF SOLID RECOVERED FUEL FROM WET ORGANIC SUBSTRATES

RADA E.C.(1), APOSTOL T.(2)

University of Trento - Trento - Italy (1) University Politehnica of Bucharest - Bucharest - Romania (2)

Bio-drying is one of the aerobic Biological Mechanical Treatment (BMT) available for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management. Its aim is the modification of the waste characteristics to increase its Lower Heating Value (LHV). An additional advantage is the easier removal of glass, metals and other inert materials from waste through a post-selection receiving the whole waste stream and giving a Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) as output. This SRF is considered biomass opening to the incentives market for renewable energy.In this paper experimental results regarding the bio-drying process applied to various organic substrates (re-sidual MSW, sewage sludge mixed with MSW and exhausted grape marc alone) are presented to understand its potential as a pre-treatment of waste different from MSW alone. The originality of the proposed approach of co-treatment is based on the concept that the role of bulky agent for sludge bio-drying is made by the bulky fractions of MSW (plastics, etc.), avoiding the conventional bulky agents suggested in the literature. The analyzed option can be an alternative to the conventional sludge treatment op-tions. In particular, the construction of a specific thermo-chemical plant could be avoided as the SRF generation favors co-combustion strategies in existing industrial plants.Bio-drying of exhausted grape marc can be an alternative to thermal drying generally performed in the sec-tor by an integrated plant of thermal-pre-treatment and combustion. This integration has the disadvantage of requiring a centralization of pre-treatment. Grape marc bio-drying could open to a decentralized pre-treatment of this organic substrate before a centralized combustion. In all the experimental cases the process allowed increasing the specific LHV of the treated materials. In case of residual MSW bio-drying the post-selection acts as a second step of energy concentration, giving a result highly depending on the residual MSW food waste (FW) content, that is affected by the strategy and efficiency of selective collection (SC). The experimental run of sludge co-bio-drying demonstrated how the final result depends on its moisture and stabilization. In case of exhausted grape marc bio-drying, the LHV reached by the process demonstrates that grape marc can be converted in a SRF, having in general low Chlorine and Mercury content. The studied cases demonstrated that the biodegradability of the waste to be bio-dried is not the only parameter to be taken into account: the presence of non-combustible materials, to be separated by a post-selection, can guarantee an additional increase of the specific LHV. This is the case when residual MSW is treated or co-treated. According to the obtained results, mixing sewage sludge and residual MSW could give important alter-natives to the conventional solutions for sludge management. The case of grape marc cannot take advantage of post-treatment of non-combustible materials separation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1079]

CO2 ABSORPTION INTEGRATED WITH CARBONATION OF APC RESIDUES FOR ALKALI REGENERATION AND CO2 STORAGE IN A PILOT-SCALE BIOGAS UPGRADING PLANT

BACIOCCHI R.(1), COSTA G.(1), LOMBARDI L.(2), OLIVIERI T.(2), CAPOBIANCO O.(1), ZINGARETTI D.(1)

University of Rome Tor Vergata - Rome - Italy (1)

University of Florence - Florence - Italy (2)

There are several cases of landfills or anaerobic digestion plants throughout Europe where biogas upgrad-ing through CO2 removal is applied with the aim of using the upgraded gas, mainly made up by methane, in vehicles or of injecting it into the natural gas grid. All these applications have the common feature of removing CO2 from biogas without focusing on the fate of the separated carbon dioxide, which is usually re-emitted into the atmosphere during the system regeneration phase. This issue has been considered in this paper, that reports about the results obtained within the LIFE08 ENV/IT/000429 UP-grading of landfill gas for lowering CO2 emissions (UPGAS-LOWCO2) aimed to the development and implementation of a pilot-scale biogas upgrading plant based on coupling CO2 capture by chemical ab-sorption with an aqueous solution of KOH, with a step aimed at regenerating the KOH solution and storing CO2

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in a solid, stable and environmentally sound form. The latter process relies on the reaction between the load solution (rich in K2CO3), obtained from the capture step, with alkaline industrial residues (rich in calcium), such as steel slags, incineration residues and waste cement, through the well known causticizing reaction. Among the tested industrial residues, those collected from the Air Pollution Control (APC) section of a sanitary waste in-cineration plant were selected as the most suitable for this process, based on their composition and mineralogy. This paper focuses specifically on the design of the carbonation-regeneration section of the pilot-scale plant and reports on the results obtained by operating the pilot-scale unit, located within a landfill site in central Italy. The design was performed relying on lab-scale tests performed using the spent solution collected at the outlet of the pilot-scale absorption column. These tests allowed to verify the operating conditions of the washing steps required to improve the material leaching behaviour and of the carbonation step. Moreover, the solid-liquid separation process required at the end of each of the above steps was investigated through specific sedimenta-tion tests, that allowed to select vacuum filtration as the most suitable separation technology and to properly select the filter media. Finally, the properties of the solid and liquid products of each treatment step were ana-lyzed in order to evaluate the possibility of their direct disposal or the need for a further treatment to comply with legislative requirements. The operation of the pilot-scale, started at the end of 2011 and expected to be completed by mid 2012, basically proved the concept behind the process, allowing to optimize the washing, carbonation and separation cycles in order to achieve a KOH regeneration efficiency as close as possible to the 90% value measured at lab-scale. The data collected will also be used to perform an energetic assessment of the proposed process and to compare it with other upgrading options.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1105]

REUSE OF MSWI RESIDUES FOR CONCRETE PRODUCTION: COMPARISON BETWEEN MASS-BURNING AND FLUIDIZED BED BOTTOM ASHES

COLLIVIGNARELLI M.C.(1), ABBÀ A.(1), SORLINI S.(2), CASTAGNOLA F.(1)

University of Pavia - Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering - Pavia - Italy (1)

University of Brescia - Department of Civil, Architectural, Landscape and Environmental Engineering - Brescia - Italy (2)

In 2009, in Italy, the production of municipal solid waste was greater than 32 million of tons (ISPRA, 2011). The incineration percentage reached the 14.3% (ISPRA, 2011) and the production of bottom ashes raised to 900,000 tons approximately.The investigation of different recovery and reuse solutions becomes essential to avoid the landfill disposal oper-ation. The material recovery/reuse is also provided and encouraged by Legislative Decree 152/2006 (amended by Legislative Decree 205/2010).The reuse of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues (actually, about 40% of the global amount of slags) should be therefore improved with the aim of reducing landfill volumes.The aim of the present work was to assess the reuse of MSWI residues as alternative aggregates for concrete production. In this study different kinds of residues were analyzed: exhausted sands and bottom ashes derived from fluidized bed incinerators, bottom ashes derived from mass-burning kiln and soil washing residues.Some concrete mixtures were casted (adopting different type or dosage of residues and cement) by replacing natural aggregates with the residues. In particular the bottom ash derived from mass-burning kiln was also pre-treated with a soil washing process to reduce the pollutants content. Mechanical properties (compressive and tensile strength) and environmental compatibility (leaching test) were investigated on the concrete mixtures.Moreover, some concrete products (kerbs, drainage channels, ecc.) were casted; all products were character-ized according to technical norms.Regarding the mechanical characterization, the best results were obtained using the bottom ashes derived from fluidized bed incinerators. The use of unwashed mass-burning bottom ashes lead to an excessive reduction of compressive strength.The concrete products made of recycled aggregates show lower physical and mechanical strength than the natural materials, but their characteristics are acceptable according to the technical norms.Regarding the leaching test, the reuse of unwashed mass-burning bottom ashes is not allowed, because the contaminants release is higher than limit values (Ministerial Decree 186/2006); the washing process is required for the complying of these values. The pollutants release from the concrete mixtures containing the studied residues (washed bottom ashes from mass-burning kiln, exhausted sands and bottom ashes derived from fluidized bed incinerators) is very similar

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for the concrete made by natural aggregates; so the “recycled concrete” showed a good environmental com-patibility.Finally, the reuse of the considered residues (with the washing pre-treatment for the mass burning residues) is possible, both from technical and environmental point of view.

[ABSTRACT ID: 822]

WASTE INCINERATION: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT KIND OF ENERGY RECOVERYPANEPINTO D., GENON G.

Politecnico di Torino - Torino - Italy

The actual attention to the necessity to improve innovative systems of energy recovery, together with the posi-tive trend of increase of the wastes, both from the qualitative (as the content of parts that can be reutilized is concerned) and from the quantitative point of view, leads to the need for today to consider systems of waste disposal/treatment that allow a volumes reduction and at the same time an energy and also, if it is possible, a materials recovery. The incineration is absolutely a system that offers both the mentioned opportunities (volume reduction and energy recovery).In fact the incineration is a rather developed system for wastes elimination based on their energetic charac-teristics; in these years we have assisted to a considerable improvement both as for the efficiency of the plant, and also the environmental impact containment.The aim of this work is to analyze the wastes incineration plant under construction in Turin (Piedmont, North Italy). This incineration will be able to treat 421.000 t/y of wastes with a pci = 11 MJ/kg so the thermal power will be 206 MWth. The technology will be a grate combustor, the flue gas treatment will be constituted by an electro filter for the dust reduction, a dry scrubber for the acid gases reduction, injection of CaOH for the reduction of inorganic and organic components and a SCR system for the NOx reduction; the energy recovery will be ob-tained by a boiler and a stream turbine. In this work we evaluate, in particular, the energetic recovery system. We analyze two different kinds of energy recovery: from one side a recovery only of electric energy (electrical structure) and on the other side a recovery of both electric and thermal energy (cogenerative structure). The possibilities of substitution of existing energy generating systems are obviously different.These two different kinds of energy recovery are analyzed using the following tools: mass and energy balance in order to obtain information concerning the advantages or disadvantages derived from the two different en-ergetic recovery structure as it concerns the emissive fluxes environmental balance, externalities balance and cost analysis in order to obtain results concerning the economic and socio – economic aspects of the two dif-ferent energetic recovery structure and the application of pollutant dispersion models in order to obtain results concerning the air quality derived from the two different type of analyzed structure.

INTERNATIONAL IWA CONFERENCE on Autotrophic nitrogen removal: from research to applications

[ABSTRACT ID: 1450]

NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR THE APPLICATION OF ANAEROBIC AMMONIUM-OXIDIZING BACTERIAKARTAL B.

Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Department of Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen - Netherlands

Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria convert ammonium directly to N2 with nitrite as the ter-minal electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen. It is a cost-effective and environment-friendly alternative to conventional nitrification/denitrification nitrogen removal systems. Currently, this process is only applied for ammonium removal from wastewater streams with high ammonium load and high temperature. Nevertheless, recent results obtained with laboratory-scale bioreactors suggest that the field of application of the anammox

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process may become broader in the near future. New possible routes of application include using the anam-mox process to remove (1) nitrogen oxides (NOx) in combination with partial nitrification, (2) nitrate coupled to organic acid oxidation and (3) methane in combination with nitritereducing anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria. The current paper summarizes these recent results and discusses the possibilities of utilizing them for wastewater treatment.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1440]

REDOX STRATIFIED BIOFILMS TO SUPPORT COMPLETELY AUTOTROPHIC NITROGEN REMOVAL: PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS

SMETS B., PELLICER-NÀCHER C.Technical University of Denmark - Kgs. Lyngby - Denmark

After 10 years of pilot and full-scale studies, completely autotrophic nitrogen via coupled aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidation is now firmly established in the wastewater treatment community. The reasons for the popularization of the technology are numerous, but the most attractive are probably the savings in energy con-sumption due to reduced aeration, the possibility of running the process without addition of an external carbonsource and the low amounts of sludge generated.Membrane-aerated biofilm reactors (MABRs) have been used in practice for more than 20 years in order to treat concentrated wastewaters. This technology consists of the installation of aeration membrane modules in completely mixed reactors. The purpose of the installed modules is not only to supply the electron acceptor required for completing a certain biochemical reaction, but also to serve as substratum for biofilm development. This unique configuration allows higher oxygen transfer efficiencies than conventional aerators. The resulting biofilms differ from conventional co-diffusion biofilms found in MBBRs or RBCs in the fact that the oxic biofilm region is in contact with the biofilm substratum and not with the bulk liquid. If operated properly, MABRs yield compact and homogeneous redox-stratified biofilms capable of hosting side-by-side aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities.We have recently demonstrated that completely autotrophic nitrogen removal is feasible in MABRs at nitrogen removal rates as high as 5.5 g-N/m2/day in lab-scale reactors loaded with synthetic wastewater (8 g-N/m2/day) and compressed air (1.6 atm) with N2O emissions 100-fold lower than conventional co-diffusion systems. A detailed study of the microbial community with Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization revealed a very stratified biofilm structure with aerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria dominating the areas of the biofilm closer to the membrane surface while anaerobic oxidizing bacteria populated mainly the outer biofilm region. The biofilm was approximately 500-micrometer thick and featured both aerobic and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacte-ria in compact reaction zones about 100-micrometer thick separated by an intermediate zone with low or null metabolic activity.Both identified microbial communities showed a very low diversity and were dominated by halophilic and halo-tolerant Nitrosomonas sp. and Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1458]

COMBINED NITRITATION ANAMMOX: PROCESS CONTROL FOR A HIGH STRENGTH SUPERNATANT WITH LOW BUFFERING CAPACITY

JOSS A., KIPF M.Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology - Dübendorf - Switzerland

A pilot scale study is presented on process control for treating high strength supernatant (ammonia concen-tration of 3 gN∙L-1) and low buffering capacity with the single stage nitritation/anammox process. To achieve stable operation pH control was required: at pH <7.0 prompt oxygen depletion was slowed down due to decreasing activity of ammonia oxidizing bacteria. At pH >8.0 free ammonia caused partial inhibition of the anammox activity. Avoiding low pH is achieved by base addition while high pH is controlled by feeding the supernatant in multiple aliquots. Threshold values for starting and stopping the feed are NH4 + concentration and pH respectively.Further foam and suspended solids are shown to negatively influence process performance: in the range of 25 to 50 mL antifoam per m3 of supernatant treated did allow reaching N removal activities of at least 0.8 kgN∙m-3∙d-1. Methods for avoiding feeding supernatant containing suspended solids as well as the mechanism how solids from anaerobic digestion cause activity loss are currently being studied.

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The detail of the process control are presented with the scope to discuss process stability, widen the applicabil-ity of combined nitritation/anammox and therewith provide the basis for an informed comparison of different treatment options, i.e. suspended sludge vs. granular and biofilm reactors.Keywords Anammox, Foam, Nitritation, pH control, process stability.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1193]

TESTING THE ANAMMOX PROCESS UNDER DIFFERENT INHIBITING CONDITIONSLOTTI T.(1), CAFFAZ S.(2), LUBELLO C.(3)

Tu Delft - Delft - Netherlands (1) Publiacqua Spa - Firenze - Italy (2)

Università degli Studi di Firenze - FIRENZE - Italy (3)

The anammox process is nowadays considered as a feasible and advantageous alternative in the field of waste-water treatments, despite many aspects of the catalyzing microorganisms are still matter of scientific discussion and investigation. The critical aspect of the process still lays on the typical low kinetics of the anammox bacte-ria. The low growth rate makes the process less resilient than conventional treatment and it can become crucial in presence of inhibitors. The characteristics of the concentrated wastes treated with the anammox process (i.e. digestate, landfill leachate) sharpen this problem and make necessary an accurate evaluation of the inhibitory potential of different compounds under different operative conditions. In this work is presented an assay of research studies on inhibitors conducted by our group, with special emphasis on the inhibitory effect of nitrite.One of the most critical aspects in the anammox process stability is nitrite, since it is the electron acceptor in the process and converted by anammox bacteria, but also a potential inhibiting compound. This inhibition is however not consistently reported in literature.The wide range of observations regarding nitrite inhibition makes it difficult to predict, model or design anam-mox-based technologies. The authors therefore made an in depth evaluation of the conditions at which nitrite toxicity occurs (time, presence of oxygen/ammonium), and whether those conditions influenced the severity of the effect. Particular emphasis is laid on the recovery of anammox bacteria after exposure. The effect of inhibi-tors on the anammox activity was evaluated by means of standardized manometric batch tests. This technique was also applied to assess the inhibitory effect of two heavy metals (such as copper and zinc) as well as of two broad spectrum antibiotics (such as oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole) typically present in the wastewater originating from swine breeding.The use of manometric batch tests carefully operated is clearly a simple and powerful method for a reliable quantification of inhibition effects in controlled conditions.Especially concerning nitrite, despite earlier reports on potential nitrite toxicity for the anammox process, this study shows that inhibition levels of nitrite are rather high (IC50 of 0.4 g N L-1) and that biomass relatively quickly (and totally) recovers from high nitrite concentrations. All our experiments showed that the longer the time biomass is exposed to high nitrite concentration, the more severe the inhibition.Regarding the inhibitors present in swine wastewater, representing an effluent with high inhibitory potential, the short-term tests do not seem to be of particular concern. However, the effect on the long period remains unknown, since gradual accumulation phenomena may cause effects still not sufficiently evaluated.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1188]

APPLICATION OF ANAMMOX PROCESS TO THE MAIN STREAM OF WWTPSMORALES N., VAL DEL RÍO Á., VÁZQUEZ-PADÍN J.R., MÉNDEZ-PAMPÍN R.,

MOSQUERA-CORRAL A., CAMPOS J.L.

University of Santiago de Compostela - Santiago de Compostela - Spain

The regulated limits of nutrients content in wastewater previously to disposal are becoming increasingly strin-gent. In order to cope with these regulations the application of treatment systems to achieve high nitrogen re-moval efficiencies is necessary. Furthermore the concerns of energy consumption in the wastewater treatment plants are also increasing in importance. Conventional biological nitrification and denitrification processes, used to remove nitrogen from urban wastewater, are considered as quite inefficient from an energetic point of view. Nowadays the application of Anammox based processes to the main stream in the WWTPs is proposed as an

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interesting option to provide better energetic efficiencies. According to this strategy organic matter and nitrogen are removed, the former will be removed either by an anaerobic psychrophilic digester or an aerobic stage operated at a low solids retention time followed by an anaerobic digestion of the generated sludge in order to minimize the oxygen requirements and maximize the methane production. Then ammonia coming from these units will be removed by a CANON system.Until now the Anammox based processes have only been applied at full scale operated at temperatures in the optimum range values between 30-40 ºC. However, some research works have been performed at lab scale on Anammox operated at relatively low temperatures (15-25 ºC). Furthermore since both, biomass growth rate and the yield coefficient, are very low the start-up of Anammox systems at low temperature will take long time. In these conditions the key factor, for the appropriated operation of the process, is the achievement and maintain-ing of relatively high biomass concentrations inside the reactor to compensate for the activity decrease at the low temperature conditions. To overcome this drawback reactors with large retention capacity, as the granular or biofilm systems, are required together with the use of Anammox based systems as Anammox biomass producers like those treating the supernatant of sludge digesters operated at optimum temperature and high ammonia concentrations.Several factors are crucial for the appropriated performance of Anammox based systems operated at low tem-peratures. First to control the nitrite oxidation is neccesary in order to provide enough substrate and avoid its inhibitory effects guarantying the effluent quality. Then, low dissolved oxygen concentrations should be main-tained in order to avoid nitrite oxidation to nitrate which would limit the nitrogen removal capacity of the system via Anammox process. Furthermore regarding the quality of the obtained effluent the nitrate produced can compromise the levels of total nitrogen and make this effluent unsuitable for disposal. This nitrate could be removed by means of the denitrification process using either organic matter, methane coming from the anaerobic digester treating the effluent wastewater or elemental sulphur as electron donor.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1428]

AUTOTROPHIC NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM DIGESTED AGRO-WASTESCANZIANI R., FICARA E., SCAGLIONE D., TELI A., TORNOTTI G., MALPEI F.

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR, Environmental Section - Italy

Partial nitritation followed by anaerobic ammonia oxidation is a viable option for treating supernatants from anaerobic digestion that are reach in nitrogen and poor in readily available carbon sources. Limited experiences are available on digested wastes from agriculture and animal farming, whose disposal is a key issue in many Italian and European regions, due to land shortage for manure disposal. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the applicability of the anammox process to digestate of agro-wastes. In particular, two critical is-sues were addressed: 1) solid/liquid separation of the agriculture digestate and 2) the possibility to apply the anammox process to the liquid digestate fraction, after partial nitritation, in spite of the high variability in the characteristics of the agricultural digestate. As for the S/L separation of digested agro-wastes, results suggested that digestate conditioning (coagulants and flocculants) and the usage of a decanter centrifuge are necessary to meet TSS values in the liquid phase suitable for biological processes (~ 1 gTSS/L). With regards to the application of the anammox process two lab-scale reactors were used: the first was oper-ated as sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a prolonged feeding phase and short settling time. The second was a membrane bioreactor (MBR), with a hollow-fiber module (ZW1, GE Water & Process Technologies, Italy, nominal pore size of 0.04 µm, membrane surface of 0.093 m2) and was fed continuously. Both reactors were inoculated with granular anammox sludge from a full scale reactor (Rotterdam, NL) and were operated with a HRT of 2-3 d. The initial feed was made of a typical mineral medium for anammox bacteria and nitrogen loading rate (NLR) was 450-500 gN/L/d. Later, the wastewater from another pilot SBR operating in nitritation-denitritation mode, fed on the supernatant from a full-scale digester treating thickened piggery manure, poultry manure and agro-wastes was blended at increasing percentage (10%, 25%, 40%, 70%, 100%), while adjusting the nitrogen loading and the NH4/NO2 ratio (kept between 0.9 and 1.1 to work under nitrite-limiting conditions) by adding NaNO2 and NH4Cl.Results suggest that both reactor types allowed to support a stable anammox process and could efficiently remove the nitrogen load (between 74 and 87%) as soon as the percentage of real wastewater in the feed was up to 70%.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1234]

PANAMMOX®: A TWO-STEP AUTOTROPHIC N REMOVAL PROCESS FOR HIGH LOADED NITROGEN LEACHATES

COLPRIM J.(1), GANIGUÉ R.(2), RUSCALLEDA M.(1), ELORDUY M.(3), BALAGUER M.D.(1)

LEQUIA-UdG - Girona - Spain (1) LEQUIA-UdG, AWMC-UQ - Brisbane - Australia (2)

CESPA - Barcelona - Spain (3)

Mature landfill leachate are characterized by high nitrogen concentration and low biodegradable organic matter (OM) content. Their treatment using conventional biological nitrification/denitrification processes is economi-cally expensive due to the high aeration costs and the need for external carbon addition. Fully autotrophic nitro-gen removal processes based on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation pathway are a cost-effective alternative for the treatment of rich-N waste streams with low bCOD/N. In this light, this paper presents the PANAMMOX® process, a combined two-step partial nitritation(PN)/anammox process for the treatment of mature leachate. Experiments were conducted in two pilot-scale SBR. Successful and stable partial nitritation was achieved in the PN step, producing a suitable influent to feed an anammox reactor. Conversion was controlled by the bicar-bonate to ammonium influent molar ratio. The subsequent anammox reactor was started-up and acclimated to mature landfill leachate with high nitrogen concentration. The reactor treated a NLR of 0.4 kgN•m-3•d-1. The PANAMMOX® process allowed removing around 80-90% of the nitrogen present in the leachate.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1204]

APPLICATION OF THE SNAD PROCESS TO MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LEACHATELANGONE M., ANDREOTTOLA G.

Civil and Environmental Department, University of Trento - Trento - Italy

Although the concept of sustainable waste management is being increasingly supported by regulators and the general public, landfilling of waste continues to be a significant waste management method. One of the main problems directly related to landfill is the formation of landfill leachate. The old landfill leachate, which treat-ment is the focus of this research work, is characterized by very low biodegradable COD (CODbio) and high ammonium (N) concentration resulting in a very low CODbio/N, high refractory organic matter, some heavy metals, alkalinity, hardness, salinity and numerous other substances that can be considered as pollutants. The amount of CODbio is usually not enough to carry out the removal of nitrogen by the conventional nitrification-denitrification processes, ensuing in an expensive treatment due to the higher costs of the oxygen furniture and the external carbon source addition.Since the discovery of anammox bacteria the theory of biological nitrogen removal has been extended to novel nitrogen metabolic pathways and new strategies have been adopted in order to optimize pollutant removal ef-ficiencies and sustainability of the biological processes. The aim of this study was to characterize and treat an old landfill leachate using an innovative biological treat-ment based on Simultaneous partial autotrophic oxidation of ammonium to nitrite (partial Nitritation process) followed by an autotrophic anaerobic ammonium oxidation via nitrite (Anammox process) and Denitrification process for treating old landfill leachate. The process, called SNAD process, under oxygen limitation, has a high potential for a complete conversion of ammonium and biodegradable organic carbon to N2 and CO2 in one single reactor.For this project, preliminary batch studies on synthetic wastewater, which composition was similar to that of old landfill leachates, was conducted in a 4 L reactor, equipped as a Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) at 30°C. A syn-thetic wastewater with NH4+-N and biodegradable COD concentration of 1000 and 1300 mgL-1, respectively, corresponding to NLR (nitrogen load rate) of 0,25 kg m-3d-1 and OLR (organic load rate) of 0,39 kg m-3d-1 was used. A NH4+-N and TN removal of 99% and 92% was observed, respectively. A high COD removal was observed (~ 50%). Good results were achieved when old landfill leachate was used as influent. The old landfill leachate used in our study was characterized through chemical and respirometric analysis. The characteristics were high soluble COD content (~80% of total COD) and low particulate COD. Further only 6 % of soluble COD was readily biodegradable COD (RBCOD) while the largest part of organic matter was mainly refractory organics, resulting in low CODbio/N and RBCOD/N ratios (<1; <0.1). A NH4+-N and TN removal of 72% and 65% was observed, respectively. A lower COD removal was observed (20%) probably due to the presence of non-biodegradable organic matter in the leachate. Furthermore, operational conditions during nitrogen and

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COD removal processes were monitored in order to achieve a relationship between the organic and nitrogen degradation, the harmonious and balanced bacteria interaction with variations of Dissolved Oxygen, ORP and pH in the SNAD process.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1164]

THE ANAMMOX®-REACTOR USING GRANULARS FOR A SUSTAINABLE HIGH RATE AMMONIUM REMOVAL

RECIPES FOR A GOOD ‘ZUPPA DI POMODORO’KRUIT J., HUELSEN T., HENDRICKX T.

Paques - Balk - Netherlands

There is an increasing interest in anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, organic waste and industrial effluents for a sustainable way of purification and production and utilization of biogas. Dewatering liquors from sludge treatment and effluents derived from anaerobic treatment of industrial processes contain significant amounts of nutrients. Dedicated separate treatment of these liquors by the so-called ANAMMOX® process and struvite processes reduce energy consumption and allow nutrient recovery. Because of the awareness of society con-cerning energy reduction there is today a market boost for anammox installations. Paques from The Netherlands has developed the so called ANAMMOX® reactor in which partial nitritation and the anammox reaction occurs simultaneously in one single process unit. The ANAMMOX® reactor is a continu-ously fed with waste water and aerated. NH4-N and TN removal efficiencies of > 90 % and > 80 % are reached. The anammox conversion is optimal at temperatures between 30 - 38 oC and is between 1.5 – 2.5 kg N/m3.d. The biomass generated in the ANAMMOX® reactor is of a granular nature and has a typical red-brown colour caused by specific enzymes. The reactor is equipped with a tilted plate settler mounted at the top of the reactor ensuring effective biomass retention. Granular biomass has shown to be to be less susceptible for incidents with high solids or COD and the system can tolerates peaks of COD/N > 6 and TSS/N > 3 . The granules showed also to be resilient in coping with potential inhibiting components. Prolonged exposure of granular anammox biomass to nitrite levels up to 50 mg/l did, in contrast to flock-type biomass, not result in inhibition of the bacteria. The granular anammox biomass has been used to inoculate other reactors for the biological start-up. Depending on the amount of granular anammox biomass used start-up times of newly built ANAMMOX® reac-tors have been reduced to 1-2 months.To date there are nine full-scale ANAMMOX® reactors in practice and seven under design and construction. The reactors built vary in capacity from 60 to 11,000 kg/d. Design considerations, long term operation perfor-mances, challenges to overcome and future direction will be presented

[ABSTRACT ID: 1464]

EXPANDING DEMON SIDESTREAM DEAMMONIFICATION TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS MAINSTREAM APPLICATION

B. WETT (1), S.M. PODMIRSEG (2), M. HELL (3), G. NYHUIS (4), C. BOTT (5), S. MURTHY (6)

ARAconsult - A-6020 Innsbruck (1) Austria, University of Innsbruck - Innsbruck, Austria (2)

Waterboard AIZ, HNr.150 - Strass i.Z., Austria (3) Cyklar-Stulz GmbH - Gommiswald, Switzerland (4)

HRSD - Virginia Beach, USA (5) DCWATER - SW Washington, USA (6)

A cross-Atlantic R&D-cooperation involves 3 large utilities investigating feasibility of mainstream deammonifi-cation – i.e. application of partial nitritation/anammox for full-plant treatment of municipal wastewater at ambi-ent temperatures. Two major process components have been implemented, 1) bioaugmentation of aerobic- and anaerobic ammonia oxidizers (AOB and AMX) from the DEMON-sidestream sludge liquor treatment to the main-stream and 2) hydro-cyclones to select for anammox granules retaining them in the system. Different operation modes have been tested in lab- and pilot-scale in order to promote short-cuts in nitrogen removal metabolism. At the full-scale installation at Strass WWTP stable repression of nitrite oxidizing biomass (NOB) for several months now has been achieved. Significant anammox enrichment in the mainstream has been monitored while high efficiency in the sidestream-process has been maintained (96% ammonia removal in annual average).

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1235]TREATMENT OF SLUDGE LIQUOR WITH DEAMMONIFICATION:

CLEARGREEN PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY ASPECTSLANDES N.(1), GRASSI D.(2), GANGAL M.(3), GRAVELEAU L.(4)

Degremont North American R&D Center - Ashland, VA 23005 - United States (1) Degremont Italy - Milano - Italy (2)

Degremont Technologies Suez Environnement - Richmond - United States (3) Degremont - Suez Environnement - Rueil Malmaison - France (4)

INTRODUCTIONWastewater treatment is facing the objective of energy saving, one solution is to promote recovery of energy. Sludge digestion is an easy way to create energy in a plant but it also increases the nutrient load of nitrogen. The part of the nitrogen load of the recycled digester supernatant usually represents close to 13%. This article deals with the treatment of high concentrated ammonium with partial nitrification and de-ammo-nification reactions in an industrial pilot. Application of that process on real case is detailed in a second part. METHODSThe pilot is operated as an SBR (Sequenced Batch Reactor) and treats up to 3.3 m3/d of centrifuged super-natant coming from digested sludge dewatering (detailed of the operational conditions and analytical dosage, presented in full paper). RESULTSThe SBR pilot was inoculated with conventional activated sludge, coming from the wastewater treatment plant. The mean characteristics of the centrate (detailed in full paper) is very representative of that influent. The figure below represents the nitrogen concentration of the influent and effluent. We can notice that partial nitrification is installed in less than 15 days and stable during all the piloting study (over 400 days). The air regulation associated with the process conditions is the main condition to control partial nitrification. After 50 days of stable partial nitrification (days 60 to days 110), de-ammonification reaction occurred without specific anammox bacteria inoculation. The loading rate is progressively increased in 30 days to the maximum ammonium concentration (800 mg/L) without limitation of the removal rate of nitrogen. The process is regulated by specific software, patented by Degremont. It controls the oxygen concentration and the aeration period to oxidize only a part of ammonium to nitrite (de-tailed in full paper). DISCUSSION The reaction of partial nitrification and de-ammonification can be use to improve the treatment of concentrated ammonium of digestate. This nitrogen loading representing about 13% of the nitrogen load of raw water, is fully treated (nitrification and denitrification) with an air reduction of about 60% and no carbon compared to conven-tional nitrification and denitrification. An example of the benefits for a wastewater plant will be detailed in the full paper. CONCLUSIONSThe objective of that project was to start de-ammonification process without specific sludge inoculation or nutrient supply at an industrial pilot scale. A well regulation of the aeration period led to a fast start up in less than 4 months, leading to high nitrogen loading rate (0.7 kg N/m3/d) with no troubles of the removal rate during more than 1 year. Today Degremont proposes the new product Cleargreen™ based on that results. It completes the sludge di-gester by allowing an economic way to treat the additional nitrogen load coming from the centrate.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1192]

THE “ANITA™ MOX PROCESS” - EXPERIENCES FROM START-UP AND OPERATION OF DEAMMONIFICA-TION MBBR PLANTS

WELANDER T.(1), CHRISTENSSON M.(1), EKSTRÖM S.(1), ANDERSSON CHAN A.(2), LEMAIRE R.(3)

AnoxKaldnes AB - Lund - Sweden (1) Tekniska Förvaltningen - Växjö - Sweden (2)

Veolia Water Technical Department - St-Maurice - France (3)

ANITA™ Mox is a new 1-stage deammonification MBBR developed to be an energy and cost efficient nitrogen removal process, robust and simple to operate. Nitrogen removal takes place in the biofilm on the suspended

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carriers where simultaneous partial nitritation by ammonium oxidizing bacteria occurs in the outer aerobic layer and anaerobic ammonium oxidation by anammox bacteria is performed in the inner anoxic biofilm layer. An innovative seeding strategy, the “BioFarm concept” has been developed in order to decrease the start-up time of new ANITA Mox installations. Typical 3-15% of carriers from the “BioFarm”, with already established anam-mox biofilm, are added to the new MBBR installations. The first ANITA Mox plant, started up in 2010 at Sjölunda WWTP in Malmö, Sweden, proved this seeding concept, reaching an ammonium removal rate of 1.2 kgN/m3.d and approximately 90% ammonia removal within 4 months from start-up. This first ANITA Mox plant is also the BioFarm used for forthcoming installations. With a flexible design, consisting of 4 MBBRs of 50m3 each, differ-ent selection of suspended carriers are used in order to meet specific requirements such as compactness, cost efficiency and energy efficiency. Typical features of this first installation were low energy consumption, 1.5 kW/NH4-Nremoved, low N2O emissions, <1 % of the reduced nitrogen and very stable and robust process towards variations in loads and process conditions. With a new aeration control system, based on on-line measure-ments of ammonia and nitrate, an optimized balance of ammonia and nitrate in the effluent and an overall high removal capacity could be obtained while minimizing the aeration cost. The second ANITA Mox plant, started up at Sundets WWTP in Växjö, Sweden, reached full capacity with more than 90% ammonia removal within 2 months from start-up. In this refurbished 350m3 reactor, existing fine bubble aeration is used together with Anox K5 carriers. By applying a nitrogen loading strategy to the reactor that matches the capacity of the seed-ing carriers, more than 80% nitrogen removal could be obtained throughout the start-up period. Anoxic activity batch-tests, where ammonium and nitrite was present in excess, showed a maximum anammox capacity on the seeded Anox K5 carriers of 12 gN/m2.d. If substrate limitations could be overcome, this corresponds to a potential maximum reduction capacity of > 4 kgN/m3 at 43% filling degree applied at Sundets treatment plant.

SESSION WASTE - Italian Brazilian Symposium on Sustainable landfilling and solid waste management

[ABSTRACT ID: 1120]

THE MODERN ROLE OF LANDFILLING AS A FINAL SINK REPOSITORYCOSSU R.

University of Padova, DICEA - Padova, Italy - Italy

The disposal of wastes on the ground, which may go under many names and implicate a wide range of pro-cesses, is an undeniable reality, being a mandatory aspect in closing the material cycle. The key parameter in the assessment of environmental impacts associated with waste management is mass flow, which should be carefully monitored to avoid the risk of creating environmental imbalance for both or-ganic and inorganic substances. The mass flow of emissions (liquid, gas, solid) associated with waste disposal should be monitored in both the short- and long-term. As for all types of environmental issues, the key factor in controlling pollution is represented by limiting the mobility of those elements, the quantities or form of which are not in equilibrium with the environment. For our purposes we mobilize substances and elements from geo-logical deposits (i.e. mineral and ore deposits, oil reservoirs) where they are present in a non-mobilizable form or in a form not directly available to the environment. These substances are mobilized as we need them to meet the requirements of our life-style. These substances will contribute towards the generation of wastes during their extraction and use and may lead to uncontrolled distribution of these same substances into the environ-ment. Even at the low concentrations established by regulations, these emissions may result in widespread environmental pollution. The task entrusted to environmental engineers is to close the mass balance between mobilized and immobilized substances in such a way that the largest possible part of the substances mobilized returns in the shortest possible time to its non-mobilizable form, thereby minimizing the risk of exposure to uncontrolled emissions.This simple principle should act as the main driver in designing a landfill today. On the one hand we should be able to guarantee, for both the short and long term, the environmental protection by limiting the mobilization of substances present in leachate and in landfill gas - by installing appropriate barriers and emissions treatment - whilst at the same time achieving, in the shortest possible time span, a final waste quality and overall structure capable of ensuring an equilibrium between the landfill and the environment. On the other hand, the landfill can act as a final sink for the stable, non-mobilizable substances which we no longer require and –at least on the medium term- want to isolate from the environment (sink concept).

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To conclude, landfill, conceived as the long-term burial of waste, is an unavoidable virtuous system implicated in the control of the environmental mobility of elements. A modern landfill will be called upon to carry out the following fundamental roles: environmental sustainability and final geological sink.The paper will present a theoretical mass balance describing practical examples on how to achieve the above mentioned goals.

[ABSTRACT ID: 797]

REVISITING PARADIGMS ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BRAZILDIAS NETO A.A., SANTOS MORAES L.R.

Federal University of Bahia - Salvador/BA - Brazil

Challenges for Solid Waste Management (SWM) has become increasingly complex due to the intensification of the means of production and products offered, increase in consumption and diversification of materials avail-able on the market, and due to the disposable nature that has been given to the materials as well as. Due to the relevance of the topic and the promulgation of Law 12.305/2010 (National Policy on Solid Wastes) in Brazil, literature has been reviewed aiming to introduce the reader to the advances and limitations noted in the publi-cations on the subject and point out issues that deserve more attention by the state. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to conduct a discussion about the theoretical and conceptual paradigms of Solid Waste Manage-ment.For the preparation of this paper a critical literature review was carried out on the subject in consultation pa-pers, technical and scientific journals, books and web addresses.The paper revisits the subject by presenting the different views of the SWM over the years up to the concep-tualization of Integrated and Sustainable Solid Waste Management, understood as the practice that considers the whole process, since the generation of waste and including the maximization of its reuse and recycling, the process of treatment and disposal, and the appropriateness to local conditions in technical, social, economic, financial, institutional and environmental terms.Developing countries also face the challenge of overcoming the problems that arise from improper SWM, how-ever without aggravating social problems of those who have recyclable materials as a source of income and even as a direct source of food. The issue of the SW disposal has become a social problem to the extent that access of workers to their source of income has become increasingly more restricted with the implementation of environmental sanitation fa-cilities more suitable for pollution control. Recyclable materials have gained social importance as source of income to a significant number of workers, unskilled enough to face an increasingly exigent labor market. Such exigency is due to the current economic system that transforms the access to education and information into a commodity.The discussion in this paper indicates that the main challenges of the SWM will be achieved only with govern-mental initiatives for formulation and implementation of public policies and measures related to SWM issues. These issues include the causes of the rising generation of waste and their adverse effects considered in the recent National Solid Waste Policy of Brazil (Federal Law 12.305/2010).

[ABSTRACT ID: 903]

THE EVALUATION OF SMALL LANDFILLS CONCEPTION IN BRAZILIWAI C.K.(1), HAMADA J.(2), PAGANINI W.D.S.(3), ELIS V.R.(3), BELLEZONI R.A.(2)

CETESB - São Paulo State Environmental Company - São Paulo - SP - Brazil (1) UNESP - State University of São Paulo - Bauru - SP - Brazil (2)

USP - University of São Paulo - São Paulo - SP - Brazil (3)

The small landfills, normally in ditches, are specific installations aiming at operational simplicity and cost re-duction, to meet the technical and economic capacity of small municipalities. Practical experiences have been applied initially in the São Paulo State, Brazil, with the installation and operation of these units. Currently, this technique is regulated at the federal rules, focusing on the compatibility of design, operation and environmental requirements, associated with the site characteristics. However, the technique simplification has been ques-tioned, especially regarding the possible contamination of the soil and the underground water.

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An initial evaluation of the small landfills conception, especially in their potential to change the quality of groundwater and soil, was presented. Therefore, two landfills in ditches in the Sao Paulo State were selected, situated in Angatuba and Jaci cities, considering different physical characteristics, especially the soil type and the groundwater level. The soils were characterized based on geotechnical parameters, and monitoring wells were installed to evaluate the groundwater quality.Geophysical tests were performed by electrical pathway in these sites, seeking a correlation with ditches age and also with the analytical results of water and soil quality. The soil of the landfill A (Angatuba) is clayey, but with a high content of iron and aluminum, structured by concretioned nodules, which provide high permeability. The depth of the water table ranged from 7.9m to 3.2m from upstream to downstream. The soil of the landfill J (Jaci) is fine sandy and the depth of the water table ranged from 21.4m to 17.3m from upstream to down-stream.For the landfill A, it was observed that the waste changes the chemical properties of soil, that was affected by leachate percolation, altering pH and Redox Potential. These changes are specific and in the consequence of the higher permeability of the ground. But at the same time the high clay content contributed to lower mobiliza-tion of contaminants. For the landfill J, the results were more suitable, mainly by shallow waste ditches, deep water table and the relatively high clay content in the soil, just over 20%. The geophysics over the ditches indi-cates a initial tendency to increase the electrical conductivity, reaching peaks in the second year. Then, there is a tendency to dissipation of the plume with gradual reduction of electric conductivity, indicating the occurrence of natural attenuation, both on the ground and inside the ditches.It is concluded that, for the parameters and conditions evaluated at the present time, there is no migration of contaminants through the groundwater. In general, little relevant changes and mobilizations were observed, es-pecially considering that such sites do not have liners. In this way, until this moment, the research corroborates the adequacy of landfill in ditches, as a transitory solution to the final disposal of municipal solid waste from small municipalities.

[ABSTRACT ID: 823]

MODEL FOR ESTIMATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM MSW ORGANIC FRACTION AFTER REACTIVATION

PANEPINTO D., GENON G., BORSARELLI A.Politecnico di torino - Torino - Italy

The environmental impact arising from destination of the undifferentiated fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be substantially limited and controlled if correct management of the different components is orga-nized, and for this purpose specific treatments are required. In particular, the non-combustible fraction deriving from preliminary waste mechanical treatment processes cannot currently be directly introduced in landfills, but it must receive an appropriate pre - treatment in order to limit the production of leachate and biogas.Biogas in particular has a double environmental aspect: on the one hand it can be a valid and acceptable source of energy due to the great concentration of methane contained in it, from the other side it can produce significant worsening phenomena when it is released into the atmosphere, being the methane the second greenhouse gas in order of importance (after the carbon dioxide, with a GWP 20 times higher); there are also smelling aspects that must be considered.Taking into account these two counteracting aspects, it is very important to know the potential production, in or-der to adopt best technologies for control, of biogas that can arise from different materials after different treat-ments and immission in landfill, and for this task it is very important the use and validation of suitable models.In literature there is a large number of examples of predictive models for the biogas production from landfills: these models can be usefully adopted for predictive evaluations, and they must be validated in order to assess the productivity and profitability of energy systems for the exploitation of traditional landfills, in presence of undifferentiated MSW. For different MSW originated materials and for different strategies of operation in the landfill, it is necessary to assess and to verify specific predictive models, convenient for the specific case. With this aim in the present work we evaluated the applicability and we defined the required change in struc-ture and parameters of two largely diffused mathematical models (known as Andreottola & Cossu and USEPA models), for application to anaerobic digestion of a biodried waste deriving from a mechanical treatment plant located in Piedmont (Northern Italy). In particular, we applied the algorithms aimed at modeling the potential methane production to represent some experimental data produced by laboratory biogas production tests where real waste samples were used as feed materials for digestion.

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In particular, and besides the theoretical fundamental aspect, this can be considered the most interesting operative aspect of this work; the elaborations present the innovative aspect to be suitable for application to a specific stabilized waste present in landfill, after its reactivation obtained by injection of water or leachate.

[ABSTRACT ID: 858]

LANDFILL GAS EMISSIONS FROM A CONTROLLED SITE WITH DIFFERENT COVER CONDITIONSCAPACCIONI B.(1), CORIGLIANO G.(2), DE ROSA S.(3), TATANO F.(4), VISCIONE A.(4)

Department of Earth and Geological-Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna - Bologna - Italy (1) ASET Holding S.p.a. - Fano - Italy (2)

ASET S.p.a - Fano - Italy (3) DiSBeF – Department of Base Sciences and Fundamentals, Section Biomia,

University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” - Urbino - Italy (4)

According to the European Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC) and the related Italian Legislation (‘‘D.Lgs. No.36/2003”), monitoring and control procedures of landfill gas (LFG) emissions, migration and external disper-sions are requested. These procedures could be particularly interesting in the situation of a controlled landfill presenting old and active sections with different cover conditions (i.e., temporary and/or final covers). In this context, a significant case-study situation is represented by the “Fano” controlled landfill for non-hazardous waste (Marche Region, Central Italy), which is owned and operated by the ‘‘ASET” public multi-utility group since the year 1978. Over this long operation time, the “Fano” landfill site has been progressively structured with different waste placement sections. As far as the summer 2010 status is concerned, the “Fano” landfill is comprehensive of diversified sections/sub-sections with particular cover conditions. Precisely, the oldest and inactive Section ‘’1” is equipped with a final, composite cover system consisting of non-compacted clay layer, compacted clay layer, geotextile-geonet-geotextile layer, and top soil. Particularly in summer 2010, the top soil of Section “1” was naturally covered by spontaneously growing and dense herbaceous vegetation. Differently, the subsequent and inactive Section ‘’2” is comprehensive - as for the summer 2010 status - of three parts with diversified cover conditions: (1) the predominant areal portion named Sub-section ‘’2A”, presenting since the end of summer 2007 a temporary artificial covering system (1 mm HDPE overlying a 50 cm clay layer) as permitted by the Italian landfill legislation for waste isolation from precipitation; (2) the smaller Sub-section “2B”, having solely the clay layer without the HDPE; and (3) the south-eastern portion named Sub-section “2S”, which during the period March-June 2010 was characterised by the deposition of about 9,400 ton of sea-sedi-ments dredged from the Fano harbour. Finally, the active Section “3”, in operation since the year 2008, is disag-gregated in the following portions: (1) the main Sub-section “3B”, which presents a temporary non-compacted clay cover; and (2) the smaller and double portion named Sub-section “3A”, which consists of two lateral parts of a long slope temporarily covered during the year 2010 with a geomembrane (HDPE). Interestingly, specific monitoring campaigns of LFG diffuse emissions have been annually carried out at the “Fano” landfill since the year 2005 with the non-stationary variant (i.e., with instantaneous location on ground surface) of the static accumulation chamber technique. The paper presents some elaborations of the monitoring data of the overall campaigns 2005-2010. In particular, the discussion is primarily focused on the campaign carried-out at the “Fano” landfill site during the summer 2010 when the site sections/sub-sections were simultaneously charac-terised by the aforementioned different cover options. The evaluation of LFG emissions with the static chamber approach at the “Fano” landfill site has permitted to individuate some relevant effects attributable to possible types of landfill cover.

[ABSTRACT ID: 869]

INVESTIGATION OF CONTAMINATION OF SOIL AND GROUNDWATER IN LANDFILL OF ORNAMENTAL ROCK INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL

REIS F.A.G.V.(1), GIORDANO L.D.C.(1), MEDEIROS G.A.D.(2), OLIVEIRA A.D.(1)

Unesp - Rio Claro, São Paulo - Brazil (1) Unesp - Sorocaba, São Paulo - Brazil (2)

The manufacturing industry of ornamental rock currently has a significant growth in Brazil, which made the country the fifth largest producer, with approximately 5% of the block production of marble and granite. This growth is important for improving the socio-economic quality of regions producers, as is the case of Espirito

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Santo, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, major producing states. However, the generation of liquid effluents and solid wastes in large quantities and usually deposited inappropriately has caused environmental damage, such as landfills and settling ponds without waterproofing. Therefore, this article aims to present the results ob-tained in research studies of soil and groundwater in ornamental rock industry located in the state of Sao Paulo. For the development of the studies the following steps were defined: a historical survey of the local occupation and characterization of the industrial process, the effluents and the waste; sampling and analysis of effluents and waste deposited in settling ponds and landfills, both without sealing; deployment of monitoring wells, sam-pling and analysis of soil and groundwater; definition of the contamination plume and proposals for implemen-tation of environmental control measures to adapt the landfill and wastewater treatment system. The results showed the existence of concentrations above the groundwater intervention limit of CETESB for Barium, Lead, Cobalt, Iron, Manganese and Molybdenum. In addition, high values were obtained for concentrations of alumi-num, iron, manganese and phenol in the soil. It was found that the primary font refers to the landfill and settling ponds without sealing, however, due the significant amount of waste that exists at the place (approximately 50,000 t), the cost for the removal of the primary font is economically impractical to the company. Therefore, it was elaborated the proposal to reformulate the waste water treatment system and the waste management, which have potential for use as raw materials for ceramic industries, paving, cement industry, agricultural use and the manufacture of artifacts and materials of construction.

[ABSTRACT ID: 929]

LAB SCALE TESTS BEFORE IN SITU AEROBIC STABILIZATION OF AN OLD LANDFILLRAGA R., COSSU R.

ICEA Department, Univ. of Padova - Padova - Italy

The paper presents results of tests carried out for the lab-scale simulation of in situ aeration of an old landfill in northern Italy with the aim of evaluating and discussing:- the effects produced by aerobic conditions on the emission of leachate and biogas and on biological stability of wastes sampled from different depths of the landfill;- the effects of temperature on carbon and nitrogen balance;- the possibility of nitrification and denitrification processes being established during in situ aeration.The wastes used during tests were obtained by drilling of a landfill which had already been characterised as scheduled to undergo in situ aeration. The results obtained from lab tests provided information to be used in planning real scale applications.During the test the fate of carbon and nitrogen was considered and carbon balance successfully carried out. Nitrogen balance could not be completed due to the presence of nitrogen gas in the injected air; however an evaluation of the evolution of nitrification and denitrification processes was possible. Nitrification provided for a significant removal of ammonia in landfill leachate at temperatures ranging between 35°C and 40°C, whilst the process was partially inhibited at a temperature of 45°C. Due to the heterogeneity of the wastes in the reactors, the distribution of oxygen following in situ aeration did not occur in a uniform manner, leading to the formation of anaerobic pockets in which denitrification processes developed. In addition to heterotrophic denitrification, the development of autotrophic denitrification processes was hypothesised. This aspect is of particular interest in view of the potential afforded of efficient removal of nitrogen from leachate in old landfills where the presence of organic matter is not sufficient to elicit the devel-opment of heterotrophic denitrification.

[ABSTRACT ID: 912]

PERFORMANCE OF A SUBMERGED AEROBIC BIOFILTRER IN TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE AND MUNICIPAL SANITARY SEWAGE

FERRAZ F.D.M., POVINELLI J.

University of Sao Paulo - São Carlos, Sao Paulo State - Brazil

Among landfill leachate constituents, ammoniacal nitrogen is one of the most important because its concentra-tion remains high even in leachates of old landfills, which results in low efficiencies of biological processes applied to this wastewater.

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Co-treatment with municipal sanitary sewage (MSS) has been evaluated in aerobic systems, but in most of cases studies were carried out in bench scale activated sludge reactors. The main objectives of this study were: (1) the pretreatment of landfill leachate using a pilot scale aerated packed tower connected to absorption tow-ers (for ammonia recovery); (2) evaluation of a pilot scale submerged aerobic biofilter (SAB) treating the mixture of MSS and landfill leachate in the volumetric ratio of 2 %.The leachate was collected from ponds of the municipal sanitary landfill of Sao Carlos - Brazil. The air stripping tower consisted of a 2-m height PVC tube, packed with polyethylene corrugated Raschig rings, with dimensions of 1.5 cm of diameter and 5 cm of length. The tower was operated in batch, treating 100 L of leachate. The ab-sorption towers consisted of two 31 L-PVC tubes, filled with 21 L of tap water. For pH adjustments, it was used commercial hydrated lime. The SAB consisted of a PVC tube with dimensions of 38 cm of diameter and 200 cm of height. This reactor was divided in 5 modules and two of them were inoculated with 25 L of activated sludge. The reactor was operated in continuous flow, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The pretreated leach-ate was pumped into the reactor at the ratio of 2 % in comparison with the MSS flow rate. The air flow rate was about 500 L h-1, keeping the dissolved oxygen (DO) in at least 2 mg L-1. The partial results showed that after only 72 h of aeration, about 30 to 40 g of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) could be removed from leachate by the air stripping tower and about 90 % of this amount could be successfully recovered in the two absorption units as aquammonia, which is a liquid fertilizer widely used in Brazilian sugar cane crops. The partial results of the SAB, continuously feed with the mixture MSS and leachate at the ratio of 2 %, showed that during the first 50 days of operation it was removed: about 85 % of the chemical oxygen demand and 90 % of the TAN. This indicates that the pretreatment of leachate by air stripping/absorption may be an interesting alternative to reduce the toxic effects of ammoniacal nitrogen on biological processes.

[ABSTRACT ID: 849]

AIRFLOW SYSTEM FOR LANDFILL AERATION: TECHNOLOGY AND CASE STUDIESCOSSU R.(1), RAGA R.(1), PIZZARDINI P.(2), REPETTI R.(2), TESTOLIN G.(2)

University of Padova, IMAGE Department - Padova - Italy (1) Spinoff S.r.l., via Beato Pellegrino - Padova - Italy (2)

In situ aeration is a technology for the stabilisation of landfilled municipal solid waste (MSW) which aims to reduce the environmental impact of landfills.With regards to the motivation for using landfill aeration the reported cases can be grouped into two categories: landfill stabilisation (either new or old) in order to reach sustainable final quality of waste or pre-treatment before landfill mining.Aeration prior to landfill mining has proven to be necessary in order to avoid smells, risks connected to the presence of methane and to stabilize the landfilled waste, creating stable acceptable conditions for workers and the surrounding environment during excavation work.Landfill aeration has been applied in many countries following different criteria (high pressure aeration, low pressure aeration, semi-aerobic concept); it has been applied in several cases in Italy, using the AIRFLOW Sys-tem. This technology has been developed by the University of Padova and patented by Spinoff S.r.l., a company promoted and participated by the University of Padova.The AIRFLOW technology consists of forced low pressure air injection within the waste mass, simultaneous gas extraction and pneumatic extraction of leachate. As a consequence, the aerobic conversion of the biodegrad-able organic substance is enabled. Safety features have been implemented in order to avoid explosion risks due to the concurrent presence of methane and oxygen in the extracted gas. The security system developed by the I.M.A.GE. Department in cooperation with Spinoff S.r.l., is capable of avoiding the extraction of potentially explosive gas mixtures that might form in the initial phase. In this paper two of the most interesting full-scale applications of the Airflow technology are presented:- Landfill A: waste stabilisation before landfill mining of the whole landfill;- Landfill B: abatement of emission potential for environmental protection.Besides the preliminary investigations for site characterization in terms of waste and emission quality, the full scale application of an in situ aeration plant requires the evaluation of relevant parameters such as radius of influence of air injection and gas extraction wells, pressure field in the landfill body during the aeration process as well as waste body permeability. Lab scale and field tests are carried out for the assessment of the feasibility of aerobic in situ stabilisation of waste.

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The results obtained in the two cases are extremely positive as they demonstrate that the AIRFLOW system enables the establishment of aerobic conditions within a short period of time. Furthermore, the results prove that a significant reduction of the values of waste stability parameters may be reached in a short time and the abatement of long-term emissions from the deposited waste can also be expected.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1066]

MEDIUM SCALE COMPOSTING OF DOMESTIC ORGANIC WASTE UNDER TYPICAL TROPICAL FIELD CONDITIONS IN KAMPALA - UGANDA

POMI R.(1), NIWAGABA C.(2), BAGAMPADDE U.(2), KALIBBALA H.(2), KULABAKO R.(2), KINOBE J.(2), OTTAVIANI M.(1), COLONNA PRETI G.(3)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale - Università La Sapienza - Roma - Italy (1) Technical University of Makerere - Kampala - Uganda (2)

Italian Cooperation Office - Kampala - Uganda (3)

The component of organic matter in solid wastes generated in Kampala is often reported to be in the range 70-~90%.The remaining fractions consist of inorganic recyclables, such as broken glass, papers, bones, plastics and metals. Different studies on the composition of solid waste in Bwaise III (in Kampala) indicated 80-89% biodegradable matter, 2.5% plastics, 1.7% paper, 1.1% wood wastes, 0.4% metal and 7.4% were other fractions not in the category stated. Majority of the studies undertaken on the composition of solid waste in Kampala agree that the biodegradable or compostable organic matter is at least 70%. During field visits, and as a result of the feeding habits, we gathered that a larger portion of the biodegradable wastes is peelings, mostly of bananas but also with some potato peelings. By practicing source separation and feeding peelings to animals (cows or goats) where they exist, the potential for waste reduction at source is high. However, feed-ing of animals with source-separated peelings is challenging as the peelings are often co-mingled with other wastes, some of which include polyethylene. Some animals feeding on peelings have reportedly died as a result of swallowing polyethylene material. Therefore, composting of peelings together with other biodegradable wastes is a potential management method for these and other organic wastes. Through composting, compost is produced from the organic waste to be used to improve the structure and productivity of agricultural soils. The difficulty to perform well functioning composting and produce good quality compost often prohibits composting as the management method for organic waste fractions. Previously, we reported successful composting in 760 liter reactors under field conditions, then we applied the knowledge gained in our previous studies to perform composting in larger reactors of 16 tons. In our studies we demonstrate the possibility to carry out compost-ing under tropical field conditions to obtain compost under conditions we consider acceptable, i.e., no smells, no insect or other vector nuisances. We carried out composting in windrows capable of taking a full load of 16 ton of wet organic solid wastes. The windrow was built using brick work and the aeration was provided via an angle piece of wood with 10 mm holes pieced on its top, staggered 50 mm center-to-center. With the starting substrate having C/N ratio of 18, total organic carbon 32%, pH 7.8, moisture content 47% we replicated the temperature curve that was obtained in previous studies in 760 liter reactors. No smells and no insect or other vector nuisances were seen. The experimental plan, which we continue to follow, was to turn the compost twice a week in the first three weeks and thereafter once per week until the temperature declined to 35-40ºC. A large volume of data on the operating parameters, pH, C/N ratio, indicator organisms, temperature, organic matter, moisture content was monitored over the process, so that indications for the design and management of com-post plants for the tropical developing countries could be derived.

[ABSTRACT ID: 932]

PROPOSAL OF A QUALITY INDEX TO THE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTHAMADA J.(1), HAMADA P.(1), MANCINI S.D.(2)

UNESP - Bauru, São Paulo - Brazil (1) UNESP - Sorocaba, São Paulo - Brazil (2)

In Brazil, although they are granted financial resources to remedy some of the problems related to the final disposal of solid waste, it is observed with a frequency that the objectives are not achieved. As a consequence, the dumps remain and financial resources are wasted. This fact shows that there are inherent difficulties in the

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management, which has direct implications on these services quality. Generally the approaches are punctual by the municipal administration or diffuse by researchers, and there are lacks in methods not only to assess the management, but also to indicate directly the critical points in the system. Aiming to fill this gap it is proposed an objective index to assess the quality of the management of municipal solid waste. This index is based on a multicriterial model, using the AHP – Analytic Hierarchy Process, and conceptually grounded in the general management strategy. The working out of the main matrix sought to simplify the structure, to give a proper application of AHP by specialists. Waste management strategy was selected in three priority groups: (i) human resource; (ii) planning and laws; and (iii) actions. For each priority group were selected other three specific ac-tivities of urban solid waste management. Based on the scale of semantic differential, the priority and specific groups were weighed by fourteen specialists. Weigh results were normalized after the average calculation. The obtained data were verified by the rate of consistency. The results clearly indicate that the priority group (i) is more representative, presenting a weight of 50.3%, which demonstrates the importance of the human element in the management process. In this priority group, the elements “professional graduation” and “continued professional programs” were detached, with 23,2% and 16,3% of the global weigh. The Index enables the iden-tification of critical points in the management structure, unlike the use of indicators, which provide an overview, which depends on the quality of the technical information provided, that are usually difficult to obtain. However, it must be stand out, that as an evaluator of the quality, the proposed Index here points out stronger and frailest elements in the structure, but does not relieve the collection of reliable information nor the evaluation by indica-tors, whose goals are slightly different.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1038]

RECYCLING GRANT AND PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES IN URBAN AREAS: THE PARTICIPATION OF WASTEPICKERS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF MINAS GERAIS AND BRAZIL

RIBEIRO J.C.J.(1), MAGRINELI DOS REIS A.(2)

Presidente of State Environmental Foundation of Minas Gerais (Fundação Estadual de Meio Ambiente - Feam) Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil (1)

Environmental Analyst of Feam and student of Master of Environmental and Economic Sustainability at UFOP Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil (2)

According to recent report from the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), Brazil still wastes annually about $ 8 billion, throwing recyclable materials in garbage dumps or controlled landfills. It is considered to be a great loss due to the energy contained in these materials. Seeking to reverse this situation, the Brazilian Government, on different levels of its Federation, has been setting policies and programs to valorize and provide a proper management of the waste generated, such as the Law Number 18031 of the State of Minas Gerais (January 12th, 2009) and the Federal Law Number 12305 (August 2nd, 2010). They establish, respectively, poli-cies on state and national level, concerning solid waste. In this context, there is the inclusion, over the years, of the organized wastepickers as agents of this important public policy.Associations and cooperatives of recyclable materials have characterized this action over the years as an ex-ample of the up-to-date term “green economy”. It does not have the refined rhetoric well developed in flashy reports which are so much admired today, but it allows wastepickers to practice daily the internationally known triple bottom line - economic, social and environmental. By obtaining from waste value-added materials for recycling - paper, cardboard, plastics, glass and metals - these organizations reintroduce such materials in the production cycle, saving natural resources for the production of artifacts, contributing enormously to the economy. It is a model that promotes social inclusion, not only because it takes several people from degrading conditions (e. g. scavenging in garbage dumps), but also for promoting better living conditions and rescuing citizenship.The present study aims to present an evolutionary line of the inclusion of associations and cooperatives of recyclable materials in the Brazilian environmental policy, specifically, in Brazilian public policies for solid waste management; from the first actions towards this objective up to the approval of the aforementioned policies of national and state solid waste, the Federal Decree Number 7405 (December 23rd, 2010) which established the “For-wastepickers” and the State Law Number 19823 (November 22nd, 2011) which is about to guarantee financial incentive to wastepickers through the creation of the Recycling Grant program. Moreover, it shows examples of payments for environmental services in urban area already provided by the association of wast-epickers in municipalities of Minas Gerais.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 978]

PRE-TREATMENT OF SPECIAL WASTE BEFORE LANDFILLING: WASHING OF AUTOMOTIVE SHREDDER RESIDUE (ASR)

COSSU R., LAI T.University of Padua - Padova - Italy

Throughout the European Union a total ranging from 8 to 9 million of tons of end-of-life vehicles (ELV) are pro-duced every year. Directive 2000/53/EC on ELV is aimed at minimizing the impact of the end of life of vehicles on environment by defining procedures for use in the management of ELV in terms of the design of vehicles for recycling and recovery, requirements for collection and treatment facilities and attainment of targets for reuse, recycling and recovery. Although recycling and recovery of ELV components are increasing, the ever growing number of vehicles will determine a further rise of ASR generated for years to come. Landfilling is currently the most widely used solution for this type of residue. A growing alternative is repre-sented by thermal treatment with recovery of energy, which however presents the disadvantage of the toxicity of the gaseous emissions produced.Washing of waste could represent an innovative pre-treatment method focusing on controlling the leachable fraction of residues. Previous studies in laboratory scale have shown that removal of potential pollutants by washing may constitute a beneficial pre-treatment option, with efficiency of pre-treatment achieving rates of approximately 60% in removal of metals, chlorides, sulphates, fluorides and dissolved organic carbon. In order to assess the potential for full-scale application of this treatment technical scale washing tests were carried out in this study. Washing pre-treatment was applied to grounded and non-grounded waste to under-stand whether the grain size of waste could affect the washing efficiency.Waste characterization was carried out to assess the relevant parameters in the solid phase: total organic car-bon (TOC), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and metals (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn).To ascertain the extent of release of soluble compounds batch leaching tests were performed prior and after the pre-treatment procedure. Eluates, filtered at 0.45 µm, were analysed for the following parameters: COD, DOC, TKN, metals (Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn), electric conductivity (EC), chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, and pH.The findings obtained for the efficiency of the acceptability increase after waste washing treatment revealed that, on average, washing pre-treatment achieved removal rates of more than 60% for DOC, COD and TKN. With regard to metals and chlorides, sulphates and fluoride leachable fraction, a removal efficiency of approximately 60% was obtained, as attested also by EC values. Column tests were performed with the aim of assessing the emission potential of the washed waste after disposal in landfill. The comparison of the results for grounded and non-grounded samples did not highlight significant differences.

[ABSTRACT ID: 976]

HEAVY METALS REMOVAL USING WATER TREATMENT SLUDGEALBUQUERQUE A.(1), SCALIZE P.S.(2), CASTRO-GOMES J.(1)

University of Beira Interior - Covilhã - Portugal (1) University Federal of Goías - Goiânia - Brazil (2)

Heavy metals are compounds normally found in industrial and urban effluents, landfill leachate and road runoff, which can cause negative environmental impacts on soil and water, as well as being toxic and precursor of dis-eases for humans. The sludge produced during water treatment is a waste that involves high costs of treatment and demands a final disposal site. However, it has properties (e.g. porosity and specific surface area) that derive from the agglomeration of residues and reagents with alumino-silicate structure, residual activated carbon and iron oxides, which seem to make it suitable for the removal of heavy metals.Twelve experiments were carried out in a fixed bed laboratory vertical column, filled with raw sludge from a surface water treatment plant (Caldeirão, Guarda, Portugal), previously ground, consisting in 60 cycles of filling-reaction-drainage with contact times of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. For each contact time three heavy metals (Cr, Cu and Zn) were tested. The initial concentrations were 2 mg Cr/L, 2 mg Cu/L and 5 mg Zn/L (i.e. similar to the concentrations found in road runoff).The results allowed concluding that for the experiments carried out with Cr and Cu, the removal of Cr was higher for long contact times (average removal efficiencies of 33.3%, 31.8%, 48.4% and 64.1% for the contact

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times of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, respectively), only increasing significantly for 2 h of contact (the maximum removal rate was 1.28 mg Cr/g). This circumstance is not only associated to adsorption mechanisms, but also due to complexation of Cr with iron oxides followed by precipitation. The F2+ ions have reduced the Cr6+ to Cr3+, which was more rapidly adsorbed into the sludge surface, whilst other part was complexed and precipi-tated in the form of chromium hydroxide (Cr(OH)3). The removal of Cu was lower (average removal efficiencies of 33.3%, 31.8%, 37.4% and 40.1% for the same contact times) and seems to have been affected by the de-crease of pH (the maximum removal rate was 0.87 mg Cu/g). The removal of Zn was quite good (the maximum removal rate was 4.34 mg Zn/g), increased along with the contact time (average removal efficiencies of 30.1%, 42.5%, 60.8% and 77.6% for the same contact times) and was not influenced by the water pH range (5.5 to 6.7). The removal of Zn mainly occurred through ion exchange with hydrogen ions from the aluminium-silicate structure and adsorption onto the residual activated carbon.In conclusion, the water treatment sludge tested in this study seems to be a good alternative material for the removal of Cr, Cu and Zn from road runoff, allowing the reuse of such waste with advantages for the reduction of both the costs of treatment and disposal and the risk for the environment and public health.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1112]

PIPE DESIGN FOR BIOGAS ENERGY USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATIONGODOY JUNIOR E.(1), DANIELETTO J.R.(2), MAROTTA CASSULA A.(3), PAULLILLO G.(4), MARQUES TRINDADE E.(5),

GIACAGLIA G.E.O.(6), CAMARGO J.R.(7)

University of Taubaté - UNITAU - Taubaté - San Paulo - Brazil (1)

PolyEasy do Brazil - Barueri - San Paolo - Brazil (2) University State San Paolo - UNESP - Guaratinguetá - Brazil (3)

GP Consult - São José dos Campos - San Paolo - Brazil (4) FPTI / Itaipu Binacionacional - Foz do Iguaçu - Paraná - Brazil (5) University of San Paolo - USP - Sao Paulo - San Paolo - Brazil (6) University of Taubaté - UNITAU - Taubaté - San Paolo - Brazil (7)

The study aimed at developing a methodology for the design and appropriate use of materials in the pipes for the collection and distribution of biogas. The increasing use of biogas for distributed generation in agro-industries, sewage treatment effluent and anaerobic landfills, and the absence of a specific standard for biogas pipes led to the development of the work. Because there is no standard for design and delivery of pipes for the collection and distribution of biogas, the main eco-efficient energy projects implemented in the country, units digester / bike generator 50 kVA to 200 kVA, were used duct poly vinyl chloride (PVC) that permeable to gases, suffers from contamination of biogas network to air, leaks, reduce the efficiency of filter retention of H2S and reduced life of the motor generator. The methane in biogas reacts with PVC and decomposition occurs, dissolu-tion, swelling and loss of ductility of the tube. Since polyethylene is the material world-known and most suitable for transportation of gas fuels, and the fact that its raw material, ethylene in the chain of thermoplastics derived from petroleum, polyethylene comes before the PVC, which makes it more economical and safe.

SESSION WASTE - Biological Treatments

[ABSTRACT ID: 889]

FERMENTATIVE H2 PRODUCTION FROM FOOD WASTE AT LABORATORY SCALE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF CO-DIGESTION WITH SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE

BONI M.R., SBAFFONI S., TUCCINARDI L.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza, University of Rome - Rome - Italy

Hydrogen is a promising alternative to the use of conventional fossil fuels as a sustainable energy source and high-energy yield. In recent years, the interest in bio-hydrogen production via anaerobic digestion of organic substrates has increased significantly. Moreover, organic waste may become a plentiful source of inexpensive

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substrate that could be diverted from landfill disposal and used for energy production by obtaining also the stabilization of waste.In the anaerobic digestion process the use of co-substrates usually improves the biogas yields from anaerobic digester due to positive synergisms established in the digestion medium and the supply of missing nutrients by the co-substrates. In particular, the co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and agricultural residues and the co-digestion of organic solid waste and sewage sludge had been widely tested for biogas production. However, there was no systematic attempt at co-digestion of substrates, which might enhance hydrogen production.Food waste might be suitable for fermentative hydrogen production, because it is a carbohydrate-rich and eas-ily hydrolysable waste. However, during the rapid hydrolysis/acidogenesis of the substrate the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the reactor could lead to the inhibition of the anaerobic digestion process. For this reason co-digestion of different substrates is a strategy used to better regulate operative conditions (C/N ratio, pH condition, etc.) inside the reactor also enhancing biogas production and the stabilization of different kind of substrate.The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the slaughterhouse waste (essentially skin, fats, meat waste of pig, poultry and beef, named S) in fermentative co-digestion process for H2 production from pre-selected organic waste taken from a refectory (food waste, named F). Hence, in this study, batch tests under mesophilic conditions were carried out in stirred reactors filled with different proportions of waste F and S. Some mixtures allowed to improve H2 production with respect to F alone; in particular, the addition of 60% and 70% of S to F allowed to improve H2 production with respect to F alone, reaching H2 production yields equal to 145 and 109 ml/gVS0 respectively, which are 1.5-2 times higher than that obtained with F. Despite S ensured a more stable fermentative process due to its high buffering capacity, a depletion of H2 production occurred when S was higher than 70%, supplying an excess of less easily hydrolysable matter.

[ABSTRACT ID: 961]

EFFECT OF pH AND SEED MICROORGANISMS ON FERMENTATIVE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM FOOD WASTE

CAPPAI G.(1), DE GIOANNIS G.(1), GIORDANO G.(2), MASSI E.(2), MUNTONI A.(1), POLETTINI A.(2), POMI R.(2)

Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tecnologie Ambientali - Università degli Studi di Cagliari - Cagliari - Italy (1) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Università Roma “La Sapienza” - Roma - Italy (2)

Conventional H2 production methods are based on physico-chemical processes; however, in the perspective of reducing fossil fuels use and combustion, also H2 production via biological processes is attractive. Biohydrogen can be generated by several microbial groups including fermentative bacteria which produce H2 through dark fermentation. The latter process has advantages over the others related to the possibility of continuous H2 production from a number of renewable feedstock without any input of external energy. Most of the papers on fermentative hydrogen production focused on simple substrates and pure cultures. However, environmental engineers are obviously more interested in using mixed cultures for wastewater/waste treatment. Fractions of municipal solid waste such as food waste (FW), considered in the present study, could represent available sources of biodegradable organic matter. The studies conducted so far are characterized by a broad range of the conditions adopted, thus denoting the need for better understanding the set of suitable operative param-eters. Biological H2 production is known to be affected by a number of factors and the role of each has to be well understood. In the present study, activated sludge (AS) from waste-water treatment plants was considered suitable for fermentative hydrogen production from FW due to the presence of facultative anaerobic bacteria characterized by high growth rate and capability to recover after accidental oxygen intrusion. Moreover, the wide availability of AS makes them suitable as liquid phase needed in order to perform a wet fermentation. Pre-treating the inoculum in order to inhibit hydrogenotrophic microorganisms and harvest hydrogen-producing ones is usually considered necessary and thermal shock is the most adopted approach by far. However, it seems worth to verify whether significant and steady hydrogen bio-production could be achieved also with-out any pre-treatment. The pH influence on hydrogen fermentation is controversial whatever the considered substrate. As far as FW is concerned, relatively few experiences focusing on the comparison of the effect of different pH values have been carried out so far. In this framework, in order to assess the influence of pH and inoculum pre-treatment, batch tests were performed on FW at different pH set-point values, using AS sampled from a waste-water treatment plant with or without thermal pre-treatment as seed microorganisms and liquid phase in the wet process. The modified Gompertz model was used to calculate the kinetic parameters. The

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obtained results show that significant production (around 56 Nl H2/kg VS with 48% by volume H2 content) can be achieved even without any inoculum pre-treatment, though the best results were attained with thermal pre-treatment (up to 120 Nl H2/kg VS and around 80% v/v H2 content). The optimal pH range of values was assessed to be 6-7, exhibiting an acetate-butyrate predominant fermentative pathway.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1043]

EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF SINGLE FRACTIONS OF ORGANIC WASTE

ALIBARDI L., LAVAGNOLO M.C., COSSU R.

Department of Hydraulic, Maritime, Environmental and Geotechnical Engineering, University of Padova Padova - Italy

Energy is fundamental for life of the current society and for the development of the future generations. Increasing attention is currently being focused on hydrogen, in an attempt to avoid fossil fuel consumption and climate change. Due to its clean high energy yields (122 kJ/g) hydrogen is a promising candidate as an ideal fuel in the future. Hydrogen is biologically produced by means of two microbial processes: photosynthesis and anaerobic fermen-tation. H2 production by fermentative bacteria, not light dependent, is known as “dark fermentation” and takes place during the fermentative phase of anaerobic digestion. It is simpler and more feasible than the process undertaken by photosynthetic bacteria. Moreover, “dark fermentation” represents not only an energy production process but also a first stage of stabilization for organic wastes since it degrades complex organic substrates to readily biodegradable compounds (volatile fatty acids and alcohols) suitable for methane production by an-aerobic digestion.Potential hydrogen productions from organic waste reported in the scientific literature are variable and range from few to more than 200 Nml H2/gVS. This work aimed to evaluate the potential productions of hydrogen from single fractions of organic waste in order to evaluate which substrates mainly contribute to the potential production of hydrogen of organic (food) waste.The selected fractions of organic waste were: residues of bread and pasta, residues of vegetable, residues of fruits, residues of meat and fish and undersieve 20mm. The single fractions were manually sorted from a sample of source separated organic waste of about 150 kg. Laboratory tests were conducted at a mesophilic process temperature of 35°C in batch operations. Granular sludge from an UASB digester was used as inoculum of the fermentation process. Sludge was pre-treated at 100°C for 4 hours to inhibit the methanogenic bacteria activity.The highest production of hydrogen was measured for the fraction “bread and pasta” with a value of 237.2 Nml H2/g VS. Interesting hydrogen productions were measured for the fraction “undersieve 20mm” with a value of 74.7 Nml H2/g VS. Low hydrogen productions were measured on the contrary from the other fractions (meat and fish 9.1 Nml H2/g VS, fruits 39.2 Nml H2/g VS, vegetable 14.0 Nml H2/g VS). The potential production of hydrogen from the organic waste resulted 53.6 Nml H2/g VS. Analysing the proportional production of hydrogen from any single fraction in the entire mixture (organic waste) the main contributions come therefore from the fractions “bread-pasta” and “undersieve 20mm”. Hydrogen production potential of organic waste is moreover higher than the proportional sum of the potentials of any single fraction. This indicates that the mixture of differ-ent organic compounds and the chemical characteristics of the mixture allow a better fermentative behaviour resulting in higher hydrogen production potential.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1163]

CHARACTERISATION OF MSW ORGANIC FRACTION FLOW SEPARATED AND TREATED IN A MECHANICAL-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PLANTDI LONARDO M.C., LOMBARDI F., GAVASCI R., ROCCA S.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” - Rome - Italy

The promotion of waste minimization and separate collection-recycling are the main components of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management strategy but they are not sufficient to complete the management cycle of the waste. As a matter of fact, even when separate collection-recycling is applied to its full potential, consider-

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able quantities of urban waste mainly composed of biodegradable matter should be treated before landfilling, according to EU Landfill Directive of April 1999 (99/31/EC). Such regulation sets the requirements for waste landfilling and requires Member States to only landfill wastes that have been subjected to treatment, leading to a decrease of their quantity or hazard to human health and the environment and, specifically, to a reduc-tion of biodegradable organic matter from mixed MSW (residual from separate collection). This resulted in the development of new waste management strategies in Europe and a number of large scale waste treatment facilities have been commissioned over recent years. One of the options for residual waste pre-treatment is the mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) of residual MSW. In this work, a characterisation of the mechanically separated organic fraction of MSW was carried out at differ-ent biological process steps in order to evaluate the evolution of investigated characteristics during the aerobic degradation and the final quality of the output material. The latter is nowadays landfilled in Italy but it could be potentially utilised in land restoration project. Therefore a detailed characterisation is necessary since such material is known to be very heterogeneous. The sampling campaign was performed in a MBT plant of Rome where an aerobic degradation of 28 days oc-curs. Six samples, consisting of the input material feeding the aerobic stabilization (putrescible organic fraction, POF), the stabilised material corresponding to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th week of process (SOF I, SOF II, SOF III, SOF IV, respectively) and the stabilised material output, mechanically sieved at size lower than 20mm, were taken. The characterisation regarded the determination of biological parameter (Dynamic Respiration Index) and chemical-physical parameters (moisture content, volatile solids, total organic carbon, pH, inorganic contami-nants, leaching behaviour, non-compostable material content, particle size).

[ABSTRACT ID: 900]

ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF WASTE STABILITY DURING ACTIVE COMPOSTING TIMEDI MARIA F., MICALE C., SORDI A.

University of Perugia - Perugia - Italy

Aerobic processes are very common for the stabilization of the rapidly biodegradable fraction of Municipal Solid Waste. The process aims can be represented by recovery, when the Organic Fraction of MSW is treated for producing a high quality organic fertilizer or for the production of a Solid Recovered Fuel exploitable for energy purpose, or by stabilization aim for reducing waste biological activity before final disposal in landfill.An important phase of the aerobic treatment is performed inside dedicate plants, where optimal conditions for the bacteria activities are realized, by supplying an adequate amount of process air, by keeping close to optimal values the mass humidity and by providing periodical mixing of the material under treatment. This phase en-dures about 2 up to 4 weeks, during which the waste temperature reaches high values up to 70°C and more. This generally represents the first phase of the whole aerobic treatment, after which the process can be carried on by static or turned heaps both in open and close facilities.The first phase, performed generally in dedicated facilities also called Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plants, is generally known as Active Composting Time (ACT) and usually is the only treatment performed for stabilization aims before final disposal of the waste.First MBT plants started operating several years ago, when the operating conditions were more or less different from the current ones. In the present study the evaluation of the stabilization process of the waste treated in the ACT section of an existing MBT plant has been performed. Several samples have been withdrawn from the plant at different days of treatment. On each sample both physical and oxygen uptake tests have been performed. The quality of the exhaust air, in terms of CO2, O2, CH4 and H2S, has also been measured.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1016]

A SIMPLE APPROACH FOR THE EVALUATION OF MSW BIOLOGICAL STABILITYCOSSU R., LAI T., SANDON A.

University of Padua - Padova - Italy

The control of biodegradable substances is a key issue in evaluating the short and long-term emission potential and environmental impact of a landfill. As a result, the biological stability has become a strategic parameter for evaluating the quality of waste, both before and during landfilling, and at the end of the aftercare phase.

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Several biological and non-biological tests and indices have been proposed for assessing waste biological stability, i.e. the anaerobic methods that measure the biogas production in different conditions and the aerobic methods that consist in the measurement of oxygen consumption at a given time interval, generally 4-7 days. The described methods present some disadvantages, due to one or more aspects. Regarding the anaerobic methods principally: the long testing time, the biogas captured methods that could influence the accuracy of the measurement, and the low representativity in presence of toxic and inhibiting substances or inert organics (such as plastic or paper). Regarding the aerobic methods principally the high cost of the respirometers.In order to overcome the limitations of the mentioned methods the BOD5/COD ratio on the eluate of a leaching test is proposed as a stability index.Previous results demonstrate a good correlation with the BOD5/COD ratio on the eluate of a leaching test and the respirometric index (RI).Further studies were performed with the aim to standardize the parameter BOD5/COD ratio, by introducing the COD fractioning, and to test the methodology under different operative conditions (dynamic or static leaching and leaching duration) keeping constant temperature and constant liquid/solid (L/S) ratio. The COD fractioning is based on the differentiation between the soluble fraction (CODsol) and the colloidal fraction (CODcoll) using a flocculation method developed by Mamais et al. (1993) after filtering the sample to be analyzed.The CODsol could represent the fraction of easily dispersed organic matter, as a consequence, the BOD5/CODsol should mainly represent the biologically degradable part of this fraction and its influence on the ground-water quality.The results obtained have been compared with the four (RI4) and seven (RI7) days respirometric indices mea-sured on solid samples.Three wastes have been investigated: residual solid waste after separate collection of different materials (plas-tics, glass, paper, cans and putrescible fraction), aerobically stabilized MBP and compost from MSW putrescible fraction.The leaching tests were performed under different conditions: dynamic leaching test (D), based on the refer-ence standard leaching test UNI EN 12547-2, and static leaching test (S), performed on 5 litre HDPE containers. Both were carried out with two different contact times, 6 and 24 hours, with the same liquid to solid ratio (L/S=10 l/kgTS) and waste sizes (< 4 mm). All tests were performed in triplicate.The BOD5/COD ratio seemed to be modestly influenced by the characteristics of the leaching test. The stability index obtained considering the BOD5/COD ratio yielded a close comparison with stability indexes measured on solid samples and may therefore prove to be a suitable index for use in assessing waste stability.

[ABSTRACT ID: 836]COMBINED BMP TESTS AND DIGESTATE CHARACTERISATION OF PECULIAR

AGRICULTURAL SUBSTRATES IN ITALYCARCHESIO M.(1), LANCELLOTTI I.(2), TATÀNO F.(1), TAURINO R.(2), COLOMBO E.(1), BARBIERI L.(2)

Department of Base Sciences and Fundamentals, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” - Urbino - Italy (1)

Department of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia - Modena - Italy (2)

According to the definition of “biomass” given in the Directive 2009/28/EC (at its Article 2), our attention was re-cently focused on the assessment and quantification of the biomethane potential (BMP) of: 1) some agricultural residues having a peculiar relevance at Italian national scale, i.e. grape-seeds and plum-stones; 2) a flowering plant, scientifically classified as Isatis Tinctoria L., widely used for the indigo blue colour extraction in the Urbino dukedom (Marche Region) during the Renaissance epoch. Concerning the Isatis Tinctoria L., our research inten-tion is to consider innovative options for its re-evaluation, including the potential bioenergy recovery. The anaerobic digestion tests on the selected substrates were performed in batch mode and at mesophilic con-ditions. A lab-scale system representing a variant of the Owen et al. serum-bottle technique (Owen et al., 1979) was employed in these experiments. A digested sludge from the anaerobic digestion treatment stage of a large wastewater treatment plant was used as the inoculum. The feeding mixtures were prepared observing some precise inoculum to substrate (I/S) ratios on volatile solids (VS) basis. The specific methane yield (SMY) values (expressed as Nml gVS-1), obtained for the aforementioned residues, resulted not so strictly dependent on the I/S ratio as highly connected with the peculiar biochemical composition of the feeding materials. For instance, concerning the grape-seeds, a I/S ratio of 1 gave arise to an

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higher methane production yield respect to a I/S ratio of 0.5, probably because of a major presence of bacteria in the inoculum providing a more efficient biochemical degradation of the grape-seed oils. On the contrary, a I/S ratio of 0.5 improved appreciably the methane yields of the plum-stones, rather than the I/S of 1. The increasing of the substrate concentration, indeed, could ensure a broader availability of organic substrates for the bacteria, considering that plum-stone is noticeably characterized by a higher lignin content. Within an integrated research approach, interesting chemical-physical characterizations of the final digestates were also carried out. In particular: 1) moisture and loss on ignition (LOI) analyses were executed to evaluate volatile and fixed solids; 2) chemical (calcium carbonate, elemental analysis C, N, H, S and IR spectroscopy) and thermal (differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis DTA/TGA) analyses were performed on the digestate solid component. They will be properly discussed in the paper and compared and critically evalu-ated with the obtained methane yields.Keywords: BMP; anaerobic digestion; digestate characterization; Isatis Tinctoria L.; grape-seed; plum-stones.References: oWen WF, StucKey dc, heaLy JB, younG Ly, Mccarty PL. (1979): Bioassay for monitoring biochemical methane po-

tential and anaerobic toxicity. Water Research 1979; 13: pp. 485-492.

[ABSTRACT ID: 947]

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: AN EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL REVAMPING APPLYING SINGLE STAGE WET SYSTEM

BOZANO GANDOLFI P., VITALI G., NOSIGLIA V.Biotec Sistemi - Genova - Italy

Anaerobic digestion (A.D.) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) combines the reduction of waste to be landfilled in terms of quantity and pollutant charge, with the generation of renewable energy and the recovery of highly valuable material, facilitating compost production. Nowadays in Europe almost 6 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) are treated in about 200 full-scale plants. Unfortunately, if compared to other biomasses generally fed in A.D plants (manure, maize etc.), MSW is harder to be processed and can cause different operational problems. In fact, due to poor technology, planning, design or bad operation, not all the above mentioned plants have been equally successful.Ecoparc 1 plant in Barcelona, Spain was started in 2001 and was planned to treat 300.000 t/a (250.000 t/a of MSW and 50.000 t/a of OFMSW). Mainly because of insufficient elimination of contaminant in pretreatment, in the first six years of operation the plant never reached the expected performance, suffering high mechanical, hydraulic and biological problems which led to stop the plant. Biotec was assigned to revamp the plant by ap-plying BTA® Hydromechanical pre treatment (n. 3 BTA® Waste Pulpers and n. 4 hydrocyclones BTA® GRS) and to re-engineer a 6.000 m3 digester with BTA® Gas Mixing System. Ecoparc 1 plant re-started newly in 2008 and soon increased reliability and availability reaching the target treatment capacity and a better performance than originally planned.In this paper, the state of art in the field of MSW anaerobic digestion is presented, reporting then Ecoparc 1 revamping experience.

[ABSTRACT ID: 830]

METHANE PRODUCTION FROM CO-DIGESTION OF COMPLEX ORGANIC SUBSTRATESESPOSITO G.(1), FRUNZO L.(2), PANICO A.(3), PIROZZI F.(3)

Department of Mechanics, Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Cassino - Cassino - Italy (1)

Department of Mathematics and Applications Renato Caccioppoli, University of Naples Federico II - Naples - Italy (2)

Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II - Naples - Italy (3)

On the last decades the use of the anaerobic digestion as process to treat organic solid wastes has become more and more frequent. The reason of this new tendency in treatments of solid wastes can be explained considering mainly 3 factors: i) the need of applying a process to dispose of organic solid wastes more envi-

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ronmentally friendly than landfills as requested by the latest rules concerning the environmental protection in many countries in the world; ii) the opportunity of obtaining from this process a renewable fuel called biogas alternative to the fossil ones; iii) the advantage of incurring relatively low costs in starting up and managing this process.Despite the linearity according to which the anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes evolves, this process is commonly prone to performance drops due to the occurrence of failures and this makes it strongly dependent on the choice of substrates as well as on the environmental and operational conditions. This last aspect can be reasonably considered the only drawback of this process in treating solid organic wastes. Indeed anaerobic digestion is easily performed in a biological reactor where mixers and heater exchangers could be the only technological and power consuming equipments needed. Moreover this process can gain money by disposing of organic solid wastes as well as selling the biogas or the power generated by its combustion and, when pos-sible, the digestate as fertilizer in agriculture.Therefore this process has opened up interesting perspectives in working out the issues concerning non only the treatment of organic solid wastes, but also the need of making available a renewable source of power, cheap and easy to obtain.On the purpose of overcoming some of the doubts that still hamper the full establishment of the anaerobic digestion as the environmentally and economically most convenient and useful process to treat organic solid wastes, experimental tests are described in this paper aimed at improving the knowledge in this field on one hand, and rising the performance and the reliability of the anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes on the other hand. These tests are biochemical methane potential (BMP) experiments performed on small scale reac-tors under specific and controlled environmental and operational conditions where several organic solids were used as substrates and for each of them the chance of process failure, the maximum amount of bio-methane produced, the time needed to have a complete substrate degradation and the average rate of bio-methanation were investigated. The experiments were carried out using separately each substrate and in the most interest-ing cases using a mixture of two of them in order to investigate the effect of combining different organic wastes on the digestion process (co-digestion).

[ABSTRACT ID: 1088]

INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX FEED MIXTURE ON PERFORMANCE OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTIONTRULLI E., LONGINO N.

Università degli Studi della Basilicata - Potenza - Italy

Anaerobic digestion is going to be one of the main processes for the treatment of waste for energy purposes, recently supported also by the national economical incentives for the production of biogas in the promotion of renewable sources.This article describes a theoretical and applicative study aimed to analyze the critical issues that may arise during the development of the process in full-scale plants. The aim of the research is designed to support as-sessment methods appropriate to define optimal operating conditions of centralized co-digestion systems for treating mixtures of biodegradable waste both solid and liquid.The variability of the supply modalities, the composition and physical and biological state of feed mixtures significantly affect the stability of the process. These factors may reflect negatively on the rate of biogas pro-duction. In this case, the pH and composition of biogas are important indicators of current processes and the availability of alkalinity plays an important role for the maintenance of the phases that promote methane. In order to focus the applicative aspects related to the determination of organic loads a modeling analysis was addressed to represent predefined scenarios of supply conditions. The analysis refers to conditions typical of Mediterranean areas. The used methodologies are assumed from the scientific and technical literature; in par-ticular the modeling study is carried out by an application of the ADM1.

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SESSION WASTE - Recovery and Recycle

[ABSTRACT ID: 1146]

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE FOOD WASTE IN A HIGHLY POPULATED URBAN AREA: AN LCA EVALUATION

GROSSO M., NAVA C., TESTORI R., RIGAMONTI L., VIGANÒ F.

Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy

While source separation of packaging materials for their recycling is well established in several metropolitan areas, the collection of organic fraction (i.e. food waste) from the households is more difficult to implement. Still the very tight target of overall separate collection set by the law (65% of source separation by the end of 2012) necessarily requires the contribution of such a relevant flux of waste material. The impressive growth rate of anaerobic digestion followed by post composting experienced in recent years in Italy throws a new light on the source segregation of food waste also in densely populated areas, since the availability of biogas paves the road to a number of possibilities, starting from the simple electric energy production, up to more sophisticated utilisation such as its feeding in the natural gas network or as a fuel for vehicles. For those latter, the prelimi-nary upgrading of biogas to bio-methane is required.The study addresses this new option of waste management, by analysing a real metropolitan situation where food waste is not collected and it ends up together with the Unsorted Residual Waste (URW) in a Waste-To-En-ergy plant (WTE). In such a context, we assume to establish a new collection scheme for household food waste, followed by its treatment in a new anaerobic digestion + post composting facility. A comparative assessment between the baseline scenario (current situation) and some alternative scenarios is then carried out, where all possible synergies between the existing WTE plant and the new one are evaluated and included in the analysis, such as the routing of the food waste pre-treatment residues to the WTE plant and, for some scenarios, the utilisation of biogas within the thermodynamic cycle for electricity production in the WTE plant.The analysis is carried out according to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) procedure. The Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) indicator is evaluated, as well as four environmental impact indicators: Global Warming Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Human Toxicity (HT), and Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP).All scenarios based on anaerobic digestion attain better results than the reference scenario for almost all the indicators. The best outcomes pertain to the cases of biogas utilization for the superheating of the steam produced by the WTE plant that treats all the remaining URW, according to an advanced arrangement of the thermodynamic cycle.A number of sensitivity analyses is carried out: collection efficiency of organic waste, biogas production (“wet” vs. “dry” digestion technologies), Combined Heat and Power (CHP) layout of plants, different energy source for the substituted electricity, distance for the transportation of compost to the end users, utilisation of biogas for co-firing in a modern, large-scale combined cycle.

[ABSTRACT ID: 873]

FROM TANNERY WASTEWATER SLUDGE AND SOLID WASTE, TO FERTILIZER: N ECO-INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE PROJECT

CAPONI E.(1), MORI G.(1), BORRINI A.(1), FREY M.(2)

Consorzio Cuoio Depur SpA - San Romano - San Miniato (PI) - Italy (1) Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna di Studi Universitari e Perfezionamento - Pisa - Italy (2)

Due to the increasing environmental awareness of modern day society and the clear European Union policy directives on recycling and reuse, a considerable number of businesses are orienting their waste management activities towards a new approach, which is more sustainable both from economic environmental point of view.Over the last eighteen years, the Cuoiodepur, Waste Water Treatment Plant has carried out several studies to dem-onstrate the higher fertilizing power and lower price of the so-called “Integrated Leather Meal”, i.e. a mixture of tannery wastewater, nitrogen-rich sludge and leather waste byproducts, than the chemical fertilizers available on the market. Moreover, the development of such fertilizer leads to the optimisation of all of the resources pro-vided by the tanning district, taking advantage of the opportunities offered by recycling and reuse of all tannery

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processing discards (i.e. cattle rawhide and hair, not tanned leather trimmings) in a new production process.This paper focuses on the economic advantages and environmental sustainability provided by the conversion of the total amount of the produced sludge into fertilizer.About 18,000 tons of dry sludge (Cuoiodepur WWTP production in 2010) should reused in the production of “In-tegrated Leather Meal” (ILM) and about 12,000 tons per year of solid waste from tanneries will be processed to obtain organic flours, in accordance with Regulation (EC) 1069/2009, halving sludge disposal costs compared to the usual landfill disposal. A portion of hairs and manes will be added to dry sludge in order to obtain the fer-tilizer, while the remaining portion will be sold to a third party. The fertilizer, will have a final production cost of 102 euros per tonne, and less than 50% of the total the exsiccated sludge will not be transformed into fertilizer but simply disposed in landfill. Additionally, the recycling of sludge and solid waste material from tanneries to produce Integrated Leather Meal will involve several environmental benefits, such as a remarkably lower pro-duction of greenhouse gases emissions and leachate, a reduction of soil pollution and a considerable increase in organic nutrients into the soil.The reuse of disposed constitute a sustainable approach to waste management: the sludge will become a new raw material, reducing the environmental and economic of the tannery cluster.Keyword: fertilizer, tannery solid waste, wastewater sludge

[ABSTRACT ID: 831]

VOLATILISATION AND OXIDATION OF ALUMINIUM SCRAPS FED INTO INCINERATION FURNACES

BIGANZOLI L., GROSSO M., GORLA L., BONELLI M., NESSI S.

Politecnico di Milano - Milano (MI) - Italy

The recovery of scrap metals from bottom ashes is a common practice in the most part of Europe. Focusing on aluminium, during the incineration process the scraps contained in the waste undergo volatilization and oxida-tion processes, which determine a loss of their recoverable mass. The research project has the purpose of evaluating the behaviour of rigid and flexible aluminium packaging (post consumer beverage cans; pre consumer trays; pre consumer aluminium foil and polylaminated foil with plastic and paper) in a full-scale incineration plant, in order to quantify its partitioning in the residues of the in-cineration process, its oxidation rate and to estimate the amount of aluminium recoverable from bottom ashes.The experimental tests were carried out in an incinerator plant located in Northern Italy. The waste was arti-ficially doped, by mixing it with the selected aluminium packaging, in order to increase its aluminium content from about 0.8% to more than 3.5%, and the charge was fed into the furnace during one-two hours of standard operation. Bottom and fly ashes were sampled every 30 minutes for 10 hours, and were subsequently analysed for their Al content. Following an extensive pre-treatment of bottom ash samples, the metallic Al was measured by NaOH attack followed by the measure of the volume of the produced H2, while total Al by XRF. The ingot finally recovered was analysed by an optic emission spectrometer, to evaluate its content of Al (all considered metallic). The most interesting results are those related to the partitioning of total Al between the different residues. The amount of Al that is found in fly ashes is below 7% for all the types of packaging. In contrast, data correspond-ing to the fine fractions (below 0.8 mm) of bottom ashes are characterized by high variability. In both fractions, Al metal fragments are extremely small in size and their recovery is virtually impossible using the current ECS technology. Total Al partitioning in the fraction below 0.8 mm after the first screening step ranges between 3.3% for cans and 20.5% for foils, while that in the fraction below 0.8 mm after grinding between 9.4% for cans and 51.1% for foils. This variability may be related to the characteristics of the packaging and of the alloy. Compared to cans, the thickness and the technical strength of trays and foils are lower and lumps that form in the furnace are characterized by very small dimensions: this may facilitate their migration in the finer fraction of bottom ashes. Concerning the ingots recovered from the melting process, about 80% of cans, 51% of trays and 27% of foils are actually recoverable through an advanced treatment of bottom ashes. Finally, we have observed that beverage cans are characterized by a low overall oxidation level (9.2%) due to the less exposed surface area compared to the other materials. Trays are moderately oxidized (17.4% of the Al is presented as oxide) while foils are highly oxidized (58.8%).

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[ABSTRACT ID: 943]

MSW SELECTIVE COLLECTION IN A TOURIST AREA: AN ITALIAN CASE-STUDYRAGAZZI M., GIRELLI E., RADA E.C.

University of Trento - Trento - Italy

The aim of the presented work is the development of general criteria and guidelines for MSW selective collec-tion in tourist areas.The Italian tourist area of the presented case-study is characterized by more than 3.500.000 tourists spending their holiday in the seven towns of the district. The area has less than 48.000 inhabitants, but the population equivalent amounts to 57.623. The significant presence of tourists and the consequent accommodation facilities, which often do not contribute to the selective collection (SC) network, are the main causes of the bad results in terms of SC performance. Other causes are lack of awareness of the citizens and lack of correct information from public administration. The present average SC efficiency in the district is 56.3% and the annual quantity of residual waste (RMSW) per capita is equal to 218 kg: the provincial regulation in force defines targets respectively equal to 65% and 130 kg per inhabitant per year.In 2007 the district developed a study for the reorganization of SC system, providing the laying of large half-underground bins. Cause of various bureaucratic facts, the plan has not been implemented until now, but during this time the political situation has changed and not all the new representatives agree with the 2007 plan. For this reason the district administration has commissioned the University of Trento an optimization study of the MSW collection.The main problems of the district situation are:• in the RMSW is still present a significant food waste amount;• there is a critical misuse of collection areas on public streets (not flattened cardboard, abandoned bulky

waste);• the seven town representatives have very different orientations regarding waste management (some of them

want a curbside collection system for all the fractions, others want a street side collection one);• there is a significant presence of “second houses”.For this reason, according to the present orientation, the new SC system should be based on:- a generalized curbside collection for RMSW and food waste;- street side bins in the old towns (historic centres) and for the second houses, for RMSW, food waste, glass,

light packaging, paper.Concerning the other users and fractions, two different SC systems are possible: curbside or street side one. Both systems, coupled by an efficient awareness path, can lead to good results: the final decision requires an economic evaluation (in progress).

[ABSTRACT ID: 1018]

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ADSORBENT MEDIA FROM OLIVE STONESANTONETTI F., CHIAVOLA A., FARABEGOLI G., ROLLE E.

University Of Rome, Sapienza - Rome - Italy

Agricultural activities such as olive mills generate highly polluted wastewater together with solid residues (usu-ally referred to as olive pits) which need to be properly managed and disposed off.Production of adsorbent materials from the olive mill solid residues can offer an opportunity to reuse the waste materials so as to avoid costs of final disposal and recovery a valuable product.Adsorbents have been processed from different types of agricultural waste materials, such as olive stone, acorn, pecan, walnut shells, and stone fruits. The objectives of this study were to prepare and to characterize activated carbon made from olive pits.The general process to produce activated carbon is based on carbonizing and activating the original carbona-ceous material. Activation may be achieved either physically or chemically. A typical physical method consists of a thermal treatment that can be carried out in two stages: (1) carboniza-tion of the precursor and (2) controlled gasification (controlling parameters: steam flow, temperature, heating rate, etc.) of the crude char. In the chemical method, the starting material is impregnated with a chemical agent, either acid or base. The type and the amount of the chemical agents used are important to enhance the quality and quantity of the activated carbon obtained.

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In the present study, experimental tests were conducted to evaluate the sorption properties of adsorbents produced from olive stones through different chemical and physical activation methods: (1) carbonization at 700°C; (2) chemical impregnation of 2N HNO3; (3) 75% KOH solution.The raw material as well as the produced adsorbents were thoroughly characterized by: Total and Volatile Solids (TS and VS, respectively), ash content, water content, total heavy metals, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Iodine Number (IN), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis, Boehm titration, Methylene Blue number (MBN). Sorption properties were evaluated through batch experiments with olive mill wastewaters. Removal capacities of total and filtrate Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and of polyphenols were determined and compared with those achieved by commercial activated carbons under the same operative conditions. The activated olive pits showed appreciable sorption properties, although lower than those of the commercial activated carbons; therefore, the activation process of the waste materials can be considered a feasible alter-native to their final disposal. It is capable of producing a valuable product for the treatment of the wastewater produced by the same olive mill.

SESSION WASTE - Integrated Waste Management

[ABSTRACT ID: 1127]

EVALUATION OF WASTE PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES IN DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION USING LCANESSI S., RIGAMONTI L., GROSSO M.Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy

The strategic relevance of waste prevention has considerably increased worldwide during recent years, such that the current European legislation urges the preparation of national waste prevention programmes in which prevention objectives and measures are identified. Their aim is not to pursue merely waste reduction, but the minimisation of the overall environmental impacts associated with waste generation, taking into account their whole life-cycle.A life cycle perspective should be indeed always employed to evaluate the environmental consequences of waste prevention activities, especially when they are based on the use of alternative, less waste generating goods or services, while maintaining the same level of consumption (dematerialization activities). In this case, along with waste reduction, additional environmental impacts are involved, thus requiring a careful evaluation. The quantitative tool employable in support of this evaluation is the life cycle assessment (LCA).In such a context, we are therefore currently employing the LCA methodology to evaluate the energetic and environmental performance of some municipal waste prevention activities, such as the use of public network water, the distribution of loose detergents and dry food products through self dispensing systems, and the use of washable diapers.Until now, we completed the analysis of two prevention activities considered particularly meaningful for the Ital-ian context: the use of public network water and of refillable bottled water for drinking purposes as an alterna-tive to one-way bottled water. Italy has indeed for years been the largest per capita consumer of bottled water at the European level and one of the major consumers globally.The energy demand and specific potential impacts of four waste prevention scenarios that foresee the use of public network water (two scenarios) and of refillable bottled water (two scenarios) were compared with those of three baseline scenarios that foresee the use of one-way bottled water, in order to evaluate whether, and under what conditions, the analysed prevention activities are actually associated with overall energetic and environmental benefits.Interesting results were obtained, demonstrating how different factors concur in the definition of the perfor-mance of the investigated activities (e.g. consumer behaviour and transport distances). More in depth, in typical conditions, the utilisation of public network water directly from the tap was the preferable option. Conversely, if water is withdrawn from public fountains (option that is increasingly being offered by a number of Italian mu-nicipalities), its further transportation by private car can involve significant impacts. The use of refillable PET bottled water was the preferable option for packaged water consumption, if refillable bottles are transported to local distributors along the same (or a lower) distance as one-way bottles to retailers. The use of refillable glass bottled water was preferable to one-way bottled water (except for eutrophication indicator, which was always slightly worse) only if such distances are lower than 150 km.The utilisation of a life cycle perspective allowed us to go beyond the simple reduction of the generated waste which, alone, does not automatically imply achieving better overall environmental performance.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 884]

INNOVATIVE EVALUATION OF ECONOMIC DATA ON SOURCE SEPARATION SCHEMES IN LOMBARDY

GIAVINI M.(1), GHIRINGHELLI G.(1), COZZI A.(2), PADOVAN N.(2)

Ars Ambiente srl - Gallarate - Italy (1) Regione Lombardia - Milano - Italy (2)

Intensive source separation of waste represents a strategic decision, and is Lombardy’s key factor for reaching an overall high performance of residential waste collection schemes. In this work an economic evaluation of the main separate collection schemes already in place in Lombardy is presented, basing on data published in a recent report by Lombardy Region (related to 2008 data), updated to the recently finalized 2010 data. A detailed analysis on overall costs for municipal waste management was per-formed using the comprehensive raw data reported by all the municipalities of Lombardy Region in the on-line database managed by the regional Environmental Agency.This dataset is interesting for the high number of municipalities accounted (1546, with about 9.700.000 in-habitants), and the presence of both main collection schemes at the same time: kerbside (door to door) and centralized road containers. This survey introduces a new comprehensive indicator, which expresses normalized overall costs for waste collection and treatment per equivalent inhabitant, per year (i.e. accounting for non-resident citizens and non-domestic activities), and excludes costs not directly related to waste collection such as road cleaning.The use of this new indicator strongly lessens the bias and the variability that was present in raw data ex-pressed using the traditional total cost per inhabitant. This fact, with sample significance and data accuracy, allows highlighting real differences related to the collection schemes or to the achieved diversion of recyclables. The main outcomes from this survey can be summarized as follows:- As already acknowledged, average source separation rate of municipalities performing kerbside collection,

including food waste diversion, is significantly higher than those still adopting centralized road container schemes (averaging 62.1 per cent compared to 31.9 per cent).

- The statistical analysis on normalized overall costs shows that, beside data variability, they are not statisti-cally different, or even appear to decrease with higher diversion.

- With higher diversion rates, collection costs slightly increase (especially with over 60 per cent diversion), but not as much as was commonly thought before this study; treatment costs for the recovery of recyclables and disposal of residual waste decrease much more.

- The use of the new indicator flattens the influence of geographic or demographic parameters, i.e. it seems that waste management costs don’t change much between densely and sparsely populated areas.

These results give a consistent support to the local authorities involved in waste management planning, espe-cially thinking at setting up intensive kerbside schemes. They act as a guideline when it comes to think about optimization tools and strategies, because they highlight many municipalities as best practices, which suc-ceeded in reaching diversion rates up to 65-70 per cent while keeping overall costs unchanged.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1036]

OPTIMIZATION OF URBAN WASTE COLLECTION MANAGEMENT THROUGH DYNAMIC VEHICLE ROUTINGNICOSIA F.G.(1), INTURRI G.(1), MANCINI G.(2)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Catania - Catania - Italy (1) Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, University of Catania - Catania - Italy (2)

This study deals with an optimization methodology based on the minimization of the cost of collection, being fixed the fleet size, with a variable waste demand on day-to-day basis, through a vehicle routing formulation. Solving the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) involves determining how many vehicles are required to service the destinations, and developing a route and schedule for each one. The VRP with Time Windows (VRPTW) was con-sidered in order to introduce time restrictions on collection scheduling from commercial users.The model has been implemented by means of TRANSCAD, that uses Operational Research algorithms inte-grated with GIS allowing the results to be easily represented and interpreted.The model is used both to find the best route linking the collection points of commercial users and to reduce the collection cost of the Organic Fraction (OF), by offering a collection and transport system variable day by

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day. At the same time the research aimed at optimizing the collection of the Organic Fraction (OF) of municipal solid waste (MSW) from commercial users, by proposing an aerated bin prototype. This device should be able to determine a significant reduction of collection frequency while improving the flexibility of the collection system in order to effectively meet the needs of all users and reduce potential criticalities (e.g. offensive odours).The GIS model of the optimal path, based on parameters such as population density, waste generation, road network and road types, types of bins and collection vehicles, etc, can be used as a decision support tool for the management of solid waste, in order to optimize the filling of vehicles, reducing fuel consumption and work shifts of the workers and vehicles. Shortest path models and route optimization in OF collection also help for the control and reduction of the emissions to environment (CO2, NOx, CO etc.) of trucks exhausts in an air polluted city like the one under observation.In this regard, in a part of a large Sicilian city, a GIS-based transport model was developed to optimize the collection of OF from commercial users within the municipality. Comparing operating costs, the collection routes and distances obtained with dynamic scheduling and routing policies with static policies, based on pre-determined fixed routes and pick-up frequencies, it was shown as dynamic waste collection system allows a significant reduction of costs. First results shows that the model is useful to assist tactical planning decision in waste collection and that it can benefit of real time information provided by the users through a simple pre-defined Short Message Service (SMS) system. After performing the routes by the model, the optimized routes were compared with the current routes. The route optimization process on the street stationary container collection system was found to pro-duce a benefit up to a 37% of total cost.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1133]

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AS A TOOL FOR OPTIMISING THE INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LOMBARDIA

RIGAMONTI L.(1), BRAMBILLA V.(1), LUGLIETTI R.(1), GIAVINI M.(2), GROSSO M.(1)

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR – Environmental section - Milan - Italy (1) ARS Ambiente Srl - Gallarate (VA) - Italy (2)

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been chosen by Regione Lombardia as a strategic support decision tool in the preparation of its new waste management plan. The goal is to use the life cycle thinking approach to assess the current regional situation and thus to give useful strategic indications for the future waste management. The project is called GERLA: GEstione Rifiuti in Lombardia – Analisi del ciclo di vita (Waste management in Lombar-dia – Life cycle assessment). The focus was on the management of municipal waste, in particular the six packaging materials (glass, aluminium, iron, paper, plastic and wood), the organic waste (food and green waste) and the residual waste.The first phase of the study consisted in the analysis of the present management of municipal waste in Lom-bardia Region (baseline scenario). In the year 2009 the total production of the considered fractions was equal to about 4.4 million tonnes, split between 51% of source separation for material recovery and 49% of residual waste. Out of this, 70% was sent directly to energy recovery in waste-to-energy plants, 26% was sent to me-chanical-biological pre-treatment plants and only a negligible amount was sent directly to landfill. All the fluxes of materials (both the source-separated fractions and the unsorted residual waste) were characterised in terms of quantity, composition and destination, and the most important treatment plants were analysed in terms of their capacity, energy and materials consumption, emissions in the environment, energy and materials recovery. The baseline scenario was evaluated by means of the LCA methodology, following the ISO standards 14040 and 14044. CML 2001 was adopted as characterisation method to evaluate the environmental impacts, whereas the Cumulative Energy Demand method was chosen to evaluate the energy consumption of the system. The critical analysis of the results of the baseline scenario has allowed the definition of four alternative per-spective waste management scenarios for the year 2020, with the final goal to improve the environmental performances of the regional system. Considering the trend of historical data, a waste production of about 4.8 million tonnes has been estimated for year 2020, with a separate collection rate of the considered fractions of about 66% (business-as-usual scenario). Three more challenging scenarios, with a separate collection of about 70% and 75%, were also investigated. The LCA methodology has allowed the verification and quantification of the benefits associated with the various actions implemented.This study represents thus an important application of life cycle assessment as, for the first time in Italy, the outcomes of a detailed LCA of a current waste management system are really utilised in the waste manage-ment planning on a regional scale.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 896]

ENERGETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION IN LIVORNO AND CECINA (TUSCANY) EXISTING PLANTS (PROJECT C-STEP)

MARESCA L.(1), BAGATTI M.(2), VITOLO S.(3), RAFANELLI A.(4)

AATO 5 Toscana costa - Livorno - Italy (1) AATO Toscana costa - Livorno - Italy (2)

Polo Tecnologico Magona - Cecina - Italy (3) Provincia Livorno - Livorno - Italy (4)

The C-STEP project, sponsored by Tuscany region and developed by AATO 5 Toscana Costa with AATO Tos-cana Costa, Livorno Administration and Polo Tecnologico Magona, was aimed at studying feasible solutions to improve the anaerobic digestion of the municipal WWTPs located at Livorno and Cecina and to implement the combined treatment of OFMSW. The aim was to increase the biogas production and decrease the final waste disposal.The territory covers 111 municipalities with 1.358.433 inhabitants. The project was developed in 4 phases. During the first part, the two plants were investigated. At present, Livorno is almost self-sufficient for the digesters heating with a biogas production of 1.625 m3/d and a spare capacity of 25%, while for Cecina, affected by seasonal fluctuations, the biogas production of 686 m3/d is not sufficient (spare capacity of 15%).As regards the final waste sludge disposal, the average cost ranges from 55 to 115 €/t, and it highly influences the operating costs. An overview on solid waste management showed that the OFMSW amount of 76.894 t/y (22% of MSW), cannot be completely disposed in the AATO 5 facilities (only 77%) and the amount is expected to highly increase due to law regulation. For these reasons, the second phase was focused on solutions to improve the plants efficiency and to partially fulfill the OFMSW treatment requests. The anaerobic co-digestion occurred as a feasible and profitable option. Italian and international experiences were studied as well as solutions to exploit biogas potential (cogeneration, bio-fuel, heating). By applying literature data and the plant design data, a calculation model was set up to evaluate scenarios of anaerobic co-digestion. The model was calibrated by using in-situ analytical data and solid waste collection data. The scenarios correspond to OFMSW addition of 20 and 40 t/d for Livorno and of 8 and 15 t/d for Cecina. The estimated biogas rises up to 2.020.720 m3/y and 936.820 m3/y respectively. Then the efficiency of different solutions implemented in the scenarios were stud-ied. Heating and electric energy balances were calculated. The environmental aspect was evaluated on GHGs balances (equivalent CO2 emission). The presence of an incinerator and a composting plant in the district was contemplated. Three solutions were evaluated: a) biogas sent to cogeneration, sludge to a thermal dryer and then to the incinerator; b) biogas sent to a boiler, sludge as in case a); c) biogas sent to cogeneration, sludge to composting. From an energetic viewpoint the solution c) showed the best efficiency and this result was con-firmed by the CO2 balance, although hypothesis a) resulted to be interesting as well. The last part of the project, still under development, is about the economic evaluation of the co-digestion options, taking into account costs of OFMSW pre-treatment, savings from cogeneration and other factors (transportation, final disposal, bio-methane utilization, public incentives).

SESSION AIR - Atmospheric Pollution and Emission Control

[ABSTRACT ID: 809]

OPTIMIZATION OF EXISTING DENOX AND NEGOTIATION SUPPORT FOR NOx EMISSION LIMIT: PILOT TESTING AND FULL SCALE CONSTRUCTION

VOLPI F., BONA I., BONICELLI C., CIONGOLI B., MARINETTI M., ZAFFARONI C.

CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy

A Refuse-Derived Fuel incineration plant, which includes an old Denox system (SNCR [selective non-catalytic removal]) with poor efficiency, received from the Italian Authority the request to reduce its NOx emission in consideration of the importance of this parameter in the environmental surround. In the framework of the new Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Procedure, the Italian Authority requested to meet the new limit for NOx of 100-150 mg/Nm3, which is more stringent than the current 250 mg/Nm3 and install a selective catalytic removal (SCR) Denox system to achieve this target emission limits.

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To provide regulatory negotiation support the Authors completed an assessment of existing system perfor-mance and field testing of an optimized SNCR Denox system. The assessment determined that the poor perfor-mance of the existing system was in the range of 40%; this was originated mainly from the wrong distribution system to the lances and not to a proper injection in the furnace. The set of field tests using a new pilot lance, connected to the existing system, showed NOx removal efficiency in the range of 55 to 60 percent. The field test report together with the design of the optimized SNCR system based on test results served as regulatory negotiation support. The test results and the new design of the optimized SNCR Denox were used to negotiate with the Authority on the limits and on the Denox system to be used. The main features of the opti-mized SNCR Denox are:• An optimized injection system by reducing the number of lances in operation: the new system has no.4 high

efficiency lances in operation instead of the no.8 lances of the existing system;• Possibility to operate the system with the second set of no.4 lances installed; • Possibility to regulate the dosing rate of the ammonia solution at each injection point and optimized the

chemical consumption to the operating condition.The negotiation with the Authority included a comparison between the optimized SNCR and a SCR Denox sys-tem. Based on the results of the tests, the client obtained an acceptable new NOx emission limit of 150 mg/Nm3, which was possible with the optimized SNCR.The Authors provided design, equipment supply, and start-up and testing of the optimized SNCR. The system was accepted and is now operating successfully. A final assessment report on system performance for submit-tal to the Authorities was provided. As a result of a technically strong, reliable, step-by-step approach, the Refuse-Derived Fuel incineration plant was not required to invest in installation of a new SCR system. In addition, the costs for all the residual incin-eration over the plant lifetime were saved too, as an SCR system requires flue gas re-heating upstream the catalytic system, with related methane consumption.

[ABSTRACT ID: 848]

PILOT SCALE STUDY ON THE BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF HIGHLY CONCENTRATED STREAMS OF H2S IN A TANNERY WASTEWATERS TREATMENT PLANT

MORI G.(1), MANNUCCI A.(2), MUNZ G.(2), LUBELLO C.(2)

CER2CO - Centro Ricerca Reflui Conciari - San Romano - San Miniato (PISA) - Italy (1) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Florence - Florence - Italy (2)

Sulphide management represents a major problem in many WWTPs and industrial areas.Biotrickling filters (BTF) can remove H2S under varying operating conditions, requiring only few days for biologi-cal process start-up and not requiring chemicals dosing.However, investment costs of BTFs are usually higher than those of chemical scrubbers due to the high required Empty Bed Retention Time (EBRT). Moreover, the accumulation of biomass and the rising of head losses through the packing bed constitute an important drawback and its quantification is necessary in order to optimize the reactor design and operation.The main objective of this work was to describe the biomass production and accumulation through a simplified model in a pilot scale BTF treating gas streams containing high H2S concentration. Different gas flow rates and relative consequent EBRT (lower than 5s) were tested. Hydraulic retention time of make-up water was varied in order to maintain pH at 1.7. The reactor was filled with open polyurethane foam cubes (PUF) of 2 cm side. Biomass was periodically analyzed to evaluate the autotrophic and heterotrophic activity (respirometric tests) and the accumulation and the stratification of residual solids. The biological process required only 3-4 days to become stable and efficient. The average H2S removal and the corresponding Elimination Capacity (EC) in the last 70 days were 83% and 121 g/m3bed h respectively. EC (230 g m-3bed h-1) close to the maximum reported in literature was obtained in presence of high inlet H2S concentration ad after a partial mixing of the packing bed. The analysis of the solid and water content of the sampled PUF cubes showed the stratification of the bed. Wa-ter content, TSS and wet/dry ratio are higher in the lower zone of the bed, probably because gas-liquid transfer rate (and biomass growth) are higher (due to higher H2S concentrations).Moreover, the biomass appeared to be not uniform due to the presence of zones characterized by the presence of elemental sulphur and/or gypsum.

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Biomass concentration and composition were estimated using collected data and the amount of solids (627 g) and water (13 L) inside the reactor.Corresponding to an estimated average solids retention time of about 50 d, the observed yield of solids produc-tion resulted 0.07 g of solids per g of H2S removed.The fraction of H2S oxidized to sulphur was about 1.1% of the influent H2S which results in about 17% of the total solids accumulated in the bed. The majority of solids (58.8%) consisted in inert biomass and products of the microbial activity and only 24.3% by active biomass.In conclusion a good coupling of transfer and oxidation processes makes the BTF a suitable solution, before a chemical scrubbing, for H2S contaminated streams. An efficient system for solids removal and distribution and SRT control would be the key factor for a sustainable long term application of BTF technology at high volumetric load.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1147]

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NANOPARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION PROCESSES

OZGEN S.(1), RIPAMONTI G.(1), LONATI G.(1), CERNUSCHI S.(1), GIUGLIANO M.(1)

DIIAR - Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (1)

Although the scientific community has still to reach a general consensus about their definition, ultrafine (UFP) and nanoparticles (NP) are usually considered as those particulate size fractions having diameters smaller than 100 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The investigations of health effects from ambient particles address most of the disease burden to the finer PM2.5 fractions: however, a lot of efforts have been recently focused on UFP raising several discussions about their most harmful potential on health. This latter is essentially at-tributable to their capabilities of deeper penetration in the respiratory track and their consequent deposition in the alveolar regions, to their translocation to extra-pulmonary organs and to cellular damage. Further-more, their high specific surface area may increase the transport of surface enriched toxic trace species with respect to larger particles. Increasing evidence of UFP toxicity is provided by toxicological studies, although the epidemiological evidence for health effects is still more limited.Stack field testing was performed on several stationary combustion processes to investigate total num-ber concentrations and size distributions in a size range extended towards the evaluation of ultra-fine and nanoparticles. The investigations interested municipal and industrial waste-to-energy (WTE) plants, a biomass power plant, residential scale boilers fed with different fuels (i.e., wood pellets, light oil, natural gas), a closed fired place burning wood logs and a thermal oxidizer treating emis-sions from the thermal desorption for soil remediation. Field measurements were addressed to the determination of primary particle concentrations at stack gas conditions and to the investigation of the contribution of any material of condensable origin, arising from cooling and dilution effects immedi-ately following flue gas release into the atmosphere. For this purpose the tests were performed using a specifically designed sampling line, equipped with a dilution system and a particle counting device. Average concentration levels detected ranged between four orders of magnitude (10-3 cm-3 – 10-7 cm-3) between the investigated stationary combustion processes. Under all sampling conditions, ultrafine frac-tions largely prevailed in number size distributions, with average diameters almost constantly located in the nanoparticle size range. For WTE plants in particular, stack concentrations appeared to be influenced by the design and process configuration of flue gas cleaning systems, with most significant effects related to the presence of wet scrubbing units and the baghouse operating temperature of dry removal processes. Regard-ing residential boilers, UFP particle concentrations for wood and light oil fired units were in the highest levels detected, while natural gas unit gave, as expected, the lowest values. Thermal oxidizer and biomass power plant emissions on the other hand were the highest among all the sources investigated.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1150]

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS IN LOMBARDY: FINDINGS FROM THE INEMAR EMISSION INVENTORYCASERINI S.(1), ANGELINO E.(2), ANTOGNAZZA F.(2), FOSSATI G.(2), LANZANI G.(2), MARONGIU A.(2), MORETTI M.(2)

DIIAR - Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (1) Arpa Lombardia - Milano - Italy (2)

The work provides an overview of the atmospheric emission inventory (year 2008) realized for the Lombardy Region (Italy). The inventory updating is done through the IN.EM.AR. (INventario EMissioni Aria, www.inemar.eu) database, set up in 1998 in the framework of the Regional Air Quality Plan and managed since 2002 by the Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Lombardy (ARPA). The inventory provides emissions at local scale (municipalities) for 242 activities, 30 fuels and for different types of pollutants: primary particulate matter of different size (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5), pollutants involved in secondary fine particulate formation (NOx, SOx, VOC and NH3), greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O and F-gases) and toxic compounds (B(a)P, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Pb and Hg). A variety of methodologies are used as proposed by the EMEP/EEA Air pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook as well as by the IPPC guidelines for greenhouse gases inventory. Estimates are based on activity data (i.e. fuel consumption, industrial productions) collected at local, regional and national level, as well as through specific survey (i.e. for wood combustion in the residential sector), and emission factors proposed by the EEA Guidebook and literature. Regarding the industrial point sources, data provided by plant handlers are considered and also used to derive specific emission factors for the regional territory.Wood combustion in the residential sector and road transport are the main sources of PM10 in Lombardy (50% and 30% of the total emissions respectively), whereas road transport is the dominant source of total NOx emis-sions (55%) with also relevant contribution by combustion processes, both in domestic and industrial sectors (14 and 9% respectively). The inventory results highlight the importance of primary PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from diesel vehicles in the most populated areas of Lombardy, while, in rural contexts, wood combustion from residential fireplaces and stoves represents the largely predominant source of particulate matter and BaP. Key sources of heavy metals emissions are industrial combustions, in particular those related to non-ferrous metals secondary melting, and steal production processes with electric arc. For heavy metals, a detailed meth-odological approach, which considers the regional industrial plants characteristics and their technologies, has allowed solving the problems due to the high variability of emission factors for these sources reported in the literature.For the completeness of sources and pollutants included and the high resolution (municipality level) considered, the emission inventory for Lombardy region, is an important basis for modelling simulation as well an essential tool for the definition of air quality policies at local and regional scale.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1067]

TRI-GENERATION POWER PLANT AND CONVENTIONAL BOILERS: POLLUTANT FLOW RATE AND ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT OF STACK EMISSIONS

GHERMANDI G., TEGGI S., FABBI S., BIGI A., ZACCANTI M.M.

Dept of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia - Modena - Italy

The atmospheric impact of stack emissions from a power plant (tri-generator and boilers) that will be installed in an urban area in the central Po valley are studied and compared to the impact of the existing plant (con-ventional boilers). Both plants are supplied by methane gas. The atmospheric dispersion of the emissions is simulated both in the current and the future scenario, i.e. before and after the new plant activation respectively. The plants are assumed as continuously emitting point sources. The emission rates are set equal to the regula-tory emission limits for the existing plant and for the boilers of the future plant, while the tri-generation system emission rates are set equal to the emission limits certified by the system manufacturer. The local meteorologi-cal, topographical and surface land cover datasets have been used. The simulation periods span over each one of the four seasons, using 2010 meteorological data, to test conditions both favourable and unfavourable to pollutant accumulation in the atmosphere; simulation with period spanning over each month and also over the whole 2010 year are also performed (long-term). The dispersion of different air pollutants (NOx mainly) is pre-sented; the concentration fields obtained for the same period in the two different scenarios are compared. The

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aim of the simulation is to estimate the impact of emissions on air quality in the urban area close to the plant, in different weather conditions, in a region characterized by calm wind events. The future power plant (tri-generator and boilers) impact on air quality (i.e. respect to the regulatory concentration limits for pollutants in atmosphere) results lower than the impact of the existing plant, even if the yearly total mass of pollutants emit-ted in atmosphere from the new power plant is higher than from the existing plant. The simulation is performed by the software package ARIA INDUSTRY, that is made up of the 3D lagrangian stochastic particle dispersion model SPRAY, the diagnostic meteorological model MINERVE and the turbulence model SURFPRO.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1012]

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE BAT CONCEPT IN THE STEELMAKING SECTORRADA E.C.(1), RAGAZZI M.(1), CHISTÈ A.(1), SCHIAVON M.(1), WERNER T.(2), TUBINO M.(1),

ANTONACCI G.(3), TODESCHINI I.(3), TOFFOLON M.(1)

University of Trento - Trento - Italy (1) Eco-research - Bolzano - Italy (2)

CISMA - Bolzano - Italy (3)

The sector of steelmaking plants, in the European Union, is today one of the major potential contributors to the atmospheric release of PCDD/F and consequent depositions. The emissions depend on many factors: charac-teristics of the input, process, prevention and removal of PCDD/F from the gaseous streams. The local impact depends also on the variability of release through diffused emissions, secondary emissions and conveyed gases. The complexity of the subject makes it interesting the adoption of integrated and multidisciplinary ap-proaches. This paper refers to an Italian case-study (a steel mill) whose present depositions were measured by deposim-eters placed with a strategy based mainly on the results of dispersion modeling. Additional information was generated by the adoption of a couple of optical particle counters whose location was chosen from dispersion modeling results too. The adopted dispersion model was AERMOD, an advanced Gaussian plume model able to simulate the disper-sion of pollutants in complex terrain. The flow field was modeled starting from meteorological observations, and the emissions were assumed on the basis of the available information. As a result, depositional patterns were reconstructed considering present conditions. Vetropyrex Depobulk® deposimeters were selected, able to capture the overall deposition of PCDD/F generally in a period of 15-30 days. In this paper comparative results between different locations of deposimeters will be discussed in order to understand which is the priority for a further decrease of the plant impact (already having Best Available Technologies).The adopted optical particle counter was a GRIMM (portable aerosol spectrometer model 1.108). The GRIMMs were adopted for specific comparative characterizations in order to clarify the role of diffused emissions.Modeling results showed a clear effect of the ground morphology on the behavior of the emissions. The role of diffused emissions resulted potentially significant, pointing out that an evolution of the present BATs available for this sector should take into account this aspect as a priority.The obtained depositions values, even if attributed entirely to the plant, demonstrated that, by complying with the recent regulations (by operation values adequately lower than the limits), PCDD/F deposition can be ad-equately lowered. A critical aspect can be related to the slag management. A part of the measured deposition values, relatively high, showed a high PCDD/F deposition in an area close to the plant even if parallel deposition values of heavy metals (not present in this paper) were low. One possible explanation can be a low temperature stripping of a part of the PCDD/F present in the slag cooled outdoor. From these observations the priority for going beyond the present BAT concept is a different management of slag (presently accepted outdoor). Other aspects as on-line PCDD/F sampling at the stack are discussed too.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1033]

DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO ODOUR EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

GIULIANI S., ZARRA T., NADDEO V., BELGIORNO V.Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division at Department of Civil Engineering

University of Salerno - Fisciano (SA) - Italy

Odours emitted by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one of the major concern for local authorities in relation of the nuisance generate in the neighborhoods. The particular and complex nature of the substances considered to be the cause of annoyance, their variability in time and the climatic conditions, as well as the subjectivity of the odour perception are the elements that have delayed their regulation. For this reason there are few international laws that set the limits of odour emissions and/or define the criteria of air quality in terms of odour. In particular, there are currently no regulations that deal with this problem in Italy.Analytical techniques such as the use of surrogate chemical markers (i.e. H2S or NH3) as well as the chemical detection of odorous compounds by chromatographic analysis (GC-MS) can be used for objective and con-tinuous measurement of odours, but these techniques are limited due to detection level of several odourous compounds specific and to the impossibility to measure the olfactory perception of the mixture. Whereas odour detection by sensorial methods offers an accurate measurement of olfactory perception. However, the cost, potential subjectivity and time restrictions (due to being laboratory based) make them unsuitable for continuous measurement.Odour impacts are related to both odour emission and socio-economical aspects. Socio-economical factors, like the relations between the resident and the different companies, the gender or time spent at the current address, influence the odour acceptability. It is well known that the absence or presence of background odours may also have a significant effect.In this study, a complete discussion and comparison of all different approaches to odour emission characteriza-tion and impact assessment of a big WWTP is presented. All data were collected during 5 year of monitoring and experimentation at WWTP of Salerno City (Italy) with a detailed research program that include the use of: dynamic olfactometry according to EN 13725:2003, electronic nose (e.nose), field inspection according to VDI 3940, social investigation and odour dispersion modeling.Results discuss and compare strengths and weaknesses of different techniques used for the odour character-ization and assessment of inducted impacts in WWTP. In addition a novel integrated approach is presented as a complete tool for the control of odour in WWTP.

[ABSTRACT ID: 953]

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND LUNG CANCER: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS TO DEFINE LONG-TIME EXPOSURE OF POPULATION ENROLLED IN A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

CORDIOLI M.(1), ERSPAMER L.(2), RANZI A.(2), LAURIOLA P.(2), GOLDONI C.A.(3), GATTI G.(3), RAZZINI G.(4), ARTIOLI F.(4)

Dep. Environmental Science, University of Parma Regional Reference Center “Environment & Health”, ARPA-ER - Modena - Italy (1) Regional Reference Center “Environment & Health”, ARPA-ER - Modena - Italy (2)

Local Health Unit of Modena, Department of Public Health - Modena - Italy (3) Local Health Unit of Modena, Carpi-Mirandola Hospital - Carpi - Italy (4)

Introduction: Data of cancer incidence for the Province of Modena (Northern Italy) in the years 2000-2005 showed a possible cluster for lung cancer in the district of Mirandola, where the Standardized Incidence Ratio for males reached the value of 1.26 (IC95%: 1.13-1.40). A prospective case-control study was developed to explore the presence of possible environmental factors of risk in that area. Methods: A total of 649 subjects resident in nine municipalities of the district were enrolled, with a case:control ratio of 1:4. Cases were incident events of lung cancer in the period 2009-2010 and controls were coupled on a sex, age and provenience basis. A questionnaire was submitted to all participants to collect information about personal data, lifestyle, health status, residential and occupational history. 801 residential addresses were geocoded and the exposure to three type of environmental pressures was evaluated through a geographical ap-proach: (i) the evolution of the context of residence was characterized through the use of land use cartography for the years 1976, 1994, 2003 and 2008; (ii) exposure to traffic was defined through road proximity analysis

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and available information about traffic; (iii) exposure to industrial pollution was characterized evaluating the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere around the place of residence and the proximity to major pollution sources, considering authorized emissions for about 900 industrial and commercial activities in the area. Data on residential exposure evaluated through GIS were compared to self-reported exposure from the questionnaire.Results: Percentages of actual residences located in a rural, urban and industrial area were respectively 52%, 47% and 1%. Mean distance of residences from major roads was 182 m (IQR: 189 m), with an average of 240 m of major roads within 100 m. 30% of residences had no emission of TSP and VOC within 1 km, mean emission around exposed residences was 20.9 tons/year (IQR: 15.8 ton/year). Results showed moderate to good agree-ments between the information from the questionnaire and exposure indexes computed through spatial analyses.Conclusions: A geographic approach has been proposed to define long-time exposure to environmental pressure factors in an area of the Province of Modena. This novel approach provided information about limits and strengths of utilization of this kind of data to evaluate long-term exposure to air pollution in a semi-urbanized areas.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1069]

LONG TERM TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS IN MODENA, PO VALLEY, ITALYBIGI A., GHERMANDI G., CECCHI R.

Dept of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia - Modena - Italy

The concentration of atmospheric pollutants in the Po Valley is renowned for its remarkably high levels, both for particulate and gaseous compounds. In the last decade stringent regulations on air quality standards and on anthropogenic emissions have been set by the European Commission.These regulations lead to an overall improvement on air quality across Europe, however the increasing concern of public opinion and the unequal decrease, both at a temporal and spatial scale, among the various atmo-spheric pollutants require a correct assessment of the concentration for each compound in order to estimate the effectiveness of present regulations.This analysis focused on measurements of air pollutants from a background site in Modena, a town of 200 thousand inhabitants within the Po valley. These comprise hourly data for CO, NO, NO2, NOx, O3 and daily gravi-metric equivalent data for PM10 from 1998 – 2010. The data are analysed in terms of long-term trends, and of annual, weekly and diurnal patterns. Auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions are also investigated. Influence of anthropogenic sources on pollutant concentration has been studied by checking the presence of weekly cycles on pollutants. Gaseous pollutant characteristic of vehicular traffic emissions (i.e. CO, NO and NO2) exhibit a daily pattern featured by peaks at morning and evening rush-hour and lower concentrations over the weekend. Ozone, whose annual pattern is typified by summer peak due to local production, did not show a significant variation in long term trend notwithstanding the significant decrease in NO over the decade. Regression models of PM10 upon NOx show a greater intercept in winter, representing higher secondary PM10 in the cooler months of the year, and a seasonal pattern in the PM10 to NOx ratio, with lower values in winter and higher in summer.

SESSION SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES

[ABSTRACT ID: 942]

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SANITATION POLICY AND WATER QUALITY. A PARALLEL BETWEEN BRAZIL AND ITALY

GIANSANTE A.E.(1), RANIERI E.(2)

Universidade Mackenzie - São Paulo - Brazil (1) Politecnico di Bari - Bari, Puglia - Italy (2)

The quality of water bodies is directly related to the coverage and efficiency of the Sewage systems. This article intends to make a parallel between the situation in Italy and in Brazil by the analysis of the existing environmen-tal legislation and public policies of investment in sewerage sector.

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Italian regulatory is still lacking of full acceptance of European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE. Particu-larly Article 16 of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) sets out a “Strategy against pollution of water” outlining the steps to be taken. The first step of the strategy was the establishment of a First list of priority substances under the Water Framework Directive.Various monitoring programs have evidenced the occurrence of growing concentrations of new emergent pol-lutants that compromise the qualitative state of rivers, lakes and sea.A first estimate of works for the italian wastewater treatment plants improving efficiencies for facing of new priority pollutants is more than 3,5 billion of Euros as whole. One of the problem for a large number of these WWTPs enhancing is the lack of area for operational basins enlargement. After about 10 years of discussions, the Brazilian Parliament adopted federal law 11,445/07 that constitutes the new regulatory framework for the sanitation sector in the country. Now be called basic sanitation service composed of four components: water supply, sewerage, solid waste management and stewardship of urban stormwater drainage.The low level of investments and the lack of a regulatory framework led to increasing deficits of sanitation, to the extent that the Brazilian population increased in urban areas, increase that wasn’t followed by coverage of services. The determination of deficits suffers due to multiple data sources are available as:• Censos 2000 e 2010• PNSB 2000 e 2008 • PNAD 2001 a 2008 • SNIS 2007 • SISAGUA • SIG Cisternas • SEDEC • Ministério da Integração Nacional Besides these sources of data from federal agencies, which are sometimes inconsistent and dispersed, there are other States which also cause differences of information, as the case may be. This complex situation of data source, you can get some values of the deficit:There is no information about the service coverage of urban drainage, because there is not a general register of this grace practically urban infrastructure throughout the country. There are few municipalities that come with registration.To take forward these challenges to achieve the universalization of the provision of services throughout the country, the sources of resources are:• Donor Funds resources – FGTS e FAT – Costly.• OGU – not costly.• International Loans (BIRD e BID, for example);• Operators’ own resources.According to the Ministry of Cities, in 2009, were committed R$ 6.6 billion, but disbursed R$ 3.5 billion.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1109]

STUDY OF AN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY TO DISINFECT DRINKING WATER USING SOLAR HEAT FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESSORLINI S., BIGONI R., PILOTELLI M., LUSCIETTI D.

CeTAmb, Research Centre on Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Management in Developing Countries, University of - Brescia - Italy

According to the last Millennium Development Goals Report (UN, 2011), the world is likely to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water, in fact 28% of the global popula-tion was with unimproved sources in 1990 and it was 16% in 2008.Water disinfection is one of the several interventions that can improve public health. Among different disinfec-tion techniques, heat is one of the most effective methods of disinfecting water but, not all the heat-based dis-infection techniques are environment and health friendly. In fact, for example, heating water on an open-flamed stove can cause both a consumption of natural resources and risks for human health.In order to destroy pathogens using heat, water must be hold at elevated temperatures for a specific period of time and the higher the temperature reached the shorter the time required to inactivate the pathogens.

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The device presented in this work is a flow-through parabolic trough concentrator (FTC) to pasteurize water in continuous conditions. It was designed, constructed and tested to assess its application as a heat-based disin-fection device for water treatment in developing countries. The apparatus is a linear concentrator of 5 meters in length and 2 meters in width, made up of parabolic aluminum mirrors that reflects, onto a receiver black iron pipe (5 meters in length and 3,2 cm of diameter), sunlight incident on the reflective area. The iron pipe was fixed along focus line of the parabola where untreated water can heat up and flow along the pipe.Water temperature analysis were performed with FTC using thermocouple probes each meter of the tube, a pyranometer and a flow meter, to observe relationship between heating rate of water under real weather condi-tions and the flow rate.A standard automotive thermostat at the end of the receiver was installed in order to ensure water outflow-ing the system when its temperature has reached the required value. An intensive monitoring campaign was performed to study the valve behavior to understand its applicability as a safe and self-sustaining technology.Microbiological tests to assess thermal inactivation were conducted directly using FTC prototype. Tests were carried out using artificially contaminated water samples to evaluate the inactivation rate of pathogens under real operating conditions. The microbiological study on thermal inactivation of pathogen microorganisms has confirmed that water does not need to be heated up to 100°C for disinfection from pathogen bacteria, but a thermal exposure of 85°C for 1 minute is sufficient to reach inactivation of the most common and resistant pathogen bacteria species.From this first experience, FTC presented in this paper shows that water pasteurization using a flow-through device is an attractive option to produce drinking water in low income countries.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1077]

PERFORMANCE OF SLOW FILTRATION FOR WATER TREATMENT USING A MICROPOROUS CERAMICSCALIZE P.S.(1), TEIXEIRA A.L.(1), ALBUQUERQUE A.(2), VALINOTE O.L.(3)

University Federal of Goiás - Goiânia - GO - Brazil (1) University of Beira Interior - Covilhã - Portugal (2)

University Federal de Góiás - Goiânia - GO - Brazil (3)

Microporous ceramic filters may constitute a promising alternative to remove turbidity and pathogens in wa-ter treatment works for small communities. This research work involved the use of a downflow microporous ceramic filter with porosity of 0.1 mm, 0.6 m depth, 0.06 m in diameter, and a surface area of 0.113 m2 to evaluate the removal of turbidity, colour and coliforms from raw surface water. The filter was built inside an acrylic column with 1 m depth and 0.23 m in diameter, with an effective volume of 41.5 L. The raw water used in the experiments was collected from a small dam, with turbidity values between 2.3 and 2.8 NTU and appar-ent colour ranging from 93 to 109 PtCo. The following hydraulic loading rates were used: 1.82, 3.16 and 4.49 m3/m2.d. For each velocity 3 experiments were performed at the hydraulic retention times of 26, 42 and 100 minutes (i.e. 9 assays). Water samples were collected at the raw water and the filtered water for each 5 cm of head loss until reach a maximum head loss of 20 cm. The results showed high removal efficiencies for turbidity (75% to 80%) resulting in low values in the filtered water (0.53 to 0.58 NTU) for 100 minutes of contact for all the hydraulic loading rates. On the contrary, the filter was not efficient for colour removal, maintaining values above 62 PtCo in the filtered water.

[ABSTRACT ID: 919]

COST MODELING OF DESALINATION SYSTEMSHUEHMER R.(1), MARINETTI M.(2), ZAFFARONI C.(2)

CH2M HILL - Englewood (CO) - United States (1) CH2M HILL - San Donato Milanese - Italy (2)

For planners of new desalination plants, evaluating the potential capital and operating costs associated with the plant is a major concern. There exists a large volume of empirical data in the published literature. This data pos-sesses significant scatter in terms of the costs of on a regional, capacity and year of construction. Of particular concern, is the lack of standardization in the reporting of both CAPEX and OPEX associated with seawater desalination plants.

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In the generation of capital cost estimates, one of several approaches is typically utilized, including empirical cost models, parametric cost models, factored cost models or estimation based on material take-off. Most commonly used in early stage development are empirical and parametric models. Several commercially available and/or non-proprietary desalination cost models currently exist in the desalina-tion market. The cost models most frequently quoted in the grey literature are WTCost© and cost curves con-tained in the USBR publication entitled “Desalting Handbook for Planners”. Other models include Global Water Intelligence Desalination SWRO Cost Estimator, Desalination Economic Evaluation Program (DEEP), AUDESSY, WRA models and the Kawamura model.CH2M HILL has developed a model known as CH2M HILL Parametric Cost Estimating System or CPES. The model consists of a mass balance tool and series of approximately 60 different unit process parametric models. The outputs of the appropriate parametric models are then utilized in a factored approach to develop the final capital cost values. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current body of knowledge associated with cost estimating for sea-water desalination and brackish water desalination systems, including an evaluation of several new parametric cost models.Authors have evaluated cost data present in the literature, the published semi-empirical cost curves and have conducted a comparison of the results of WTCost II, GWI SWRO Cost Estimator and CH2M HILL’s proprietary cost model to identify the similarities, weaknesses and strengths of the models. The capital cost of several recent desalination plants, over a range of capacities, are compared to the cost projects made by the models. In general, the authors conclude that the models are adequate for a Class 5 cost estimate as defined by the As-sociation for the Advancement of Cost Estimating (AACE).

[ABSTRACT ID: 1053]

PRÓ-BILLINGS SABESP, SANITATION PROGRAM IN WATER SOURCE PROTECTION AREA/BILLINGS RESER-VOIR - MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BENEFITS

MATSUGUMA S.(1), BONATO N.D.(2), NAGATA L.(1)

Sabesp - São Bernardo do Campo / SP - Brazil (1) ABES - São Bernardo do Campo / SP - Brazil (2)

Abstract: The Pró-Billings Program - Integrated Plan for the Environmental Improvement of the Billings Reser-voir Water SourceBasin in São Bernardo do Campo City/São Paulo State, has as its primary goal to preserve this significant source of hydraulic resources of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. Through projects, designs, sewage works, and environmental education to serve the local poor population, the Pró-Billings also targets to universalize the sewage collection and treatment in São Bernardo do Campo. The most significant challenge to protect the water source area is the dominant occupation by the low-income population living in poorly urban-ized areas. The strategy to achieve this result is a mix of management tools. The joint management of technical, environmental and social features combined with keeping sound relations with the several institutions involved including the Municipality, is the way that the Program is conducted.

THE PROGRAMThe Lake Billings is a reservoir constructed for power generation but now it is important as a water source for supplying more than 4 million inhabitants. From the beginning, pumping of water from the Tietê River, which runs through São Paulo State to the Billings Reservoir has been conducted to supplement a lack of natural run-off therein. But in the meantime São Paulo Metropolitan Region has grown and Tietê River water has changed to polluted which has caused problems such a terrible odor, forming and algae growth.The development of São Paulo Metropolitan Region has already extended to the Basin of the Billings Reservoir and the population has expanded about eight times. Such domestic sewage has been almost discharged into the Billings Reservoir without any treatment. Today, in the municipality of São Bernardo do Campo, one of the six cities in the Billings Basin and the most densely populated, only 27 % of collected wastewater receive treatment. In 2004, from a Technical Cooperation Agreement with JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), which prepared a Sewerage System Master Plan for São Bernardo do Campo/Billings Basin, Sabesp began nego-tiations to obtain resources. In 2010 Sabesp signed a Loan Agreement with the same JICA Bank to build the sewerage system. The intervention areas are concentrated in Billings Basin at the São Bernardo do Campo City and will provide with the sanitation service, 250 thousand inhabitants. The sewerage constructions include: sewage collection system 105 km, main pumping station 3 units, medium pumping stations 6 units and small pumping stations

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37 units. Facing the poor conditions of the houses and the occupation of the edge of rivers and streams, Pró-Billings is supporting the Municipality to improve public infrastructures and urbanization in low-income housing developments. The Pró-Billings Program implementation involves structural and non-structural actions simultaneously focus-ing environmental, social and urban development goals and the population enlightenment and awareness.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1050]

BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL PROCESS PRECEDED BY UASB REACTORS AT GAMA WWTPFELIZATTO M.R.(1), TEIXEIRA PINTO FILHO A.C.(1), NEDER K.D.(1), SOARES E.S.(1),

BATISTA DOS SANTOS C.A.(1), CATINO R.(2)

CAESB - Brasília DF - Brazil (1) POLUIZERO - São Paulo SP - Brazil (2)

INTRODUCTIONIn Brazil, the conventional activated sludge process was first introduced by Engineer Azevedo Netto in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and later in the Federal District, being adopted in the sixties at WWTPs Brasília South and North. This paper examines the operational performance of Gama WWTP throughout five consecutive years (2007-2011) of operation, using two methods of analysis: (i) total BOD, COD, NT, TP and TSS removals in comparison with the references adopted by the ANA (Brazilian National Water Agency) called the Hydrographic Basins Pollu-tion Control, PRODES and (ii) Technology Performance Statistics (TPS) proposed by US-EPA.

MATERIAL AND METHODSGama WWTPThe plant is located at Brasília´s western region, managed by its Environmental Sanitation Company (CAESB) and adopts a biological nutrient process, focused at phosphorus removal. The biological phase comprises UASB reactors followed by a five stage PHOREDOX or modified BARDENPHO®, with extended aeration and co-precipitation. Gama WWTP was designed to treat domestic wastewater of 182730 equivalent inhabitants with an average flow rate of 328l/s.The plant is monitored twice a week following a 24 hours composite samples routine. Chemical and physical analyses are carried out according to APHA/AWWA/WPCF.Performance Evaluation•PRODESThe performance evaluation method proposed by PRODES, compares the WWTP total removals with references values, as follows: BOD and TSS – 90%, TP – 85%, TKN – 80%. This paper also adds in its analysis, COD and TN, using removal rates of 90% and 80%, respectively, as reference values. •TPS USEPAUS-EPA proposed that nutrient removal plants should be evaluated through a system called TPS (Technology Performance Statistics). This method has three levels: (i) Best performance (Percentile 3.84), (ii) Median Perfor-mance (Percentile 50) and (iii) Reliably Achievable Performance (Percentiles 90; 91.7 and 95), and deals with WWTP effluent concentration data.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION•PRODESAs this paper intends to treat data by statistical methods, the results presented here are calculated as frequen-cies, which are obtained by dividing the amount of total removal data which stand above the PRODES reference values, by the total series data.Concerning organic matter removal, the plant produced the following results: BOD – 99.33% of all results satis-fied the reference value (90%). Thinking the same way, values obtained for COD and TSS were 96.43% and 93.73%, respectively. As for TN, 92.43% of its removal rates data were above the 80% value (PRODES refer-ence value). Similarly, for TP, 94.85% of the results also satisfied the reference value, 85%.•TPS USEPAAll percentiles have been calculated, but only percentile 95, a strict enough value, will be shown here. Consid-ering the WWTP effluent data and taking the highest value achieved for all variables, the TPS95 values obtained were: BOD 25mg/l; COD 64 mg/l; TSS 26mg/l; TN 13.6mg/l and 1.5mg/l for TP.

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CONCLUSIONAs could be expected, in a case of a well-designed non-conventional activated sludge reactor, both methods show that Gama WWWT’s organic matter removal is excellent.Now, making a comparison between these methods, TPS (US-EPA) and PRODES, it is seen that TPS allows a wider range of survey, in a sense that it shows the WWTP performance through the years and also depicts the variations of effluent concentrations within any period analyzed.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1098]

TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT ROUTESBERTANZA G.(1), COLLIVIGNARELLI C.(1), CANATO M.(2)

Università degli Studi di Brescia - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio e Ambiente (DICATA) - Brescia - Italy (1)

Università degli Studi di Pavia - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica e Ambientale - Pavia - Italy (2)

One of the most important issues in the operation of biological Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is repre-sented by sewage sludge management. Today, the legislative framework in force requires, on the one hand, the achievement of stricter effluent stan-dards and, from the other hand, a lower level of pollution of residue sludge. Moreover, increasing difficulties in finding appropriate recovery/disposal systems push towards management strategies which should focus on the reduction of the amount of sludge. Obviously, these aspects can not be simultaneously complied with, since, in general, the greater the water treatment efficiency, the higher the sludge production and level of contamination.Several technologies and management strategies are proposed and applied in the WWTPs to minimize the sludge production and contamination. Nevertheless their techno-economic feasibility has to be carefully evalu-ated. In effect, many variables determine the suitability of a particular solution, and these are remarkably site-specific. This problem involves also the administrative authorities in their planning activities (e.g. when funding priority must be defined). The increasing interest on this approach is demonstrated by the research financing policies of the European Union. Recently, an important project has been funded, with the aim of finding new routes (hence the project name: ROUTES - Novel processing routes for effective sewage sludge management. http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_it.html) for sludge management and so driving the members of EU in their future choices.Within this project, the technical-economic validation of proposed sludge management strategies is a key fac-tor. This paper presents an example of a technical-economic assessment procedure that was developed in or-der to evaluate the proposed solutions. This procedure is based on the definition of technical issues (e.g. system reliability, complexity, safety aspects, modularity….) which are rated for each situation. In addition, capital and operation costs are estimated. In this way a comparison with more conventional strategies or technologies is carried out and an objective evaluation of the new solution is possible.

[ABSTRACT ID: 843]

AIR AND SOLID LOW POLLUTION EMISSION IN A SPECIFIC BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE THERMAL TREATMENT PLANT– HIGH TEMPERATURE FLUIDIZED BED LE HAVRE CASE STUDY

PEDRAZZI L.(1), DANGTRAN K.(2), LEBONNOIS D.(1)

Degrémont S.p.A. - Milan - Italy (1) Infilco Degremont Inc. - Richmond, 23229, VA - United States (2)

Le Havre Thermylis™ incineration system consists of a high temperature fluidized bed equipped with a two-stage thermal energy recovery, with air preheating to maintain autogenous combustion and hot water produc-tion for building heat. Fluidized bed incineration has been gaining more acceptance over the last few years as municipalities focus on green and sustainable technology with maximum energy recovery, and minimisation of the WWTP waste evacuation. One of the major barrier to incineration is the NIMBY syndrome. With Le Havre fluid bed system in full operation since June 2011, flue gas pollutants, ash and spent chemicals analysis is presented in this paper, with the ultimate goal of providing a case study of emissions for the most important air pollutants from sludge fluidized bed incineration plant. This paper will be a useful tool for a novel approach to social evaluations of the new installation. Energy consumption figures recorded at the plant in comparison

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with drying plant are also presented in this paper. Le Havre incineration plant was designed to treat 1.2 t of dry matter per hour, or 3.75 t of wet cake per hour at 32% dryness and 55% as VM. At design condition, the system shall not use any fossil fuel and shall produce 0.442 t/h of ash and 0.165 t/h of spent chemicals. Chemical consumption was designed for 68 kg/h of sodium bicarbonate and 3 kg/h of activated carbon, in order to respect European environmental limits. The guarantee on the electrical consumption was 362 kWel/h. During the first four months of operation, the design capacity of 1.2 t per day was met and kept constant even with a sludge dryness of only 25%, much lower than design condition (32%). With an ash production close to design, chemical consumption and the by-product spent chemicals was lower than design. Emissions of all gas pol-lutants including TOC, NOx, SO2, dust, dioxins and furans are lower than the daily admissible limits (by at least 2 to 10 times). Combustion is complete with an unburned carbon in the ash of less than 0.01%. Heavy metal concentrations in the ash and spent chemicals are close to the detection limits. For the first four months of operation, with a cake dryness of only 25% (design=32%), fossil fuel usage was 700 kWh/dry ton five times the design value (143 kWh/dry ton), even though much lower than the estimated fuel consumption at drying plant (3000 kWh/dry ton). During the last month of commissioning, with the optimization of the sludge dewatering equipment, a much dryer cake was obtained (30%), natural gas consumption was reduced to lower than 50 kWh/dry ton. Ash from Le Havre plant passes all leachability tests for heavy metals, and can be reused, while spent chemicals are treated for salts recovery. The successful operation at the Le Havre WWTP has shown the modern fluid bed incineration system to be an economical, environmentally acceptable sludge disposal method satisfactory to the Authority, the permitting agencies and the general public.

[ABSTRACT ID: 866]

THE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE SIMULATION AND EVALUATION: DISCUSSING AN ASSESSMENT MODEL PREDICTED THROUGH A SCENARIO PROCEDURE DEVELOPED THANKS TO GIS TOOLS

PANDOLFI A.M.(1), MATTIA S.(1), OPPIO A.(2), POLETTI A.(1)

Dipartimento di Architettura e Pianificazione, Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (1) Dipartimento BEST, Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (2)

The assessment of environmental damages is increasingly challenging, to the level that it has lately affected some events, brought to the consideration of the public opinion. From the perspective of the authors, although the Italian law and jurisprudence have been appreciably developed, the calculation methods for reparations have never evolved in a significant way. That is why they cannot be considered as suitable: they only consider the reclamation costs, significantly downplaying the outcomes that add several negative side-effects, related to the actual impracticality of restoring the present condition to the configuration that it used to have before the harmful events. To solve this problematic node, the authors reviewed an “old” approach to the damage assess-ment (dividing it into hazard, vulnerability and exposure factors), combining it with the sustainability concept assumptions, a scenario analysis procedure and the use of Gis tools, that enable the user to draw the frame-works to be analyzed in a simple and user-friendly way.The model is meant to assess the effects that a real or a potential environmental damage might have a) on socio-economic activities and public health, b) on the aesthetic-cultural factors and on the landscape, and c) on the natural and ecological elements of ecosystems. The total utility function, deduced from these macro-variables, will be identified as the computation of the differentials between the actual situation (highlighting, thanks to specific alphanumeric parameters, the elements to be used to assess the natural, social, cultural and aesthetic value of the environment) and the reference scenario, that could be either the previous condi-tion (when it is measurable), or the highest acceptable damage configuration (determined as the function that describes the greatest degree of difference between all these elements that could not determine any well-being modification on other environmental components), depending on the availability of reliable data and the capa-bility of processing their information content.Once the two scenarios have been recognized and analyzed, the defining moment is a prospective and com-parative evaluation referred to the reduced capability of the environment to support the activities of its three components (natural, socio-economical, cultural) and to the assessment of “value parameters”, depending on the worth given to each element, in order to identify the total damage value. After these stage, the damage value will be calculated not only considering the actual reclamation costs (the only element that is directly computable), but also outlining the rareness of each area and ecosystem and the actual inability of restoring the exact previous configuration after the harmful event, even using variables considered as ephemeral, since they are hardly measurable.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 948]

SANITATION PROJECT IN COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIESNOEMI CRISTINA N.C./.S.C., WILSON W.R./.S., SILVANA S./.G.F., INÊS M.I./.C.S.

SABESP - São Paulo / SP - Brazil

The Regional Management Unit of São Miguel Paulista (Sao Paulo - Brazil) currently has approximately 330,000 active links. It is estimated that the resident population and consumer of water in the region will reach 1.5 mil-lion inhabitants.The main objective is to reduce complaints for high consumption. It is expected that an improvement in cus-tomer satisfaction and image of the Company. Over the last few years, the Regional Management Unit of St. Michael has had an increased incidence of entry processes claims for high consumption, mainly due to complaints by leaks visible and not visible, high bills and unjustified consumption even after changing flow-rate meters.Some of the major factors of these numbers are:a) high number of unjustified accounts or caused by leaks, which lead our client agencies to complain.b) to reduce the impression that the customer has the responsibility of the Company for the increased con-

sumption;c) lack of knowledge of rights and duties of clients, mainly about their responsibility for the maintenance and

monitoring of indoor plumbing in the property;d) the settlement of poor areas, where historically the Company has suffered losses.Actions on the field for guidance and clarification of clients are then needed.The research has been conducted with customers who complain of High Consumption and showed that cus-tomers do not care about their meters, there is lack of internal leak surveys, and little attention is paid to pay-ment of registration fees and to social changes.It is important to map areas of higher incidence of high consumption, resources, readings by middle and com-plaints listers to perform actions on field guidance to customers, also through distribution of press releases and guidelines on research of internal leakage, social tariff, enrollment in savings, consumption monitoring, etc..It is also important orienting operators (TACE) and demonstrating simple actions that they can perform in their day-to-day duty in order to clarify the customer in relation to consumption, thus preventing the client. Another action is to identify reasons for high consumption was the use of gauges to check the water pressure in build-ings, so that they can map high pressure in the pipes may leak due to disruption of the pipe, thereby generating high leakage and therefore the consumption in buildings.The occurrence of pressure above the normalized contributes to premature wear of internal components of meters and in more extreme cases, can lead to the condemnation of the meter as a function of the leak in your body.With the manpower TACE, we are making pressure measurements in a high incidence of high consumption, to verify that the pressure actually influence this type of occurrence.

[ABSTRACT ID: 962]

POSSIBLE AND PROFITABLE BIOGAS FROM MANURECASALETTA E., CRIPPA M., FIUME R., ZANI M., GOMMA M., MASSONE A.

AUSTEP SPA - MILANO - Italy

Today it is possible to feed anaerobic digesters with animal manure without any biomass addition.It is necessary to focus the attention particularly on plant design and on technical solutions in order to reach a steadily, profitable, with lowest stop-times running plant.In case of feeding the plant without any biomass addition but manure, it is even more important.The advantage of these plants is that they have a real economic sustainability in the long run and represent a great income integration for farms. Moreover, they escape to the growing concerns about bioenergy crops pro-duction instead of food products. These concerns could influence feed in tariffs and public opinion. Austep SpA engineering company, specialized in design and construction, operating and control of wastewater treatment and anaerobic digestion plants, designed and realized the anaerobic digestion plant in Cumignano sul Naviglio (CR).

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The plant stands nearby the swine breeding of 34000 animals/year and produces 249 kW/h uniquely from swine manure. The technical solutions adopted by Austep are: - Completely mixed digester with conical bottom that ensures the best solution for inactive matter removal- External heat exchanger that allows low and easier maintenance of the digester, avoids thermal shocks and

ensures the optimal mix heating- Concrete covering, allows vertical mixing system and less heat exchange during the winter- External biogas desulphurization, it is safe and assures an excellent biogas quality (hydrogen sulfide percent-

age under mandatory limit for cogeneration) - The mixing system is made both of vertical and lateral mixers. This system guarantees complete suspension

and mixing, thereby enhancing the contact between microorganisms and organic substance.

Posters

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Poster index

EFFECTS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WTP) SLUDGE ON A WASTEWATER TREATMENTPLANT (WWTP) WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS - CASE STUDY: ABC WWTP[ID 791] - MARGUTI A.L. (Brazil) - p. 160

PERCEPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN RECYCABLE MATERIAL COLLECTORS: STUDY IN A COOPERATIVE IN SALVADOR, BAHIA, BRAZIL[ID 798] - SANTOS MORAES L.R. (Brazil) - p. 160

BIOFILM (BIOCELLULOSE MEMBRANE) OBTAINED FROM WASTE RESIDUES OF FRUITS AND TEA LEAVES BY GLUCOACETOBACTER XYLINUM ASSOCIATED TO SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE[ID 811] - VIEIRA D.C. (Brazil) - p. 161

PURE OXYGEN AUTOTHERMIC THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC DIGESTION OF EXCESS SLUDGE FROM TANNERIES’ ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTE WATER TREATMENT[ID 813] - CALVI R. (Italy) - p. 162

CHALLENGES IN WTP SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN BRAZIL[ID 835] - ACHON C.L. (Brazil) - p. 163

DIAGNOSIS AND GUIDANCE FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT AND USE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED IN INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE GOIÁS - IFG-CAMPUS GOIÂNIA, GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS, BRASIL.[ID 837] - MARQUES R.G. (Brazil) - p. 163

TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC EFFLUENT BY MEANS OF BIO-SEPTIC PLOT IN A RURAL UNIT, IN PIRACANJUBA- GOIAS, BRASIL, FROM JANUARY TO JULY 2011.[ID 838] - MARQUES R.G. (Brazil) - p. 164

VALORIZATION OF TREATED WASTEWATER FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE IN SERGIPE, BRAZIL[ID 846] - MENDONÇA L. (Brazil) - p. 164

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF “CASETTE DELL’ACQUA”[ID 850] - MERLINO M. (Italy) - p. 164

THE PROBLEM OF SCRAP DEALERS AND PICKING UP WORKERS OF RECYCLING GARBAGE IN CITY OF SÃO JOÃO DA BOA VISTA, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS[ID 864] - REIS F.A.G.V. (Brazil) - p. 165

APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN SMALL COMMUNITIES[ID 879] - BELIC A. (Yugoslavia) - p. 165

WASTEWATER AS A NEW WATER AND NUTRIENT SOURCE IN AGRICULTURE[ID 880] - BELIC S. (Yugoslavia) - p. 166

IRON EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTE[ID 887] - TUCCINARDI L. (Italy) - p. 166

CO-DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE[ID 899] - DI MARIA F. (Italy) - p. 167

APPLICATION OF PUMPS AS TURBINES (PAT) IN EXISTING PLANTS IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AUTHOR VIANA, Augusto Nelson Carvalho[ID 933] - CARVALHO VIANA A.N. (Brazil) - p. 168

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POLLUTION CONCERNS ON LAND USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM MUNICIPAWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS[ID 949] - RIZZARDINI C.B. (Italy) - p. 168

ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE AND SOIL OF A LONG-TERM TRIAL WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE[ID 963] - MANTOVI P. (Italy) - p. 168

PERSPECTIVES OF APPLICATION OF THE GREEN REMEDIATION TO CONTAMINATED SITES IN ITALY[ID 965] - FALCONI M. (Italy) - p. 169

HIGH EFFICIENT DEWATERING TECHNOLOGY AS AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION TO TREAT SLUDGE FROM BOOSTED ANAEROBIC DIGESTION SIMPLICITY[ID 966] - GRASSI D. (Italy) - p. 170ANOXIC EFFLUENT DISINFECTED WITH OZONE/HYDROGEN PEROXIDE[ID 979] - DA SILVA G.H.R. (Brazil) - p. 170

MUNICIPAL CONSORTIUM OR PRIVATE COMPANY? A STUDY OF VIABILITY OF SANITARY LANDFILLIN SMALL MUNICIPALITIES[ID 997] - SILVA G.H.R.D. (Brazil) - p. 171

INTEGRATED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SYSTEM APPLIED TO A ROMANIAN METROPOLITAN CASE-STUDY[ID 1022] - RADA E.C. (Italy) - p. 171

A COMMON STRATEGY FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT REUSE IN APULIA, SOUTH ITALY AND CRETE, GREECE[ID 1028] - IACOVELLI A. (Italy) - p. 172

EVALUATION OF THE USE OF GREYWATER AND RAINWATER IN URBAN BUILDINGS: FROM FEASIBILITY TO SUSTAINABILITY[ID 1057] - ROCCARO P. (Italy) - p. 173

MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN RURAL SANITATION[ID 1083] - MACHADO A.V.M. (Brazil) - p. 173

HAITI SANITATION RESPONSE AFTER THE 12th JANUARY EARTHQUAKE 2010[ID 1101] - GIARDINA D. (Italy) - p. 174

MATERIALS AND ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WEEE: CURRENT SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES IN SICILY[ID 1153] - NICOSIA S. (Italy) - p. 174

CROSSING WATER, CARBON, AND ENERGY BOUNDARIES: INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING FOR BOTH BROWNFIELD AND GREENFIELD CITIES[ID 1154] - WITHERSPOON J. (Australia) - p. 175

PROGETTO INTEGRATO FUSINA (PIF) AND SERVIZI PORTO MARGHERA (SPM): EVALUATION OF POSSIBLE FURTHER SYNERGIES AND INTEGRATION[ID 788] - CATTANEO S. (Italy) - p. 176

THE INFLUENCE OF FITOPLANCTON ON WATER QUALITY LENTIC[ID 805] - INFUSINO E. (Italy) - p. 177

THE USE OF AQUA FREED® TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER WELL REHABILITATION IN CONTAMINATED SITES[ID 815] - BERTULESSI G. (Italy) - p. 177

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGAL BIOSENSOR FOR TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN WET WEATHER EFFLUENTS[ID 829] - FERRO Y. (France) - p. 178

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EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RATTLESNAKE CREEK, GOIANIA – GO, BRASIL, IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER 2010.[ID 839] - MARQUES R.G. (Brazil) - p. 178

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SUPERFICIAL WATER FROM THE RIVER, STREAM AND OF DRINKING WATER FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS, BRAZIL.[ID 840] - SANTOS P. P. (Brazil) - p. 179

DCPIP COLORIMETRY OF PETROLEUM DERIVATIVES BIODEGRADATION BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS[ID 792] - BIDOIA E. (Brazil) - p. 179

THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM THE SOILS AROUND A MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE FROM BRAZIL[ID 861] - GIACHETI H.L. (Brazil) - p. 180

EFFECT BIOCHAR AMENDMENT ON SORPTION AND BIODEGRADATION OF VOLATILE PETROLEUMHYDROCARBON IN AN AEROBIC SOIL[ID 875] - BUSHNAF K.M. (United Kingdom) - p. 180

SURFACTANTS REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL LAUNDRY WASTEWATER USING COMBINED BIO-OXIDATIVE AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROCESSES[ID 895] - MANCINI M.L. (Italy) - p. 181

EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CARBON AMENDMENTS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIESIN PAH CONTAMINATED URBAN SOIL

[ID 897] - MEYNET P. (United Kingdom) - p. 181WATERMATCH[ID 902] - DELL J. (United States) - p. 182

TRACKING SELENIUM SOURCES, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND SPECIATIONFOR PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND IMPACT ON OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES[ID 904] - SHAMAS J. (United Arab Emirates) - p. 182

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SOILS[ID 911] - KARAM A. (Canada) - p. 183

UNBIASED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION DATA[ID 913] - PARENT S.É. (Canada) - p. 183

CARBON DIOXIDE IN REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS[ID 927] - BISSOLOTTI G. (Italy) - p. 184

EVALUATION OF THE BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH BENZENE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE (BTX)[ID 928] - PONTES P. P. (Brazil) - p. 185

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF A CONCEPTUAL ZONING OF INCREASED ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIESRELATED TO FLOODING IN A DRAINAGE BASIN – CASE STUDY: RIO BONITO BASIN (SP)[ID 934] - CANÇADO C.J. (Brazil) - p. 185

NATURAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES[ID 951] - ALBANO C. (Italy) - p. 186

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF HYDROGEN RELEASE COMPOUNDS FOR AQUIFER REMEDIATION[ID 974] - NOVARINO D. (Italy) - p. 187

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EVALUATION OF NA+ MIGRATION AND SORPTION OF RESIDUAL UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALSOF BOTUCATU FORMATION THROUGH LARGE INFILTRATION TESTS[ID 982] - FAGUNDES J.R.T. (Brazil) - p. 187

GLOBAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY MODELLING:AN APPLICATION TO A REAL CASE STUDY[ID 988] - MANNINA G. (Italy) - p. 188

REMEDIATION OF ARSENIC-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER BY A COMBINEDFILTRATION-ADSORPTION PROCESS[ID 1008] - D’AMATO E. (Italy) - p. 188

EVALUATION OF THE OPTIMAL CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSFOR OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER TREATMENT[ID 1026] - CHIAVOLA A. (Italy) - p. 189

CONSTANT CURRENT VS CONSTANT VOLTAGE – TWO TYPES OF TESTS FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR ORGANIC POLLUTED SOILS[ID 1032] - ANDREOTTOLA G. (Italy) - p. 190

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION FOR REMOVAL OF SAXITOXINS OF WATER[ID 1034] - LOPES W.S. (Brazil) - p. 190

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR RECALCITRANT ORGANICS AND EMERGING POLLUTANTS REMOVAL[ID 1048] - RANIERI E. (Italy) - p. 191

UPGRADE OF WASTEWATER REUSE SYSTEMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN[ID 1059] - ROCCARO P. (Italy) - p. 191

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS OF THE WATER ABSTRACTION OF THE SETTLEMENT CANUDOS - GOIÁS[ID 1075] - SCALIZE P. S. (Brazil) - p. 192

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND IMPACTS MITIGATION RELATED TO LANDFILLS MANAGEMENT[ID 1081] - GRIECO E. (Italy) - p. 192

THE USE OF MODELLING TO IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES IN AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF WWTPs[ID 1092] - LUCCARINI L. (Italy) - p. 193

SURVEY ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN ITALY[ID 1103] - VACCARI M. (Italy) - p. 194

BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER: BIO-PRB COLUMN TEST PERFORMANCES EVALUATION[ID 1111] - CAPODICI M. (Italy) - p. 194

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITATIVE STATUS UPSTREAM OF VENICE - PORTO MARGHERA MEGA SITE[ID 1149] - MASON L. (Italy) - p. 195

SULPHATE REMOVAL BY NANOFILTRATION AND GYPSUM PRECIPITATION: PILOT TESTING AND REAL SCALE DESIGN[ID 785] - MARINETTI M. (Italy) - p. 195

EFFICIENCY OF ELETROLYTIC TREATMENT APPLIED ON SIMULATED WASTEWATER CONTAINING THE DYE ACID RED 151 UNDER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CIRCUNSTANCES[ID 793] - BIDOIA E.D. (Brazil) - p. 196

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BREWERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH TWO-STAGE MBBR PROCESS AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION[ID 799] - FALLETTI L. (Italy) - p. 197

TREATMENT OF STORMWATER WITH A NEW MULTI MATERIAL CARTRIDGE FILTER[ID 800] - FALLETTI L. (Italy) - p. 197

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE KTI-FUNDED PROJECT HYDRONET: NEW MODULAR AND ADAPTIVE SOLU-TION FOR WATER RECYCLING AND TREATMENT[ID 812] - PRINCIPI P. (Switzerland) - p. 198

FUNGUS x YEAST: THE ABILITY TO BIODEGRADATION OF AZO DYES[ID 825] - CORSO C.R. (Brazil) - p. 198

NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE TEXTILE DYE REMOVAL USING MODIFIED AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE[ID 826] - CORSO C.R. (Brazil) - p. 199

TREATABILITY OF EVAPORATED OLIVE MILL WASTEWATERS CONDENSATE[ID 851] - MANNUCCI A. (Italy) - p. 199

WATER DISINFECTION BY PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION WITH CATIONIC PORPHYRIN[ID 855] - ROSSI G. (Italy) - p. 200

DETERMINATION ‘OF LABILE URANIUM USING DGT TECHNIQUE IN SOIL NEAR A URANIUM CLOSED MINE[ID 881] - DOMINGOS R.N. (Brazil) - p. 200

OZONATION TREATMENTS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF AMMONIA AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES[ID 893] - RUFFINO B. (Italy) - p. 201

GIS AND GEOSTATISCAL APPROACH FOR HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT[ID 918] - TEGGI S. (Italy) - p. 202

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTOCATALYSTS BY NANOPARTICLES TiO2 AND ZnO ON DECOLORIZATION OF THE DYE CASSAFIX CA-3R[ID 940] - LIMA G.G.C. (Brazil) - p. 202

MINIKIT: AN APPROACH TOWARD ENERGY SAVING AND STANDARDIZED MANAGEMENT OF SMALL SIZE WWTPS[ID 973] - LIPPI S. (Italy) - p. 203

PERFORMANCE OF A MBR PILOT PLANT TREATING HIGH STRENGHT WASTEWATER: ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS ACTIVITY AND FOULING BEHAVIOUR[ID 980] - DI TRAPANI D. (Italy) - p. 204

PUSHING AHEAD WITH FIELD IMPLEMENTATION OF BEST FITTING WASTEWATER TREATMENTAND MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS[ID 999] - GORI R. (Italy) - p. 204

DEGRADATION OF 17α-ETHINYLESTRADIOL IN WATER USING HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS[ID 1000] - LOPES W.S. (Brazil) - p. 205

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC – PRIVATE INTEGRATED NETWORK OF WIRELESS SENSORS FOR AN ENHANCED MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY[ID 1006] - RAGAZZI M. (Italy) - p. 206

REMOVAL OF MICROCYSTIN-LR IN WATER USING PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTOR[ID 1007] - LOPES W.S. (Brazil) - p. 206

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STUDY ABOUT THE EFFICIENCY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS OF THE HORIZONTAL AXIS AERATORS WITH LOW-POWER SURFACE ACTION IN THE FACULTATIVE PONDWITH FURTHER INCREASE IN FLOW[ID 1010] - MARTINS F.M.S. (Brazil) - p. 207

APPLICABILITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE TREATMENT OF OILY WASTEWATER WITH HIGH ORGANIC LOAD[ID 1015] - LOPES W.S. (Brazil) - p. 208

MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER EFFICIENCY OF SEVERAL AIR DIFFUSED AERATION SYSTEMS USINGTHE OFF-GAS TECNIQUE[ID 1058] - GORI R. (Italy) - p. 208

REMOVAL OF HYDROCARBONS FROM HYPERSALINE WATER BY ADSORPTIONONTO GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON[ID 1061] - ROCCARO P. (Italy) - p. 209

BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL USING INTERMITTENT AERATION IN A HYBRID MOVING BEDBIOFILM REACTOR[ID 1063] - MANNINA G. (Italy) - p. 210

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT SERIESFOR VARIOUS SITES ACROSS THE PO VALLEY[ID 1082] - BIGI A. (Italy) - p. 210

CYANOBACTERIA AND CYANOTOXINS REMOVAL WITH MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION (UV/H2O2)[ID 1107] - SORLINI S. (Italy) - p. 211

TREATMENT OF LOW-PH AND SULFATE-CONTAINING WASTEWATERSIN BIOLOGICAL INVERSE FLUIDIZED-BED REACTORS UNDER DIFFERENT COD/SO42- CONDITIONS[ID 1115] - ESPOSITO G. (Italy) - p. 211

COMPENSATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION FROM LANDFILLS THROUGH THE ENERGy EXPLOITATION AFTER THEIR CLOSURE: THE CASE STUDY OF THE LANDFILL OF VALDINA (ME, ITALY)[ID 1122] - CALABRÒ P. S. (Italy) - p. 212

CHARACTERIZATION AND SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT FOR A FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER: A CASE STUDY[ID 1131] - TELI A. (Italy) - p. 213

PARTICLE NUMBER CONCENTRATION EXPOSURE IN DIFFERENT URBAN TRANSPORT MODES[ID 1148] - RIPAMONTI G. (Italy) - p. 213

PARTICLE NUMBER CONCENTRATION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE URBAN AREAOF MILANO AND PIACENZA, ITALY[ID 1151] - LONATI G. (Italy) - p. 214

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[ABSTRACT ID: 791]

EFFECTS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WTP) SLUDGE ON A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS - CASE STUDY: ABC WWTP

MARGUTI A.L., FERREIRA FILHO S.S.Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo - SÃO PAULO - Brazil

Water treatment for public supply, based in a process which aims the separation and removal of impurities, generates wastes, including sludge. The amount of sludge generated depends on several factors, including the quality of raw water, the purity and dosage of chemicals used, methods of cleaning and washing, etc. For technical and environmental reasons, sludge should be properly treated before being discharged into the envi-ronment.There are several ways to treat the WTP sludge, including thickening, conditioning and dewatering. Such treat-ments can be performed inside or outside the WTP area. An emerging practice is the disposal of such sludge in WWTP, an alternative that does not require the installation of sludge treatment facilities in the WTP, whose cost can range from 20% to 60% of operating costs.In order to technically justify this practice, many researches have been done, seeking to assess the effects of the disposal of WTP sludges at WWTP, in various treatment configurations. The most common results are: im-proved removal of organic matter and phosphorus; decrease in the VSS/TSS ratio value; occurrence of toxicity and inhibition; increased volume of primary sludge, with lower solids content; and problems of sludge settle-ability (increase in Sludge Volume Index).This study chose the ABC WWTP case, a plant operated by SABESP and located in São Paulo, Brazil, which works by the activated sludge process and has been receiving, since January 2007, sludge from the Rio Grande WTP, also located in the same region. It is a particular case due to the fact that this WWTP has infrastructure to handle twice the flow rate received nowadays, besides the fact that the WTP provides a flow of almost three times the flow treated in the WWTP (4.5 m³/s, against 1.5 m³/s).Statistics were used to compare the variables monitored in the ABC WWTP influent and effluent wastewater, for both ‘control’ (years 2005 and 2006, without the WTP sludge) and ‘with sludge’ (January 2007 to March 2008) periods, respectively.Based on this, it can be concluded that the Rio Grande WTP sludge did not cause significant adverse changes in the ABC WWTP final effluent quality. It even can be said that the sludge received contributed to greater ef-ficiencies in the WWTP treatment process (80% removal for nutrients; more than 90% to the others), since the effluent quality was maintained even with the increase of influent concentration of all variables. This fact is most evident in the case of phosphorus (52% to 88%).These conclusions are then favorable to the WTP sludge disposal at WWTP, even in cases where the flow treated in the WTP far exceeds the WWTP flow. This is important as it indicates viability of this practice in situations where there is only one WTP and one WWTP in the city - so that their flow rates are virtually identical (except for losses, leaks and feedback coefficient) - and little space available in sanitary landfills, a rather frequent issue in Brazil.

[ABSTRACT ID: 798]

PERCEPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN RECYCABLE MATERIAL COLLECTORS: STUDY IN A COOPERATIVE IN SALVADOR, BAHIA, BRAZIL

MIRANDA DE OLIVEIRA D.A., SANTOS MORAES L.R.Federal University of Bahia - Salvador/BA - Brazil

In Brazil, because of the absence of effective selective collection of solid wastes at source, this activity is car-ried out mainly by informal workers that collect recyclable materials. In a context of unemployment, selective collection generates income and employment for men and women who, through this activity, ensures their subsistence, representing a possibility of inclusion in the social world of labor. The handling of solid wastes can expose a worker who collects recyclable materials at a risk of chemical, physical, biological, social, ergonomic and mechanical hazards and affecting his/her health.The study design was based on a qualitative approach. Survey participants were composed of workers of a Cooperative located in Salvador. The tools used for data collection were techniques of participant observation, field diary and semi-structured interviews. The analysis procedure was the Discourse Analysis.

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The scenario was divided into three environments for analysis: Factories Complex (FC); the route between the FC and the Cooperative’ hangar; and the environment from the Cooperative’ office/hangar.The study identified Perception of Risk in: i) the FC - the collectors refer to perceive exposure to substances such as powdered aluminum, wood and glass, ink and solvents, cuts, needlestick injuries, falls and manual lifting weight; ii) the Route – the way between the FC and the headquarters is considered a difficult, dangerous and exhausting path; and iii) Headquarters - the office/hangar is seen as a protective factor against risk, exten-sion of the house, harmonious working environment, safe and clean. As to the Forms of Representation of Risk, i) Sharps - the workers recognize that the main risks are occupa-tional accidents with needlestick materials; ii) the Ergonomic Risk – it was presented only when related to the collection of recyclable materials, conduction of the transport cart and the handling of big bags; and iii) Infor-mality - the lack of labor rights appears in speeches as an occupational risk factor.As to the Organization of Work, i) the Organization Group – the working group set up as a factor of safety, se-curity, accident prevention; ii) Power Relations - although the studied scenario is recognized by all of the group as cooperative, it was observed that there is a conflict over power relations, the idea of hanging a “master and servant”; iii) Task Division - during the work process, observed variables gender and length of service as deter-minants in the divisions; and iv) Identity and Occupation - the occupation degree of satisfaction is associated with the sense of belonging, social inclusion given by labor, environmental valuation and age groups. Thus, we can conclude that the emotional, cognitive and affective processes strongly influence the perception of risk in this occupational group. More important than the risk is the satisfaction, professional identity and performance conferred by the Cooperative.

[ABSTRACT ID: 811]

BIOFILM (BIOCELLULOSE MEMBRANE) OBTAINED FROM WASTE RESIDUES OF FRUITS AND TEA LEAVES BY GLUCOACETOBACTER XYLINUM ASSOCIATED TO SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

VIEIRA D.C., VESSONI PENNA T.C., GOMES TAVARES SENA B.

Department of Technology Biochemistry-pharmaceutical, Pharmaceutical Science College, University of São Paulo – São Paul - São Paulo - SP - Brazil

The biofilm (biocellulose membrane) developed by Glucoacetobacter xylinum ATTC 23769 , associated to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from fruits juices (orange and papaya wastages) and tea broth, presented chemi-cal purity; properly tensile strength, elasticity, durability, biodegradability, crystalline; high retention capacity and water absorption; and; no toxic or allergenic effects. In Brazil, 13 million tons of food/year have been wasted by Markets. However the fruits wastes have abundant sugars such as glucose and fructose could be bio-converted into useful products as Bacterial Celloluse (BC) by acetic acid bacterium such as G. xylinum. Although coconut juice is known to produce bacterial cellulose, there is a lack of articles about the use of other fruits as papaya and orange and green tea to produce BC. The objective of this work is to produce BC, utilizing broths made of fruit waste (orange and papaya) and/or green tea and to incorporate Marigold into the biofilm. The 10 day associated microorganism culture in green tea broth yielded an average of 1.6±0.5 g biocellulose/day. The addition of 20% v/v orange juice (or 30% v/v red wine) to the green tea broth increased the biofilm yield up to 2.9 ± 0.5 g cellulose/day for 07 day cultivation. The addition of 1.2% w/v collagen to the mate tea broth increased yield 5 times. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) assays confirmed no thermal degrada-tion up to 137°C; a glassing point of (-20°C) and crystallization point around 10°C. The infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the cellulose properties with a peak at 1644. The Elasticity to indentation (similar to Young’s model for indentation) varied from 0.09 MPa to 0.5 MPa, and confirmed the biofilm (80% RU and 1.5 mm thickness) strength and flexibility. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses showed a total area surface of 2.07 m2/g and the average porous size for green tea biofilm was 158.2 Å. The biofilm showed water absorp-tion capacity nine times over its dry weight; and, an alcoholic Marigold extract diluted (1:1) in water absorption capacity around five times over its dry weight. The incorporation into the biofilm of hydro alcoholic preparation for Calendula officinalis aimed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing topical effects. The incor-poration of Marigold Hydro-alcoholic extract into the biofilm improved the flexibility and added antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing topical effects into the green tea biofilm. The developed biofilm shows suitable properties for local applications.

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Bibliographic reference: nGuyen, V.t., GIdLey, M.J., dyKeS, G.a., Potential of a nisin-containing bacterial cellulose film to inhibit Listeria

monocytogenes on processed meats, Food Microbiology, 25, 471–478. 2008SaIBuatonG,onG-ard; PhISaLaPhonG, M. Novo aloe vera–bacterial cellulose composite film from biosynthesis . Carbo-

hydrate Polymers 79, 455– 460. 2010zItterL-eGLSeer, K.; SoSa, S; JurenItSch, J.; SchuBert-zSILaVecz, M.; deLLa LoGGIa r.; tuBaro, a.; BertoLdI, M.; Franz, c.

Anti-oedematous activities of the main triterpendiol esters of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 57, 1997, 139–144.

[ABSTRACT ID: 813]

PURE OXYGEN AUTOTHERMIC THERMOPHILIC AEROBIC DIGESTION OF EXCESS SLUDGE FROM TANNERIES’ ACTIVATED SLUDGE WASTE WATER TREATMENT

CALVI R.(1), PASINETTI E.(2), ANDREANINI N.(3), BROGI C.(3)

Application Development, SIAD S.p.A. - Bergamo (BG) - Italy (1) Laboratory of Biology and Environmental Chemistry, SIAD S.p.A. - Dalmine (BG) - Italy (2)

Consorzio Aquarno S.p.A. - Santa Croce sull’Arno (PI) - Italy (3)

Aquarno S.p.A. is a large consortium treating waste water coming from Santa Croce sull’Arno tanneries district: it is one of the biggest industrial WWTP in Italy.Sludge dewatering and disposal represent almost half of total operating costs and an historical challenge.It has been decided to introduce new processes to minimize and partially destroy the organic fraction of the sludge (VSS) before final thermal treatment and disposal.Due to the peculiarity of Aquarno’s excess sludge -rich in sulphides, salts, hard to remove COD and traces of metals- aerobic digestion was chosen, because of its reliability. The efficiency of such a treatment increases when increasing operating temperature and sludge retention time (inside the reactor): it was decided to operate at thermophilic conditions and high solid concentration (4-6%) using pure O2 instead of traditional aeration systems.At this conditions heat losses are minimized and it is possible to exploit all the heat produced by the oxidation reaction to keep the sludge at high temperature (“autothermic” process) even without reactor insulation. SIAD S.p.A. – a technical gas company that since several years works with Aquarno using pure oxygen and ozone applied in WWTP– designed the MIXFLO® oxygenation systems to be installed on existing static thicken-ers with volume of about 2400 m3 each, transformed in aerobic digestion basins.After a period of full-scale test using only one basin with good performances, Aquarno and SIAD decided to upgrade the process introducing dynamic thickening (decanter) to reach the right SST concentration: the 2nd basin was transformed with further MIXFLO® systems.Now the plant operates in a range of temperature of 50-70°C with an inlet solid average concentration of about TSS 5-6%.The total solid removal efficiency is in the region of 27-34%.In the calculations, it has been taken into account not only the sludge flow rates and concentration, but also the loss in weight through evaporation and the solubilization of calcium carbonates due to the action of biologically formed CO2, as by-product of biomass respiration.During summer period, starting from higher environmental/process temperatures, very high sludge tempera-ture was reached and maintained; it was close to 65°C, and up to 72,6°C in August 2011.The consume of oxygen, continuously measured and registered, is lower than in classical aerobic digestion: one of the reason is the lack of nitrification, on the other hand the strong speciation of the active aerobic ther-mophillic biomass cuts the operational costs due to low oxygen consumption.Also the dewaterability remained as good as before, never difficulties in dewatering section happened in years of activity.The life length of pumps and impellers is limited by erosion problems: every 6 months maintenance has to be done, to avoid lost in hydraulic performances and consequently lower sludge reductions. The operational sav-ings have been very satisfactory.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 835]

CHALLENGES IN WTP SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN BRAZILCORDEIRO J.S.(1), ACHON C.L.(2), BARROSO M.M.(3)

Civil Engineer. Masters and PhD in Hydraulic and Sanitation Engineering EESC/USP. Professor at the DECiv of UFSCar. - São Carlos - SP - Brazil (1)

Civil Engineer. PhD in Hydraulic and Sanitation Engineering EESC/USP. Post-Doctoral Student at UFSCar. - São Pedro - SP - Brazil (2)

Civil Engineer. Master and PhD in Hydraulic and Sanitation Engineering EESC/USP. - São Carlos - SP - Brazil (3)

Water Treatment Plant (WTP) play a key role to preserve the overall health of the population, providing quality water and in sufficient quantity to improve the quality of life. However, the population growth and the increasing use of water for the industrial and agricultural sectors, as well as for water supply, causes negative changes in the characteristics of the available water sources due to the deforestation in their surroundings, inadequate disposal of liquid and solid residues, pesticides in soil, among other procedures. The main function of the WTPs is to remove unwanted particles that may be present in untreated water. Some challenges have addressed the quality loss of the water sources. Some of these concentrate on seeking for more distant sources that can pro-vide greater quantity and better quality water. However, these aspects have expanded the water dispute in the drainage basins. Thus, the managers responsible for the WTSys–Water Treatment Systems, which include the water springs and water treatment plants, need a new strategic view to deal with this problem. The Brazilian population is currently of about 190 million inhabitants (IBGE, 2010), of which 150 million live in urban areas. According to PNSB (2008), the water treatment industry in Brazil produces about 56 million m³/day of treated water, and the conventional full cycle ones are responsible for the production of 39 million m³/day. It should be noted that these WTPs produce residues that theoretically correspond to 4% and 5% of the total flow of treated water, which can generate from 1.56 to 1.95 million m³/day of sludge. The WTP sludge can be potentially toxic and harmful to the significant constituents of planktonic and benthic communities (Cornwell et al., 1987); it can bring about human health risks due to the presence of pathogens and heavy metals (ASCE & AWWA, 1996); changes have been confirmed in the physical and chemical characteristics in the Monjolinho stream after the release of WTS sludge in Brazil (Cordeiro, 1993).The disposal of WTP sludge also represents a serious problem. In practice, most of the sludge is released into the receiving water bodies without any pretreatment. Those responsible for the WTSys as well as the environmental control agencies should be responsible professionals in order to ensure the health of the population through the distribution of quality water and also for environmen-tal preservation. This work focuses on issues necessary for WTSys management, such as: application of the norms of environmental management standards, sanitation management systems, social responsibility and risk management (ISO 14001; ISO 24512; ISO 26000 and ISO 31000), which are essential in the strategic manage-ment of companies, as well as in sanitation. The discussions undertaken enable to address the conduct of the current management of WTSys carried out in Brazil, showing some of the needed procedures for managers to overcome the challenges of sludge management.

[ABSTRACT ID: 837]

DIAGNOSIS AND GUIDANCE FOR PROPER MANAGEMENT AND USE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED IN INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE GOIÁS - IFG-CAMPUS GOIÂNIA, GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS, BRASIL.

VASCONCELOS S.M., SANTOS T., MARQUES R.G.Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFGoiás),

Goiânia-Goiás-Brasil - Goiania-Go - Brazil

The Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás- IFGo, Goiânia campus, is a generator of residues in large quantities and different qualities. The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards - ABNT- through NBR10004/2004 classifies waste according to their dangerousness. This study aims to identify, qualify and classify the residues generated in the IFGo, according to the ABNT NBR10004/2004. The diagnosis was obtained through the application of questionnaires to course coordinators and professional cleaning, and re-moval from the residues generating units. It had been diagnosed and classified (30) types of waste, of which 10 (33.33%) are Class IIB-inert, 17 (56.6%) are Class I hazardous and 3 (10%) are Class II not inert. The results led us to conclude that there is a high incidence of hazardous waste and the presence of non-inert waste. From our observation “in loco” leave suggestions for neutralizing some types of waste incineration to recycling other and also to other types.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 838]

TREATMENT OF DOMESTIC EFFLUENT BY MEANS OF BIO-SEPTIC PLOT IN A RURAL UNIT, IN PIRACANJU-BA- GOIAS, BRASIL, FROM JANUARY TO JULY 2011.

MARQUES R.G., LOBO L., VASCONCELOS S.M.

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFGoiás), - Goiania-Go - Brazil

The objective of this work is the study and the installation of bio-septic plot in a rural unit. This unit consists of three residences, which has three water mines as source of domestic supply and they are used to dispose of their wastewater, cesspools, which are devoid of any protection or covering the ground. Accordingly, the final ef-fluent infiltrates the soil so it can contaminate the groundwater. It is significantly important the installation of the bio-septic plot in the community, because it will protect the soil and hence the groundwater that give rise to the mines used in the domestic supply of the community. The project was executed in a community located in the municipality of Piracanjuba in Goias, Brazil. It based on research developed and implemented in the project, we were able to estimate the advantages of the bio-septic plot in relation to the “cesspool” demonstrating its easy construction associated with the low economic cost and high efficiency. It was used in this study an alternative technology of the bio-septic plot, also known as banana septic tank , developed by IPEC Ecocentro - Institute of Permaculture and Ecovillage of the Cerrado – it is an innovative technique, which has a low economic cost and easy implementation that treats domestic waste locally, in a simple, safe and efficient way in order to improve the treatment of household waste in small communities, reducing the risk of disease and contamination of groundwater and soils. The project was executed in a community located in the municipality of Piracanjuba in Goias, Brazil. The construction of the bed bio-septic lasted seven days with three people working and your aver-age cost was about 40% lower than that of a septic tank. It was concluded that it is practicable the adoption of its use in small rural units in order to popularize this alternative technology, eliminating the “cesspools” view to the promotion of health in these communities and the protection and conservation of the environment.

[ABSTRACT ID: 846]

VALORIZATION OF TREATED WASTEWATER FOR AGRICULTURAL REUSE IN SERGIPE, BRAZILMENDONÇA L.(1), OAKLEY S.(2), MENDONÇA S.(3)

UFS - Aracaju - Sergipe - Brazil (1) California State University - Chico - California - United States (2)

Consulting engineer - João Pessoa - Paraíba - Brazil (3)

Wastewater stabilization ponds have long been considered an appropriate wastewater treatment option for developing regions worldwide. In addition to being a simple, low-cost, low-maintenance treatment technology, pond effluents can also be recovered for reuse in agriculture and aquaculture using the World Health Organiza-tion’s guidelines. This paper aims to determine the nutrient load of the effluent to verify the potential for reuse of agricultural crops (valorization) in irrigation. The wastewater treatment system, located in a tropical regional of Brazil, consists of five waste stabilization ponds in series: two facultative ponds followed by three maturation ponds. The stabilization ponds studied exhibited the characteristics of effluent with excellent efficiency of re-moval of thermotolerant coliforms (99.99996%), absence of protozoa cysts and helminth eggs, and an amount of organic matter and nutrients sufficient for utilization in agriculture reuse, including for unrestricted irrigation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 850]

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF “CASETTE DELL’ACQUA”MERLINO M.(1), RIGANTI V.(2), DI GIROLAMO C.(3), BIANCHI R.(1)

Lura Ambiente Spa - Caronno Pertusella - Varese - Italy (1) università di Pavia - Pavia - Italy (2)

ex ISPESL - Como - Italy (3)

Recently some local councils promoted the installation of the so-called “Water Stands” (Chioschi dell’acqua) in order to support and develop the usage of drinking water and also to encourage people to behave responsibly to favour the waste source reduction. These installations, placed in stategical areas, can offer the citizens some

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drinking water drawing spots, improved in its organoleptic features compared to the common water supplied by the public waterworks taps.The authors, in these research, considered the environmental and economic aspects that can be derived from the realisation and correct handling of these public facilities.

[ABSTRACT ID: 864]

THE PROBLEM OF SCRAP DEALERS AND PICKING UP WORKERS OF RECYCLING GARBAGE IN CITY OF SÃO JOÃO DA BOA VISTA, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL: SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS

REIS F.A.G.V.(1), ZENUN A.L.B.A.(2), GIORDANO L.D.C.(1), MEDEIROS G.A.D.(3)

Unesp - Rio Claro - Rio Claro, São Paulo - Brazil (1) Prefeitura De São João Da Boa Vista - São João Da Boa Vista, São Paulo - Brazil (2)

Unesp - Sorocaba - Sorocaba, São Paulo - Brazil (3)

After claims made for citizens to the Sanitary Monitoring of the City of São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo State, Brazil, were created an internal group of the city hall, with intention to analyze the current situation of the sepa-ration of the recycle in the city of São João da Boa Vista (SP), and after to consider the legal, ambient and social aspects, to propose rules for the regulation of this activity in the city, by means of law project. In this context, the paper´s main objective is to describe the activities developed by internal group to analyze the situation in the city, considering the legal, environmental and social, in order to propose measures to regulate this activity in the municipality. The interdepartmental group has decided to establish three sub-groups, which would be responsible for the following: Group 1 - responsible for the survey of families living scavenging of recyclables; Group 2 - responsible for raising standards and legislation related to the topic and the search for solutions deployed in other municipalities to problem solving; and Group 3 - responsible for data collection on the scrap dealers, related in particular to the place of operation, legal aspects (if projects are approved, the firm opened business licenses), procedures adopted for operation, among other important aspects for characterization of the scrap dealers. When inspecting all the properties of the urban area of the City, through the team of the Ambient Monitoring, were evidenced the existence of 392 (three hundred and ninety and two) families who live of the picking of the garbage for recycling and of 18 (eighteen) enterprises that commercialize scrap iron, amongst which only 5 of them are regulated. Analyzing existing legislations and verifying that they are excessively ge-neric, the group raised aspects that would influence in the sanitary quality and health of the worker, such as storage way, visual pollution, the size of the enterprise installations, control of entrance and exit of material, among others items. Was used as base, the works developed for the Coopermax (Cooperative of Production and Rendering of Services of Recycling Materials), as for example, the height of the balconies for separation of the materials, system of storage of separate material and the ones to separate, necessary equipment and the size of each enterprise. Concluding that, the law project will have to distinguish two types of scrap dealers: the ones that make the selection and transport of the material and sell them for great companies, and the great compa-nies, who are not interested in buying small amounts.

[ABSTRACT ID: 879]

APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN SMALL COMMUNITIESBELIC A., RAJIC M., JOSIMOV-DUNDERSKI J.

Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Water Resources Management - Novi Sad, - Yugoslavia

In many places, the water quality has dramatically deteriorated in the last several decades. Increasing amounts of waste waters are being discharged without any pretreatment to the recipients, endangering thus their quality and further usability. Hence, many water bodies reached the state of unsatisfactory quality, which is reflected on the health of humans and whole living world in the environment. The first step in preserving satisfactory quality of water resources is certainly the purification of waste waters. This has to be done as close as possible to the place where the waste waters are generated. Such an approach assumes the building of decentralized, local systems of small capacities, with the accompanying infrastructure. Constructed Wetlands make a link between aquatic systems that are exposed to the pollution risk and terres-trial systems that are sources of polluting agents. In addition to the physical and chemical effects that they have in water treatment, these plants contribute to the esthetic aspects of the overall system, giving to it a natural

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and pleasant outlook. In our country, the application of constructed wetlands method began in 2004, by put-ting into operation the wetland system at Glozan. After that, several projects have been completed and several wetland systems were constructed, among them the wetland at Novo Milosevo. The sewerage system of the settlement of Novo Milosevo has been constructed for treatment of the municipal waste waters, assuming 8450 equivalent inhabitants. Treatment of waste water is carried out in several stages, that is by passing it through the following sections: primary treatment lagoon, pre-wetland, primary wetland, secondary wetland, and tertiary wetland. The maximum daily inflow of waste water is 2408 m3/day, and maxi-mal flow rate 55.74 l/s.This article presented the first results obtained for the wetland constructed with the purpose to treat waste waters from the Novo Milosevo settlement. By analyzing the change in the particular parameters at the inflow and outflow of the system’s sections it was possible to get an insight into the effect of wastewater treatment, as well as in the state of the effluent before its discharge to the recipient. Generally, it may be concluded that the results demonstrate the reliability of the wetland. The Novo Miloševo wetland does not work in its full capacity yet, because not all households are connected to the sewerage system, and the reed bed is still poor and non-uniform. Despite of this, the data show high percentage of reduction of organic load, ammonium ion, total phos-phorus, which is in agreement with the findings reported for wetlands in developed countries. The non-uniform values of some parameters at the outflow suggest the need for a further study of this issue. Only continuous monitoring may provide answers to the pertaining problems and serve as the basis for the improvement of the wetland functioning.

[ABSTRACT ID: 880]

WASTEWATER AS A NEW WATER AND NUTRIENT SOURCE IN AGRICULTUREBELIC S., BELIC A.

University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Water Management - Novi Sad, - Yugoslavia

Water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource and planners are forced to consider any sources of water which might be used economically, ecologically, and effectively to promote further development. At the same time, with population expanding at a high rate, the need for increased food production is apparent. The poten-tial for irrigation to raise agricultural productivity has long been recognized. Whenever water is scarce treated wastewater will have to be considered for use in agriculture. Many countries have included wastewater reuse as an important dimension of water resources planning.This paper deals with theoretical part of wastewater use in agriculture, where included: global water resource limits and water scarcity, sustainable development, sources of wastewater, health protection measures, monitoring and system assessment, sociocultural and environmental aspects, economic and financial consid-erations, and policy aspects. At the same time, results from one case study of wastewater application in agriculture in northern part of Ser-bia (Vojvodina Province) are presented. The development of Vojvodina Province is directly related to the works in agriculture and its unique relationship with water. The reuse of wastewater is an important measure in the management of water resources in Vojvodina, as ecologically acceptable solution on the problem of accumu-lated wastewater in region. The obtained results point out to the possibility of wastewater use in agriculture under natural conditions of Vojvodina, without significant disadvantages.

[ABSTRACT ID: 887]

IRON EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT ORGANIC WASTE

BONI M.R., SBAFFONI S., TUCCINARDI L.

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza, University of Rome - Rome - Italy

Different studies on fermentative hydrogen production are focused on how substrates, their concentration, tem-perature and pH affect the biological process. However, few researches analyse how the inorganic nutrients, especially metallic ions, affect the biological H2 production. In particular, as reported by literature studies, iron is an essential element for hydrogen-producing bacteria, due to its presence in hydrogenase molecules, which

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are able to catalyse the oxidation of hydrogen or the reduction of proton.Several studies have been carried out on how the external iron concentration affects the fermentative hydrogen production by mixed cultures using simple sugars or starch as substrates and different kind of inoculum. Howev-er, the results obtained are quite different from each other and the influence of iron (inhibiting or stimulating ef-fect) is strictly linked to the substrate and the inoculum used, despite the similar operating conditions used. Thus, in order to improve the fermentative process for each specific substrate a dedicated research activity is needed.Since all different researches about iron effect are mainly carried out on simple sugars, it is important to anal-yse the fermentative process by using a real organic waste in order to understand the possible behavior of a full-scale reactor for anaerobic digestion. Hence, batch tests under mesophilic conditions were carried out in stirred reactors (volume equal to 1.5 litres) by using two different organic waste: the first one (named OW) is a mixture of OFMSW and other selected organic waste taken from a composting plant, the second one (named FW) consists of pre-selected organic food waste derived from a refectory. In the OW batches, iron concentration (Fe2+) ranges from 0 to 14000 mg/l, while in the FW batches it ranges from 0 to 1000 mg/l.According to the results obtained by other studies on simple substrates, in a certain range of concentration (1000-2000 mg/l for OW and 50-100 mg/l for FW) iron can improve H2 production. The maximum cumulative bio-hydrogen production (922 ml) which was approximately twice than that reached in the control test (without iron doping) was obtained by using OW material with a Fe2+ concentration of 1000 mg/l. The maximum cumu-lative H2 production for FW (2444 ml) was reached at Fe2+ concentration equal to 50 mg/l and it was higher than that of the control test (1736 ml). According to the results obtained by other studies on simple substrates, in a certain range of concentration iron can improve H2 production. The results indicated that the bioactivity of hydrogen-producing bacteria used was promoted by the addition of certain Fe2+, but these range was quite different from each other by using differ-ent kind of waste as substrate of growth. In fact, in FW the microorganisms showed a significant sensitivity to smaller doses of iron than those used in OW, probably due to the less metal content naturally present in the waste. Furthermore, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and pH analysis were carried out in order to better evaluate the anaerobic microbial activity in relation to iron presence in the growth medium.

[ABSTRACT ID: 899]

CO-DIGESTION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND ORGANIC FRACTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTEDI MARIA F., SORDI A., CIRULLI G.

University of Perugia - Perugia - Italy

Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) of medium-large size, performs the sludge stabilization by exploiting an anaerobic digestion process. The biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion stabilization section is generally exploited for process needs (i.e. keeping of the temperature levels inside the digester) or flared, during periods of excess of production. The low BOD content of sewage sludge, generally limits the biogas production (i.e. Nm3/m3) making the ener-getic exploitation suitable only for large WWTP.A possible solution for boosting the biogas production from WWTP anaerobic digestion section, can be repre-sented by the introduction of further BOD by means of other biodegradable substrates. One interesting sub-strate can be represented by the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW), arising from the Source Selected collection (SS), that properly treated, can be inserted in an adequate measure, together with the sew-age sludge inside the anaerobic digester of WWTP plant. This can lead to significant increase of the biogas yield and also represent an interesting solution for manage the liquid fraction arising from the mechanical drying of the digestate.Considering the sewage sludge currently produce in an existing WWTP, an experimental analysis have been started for evaluating the effects of the co-digestion with the OFMSW. Three different runs have been started, with different fraction of OFMSW and sludge, for evaluation both the biogas production and the main chemical parameter evolution during the process as COD, N and P.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 933]

APPLICATION OF PUMPS AS TURBINES (PAT) IN EXISTING PLANTS IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

CARVALHO VIANA A.N.

Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI, in Portuguese), Natural Resources Institute (IRN, in Portuguese), Energy Group - Itajubá - MG - Brazil

In water supply systems there are several potentials that can be used to generate power. These potentials are in the untreated water catchment by gravity, distribution of treated water, etc. The centrifugal pumps as turbines (Pump as Turbines, PAT; in English) have been a simple and low cost alterna-tive to generate power in places where there is hydroelectric exploitation with little power.In Brazil, the Hydro-mechanical Laboratory of Small Hydro Power (Laboratório Hidromecânico de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas; LHPCH; in Portuguese) of Federal University of Itajubá (Universidade Federal de Itajubá, UNIFEI; in Portuguese) has been developing research on small hydropower plants since 1985. Among the re-searches, the PAT has distinguished itself through by its cost-advantages compared with conventional Pelton and Francis turbines.This paper presents the selection of the generator set with (PAT) using hydroenergetic exploitations in systems of water supply in addition of its economic viability.Among the advantages of this new technology, the easy maintenance and obtaining of replacement parts and mainly cost, have been highlighted. The cost of a generator set BFT/MIG is 2-3 times lower than those conven-tional groups, which represents a significant increase in the economic viability of a hydropower micro-station.

[ABSTRACT ID: 949]POLLUTION CONCERNS ON LAND USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE

FROM MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTSRIZZARDINI C.B., GOI D.

Chemistry Physics Environment Department, University of Udine - Udine - Italy

Land application of sewage sludge is still a widespread practice in Italy: from Italian Decree of 1992 large amounts of sludge were applied to soils without changing parameters or setting limit values for new pollut-ants. This work considered a typical territorial wastewater – sludge management system for small suburban communities located in the north – east of Italy and aimed to characterize the level of pollution of both sewage sludge and soils interested by continuous and repeated applications, following the suggestions of the last offi-cial document of European Union about sewage sludge: the Working document on sludge (3rd draft, 2000). Re-sults showed that sewage sludge from domestic and urban wastewater treatment plants are characterized by a ground level of heavy metals and organic pollutants contamination, without significant differences on the basis of type of wastewater, treatment technologies and plant capability. This work considered also inorganic pollu-tion of soils evaluating the average amount of each heavy metal applied annually. The comparison of results with limit values proposed by the draft showed a moderate content of inorganic pollutants, but we highlighted a predictable enrichment in heavy metals content of soils.

[ABSTRACT ID: 963]

ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE AND SOIL OF A LONG-TERM TRIAL WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE

MANTOVI P.(1), ROSSI L.(1), DAL RE L.(2), BALDONI G.(3)

Research Centre on Animal Production - CRPA - Reggio Emilia - Italy (1) Marani experimental farm - Ravenna - Italy (2)

DISTA, University of Bologna - Bologna - Italy (3)

Directive 86/278/EEC was adopted 25 years ago to encourage and regulate the application of sewage sludge in agriculture. The European Commission is currently assessing whether the Directive should be reviewed. A big debate is currently ongoing, both at European and national (Italy) levels on risks and opportunities due to

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the long-term use of sewage sludge on agricultural soils. Among risks, heavy metals and organic contaminants accumulation are considered.In recent years data was collected on concentrations of the organic pollutants cited in the Working document on sludge, 3rd draft (AOX, LAS, DEHP, NPE, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F), for sewage sludge deriving from various wastewa-ter treatment plants located in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy).Moreover, the effects of sewage sludge application on cropland were evaluated in a field experiment which started in 1988 near Ravenna, in the eastern part of the Po Valley (Italy), on a silty-loam soil. After 18 years of annual sewage sludge applications on cropland, soil samples were taken for lab analysis of pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, available P, heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) and the organic pollutants (AOX, LAS, DEHP, NPE, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F).In sewage sludge, the limit values given for organic contaminants in the Working document (3rd draft) were sporadically exceeded. The most frequent contamination was associated with LAS, in particular in the winter period. Results confirmed lower organic contaminant contents in sludge of agro-industrial origin, compared to sludge from municipal-industrial wastewater treatment plants, with generally not detectable values for the majority of organic pollutants.The long-term application of sludge in the agronomical trial significantly increased organic matter, total N, Ol-sen P, Cu and Zn content in the topsoil. Composted sludge favoured the highest organic matter topsoil increase. Organic contaminants levels in topsoil treated each year with sewage sludge from 1988 were not significantly different from the levels measured in the non treated plots (test). Sludge spreading improved soil fertility and crop yields, but it was associated with possible negative environmental effects: on water, due to increased phosphorus availability, and on soil ecology, due to zinc build up in the topsoil.The results confirmed that compulsory application rates based on real crop nitrogen requirements and match-ing Nitrate EU Directive (91/676/EEC), undoubtedly can guarantee a sound sustainability in sewage sludge recycling on cropland in the long run.

[ABSTRACT ID: 965]

PERSPECTIVES OF APPLICATION OF THE GREEN REMEDIATION TO CONTAMINATED SITES IN ITALYFALCONI M., D’APRILE L.

ISPRA - Rome - Italy

USEPA defines Green Remediation as the “the practice of considering all environmental effects of remedy implementation and incorporating options to maximize net environmental benefit of cleanup actions” [1]. The objective of this practice is to minimize the negative effects directly or indirectly induced to the environment, summarized in the term “environmental footprint”. Five key elements taken in consideration by Green Reme-diation are:1. Reduce the use of non renewable energy, looking for energy efficient equipment and installing renewable

energy systems to substitute or offset electricity supplies.2. Care for the air quality reducing the emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases.3. Get the most out of water reuse during site operations and treatment processes, minimizing the utilization of

fresh water.4. Use minimally invasive technologies and passive energy technologies where possible and effective, minimiz-

ing soil and habitat disturbance.5. Recycle materials generated at or removed from the site and use passive sampling devices , minimizing

waste generation and natural resource extraction.Chances to enhance sustainability subsist all the way through the investigation, design, construction, operation, and monitoring phases of site remediation regardless of the selected cleanup technology. As cleanup technolo-gies keep on advancing, Green Remediation approaches offer considerable potential for rising the net benefit of cleanup, saving project expenditures, and expanding the space of long-term property reuse options without compromising cleanup targets.In Italy, Annex 3 to the part IV of D.Lgsl.152/06, provides for taking into account technical criteria that recall all five key elements of Green Remediation in selecting the remediation technology or train of technology. The main perspective of application of Green Remediation at short term relies on a voluntary basis, waiting for a guideline that could exploit the content of a sustainability evaluation of the cleanup.[1]: Green Remediation: Incorporating Sustainable Environmental Practices into Remediation of Contaminated Sites, 2008

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[ABSTRACT ID: 966]

HIGH EFFICIENT DEWATERING TECHNOLOGY AS AN INNOVATIVE SOLUTION TO TREAT SLUDGE FROM BOOSTED ANAEROBIC DIGESTION SIMPLICITYPREVOT C.(1), PINNOW D.(2), GRASSI D.(3), DE FELICE V.(3)

Degremont - Paris - France (1) Bucher Unipektin - Niederwenignen - Switzerland (2)

Degremont - Milan - Italy (3)

Sludge production is a big issue due to disposal costs and to truck movements in inhabited area. Reducing sludge quantity and achieving auto-thermal characteristics for energy valorisation (cement factory, incineration) are among the major goals for Plant Managers. The innovative technology Bucher HPS Dewatering is the effec-tive answer to those issues, by merging cost effectiveness and utmost simplicity of operation with high dewa-tering efficiency. This technology is based on the piston press concept. The innovation consists of its elements: a slowly rotating hydraulically driven cylinder-piston and flexible drainage elements (flexible polyurethane core fitted with a woven polypropylene filter sleeve) connected to the end of the cylinder and the piston.Bucher dewatering press was installed on a wide range of existing full scale plants (DWTPs and WWTPs), to identify its performances on different sludge types. In WWTPs, the Bucher press was tested on the most com-mon types of biological sludge: from extended aeration without primary settling to digested mixed sludge. Tests were carried out by installing the pilot press on a side stream parallel to the dewatering treatment already present on the plant. Bucher press dewatering performances were also compared to those obtained by the conventional dewatering equipment on duty. The Bucher press confirmed that sludge from extended aeration is strongly hydrophilic. Nevertheless, a DS content of 24% was obtained easily by polymer dosing (6-9kgAM/TDS). When also FeCl3 was added (5-7%), the final DS reached 27%, on this type of sludge, a centrifuge reaches 20%DS. Digested sludge was dewatered up to 40% (higher DS content on higher Primary/Biological sludge ratios) only with polymer addition (7-12kgAM/TDS). In particular, the present work shows the results of the operation of Bucher Dewatering press when installed on different WWTP operating Thermal Hydrolysis Process (CAMBI THP technology). Pilot scale tests on eight digested sludges have been carried out: two sludges were CAMBI THP treated before anaerobic digestion. The tests showed that THP pre-treated digested sludges reach DS values of over 45%, outperforming the best result of conventional digested sludges. The difference is DS at same throughput (300 kg DS/h) is more than 15 points higher with CAMBI treated sludges. It presents another differentiating factor from the filter press: the fully automatic operation even for the discharge of the dewatered sludge without the operation staff. Degrémont has worked for several years with Cambi and Bucher Unipektin on the development of these technologies and their application in the field of urban or industrial sludge. These partnerships have allowed Degrémont to designed specific workshops, DigelisTM Turbo and DehydrisTM Twist, incorporating these two innovative technologies. Combination of boosted digestion and advanced dewatering process can be a powerful response to energy efficiency and environmental challenges.

[ABSTRACT ID: 979]

ANOXIC EFFLUENT DISINFECTED WITH OZONE/HYDROGEN PEROXIDEDA SILVA G.H.R.(1), DANIEL L.A.(2), CONTRERA R.C.(3), BRUNING H.(4)

UNESP-FEB - Bauru - São Paulo - Brazil (1) USP-EESC - São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil (2) USP-POLI - São Paulo - São Paulo - Brazil (3)

Wageningen University - Wageningen - Gelderland - Netherlands (4)

For solving the increasing problem on scarcity wastewater pollution by micropollutants, the use of advanced oxidation technologies, ozonation and peroxone process (O3/H2O2), have emerged as one of the main technol-ogies. However, these oxidation processes have a double-edged sword; that is a high potential for the removal of harmful compounds and a potential for formation of undesirable byproducts.Aldehydes, formed as a result of the oxidation of organic matter in wastewater, due to their health effects, rep-resent one of the main ozonation DBPs, although they are not currently regulated. This research was aimed at studying oxidation processes, to verify the effectiveness coliform inactivation and evaluate the formation of ozonation disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in anoxic sanitary wastewater effluent treat-ed with ozone/hydrogen peroxide applied at doses of 2.6 mgO3L-1 and 2.0 mgH2O2L-1 with contact time of 10

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min and 8.9 mgO3L-1 and 8.0 mgH2O2L-1 with contact time of 20 min. The assays were repeated 5 times with the same sample and it was realized two assays with different characteristics of influent.Wastewater samples were taken from a secondary effluent of a WWTP/Bennekom – The Netherlands.The O3/H2O2 experiments were performed on a bench-scale experimental unit, which consists of an ozone gas generator, monitoring devices, ozonation column, bubble diffuser placed at the bottom and KI absorption bottles and a syringe to introduce the hydrogen peroxide.The tests that were applied O3/H2O2 used a 2.9 liters bubble diffuser column (0.1 m diameter) that was used as the contact reactor. Ozone was generated from oxygen, with a generator provided by Sorbios (GSG 001). The amount of ozone produced was controlled by changing the power input into the generator. The ozone gas concentration in the influent and effluent was measured by a spectrophotometer.The mean mass transfer efficiencies of ozone in the column were 62% for 2.5–2.8 mg L-1 (10 min of contact time) and 69 % for 6.7-9.3 mgL-1 (20 min of contact time).The mean mass transfer efficiencies of hydrogen peroxide in the column were 85% for 2.5–2.8 mgL-1 (10 min of contact time) and 69% for 6.7-9.3 mgL-1 (20 min of contact time).The small differences observed in the mean pH for influent and effluent values was not statistically significant (P=0.05), the values were around neutral.The mean COD removal percentages for applied dosages of 2.5-2.8 mgO3L-1+2.0 mgH2O2L-1 were 12.5 % and for 6.4-9.4 mg O3 L-1+8.0 mgH2O2L-1 were 10.0 %.In the present study, the bacterial standards established by WHO Guidelines of < 1000 E. coli/100ml were achieved for all samples investigated for all dosages applied.The statistical test revealed that the mean values of acetaldehyde in assays change significantly (P=0.05) when the dosage was increased. The resultant DBP concentrations found in this research are below the permissible levels of formaldehyde given in the WHO guidelines (900.0 ug L-1).

[ABSTRACT ID: 997]

MUNICIPAL CONSORTIUM OR PRIVATE COMPANY? A STUDY OF VIABILITY OF SANITARY LANDFILL IN SMALL MUNICIPALITIES

SILVA G.H.R.D., BEZERRA B.S.

UNESP - Bauru-Sao Paulo - Brazil

According by some studies the fix investment in small to median port on sanitary landfill could reach between two to four million dollars. An average estimates indicates that a landfill that receives two thousand tons per day will cost ten dollars per inhabitant. The main problem, however, is to maintain the landfill and avoid them to become a dump without proper monitoring of sanitary conditions. This problem is a huge concern regarding to small municipalities that have tide budgets. To overcome this problem the Brazilian government is stimulat-ing the consortium among small municipalities to manage their sanitary landfill. The objective of this paper is present a study of the case of the viability of the consortium among the Arapeí, Areias, Bananal, Queluz and São José do Barreiro municipalities, located at Vale do Paraiba (Historical Hill) Sao Paulo State. In this areas, that do not have a sanitary landfill, that is, are operating a dump without the proper sanitary conditions and compare these alternative with a outsourcing this service to a private company. This particular study has interest be-cause there is a private company operating a sanitary landfill near to the influence area of these municipalities. The benefit/cost of the two alternatives was compared.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1022]

INTEGRATED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SYSTEM APPLIED TO A ROMANIAN METROPOLITAN CASE-STUDYRADA E.C.(1), IONESCU G.(2), RAGAZZI M.(1), MARCULESCU C.(2), CIUTA S.(2)

University of Trento - Trento - Italy (1) University Politehnica of Bucharest - Bucharest - Romania (2)

This paper analyses an Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS) proposed for a real Romanian metropolitan area case study, where selective collection (SC) is still in development. From the ISWMS each proposed technological solution is focused on the following data:

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• waste composition and heterogeneity;• energy potential; • efficiency of the process; • energy generation.The paper presents mass and energy balances with special attention on the separation process of the residual municipal solid waste (RMSW). Taking into account the local needs and environmental standards, the presented approach considers the follow-ing options that separate the waste in different flows:• Selective collection for some sellable materials and RMSW collection;• Mechanical treatment (that includes a shredding step and a magnetic separation step); • Extrusion treatment: wet and dry fraction: - the wet fraction is sent to the bio-drying treatment for solid recovery fuel production (SRF). - the dry fraction is sent to mechanical treatment that includes a shredding and a screening step: bulking

combustible fractions (BCM) and undersieve fractions: * the bulking combustible fractions are sent to energy recovery; * undersieve fractions are sent into a ballistic separator step giving materials with high calorific value (CM),

wood, glass and discharged materials (DM). • Gasification for energy recovery of the materials with high calorific value (LHV). The gasification produces

syngas. The syngas is sent into a cleaning step and after in a gas engine for thermal and electric recovery.• Landfill for discarded materials and street waste storage.The proposed scenario can provide a set of advantages that makes it particularly beneficial for specific loca-tions, applications or requirements (discussed in the paper). The system offers a useful information for decision makers.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1028]A COMMON STRATEGY FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT REUSE IN APULIA,

SOUTH ITALY AND CRETE, GREECEIACOVELLI A.(1), GIKAS P.(2), RANIERI E.(3)

Polytechnic of Bari - Taranto, Italy - Italy (1) Technical University of Greece - Crete, Greece - Greece (2)

Polytechnic of Bari - Bari, Italy - Italy (3)

The Apulian Region, characterized by average rainfalls of less than 600 mm is historically a water-deficient area with supplies heavily depending on importations from neighbouring areas to meet domestic, agricultural and industrial needs (Bonomo et al, 1999). Crete is characterized by less than 500 mm of rainfall and has among the highest average temperature in Europe. (Gikas and Tchobanoglous, 2009).This paper reports the Apulian and Greek experience in utilization of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) ef-fluent for agricultural purposes. A research program aimed at determining a safe and cost-effective agricultural wastewater reuse protocol has been implemented by the Consorzio of Capitanata in cooperation with the local water Authority, Acquedotto Pugliese, (AQP S.p.A.) and Polytechnic of Bari. Within this study, experiments were conducted by Consorzio di Bonifica of Capitanata (North of Apulia) that aimed to verify the adequacy of the municipal WWTP treatment in the effluent application for agricultural purpose and to evaluate the variation in the soil chemistry composition and groundwater characteristics in the irrigated area. In Crete an experimental wastewater tests or survey has been also implemented. A survey of the installations waste water treatment plant for irrigation reuse in Apulia (South East of Italy) and in Crete, have been reported. Particularly, results in terms of wastewater quality “at the crop” have been reported. The objective of the present paper is to compare the results from Italian and Greek experiences on wastewater reuse and to suggest a common strategy for implementing a new policy for wastewater.As a consequence of the Italian and Greek field experience, following the irrigation period with treated waste-water, soil and groundwater characteristics have maintained a comparable qualitative stateIn the semi-arid regions such as Southern Italy, and Crete, the additional resources brought by wastewater re-use can bring significant advantages to agriculture (e.g. crop irrigation) and tourism (e.g. golf course irrigation).Several problems arise with respect to SST and BOD that we concur can be elevated parameters because of the tolerance shown by crops. It is suggested the improvement of the artificial groundwater recharge because this is becoming increasingly important in groundwater management and particularly where the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater resources is planned.

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References: GIKaS. P., tchoBanoGLouS G. (2009) The role of satellite and decentralized strategies in water resources manage-

ment . Journal of Environmental Management. 90, 144-152.BonoMo L., nurIzzo c., roLLe e., (1999). Advanced wastewater treatment and reuse: related problems and per-

spectives in Italy. Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 40, nn.4/5, pp. 21-28.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1057]

EVALUATION OF THE USE OF GREYWATER AND RAINWATER IN URBAN BUILDINGS: FROM FEASIBILITY TO SUSTAINABILITY

ROCCARO P., VAGLIASINDI F.

University of Catania - Catania - Italy

Water recycling is widely accepted as a sustainable measure to cope with the increase of freshwater demand and urbanization, water shortage and environment protection. In-building recycling can provide domestic non-potable and irrigation water, which significantly reduces the demand of potable water. For instance, greywater, defined as the urban wastewater coming from baths, showers, hand washing basins, kitchen sinks, washing machines and dishwashers, accounts for 50 to 80% of the total household wastewater. Therefore, because greywater is less polluted than mixed household wastewater, it has recently received more attention as a non-conventional water source. Rainwater is a high quality water source that should be used to satisfy part of the urban water demand. However, harvested rainwater is often limited due to its intermittent nature and quantity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Overall, decentralised systems offer a number of potential advantages to enable more highly performing urban water management systems. The objectives of this study are: i) to assess the technical and economic feasibility of different on-site greywater and rainwater recycling systems under different urban scenarios and ii) to evaluate all the factors that should be taken into account for an evaluation of the sustainability of these water recycling systems.Obtained cost functions of different on-site rainwater and greywater recycling systems showed that greywater reuse systems are more feasible for multi-users buildings while the economic feasibility of rainwater recycling systems is strongly site-specific. A Holistic Approach that takes into account the social, economical, environ-mental, technical/plant costs and benefits is also proposed in order to assess the sustainability of these water recycling systems.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1083]

MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN RURAL SANITATIONMACHADO A.V.M., GUEDES A.C.M., SOUZA A.D.A., QUEIROZ L., BRITTO R.F.P.

Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niterói, Rio de Janeiro - Brazil

This paper offers alternative technologies and models of successful management applied in Brazilian small communities for water supply and sanitation services. Regarding water supply, the most usual technology applied in small communities is the deep tube well, since the use of surface water sources is hampered by its distance from the communities and the high costs of treat-ment for potability of the water.The cistern is a technique widely applied water supply in semi-arid, which is to capture rainwater for use during drought periods.In relation to the sewage system, septic tank filter is the most popular technology. This is an individual treat-ment that serves to retain the wastewater long enough for the occurrence of sedimentation of solid particles, fat retention, reduction of organic matter and reduce pathogens before disposal of effluent into soils or water-ways’ water.The upflow anaerobic reactor (UASB) is a collective sewage treatment used in communities with higher popula-tion density, which consists of several steps of purification by anaerobic bacteria.Important approach in projects include aspects such as strategic planning and maintenance. Factors such as culture and education community, its location, population density and financial condition may affect the sus-tainability of investments.An example of a well structured management model is the Integrated Rural Sanitation (SISAR) in Ceará. Their role is to manage and operate these services with the participation of residents, which ensures reduced cost of

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operation and closer to the community, making greater the degree of acceptance of services by the population.Another model of successful management is the system operated by COPANOR, a water utility company, in the several rural communities in Minas Gerais in the southeast region of Brazil.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1101]

HAITI SANITATION RESPONSE AFTER THE 12th JANUARY EARTHQUAKE 2010GIARDINA D., PRANDINI F., SORLINI S., COLLIVIGNARELLI C.

CeTAmb, University of Brescia - Brescia - Italy

In Haiti on 12th January 2010, an earthquake of 7.0 magnitude (Richter Scale) devastated the capital city, Port-au-Prince, and the West Department causing the deaths of over 230.000 people and the displacement of about 1.5 million people [2]. Before the earthquake, Haiti did not have any form of sewerage network or human waste treatment system. The latrines in place included uncontrolled simple pit latrines, latrines placed over or connected to storm-water drains and in high income areas high volume septic systems. The Joint Monitoring Programme shows that only 19% of Haitians had access to improved sanitation, a figure that has even decreased from the 26% of the 1990’s [1].Since the earthquake, millions of people were displaced, in public squares, streets, private lands, without be-ing assigned a location where to settle. The displaced organized themselves in more than 1000 camps, around Port-au-Prince and the West Department, and after over one year, the re-settlement and reconstruction is taking longer than previewed. The priority after a disaster is the speed of the response, in order to save as many lives as possible. Sanita-tion is also among the most important service in order to reduce the risk of disease spreading in overcrowded areas, such as IDP(Internally Displaced People)’s camps or other temporary settlements. It is essential that the technologies used to contain excreta can be installed quickly, and in a sufficient number to guarantee separate containment and reduce the risks of disease spreading.The present work is a comparison study of different excreta containment technologies (packet latrines, latrine with holding tanks, rapid kit emergency latrines and portaloo toilets) used by a range of international organiza-tions during the relief phase (from zero to three/six months after the disastrous event), in order to respond to the massive displacement. The study has been developed thanks to field missions, that have been carried out in Haiti after the earthquake. The installation of the presented excreta containment technologies can be temporary and quick to implement solutions for the displaced people, especially considering the urban and peri-urban type of emergency, where land tenure and allocation are huge challenges to choose appropriate sanitation facili-ties. The evaluation highlighted that the reported technologies could be considered a solution only in the relief phase, considering the physical constraints (such as space and impossibility to dig), and their availability to be deployed and operated (such as the portaloo toilets and the packet latrines).

References: [1] Who/unIceF (2010). Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2010 update. Joint Monitoring Programme for

Water Supply and Sanitation. World Health organization and United Nations Children’s fund.[2] eM-dat (2010) Emergency Events Database. The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Data-base, Université

Catolique de Louvain, Belgium

[ABSTRACT ID: 1153]

MATERIALS AND ENERGY RECOVERY FROM WEEE: CURRENT SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES IN SICILYLANZA P.A.(1), NICOSIA S.(2), VALENTI D.(3)

Consultant Engineer; Research Fellow, DICA - Palermo - Italy (1) Assoc. Prof., Università degli Studi di Palermo - DICA - Palermo - Italy (2)

Graduate Student, Facoltà di Ingegneria - Palermo - Italy (3)

Waste from – or made of - Electric and Electronic Equipments (WEEE) is steadily rising all over the world. This is due, principally, to the rapid evolution of electronic design which drives the placement of new appliances on the market at high turnover rate.

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In Italy, in addition, the transition to digital TV is already contributing to increase the flow of still serviceable cathode ray tube TV sets into WEEE.European regulation on WEEEs has been enforced also in Italy, bringing its fundamental concept of “producer responsibility”; meaning as producer: manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and import / export companies.In this work most of the categories of WEEE were considered, divided in the conventional five groups: A – re-frigerators, B – air conditioners, C – washing machines, D – TV sets and monitors, E – a group of 21 EEE among which PC components, cellular phones, hi-fi systems, electric razors, coffee machines, etc.The aim was to estimate the potential recovery of materials and energy in one year in Italy and in Sicily assuming that all WEEEs were gathered through a collection-treatment-disposal system set up according to current rules.Materials recovery from the disassembling of specific categories of WEEE was calculated starting from data of EEE issued on the Italian market in the year 2009. Starting from a thorough survey performed by other Authors, the mean weight of typical items was estimated and the single fractions of principal material components (metals, plastics, glass, and others) were calculated. Then the contribution in terms of weight of every material component was calculated for one year. The main simplifying hypothesis done was that the amount of purchases and the stock of appliances in opera-tion remain constant over time.For group A, for example, the authors estimated a potential recovery of ferrous metals of 55 606 tons; plastics 9 837 t; aluminium 6 198 t; copper 2 410 t.For the quite different group D, materials recovery estimate led to 343 58 t of glass, 13 289 ferrous metals, 12 049 plastics, 6 387 timber, 1 491 cables.The energy recovery associated to material recovery - intended as the energy content of material components recovered from WEEE - was also calculated, starting from the recovery rates of every component and from published standard values of embodied energy (EE) of them. The collection and treatment system in Sicily relies today on three facilities for WEEE treatment. Data supplied by one of them relate to just some of the WEEE categories; i.e. TV sets, in two classes of size; refrigerators; and washing machines. For these devices the mean weight and mean weight fractions for every material compo-nent were calculated.The comparison of the results with Italian literature and with Japanese data shows a good accordance for most of the items, except from TV sets. For these, the glass fraction obtained was the same of Italian literature, but lower than Japanese data, what is somehow surprising.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1154]

CROSSING WATER, CARBON, AND ENERGY BOUNDARIES: INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING FOR BOTH BROWNFIELD AND GREENFIELD CITIES

WITHERSPOON J.(1), THORPE C.(2), HSIEH J.(2), ANDERSON A.(2), MARINETTI M.(3), RIZZO F.(3)

CH2M HILL - Chatswood - Australia (1) CH2M HILL - Denver (Colorado) - United States (2) CH2MHILL - San Donato Milanese (MI) - Italy (3)

USA, UK, Australia, Asia, Europe, and several Middle East countries are investing heavily in developing sustain-able, livable, leading edge greenfield cities and retrofitting brownfield cities with latest technology innovations that focus on a holistic view toward “total” resource management of water-energy-carbon. Recent examples include Masdar City, UAE, KA CARE City, KSA, and Guangz Knowledge City, China. Countries in Middle East region (particularly KSA, Qatar and UAE) are experiencing population growth, will organize international events (like the FIFA World Cup Football Championship) and are pioneering sustainable greenfield developments aimed at very high sustainability goals and outcomes.These countries are looking at economic impacts for these new cities, retrofitted cities, and facilities vs. brand name and global reputation needed to attract and retain new businesses, workers, tourists, and general popula-tion. These countries are also looking to minimize their fossil fuel consumption, have alternative energy-water-carbon nexus supplies and reduced demands, and protecting their legacy for future generations’ benefits.Tools and strategies applied in these planned cities and brownfield city show how the water –energy nexus and supply and demand relationships can be optimized to meet an economic goal, carbon footprint reduction, and how powerful an integration model can be for completing scenario planning and developing phasing strategies to investigate cost and infrastructure needs over an extended development period. The model is backed by process models and databases that are region specific, but applicable to other locations.

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This paper presents an integrating model that addresses in financially and carbon footprint viable manner both infrastructure and building designs considerations and needs to meet a sustainable future. This model was suc-cessfully demonstrated at Masdar City, KACARE, and in several other countries, including Singapore. Data from three recent case studies are provided that focus on the “true costs” and carbon footprint reductions of various green certification programmes used to provide the owner both a benchmark and sustainable design validation. Modeling includes scenario planning and developing phasing strategies to investigate cost and infrastructure needs over an extended development or retrofit period. For example, for Capital District in the UAE, a planned city of nearly 400.000 people, and for a brownfield city and two other planned cities on the Arabian Peninsula, an object-oriented dynamic simulation model (Voy-age™) was developed to integrate infrastructure and building supply and demands across the water-energy-carbon nexus. The model is designed to calculate LCA and carbon footprints, and provide an optimized technol-ogy solution to meet business case economic considerations, incorporating total water management principles to manage the urban water cycle.

[ABSTRACT ID: 788]

PROGETTO INTEGRATO FUSINA (PIF) AND SERVIZI PORTO MARGHERA (SPM): EVALUATION OF POSSIBLE FURTHER SYNERGIES AND INTEGRATION

CATTANEO S.(1), MARINETTI M.(1), ZAFFARONI C.(1), ZANOCCO P.(2), ZANOVELLO G.(2)

CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy (1) Studio Altieri S.p.A. - Thiene (VI) - Italy (2)

This paper deals with a due diligence and process design study performed to identify the best integration option between the Progetto Integrato Fusina (PIF) and the Servizi Porto Marghera (SPM) treatment plants.The PIF project was developed as an integrated polishing and post-treatment platform for industrial waste-water, domestic wastewater and storm water coming from the Mestre-Fusina-Marghera area. PIF includes a phytodepuration treatment based on a 100 hec wetland.The SPM treatment facilities include an MBR plant (necessary to meet the stringent regulations imposed by Veneto Region) and an incineration plant. Evolution in environmental care and economy of the Venice area has brought a change in the amount and characteristics of the streams to be treated and managed: industrial wastewater amount is decreasing, while domestic wastewater and storm water are increasing. Consequently the SPM industrial WWTP was having a re-sidual treatment capacity that requires to be saturated to reduce the specific waste water treatment costs (€/m3); moreover, the PIF plant resulted closer to the saturation, requiring potential further improvement to treat and transform all the expected amount of domestic wastewater in reuse water.In this scenario, an integration between the PIF and the SPM treatment plants can provide the human and plants resources necessary to better suit treatment capacity to the changed needs.The integration option between PIF and SPM plants was identified according to:- Rearrangement of water and sludge streams to promote treatment specialization (i.e. dismission of plant sec-tions that were doubling the function of others);- Saturation of the treatment lines that are characterized by relatively constant operational costs (i.e. the MBR of the SPM plant);- Improvement of the overall water re-use factor of the system producing different quality level of re-used water (from industrial water coming from wetland, to demi water produced with Reversal Osmosis).In order to identify and verify the possible advantages associated with the proposed integration option, a pro-cess oriented philosophy was used and a mathematical model, able to simulate the mass and energy balance of the overall system, was developed, tested on the real operational data and then used to design the future configuration.Results of the study revealed that treating all industrial wastewater at SPM plant and all the domestic wastewa-ter and the storm water at PIF plant, allows the specialization of both units with the maximization of the treat-ment efficiency and minimization of the operational costs. Internal recycles allowed to provide to each unit the required water quality, minimizing treating steps and costs. The first part of the project, already implemented and into operation, is showing results in line with the design.This paper describes the methodology applied for the study, the final configuration proposed and the savings achieved.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 805]

THE INFLUENCE OF FITOPLANCTON ON WATER QUALITY LENTIC

INFUSINO E., NIGRO G.

Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo UNICAL - Rende (CS) - Italy

The lentic waters are ecosystem characterized by their elevated primary production and great difference in the floristic components among which the planktonic algae constitutes a fundamental ring. The productivity of the algae is mainly affected by limiting factors of a chemical-physic nature: the dissolved biogene substances (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc), the phytohormones, the solar radiation, the temperature, the opacity of the water, etc. The excessive contribution of biogene substances, resulting from both dispositions anthropic sources, can modify the quality of the water as well as the trophic state of the water structure.Experimental study has been performed on samples coming from the dam in Tarsia on the river Crati from which, under controlled conditions, it has been determined that besides the rate of production of oxygen and respiration, the consumption of biogene substances from the algae is affected. The prototype has been built near the laboratory of Genesi degli Inquinanti nel Ciclo delle Acque of the Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo UNICAL.

[ABSTRACT ID: 815]

THE USE OF AQUA FREED® TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER WELL REHABILITATION IN CONTAMINATED SITES

CATANIA C.L.(1), BERTULESSI G.(2)

Subsurface Technologies Inc. - Rock Tavern, NY - United States (1) Application Development, SIAD S.p.A. - Bergamo - Italy (2)

Every water well, sooner or later, is affected by hydraulic efficiency decrease. This is due to the fact that mineral encrustations, biological fouling and physical clogging limit the water flow through the gravel pack and the filters of the well. These plugging phenomena are particularly rapid in wells dedicated to contaminated water recovery, because in these cases the aquifer usually contains organic substances and high concentration of iron and manganese that promote the formation of iron bacteria and the deposition of mineral oxides.The reduction of hydraulic efficiency of wells for pump&treat systems can decrease their water yield and affect their efficiency in preventing the contaminants diffusion downstream; moreover, biofouling can cause severe biological corrosion. For these reasons, it is necessary to implement constant monitoring of water wells perfor-mances and to realize periodical rehabilitation treatments. To eliminate mineral and biological encrustation and physical clogging, the American company Subsurface Technologies Inc. has developed the Aqua Freed® tech-nology: it is based on injection into the wells of gaseous and liquid carbon dioxide, that is particularly advanta-geous for water well rehabilitation, since it can efficiently remove almost all the different causes of hydraulic inefficiency by means of its combined chemical and physical effect. Carbon dioxide injection lowers water pH modifying the equilibrium CO2(aq) + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+, so promoting carbonates dissolution; more-over, CO2 has bacteriostatic and surface-active properties. However, the main effect of carbon dioxide for en-crustations and clogging removal takes place in the phases of the Aqua Freed® operation when it is injected as cryogenic liquefied gas: when the liquid CO2 reaches the inside of well, it gasifies immediately generating a high volume of gas; in fact, from a litre of liquid cryogenic carbon dioxide, more than 500 Nl of gas are generated. The expansion of the CO2 forces the gas to pass through the screen and the gravel pack of the well and to dif-fuse into the surrounding aquifer, destroying biological and mineral encrustation in a wide area around the well.Since 1996 SIAD S.p.A. is Surbsurface Technologies Licensee in Italy. Both companies have gained deep experi-ence in Aqua Freed® application for treatment of different types of wells for various purposes: screened and open-hole wells, made by carbon steel, stainless steel or plastics, for industrial, potable or contaminated water recovery.The presentation illustrates in particular the results of Aqua Freed® applications for well rehabilitation in con-taminated sites in different countries.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 829]

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGAL BIOSENSOR FOR TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF URBAN WET WEATHER EFFLUENTS

FERRO Y., DURRIEU C.

Université de Lyon ; UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés; ENTPE - VAULX EN VELIN - France

It is well know that stormwater runoff from urban and suburban areas generate various pollutants (suspended solids, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nutrients...). This cocktail of pollutants can contribute to adverse water quality impact in receiving water bodies and in order to preserve aquatic ecosystems it is neces-sary to monitor quality of wet weather effluents.Environmental monitoring of pollutants with automatic systems, applied online and allowing rapid response is one of the best ways to control the quality of the environment. Real time analysis offers the advantage of detecting rapidly the presence of pollutants before they cause any damages. Such a strategy is only possible through biosensors. In this work, algal whole cell based biosensor has been used to assess toxicity from urban wet or dry weather effluents, which flow in urban river or retention tanks. Samples came from an overflow device and a retention/infiltration tank localised near Lyon (France) one in a residential area and the other in an industrial area.The response of the biosensor, based on a conductometer sensing element, is related to the changes of metabolic activities following activities of enzymes located on the external membrane of cells. Two enzymatic activities, alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholine esterase, were followed. In order to immobilize algae on the sensor, two techniques were performed; on one hand algae were immobilized on bovine serum albumin (BSA) cross linked by glutaraldehyde vapors. On the other hand they were immobilized on self assembled monolayer (SAMs). This work allows comparing these two techniques.The way of immobilization change significantly the response of the sensor and immobilization of algae in SAMs leads to a more reliable monitoring of effluents; repeatability is better and SAMs don’t form a physical barrier between the algae and the constituents of the reaction medium. On the contrary BSA membranes could retain some pollutants like heavy metals which is a problem for toxicity assessment.Beside, responses of these biosensors were compared with previous works undertaken on free algae. Like all biosensors, conductometric biosensors present many advantages: they have a lower limit of detection than free algae; the responses are significantly higher; assays consume fewer materials: less volumes of algae, substrate, and effluents are necessary to realize a lot of experiences and replicates; and finally a sensor is more suitable for monitoring water quality directly on the field.This preliminary work allows choosing the best way to immobilize algae on the sensor and the most pertinent enzymatic activity to assess toxicity in various effluents. Thanks to these results an automatic device to monitor effluents on the field is in preparation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 839]

EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RATTLESNAKE CREEK, GOIANIA – GO, BRASIL, IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER 2010.

VASCONCELOS S.M.S., REZENDE A.F., MARQUES R.G.

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFGoiás), - Goiania-Go - Brazil

This study aims to evaluate the water quality of the Córrego Cascavel, located in Goiânia-Go, Brasil with charac-teristic highly urbanized. Sampling and analysis of water samples were taken during the months of October and November 2010 at five sites located along the sub-basin. The parameters were: DBO, OD and fecal coliform. The parameters analyzed showed high levels in relation to water quality standards established by CONAMA Resolution 357/2005, as it is a source that is subtributary Rio Meia Ponte (used for public supply). According to this resolution, the Córrego Cascavel was framed in Class 2, for the supply for human consumption after conventional treatment, primary contact recreation, irrigation of parks and vegetables, aquaculture and fishing activity and protection from aquatic communities. The release of organic matter in the form of urban wastewa-ter (mainly domestic) exceeds the assimilative capacity of the water body, robbing her right ear, which can be verified by the values of DBO5 20 ° C which show beyond the ceiling for Class 2.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 840]

PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SUPERFICIAL WATER FROM THE RIVER, STREAM AND OF DRINKING WATER FROM WATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN GOIÂNIA, GOIÁS, BRAZIL

SANTOS P.P.(1), MARQUES R.G.(2), ANDRÉ M.C.D.P.B.(1), VASCONCELOS S.M.S.(2), SERAFINI Á.B.(3)

Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública/ Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia-Goiás-Brasil - Goiania-Go - Brazil (1)

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFGoiás), Goiânia-Goiás-Brasil - Goiania-Go - Brazil (2)

Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC Brasil - Florianópolis-SC - Brazil (3)

The city of Goiânia is supplied by Meia Ponte River and it´s tributary, the João Leite Stream, which receive significant amount of pollutant along it course, arising from population growth, farming and industrial activi-ties. This study aimed to investigate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of superficial waters from the river, stream and of drinking water from two water treatment plants (WTP) in Goiânia-GO. Twenty-four samples of superficial waters and 24 samples of drinking water were collected and analysed. The analysis followed the protocols established by the American Public Health Association proceeding the determination of the Most Probably Number (MPN/100mL) of total coliform bacteria, thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, the counting of heterotrophic bacteria, the detection of Salmonella spp., the determination of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, pH, chlorine residual and turbidity. Salmonella isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility tests in MicroScan® apparatus and serotypes were confirmed by the reference laboratory for Enterobacteriaceae of Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/RJ. Twenty-four (50.0%) samples of superficial water were above national microbiological standards and 5/24 (21.0%) in disagreement on one or more physicochemical parameters for class 2 freshwater. All drinking waters samples were in accordance with microbiological standards established by national legislation and 25.0% of drinking water of João Leite Stream were in disagreement to physicochemical patterns. The presence of Salmonella spp. had been detected in 3/24 (12.5%) of superficial waters samples from João Leite Stream being identified the following serotypes: Salmonella Hadar, S. Akuafo and S. Mbandaka. The strains presented intermediate susceptibility to Moxifloxa-cin and susceptibility to the other antimicrobials. Although the half (50.0%) of cases did not attend the limits established by the national legislation, after treatment, the quality of water pointed to an efficient treatment at WTP. Nevertheless, the study suggested the need for constant monitoring to guarantee the good quality of water supply for the systems users.

[ABSTRACT ID: 792]

DCPIP COLORIMETRY OF PETROLEUM DERIVATIVES BIODEGRADATION BY BACILLUS SUBTILISBIDOIA E., MONTAGNOLLI R., LOPES P.R.

UNESP - Rio Claro/Sao Paulo - Brazil

Petrochemical industry residual contamination by oil and its derivatives causes degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Thus, control and treatment strategies to combat the hazardous effects of oil pollution are needed. There are many techniques capable of precisely evaluating biodegradation processes, such as strategies involving microorganisms and their metabolism in biodegrading organic compounds. One of these methods adapted to biodegradation evaluation is colorimetry, which is a technique used to evaluate the bio-degradation of some substances. The 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) based colorimetric technique pro-vides enough data on hydrocarbons used as metabolic substrates by microorganisms. Its color changes from blue to transparent when subject to chemical reduction. The indicator, when oxidized is blue and when reduced is transparent. The DCPIP indicator is applied in a series of electron transfer reactions, including biodegradable substances. Colorimetric methodology applied to oil biodegradation promotes a better handling of different oil microbial biodegrading profiles. The biodegradability of crude oil, motor oil and diesel was evaluated using the DCPIP technique. Colorimetric assays were made using Bacillus subtilis CCT 2576 in Nutrient Agar medium cul-tures conserved at 10 degrees Celsius. The cells were transferred from storage culture tubes and streaked onto a Petri dish with PCA medium. Then, microbial culture reactivated after 48 h were inoculated to 50 mL of BH medium at 35°C for biomass growth. After 48 h in BH medium, B. subtilis culture was inoculated to tubes along with DCPIP indicator and the oil under analysis. The control assays (C0 and C1) kept the blue color, whereas the oil containing assays passed through the biodegradation process. However, it was noticeable that the biodegra-dation time necessary for the blue color to completely vanish was different between the different types of oils.

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In the oil containing assays without B. subtilis inoculum, total biodegradation times for motor oil and diesel were 210 h and 320 h, respectively. The petroleum did not degrade without inoculum. For the “Inoculum” assays, the DCPIP color changes were faster: 269 h, 80 h and 168 h for motor oil, diesel and petroleum respectively. B. subtilis inoculum assays demonstrated a faster biodegradation compared to assays without the bacteria. Even though no biomass was inoculated in some assays, biodegradation occurred probably due to previous micro-organism presence in oils. Moreover, the total biodegradation time observed generally followed an ascendant order: diesel, motor oil and petroleum. Such rapid and simple colorimetric methodology provides resources on the development of new techniques in effluent treatments, not only during petrol derived oils, but also on other contaminated organic polymeric compounds.Acknowledgments: FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES, UNESP and FUNDUNESP.

[ABSTRACT ID: 861]THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM THE SOILS AROUND A MUNICIPAL

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE FROM BRAZILDE JESUS L.S.(1), MONDELLI G.(2), GIACHETI H.L.(1)

Unesp - Bauru - SP - Brazil (1) IPT-SP - São Paulo - SP - Brazil (2)

This paper presents representative values of the hydraulic conductivity (K) from the soils around a municipal solid waste disposal site from Brazil. The site geology has sandstone, covered by alluvial sandy soils or colluvial clayey sands. Residual soils from sandstone are found underneath these layers. It was observed the presence of a contamination plume formed by leachate infiltration at the site. The hydraulic conductivity for the colluvi-ums, the alluvium and the residual soils were measured both in laboratory (flexible wall and rigid wall perme-ameters with constant and falling head) and in situ (piezocone, slug test and Guelph permeameter). Just for the sandstone the K values were measured in laboratory. Considering the complex site geological heterogeneity with preferential pathways, the representative K values were preferentially assumed based on in situ testing data. These K values allowed a better understanding of the sub-superficial flow conditions and of the contami-nation plume migration. They also helped explain why the contamination plume has already overreached the landfill borders and it is migrating faster in some soil layers.

[ABSTRACT ID: 875]

EFFECT BIOCHAR AMENDMENT ON SORPTION AND BIODEGRADATION OF VOLATILE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON IN AN AEROBIC SOIL

BUSHNAF K.M., WERNER D.School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University - Newcastle upon Tyne - United Kingdom

This study investigated the impact of biochar and interaction between nutrients and biochar on the biodegrada-tion of a mixture of 12 volatile petroleum hydrocarbons (VPHs) in an aerobic sandy soil with and without biochar amendment (2% on dry weight basis) and evaluated the effects of sorption on the biodegradation. Sorption of VPHs to biochar was found to depend on compound properties, and monoaromatics, in particular toluene, showed the greatest sorption enhancement following biochar amendment. Eight replicated batch experiments were performed to study VPHs biodegradation: live soil with and without inorganic nutrient addition, and with and without 2% biochar amendment and the respective autoclaved controls. VPH vapor-phase concentrations, oxygen and carbon dioxide were monitored after injecting 0.030 ml of the VPHs mixture as liquid. VPH residuals was extracted by dichloromethane/ pentane (60:40) and quantified by GC-FID analysis. Biochar amendment resulted in decreased toluene degradation, but enhanced degradation of the other petroleum compounds. CO2 production in biochar amended soil was roughly three times higher than in unamended soil. Nutrient addition increased biodegradation of all VPHs, and the total petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation rate was significantly less in nutrient and biochar amended soil as compared to nutrient amended soil without biochar, while CO2 production was comparable in nutrient amended soil with and without biochar amendment.,. We conclude that nutrient availability was the main factor controlling biodegradation rates of total petroleum hydrocarbons, whereas sorption to biochar was a secondary factor influencing the biodegradation of monoaromatic com-pounds, in particular toluene. Reduced biomass yields in biochar amended soils could explain the observation of greater CO2 production per mass of VHPs degraded.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 895]

SURFACTANTS REMOVAL FROM INDUSTRIAL LAUNDRY WASTEWATER USING COMBINED BIO-OXIDATIVE AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROCESSES

MANCINI M.L.

DICAM-Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna - Bologna - Italy

Wastewater treatment processes turn today towards more restrictive quality objectives, not only in relation to the macro/conventional pollutants removal (solid fraction, BOD, COD, N, P) but also in relation to micro/emerging pollutants (surfactants, antibiotics, hormones, drugs, heavy metals, chlorinated, aromatic organic compounds etc.) with the aim to facilitate water reuse and to protect the receiving water bodies. With respect to surfactants removal, the physical and chemical processes already used for wastewater treatments (e.g., chemical precipitation, synthetic organic resins, membranes, adsorption on active coal, ozone etc) are effec-tive, but unfortunately they turns out to be not economic in the depuration of urban wastewater, because of the high flow rates. So WWTP managers, in order to obtain reductions in their final outfalls, on one side require the respect of law limits for discharge in public drain, on another side, they must often grant waivers for the same limits which allow to avoid the closedown of small industrial dye-works and laundries. The aim of this work is the study of an economically sustainable scheme process, for the treatment of wastewater coming from little industrial laundries, able to reach surfactant concentrations near but not necessary below the values allowed by law for the discharge in public sewage system. Object of the investigation is the quantification of the removal level reachable using classic or high rate oxidization phases with respect to the treatment complete provided by final phases of clariflocculation, membrane filtration, ozonation etc. The survey compares functioning data of a few existing full scale plants, made disposable from different Italian plant furnishers. Research activity has been conducted during two years, in different seasonal productive cycle, and is carried out monitoring each treatment phase. Main analyzed parameters are: temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, settleable solids, dissolved COD, total COD, anionic, cationic, non ionic surfactants. The investigated process schemes are: 1) storage/equalization+oxidization+clariflocculation 2) storage/equalization+oxidization+clariflotation 3) storage/equalization+oxidization+membrane. Input concentrations range between 100 and 300 mg/l and values of total surfac-tants in the oxidized output wastewater oscillate within the range (10 mg/l-20 mg/l). Despite a good treatment efficiency such in COD (75-95 %) as in surfactants removal, ranging between 60 to 90%, with regard to the respect of law limits, the tests have led to positive results only for the 3) scheme. Nevertheless values of total surfactants included into the range 10 e 20 mg/l are usually accepted by drain and WWTP managers as far as outfalls from small industrial laundry, taking into account the small amount of flowrate, although punished by a raise fee. Closer values to discharge limits could be foreseeable adopting more biodegradable products.

[ABSTRACT ID: 897]

EFFECT OF ACTIVATED CARBON AMENDMENTS ON MICROBIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES IN PAH CONTAMINATED URBAN SOIL

MEYNET P.(1), HALE S.(2), DAVENPORT R.(1), CORNELISSEN G.(2), BREEDVELD G.(2), WERNER D.(1)

School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne, England - United Kingdom (1)

Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute NGI - Oslo, Norway - Norway (2)

The addition of activated carbon (AC) to contaminated soils is currently being investigated as a cost-effective remediation technique, and an important consideration is the long-term effect of the AC amendments on mi-crobial communities involved in the biodegradation of the organic pollutants. In this work, urban soils impacted by 23±15 mg per kg polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were sampled from a remediation field trial, and the long-term effect of 2.0% powder (PAC) or granular (GAC) activated carbon amendments on the microbial community structure and functioning was studied, by using molecular techniques. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed a statistically significant shift in the predominant microbial community in the soils over time, whereas the effect of PAC or GAC amendments was not statistically significant in an ANOSIM comparison. After three years, the total microbial cell count and soil respiration rates were highest for the GAC amended soils, but cell numbers and respiration rates agreed within a factor three. The sequencing of the predominant DGGE bands, which had similar relative intensity in all soils, revealed the presence of taxa with closest affiliations to known PAH degraders (ie. Rhodococcus jostii RHA-1), or taxa known to harbour PAH degraders (ie. Rhodococcus erythropolis). The potential of the microbial community to degrade PAHs was evalu-

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ated by quantifying specific dioygenase genes, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Similar gene copy numbers were measured in unamended, PAC and GAC amended soils. Polyethylene (PE) passive samples batch studies showed a reduction of the PAHs availability with biodegradation when comparing live and sterile soils. The strongest effect of biodegradation on PAH availability was found in unamended soil, with 75% difference between sterile and live soil slurries, while the lowest PAH availability was measured in PAC amended, live soil. The combination of the chemical and microbial studies suggested that microorganisms with the ability to degrade PAHs persist long-term in soils, regardless of the presence of activated carbons amend-ments, which reduce the PAH availability, presumably because they utilized other soil organic matter as their main carbon source.

[ABSTRACT ID: 902]

WATERMATCHDELL J.(1), PERI C.(2), ZAFFARONI C.(2)

CH2M HILL - Santa Ana (CA) - United States (1) CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy (2)

Water scarcity and real life stories of impacts to people, ecosystems and business are well known problems in both developed and developing countries, increasing with population growth around the world. Water reuse is a proven, effective way to conserve limited water resources with numerous benefits to communities, companies and the environment. Yet reuse rates are low in the world. In this context, the Watermatch initiative was born as a grassroots, goodwill, non-commercial effort to help municipalities, industries and agriculture find each other and collaborate to conserve fresh water and promote community and economic development. Watermatch is a website that uses social networking and geospatial mapping to connect water generators with water users. An online map application allows industrial and agricultural water users to locate nearby municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by entering a location and a search radius. Also the matching map enables personnel who work in municipalities, industries and agriculture to find, connect and collaborate with each other on a lo-cal basis. The map application includes locations for WWTPs worldwide. When municipal wastewater is reused a number of benefits to communities and the environment occur: the use of freshwater can be reduced increas-ing its supply for human use and/or ecosystems; wastewater treatment costs for municipalities may decrease because the required quality for industrial or agricultural use can be less strict. The Watermatch motive is simple: to promote beneficial water reuse around the world today.This paper provides an overview of this tool as well as a description on how the database was prepared and few example of practical use of the tool.

[ABSTRACT ID: 904]

TRACKING SELENIUM SOURCES, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND SPECIATION FOR PETROLEUM REFINERIES AND IMPACT ON OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES

SHAMAS J.(1), CIONGOLI B.(2), MARINETTI M.(2)

CH2M HILL - Dubai - United Arab Emirates (1) CH2M HILL - San Donato Milanese (MI) - Italy (2)

Selenium is a naturally occurring component of coal, petroleum, and some soils and is present in the wastewa-ter streams of mining, refining, and coal burning power generating facilities, as well as in some landfill leach-ates and agricultural drainage. Selenium, particularly in its dissolved forms, is not significantly removed from wastewater through conventional treatment and, when discharged to receiving waters, is an environmental concern due to bioaccumulation effects. Many regulatory agencies have driven selenium discharge limits to very low levels. Regulatory discharge limits in the low parts per billion (ppb) ranges have presented challenges to many petro-leum refineries. Consistently achieving these effluent selenium concentrations is difficult with currently avail-able selenium removal technologies. This is largely due to the complex aquatic chemistry of the element and the different approaches required for treatment based on the selenium species present. Chemically, selenium is similar to sulfur and is found in four common oxidation states in the environment, namely: Se (+VI) (i.e. sel-

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enate), Se (+IV) (i.e. selenite), Se (0) (i.e., colloidal elemental selenium), and Se (-II) (i.e., selenide species). The behavior of selenium in refinery wastewater treatment processes depends critically on its chemical form and on concentrations of other contaminants in the wastewater. Knowledge of sources, speciation, and transforma-tions of selenium in a refinery, is therefore important for the development of adequate treatment strategies. Simply applying knowledge from other industrial applications may lead to less than optimal treatment solutions.This paper will discuss selenium chemistry and speciation and their importance in the selection of successful and optimal treatment strategies specific to petroleum refineries, particularly those required to reach low efflu-ent selenium discharge limits (e.g. < 5 ppb). Case studies, bench scale data, and other non client confidential information will be presented. The author will specifically address source control as well as end of pipe treat-ment approaches to aid the refinery professional in assessing best treatment routes specific to their operation. In essence, the paper will serve as a guidance document for addressing selenium reduction at petroleum refin-eries and will include the latest information on source identification, characterization, treatment strategies, and technologies specifically relevant to the refining industry.

[ABSTRACT ID: 911]

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON POLLUTED SOILSHEDHLI M.(1), KARAM A.(2), JAOUICH A.(1), PARENT S.É.(2)

Université du Québec à Montréal - Montréal/Québec - Canada (1) Université Laval - Québec/Québec - Canada (2)

Simultaneous removal of heavy metals and organic contaminants from soils can present a difficult challenge. The aim of this work is to assess the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons (PAHs) in Quebec’s climate. In 2010, samples of contaminated soils were mixed to form a composite soil and then deposited uniformly with a 40 cm thickness on a soil landfill. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. There were four treatments namely T0 (without veg-etation), T1= (20% Festuca rubra, 20% Festuca eliator, 15% Agropyron repens, 15% Lolium perenne L., 21% Phleum pratense L., 5% Lotus corniculatus and 4% Trifolium repens, and 15 plants of Tanacetum vulgare), T2= (10% Festuca rubra, 10% Festuca eliator, 5% Agropyron repens, 5% Lolium perenne L., 10% Phleum pratense L., 30% Lotus corniculatus and 30% Trifolium repens, and 15 plants of Tanacetum vulgare) and T3= T1 without Tanacetum vulgare. Plots were inoculated with Glomus intraradices and 12 plots received inorganic fertilization (N-P-K) and approximately 15 cm layer of horse manure in 2010. In June 2011 approximately 250 g of soils were collected in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers from all the plots. Preliminary results of characterization showed that the soil samples are very heterogeneous in terms of their origin, but also within the same plot. Ag-ing of vegetated soils enhances the degradation of PAHs, decreases the phytotoxicity and allows the establish-ment of the vegetation. In general, the total concentration of 25 PAHs in the cultivated soils is lower than in plots without vegetation. Total PAHs content of soil samples were lowest at the surface layer (0-20 cm). The presence of vegetation helps to reduce the concentration of total PAH in soils. This study suggests the possibility of using grass and leguminous plants to remediate PAH-contaminated soils.

[ABSTRACT ID: 913]

UNBIASED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION DATAPARENT S.É., KARAM A., PARENT L.E.

Université Laval - Québec (Qc) - Canada

Most ecological data are compositional, i.e. intrinsic multivariate vectors of relative values ranging between 0 and 1. Compositional data are inherently not normally distributed, scale-dependant (e.g. based on molar or mass fractions, or dry or wet proportion) and redundant (the amount of one component is known by subtracting the sum of the others from the constant sum). Although inducing what Karl Pearson called “spurious correla-tions” 115 years ago, multivariate data analyzes in the literature are still widely performed across pollutant concentrations, be it as is or with prior simple logarithmic transformations. Statistics directly computed across concentration data are numerically meaningless, from the most basic indicators like means, variances and covariances to more sophisticated techniques like discriminant analysis or geostatistics, through ANOVA and linear regressions. Fortunately, compositional data analysts recently developed techniques, like the isometric

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log-ratio transformation (ilr), that free data from their space constrain, projecting them into a real space, and leading to unbiased multivariate analyzes. In this paper, we analyze three case studies. First, an unbiased regression analysis is performed through metal-contaminated sediments along the Big River in the Southeast Missouri mining district, USA. Second, multivariate data analyzes (outlier detection, clustering, ANOVA and discriminant analysis) are performed through ilr-transformed data from polluted groundwater in Southwestern Taiwan. Finally, we perform compositional geostatistics to predict the spatial distribution of metals in soils around an abandoned mine site near Ciudad Real, Spain. We show that the ilr transformation is a practical and meaningful way to avoid numerical biases in pollutant concentration data analysis.

[ABSTRACT ID: 927]

CARBON DIOXIDE IN REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SITES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

BISSOLOTTI G.(1), PASINETTI E.(1), PERONI M.(1), CARONNA T.(2), NATALI SORA I.(2), FONTANA F.(2), ORLANDO A.(2)

SIAD S.p.A. - Dalmine (BG) - Italy (1) University of Bergamo - Dalmine (BG) - Italy (2)

The Engineering Department of Bergamo University and SIAD S.p.A carried out, during 2011, a research about the use of carbon dioxide in remediation of contaminated sites.The research target was to evaluate the affinity of carbon dioxide with the contaminants of soil, in order to use it as carrier to remove the pollutant from soil.The research was developed through the following different lines:- laboratory tests on expanded clay artificially contaminated by PAH;- laboratory tests on real contaminated soils;- pilot scale tests on real contaminated soils.The first research line was conducted in lab scale, using carbon dioxide on environmental conditions (p = 1 bar, T = 20°C) for treatment of hydrophilic expanded clay artificially contaminated by PAH. In particular clay was contaminated by 1 g/kg of Naphthalene, Anthracene and Pyrene.Tests were conducted in pyrex reactor filled with about 36 g of contaminated clay, fluxed with carbon dioxide or nitrogen. The gases flux varied from 0,2 L/min to 5 L/min, and test time from 15 minutes to 7 days.Data processing show as, in particular condition of flux and contact time, carbon dioxide demonstrates a PAH removal of 20-40% higher than nitrogen for Pyrene and Anthracene. Furthermore CO2 expresses on these two contaminants a carrier effect, able to move contamination from the deeper to the upper layer of contaminated matrix. For Naphthalene it was not possible to observe different efficiencies using CO2 or N2 due to its extreme volatility.In the second line, it was tested the capability of CO2 to remove contamination from real soils using pressurized reactor. In particular it was tested gaseous CO2 at a pressure of 4 bars and liquefied CO2 at a pressure of 55 bar. Test conducted at a pressure of 4 bars was replied with nitrogen.The results obtained show as CO2 demonstrates a higher efficiency in contamination removal than Nitrogen, used as comparison. The removal of contaminated compounds by CO2 is favoured by the presence of water.Test with liquefied CO2 shows a good efficiency in extraction of contaminants. In particular liquefied CO2 determined the extraction of more than one order of magnitude than gaseous CO2 for PAH and halogenated compounds. Previous tests put in evidence as CO2 could express a removal effect on contamination of soils. In order to apply CO2 in in-situ test or on large volumes of contaminated soil, the use of gas under environmental condi-tions seems to be the sustainable way. Therefore the research is going on testing CO2 in a larger scale. In particular tests are taking place on 1 m3 of contaminated soils, using as gas-test CO2 and Air. Tests purpose is to compare the efficiency of the two gases in extraction and/or transport in the upper layer of soil, of polluted compounds.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 928]

EVALUATION OF THE BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF SOILS CONTAMINATED WITH BENZENE, TOLUENE AND XYLENE (BTX)

PONTES P.P.(1), VIANA M.D.(1), ARAÚJO J.C.(2), CHERNICHARO C.A.L.(2)

CEFET-MG - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil (1) UFMG - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil (2)

Environmental accidents have occurred due to the exploration and commercialization of oil, causing serious problems to the environment and human health. The accidental oil spills are of great concern in the present time. The contamination of aquifers by oil leaks is one of the possible threats to the quality of groundwater due to the high toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons like benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). In response to these problems, it is of great importance to evaluate the techniques for the remediation of contaminated areas. Bioremediation is one of the techniques of greater importance among environmentalists as one of the ways to remove contaminants in the water and the soil. There are several studies in the literature on bioremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. However, there are not conclusive studies about the effect of biostimulation on the biodegradation of BTX. This research aimed at investigating the feasibility of bioremedia-tion of soils contaminated with benzene, toluene and xylene with and without biostimulation. To examine the occurrence of natural attenuation and biostimulation, acid soil from the west region of Belo Horizonte city – Minas Gerais - Brazil was collected, analyzed and used to prepare microcosms. Biodegradation experiments were performed with 20 g of soil in serum flasks (100 mL). The flasks were sealed with butyl rub-ber stoppers and aluminum caps and incubated in a dark climate-controlled room at 20 °C. The contaminants (benzene, toluene and xylene) were added to the microcosms, to reach the concentrations of 10 mg. g-1. During phase 1, biodegradation of contaminated soil without biostimulation was analyzed and, during phase 2, KNO3 and Ca(OH)2 were added to the soil for the study of biostimulation. Control flasks with sterile soil contaminated with the pollutants were used for the abiotic control. After 1, 20, 40 and 100 days of degradation, soil samples were analyzed for the determination of BTX concentration and the number of total heterotrophic bacteria.The results obtained indicated the possibility of removal of BTX in acid soils by natural attenuation and bios-timulation. It has been observed that most of the contaminants had been removed after 20 days of incubation period. The highest concentrations of pollutants observed in abiotic control at the beginning of the experiment indicated that biodegradation occurred at the first 20 days of incubation, but adsorption and volatilization also contributed to the removal of pollutants in the soil. Biostimulation experiments showed the lowest BTX concen-trations in soil samples within 40 days of incubation, indicating that the addition of nutrients and also changes in soil pH were good alternatives to increase the efficiency of pollutants removal. It was observed a decrease in the number of microorganisms in the soil during the experiments, but this reduction did not affect the removal of the pollutants.

[ABSTRACT ID: 934]

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF A CONCEPTUAL ZONING OF INCREASED ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES RELATED TO FLOODING IN A DRAINAGE BASIN – CASE STUDY: RIO BONITO BASIN (SP)

CANÇADO C.J.(1), LORANDI R.(2)

CETEC/MG - Belo Horizonte - Minas Gerais - Brazil (1) UFSCar - São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil (2)

The occurrence of flooding in Brazilian urban rivers, in general, have become common due to inadequate man-agement strategies for land use and occupation and the lack of urban planning.Changes in agricultural and urban areas have resulted in consequences that directly or indirectly influence the phenomenon of flooding, especially with regard to the physical environmental parameters. Problems related to increased surface runoff (removal of riparian vegetation, impermeable soil and native vegetation), siltation of water bodies (anthropogenic activities and poor land use) and erosion processes (poor land use and anthropo-genic activities) are present in most Brazilian basins.Thus, problems related to the phenomenon of flooding are increasingly present in cities, the result of a number of inter-related factors that complement each other, such as inappropriate land use, lack of urban and environ-mental planning, occupation of areas subject to flooding, among others, thereby increasing the impact of this phenomenon on the environment and communities, from a socio-economic and environmental perspective.

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The Brazilian population is of about 190 million inhabitants (IBGE, 2010), of which 150 million live in urban ar-eas. According to PNSB (2008), between 2003 and 2008, more than half of Brazilian municipalities experienced flooding or inundations due to rain-related factors. In addition, most Brazilian cities have one or more risk areas, in other words, locations subject to landslides (42% of municipalities), flooding and erosion (19.7%). To address this problem, planning and management approaches that use the river basin as a work unit have been used. Such approaches have proved to be very promising, as the biogeophysical characteristics of these basins have relatively cohesive ecological and hydrological systems.Therefore, within this planning scope, the management of drainage basins should incorporate all the environ-mental resources of the drainage area and adopt an approach to integrate environmental, social, economic and political aspects.Adopting the Rio Bonito Basin as the study object in this paper, a decision tree and cross-tabulation method was designed from existing data, a Potential Contribution Cartogram of the Physical environmental Parameters according to flooding. From the temporal analysis, the understanding of the agricultural change process and the urban areas, a con-ceptual zoning was conducted, taking into account the urban sprawl, the environmental legislation in force and the potential contribution of the physical parameters of the flooding phenomenon.Therefore, to evaluate the usefulness of the instrument obtained, the results were analyzed, in terms of time, as a basis to design a decision making support instrument for planners, since the study area does not yet have a master plan for land use planning and occupation of urban and industrial activities, as well as for agricultural activities.

[ABSTRACT ID: 951]

NATURAL TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: APPLICATIONS AND CASE STUDIES

ALBANO C.(1), BAYS J.(2), CATTANEO S.(1), CAZZANIGA B.(1), GALLETTI A.(1)

CH2M HILL - San Donato Milanese - Italy (1) CH2M HILL - Tampa (FL) - United States (2)

Natural Treatment Systems (NTS) host a wide range of biological, chemical and physical processes, capable of providing environmental treatment effectively at low cost. They have been studied and applied to address water quality issues, including domestic and industrial wastewater (D&IWW), stormwater runoff, and contaminated sites management. The maturity in understanding NTS process and performance, particularly towards system optimization and engineering (needed to ensure long term treatment reliability with limited operation and maintenance), and the wealth of full scale examples shows promise as a sustainable solution worldwide, either in synergy with or replacement of traditional environmental remediation technologies.NTS provide habitat for marsh, submersed and floating vegetation are designed to enhance photosynthetic and microbiological processes, as well as sedimentation and evaporation.They have been applied with success to treat challenging D&IWW as, for example, acid drainage from operating and abandoned mine sites, contaminated runoff from airport deicing activities and high strength membrane concentrate produced from reclaimed water. For contaminated sites, NTSs have been applied for the treatment of extracted groundwater, for water table hydraulic control, and for the phytoextraction of contaminants in shallow soil. NTSs represent reliable solutions through the adoption of Low Impact Development technologies, which include green roofs, rain gardens, foundation planters and permeable pavements, aimed at recreating the natural hydrological features in highly developed urban areas.NTS represents a low-tech approach meant to provide sustainable solutions, thanks to the positive carbon balance, absence or low power consumption, lack of external chemical dosing, limited automation needs and manpower during operation and maintenance phase. Their applicability is often limited by reduced hydraulic loading rates, and thus to high surface area needed.A recently completed project is represented by the Fusina Constructed Treatment Wetlands (CTWs), a historic dredge spoil basin facing the Venice Lagoon and converted into a six-cell CTW providing emergent marsh, open water, and habitat for birds, amphibians, insects and other animals. Following completion of the Fusina waste-water treatment plant upgrade and conveyance infrastructure in 2011, the CTW will remove trace levels of a variety of contaminants from 4000 m³/h of D&IWW and provide a clean source of reusable water to the nearby

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Porto Marghera industrial complex. Once an unused spoil mound, the 100-ha wetland has been transformed into a functional and productive marsh system home to native wildlife.

[ABSTRACT ID: 974]

RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF HYDROGEN RELEASE COMPOUNDS FOR AQUIFER REMEDIATIONNOVARINO D., SANTAGATA E., ZANETTI M., SETHI R.

Politecnico di Torino - Torino - Italy

Natural attenuation is able to reduce the concentration of contaminants in aquifer systems due to the ac-tion of several processes. Among these biodegradation is capable of effectively convert toxic and recalcitrant compounds to harmless substances. Unfortunately the lack of substrates or micronutrients inhibits the rate of this process. In particular Reductive Dechlorination (RD) is a well-known process which is responsible of the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons under anaerobic conditions. This process requires the presence of a substrate able to provide a source of hydrogen. Some compounds have been engineered in order to provide long term release of hydrogen in the subsurface after injection. One of the most commonly used commercial substrate is HRC (Hydrogen Release Compound) by Regenesis Inc. This product is characterized by a formula-tion and an high viscosity able to provide slow dissolution in aquifer systems.The success of field application and related costs are strongly connected to the protocol of injection and to the achievable radius of influence. Temperature and mixing rate are two fundamental parameters affecting HRC viscosity that must be taken into account when injecting this fluid. Starting from the standard protocol of injection supplied by the producer, the study will focus on a rheological characterisation with the porpoise of investigating:- the role of temperature and mixing rate towards HRC behaviour in flow conditions;- the possibility of improving HRC injectability by increasing its operative temperature.The rheometer employed to perform rheological tests is an Anton Paar Physica MCR 301 equipped with concen-tric cylinders device with gap between cylinders equal to 0.113 mm. Due to the thin gap and to the presence of air bubbles trapped inside the sample, a pre-shearing phase was required before every measurement either in rotational or in oscillatory mode. Moreover a so-called temperature sweep test was performed in order to investigate the effects of temperature on the same sample of HRC in flow conditions. The chosen temperature range was between 10°C and 60°C and includes also the suggested temperature of injection equal to 35°C.On the basis of the obtained results, HRC can be defined as a shear thinning fluid with a marked dependence of viscosity on temperature, especially at high shear rates, that can be well describe by the so-called Andrade Equation. Temperature sweep tests didn’t show any change in HRC rheological characteristics, in particular, HRC is able to recover its structure when cooled after a strong increase in temperature. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using HRC in situ at high temperatures (>35°C up to 60°C) due to the effective de-crease of viscosity. In particular, considering a shear rate equal to 100 s^(-1), by increasing the temperature of the fluid from 35°C to 60°C, an important decrease in viscosity from 1 Pa•s to 0.06 Pa•s was measured.

[ABSTRACT ID: 982]

EVALUATION OF NA+ MIGRATION AND SORPTION OF RESIDUAL UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS OF BOTU-CATU FORMATION THROUGH LARGE INFILTRATION TESTS

FAGUNDES J.R.T.(1), ZUQUETTE L.V.(2)

Faculdade de Engenharia de Bauru, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista - Bauru, São Paulo - Brazil (1) Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, USP - University of Sao Paulo - São Carlos, São Paulo - Brazil (2)

Increasing effort has been placed on the issue of transport of pollutants due to its importance for the environ-ment, for example, in areas of outcropping aquifers formations. Geological materials of these formations usually present high hydraulic conductivities, providing conditions for the occurrence of recharge areas, where migra-tion of pollutants can occur at high rates. In this sense, infiltration tests using a saline solution of Na+ in large dimensions were performed in situ on residual unconsolidated materials of Botucatu Formation, in its portion of outcrop located in the city of São Carlos, state of São Paulo, and which is considered the main aquifer of Brazil. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were taken periodically to determine both the local hydraulic characteris-tics, according to the instantaneous profile method, and the Na+ migration in depth, which was enabled by dual acid extractions in laboratory. Thus, comparisons between interstitial pore-water velocity and apparent veloc-

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ity of Na+ were held, resulting in a retardation factor of approximately 1.7 for this pollutant in the superficial layers, under local conditions. The in situ results confirm the results obtained in laboratory by Fagundes and Zuquette (2011) through batch tests for the evaluation of the sorption behavior of the same geological materi-als. Therefore, it is believed that the values obtained from these tests are suitable for modeling of Na+ transport in Botucatu Formation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 988]

GLOBAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS IN INTEGRATED WATER QUALITY MODELLING: AN APPLICATION TO A REAL CASE STUDY

MANNINA G., VIVIANI G.Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Aerospaziale - Università di Palermo - Palermo, Italy - Italy

In the last three decades, scientific research focused on preservation of water environment and, in particular, on the impact of urban areas pollutants of natural water bodies. According to this point several researches were developed to describe the phenomena that take place on the urban catchment during both wet and dry period. Researches demonstrated the importance of the integrated analysis, involving both quantity and quality aspects, of all the transformation phases that characterise the delivery and treatment of urban water pollutants from the sources to the final recipient. With this aim, several integrated urban drainage models have been de-veloped. Usually, an integrated system is defined as modelling of the interaction between two or more physical systems, i.e. sewer system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving water. When a catchment-scale analysis is performed, model can integrate several units especially when more than one urban area are present in the analysed case study. In these cases, integrated model complexity increases rapidly involving tenth of param-eters and requiring large measurements databases for calibration. In such cases, the use of parsimonious ap-proaches can be fundamental in order to provide useful and reliable modelling results. In this context sensitivity analysis represents a very powerful tool, as it is able to provide information about how the variation in the out-put of the model can be apportioned to the variation of the input factors. In the case of an over-parameterised model it may be performed in order to select the region in the space of input factors (i.e. parameters) on which to focus the attention during the model calibration. In particular, global sensitivity analysis (GSA) provides infor-mation on how the model outputs are influenced by the simultaneous variation of the input factors allowing to identify factor interactions.In this context the paper presents a study on an integrated urban water quality system applying the global sensitivity analysis . Specifically, a home-made integrated model previously developed has been employed. The model is able to estimate both the interactions between the three components of the system: sewer system, waste water treatment plant and the receiving water body. The analysis has been applied to an experimental catchment nearby Palermo (Italy): the Nocella catchment that is an agricultural and urbanised catchment locat-ed in the north-western part of Sicily, Italy. The river receives wastewater and stormwater from two urban areas (70 ha and 45 ha respectively) drained by combined sewers. Each of them is connected to a WWTP protected by a combined sewer overflow devices. Results demonstrated that GSA is a powerful tool for increasing operator confidence in the modelling results; the approach can be used for blocking some non-identifiable parameters thus wisely modifying the structure of the model and reducing the correspondent uncertainty.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1008]

REMEDIATION OF ARSENIC-CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER BY A COMBINED FILTRATION-ADSORPTION PROCESS

GORI R.(1), CHIAVOLA A.(2), D’AMATO E.(1), LUBELLO C.(1), SIRINI P.(1)

DICEA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Florence - Florence - Italy (1) DICEA, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza - Rome - Italy (2)

The presence of arsenic into water is due to natural processes such as weathering reactions, biological activity and volcanic emissions; besides, anthropogenic activity may contribute with an additional impact. In an extend-ed area of Southern Tuscany, the mining and related industrial activity have led the arsenic groundwater con-centration to rise to very high values. In particular, scraps from sulfides processing were disposed off in piles without any control; as a consequence of tailings weathering from these piles, arsenic content of groundwater

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increased up to 1 mg As,tot l-1. The aim of this research study was to evaluate the optimal treatment for the re-mediation of the contaminated groundwater. The work was supported by the Tuscany Region through the ASAP research project. The following table lists the average composition of the influent solution to the treatment. pH ORP As,tot Fe Mn Zn Cl- SO2-4 unit mV µg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l7.7 120.6 964.8 11.4 1.2 0.01 426.6 904.2The combined treatment consisting of filtration followed by column adsorption was selected for the study. Filtration was performed without any chemical pre-treatment, and sand was used as a media under rapid filtra-tion conditions (filtration rate = 0.04 m3 m-2 d-1). Ferric (oxy-)hydroxides produced by air oxidation of the iron contained in the feed water exerted high adsorption capacity versus arsenic. The combined arsenic-ferric (oxy-)hydroxides were then efficiently retained by the sand bed in the filtration unit. Indeed, the arsenic content in the groundwater decreased from the initial value to an average concentration of 200 µg l-1. The effluent from the filtration unit was then subjected to adsorption in a column plant. Two commercial adsorbent media were tested: namely, Bayoxide E33P (E33) and ArsenXnp (AX). Two different pH values (7-9) of the influent solutions and one adsorbent dosages (4 g) were investigated. The efficiency of the adsorption process was evaluated by means of breakthrough tests: for instance, arsenic breakthrough was considered to be achieved at 50 µg l-1 ar-senic in the effluent, which corresponds to the maximum contaminant level in the final discharge to soil accord-ing to the Italian legislation (D. Lgs. 152/06). Both adsorbent materials performed better at pH=7. AX allowed to achieve a longer duration of the adsorption process in terms of liters processed until breakthrough conditions as compared to E33 (80 L and 50L, respectively). However, the total arsenic removal capacity evaluated at the exhaustion conditions (corresponding to an effluent concentration of about 100% of the value in the influent) was higher by E33 (220 L versus 150 L for AX).

[ABSTRACT ID: 1026]

EVALUATION OF THE OPTIMAL CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESS FOR OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

ANTONETTI F., CHIAVOLA A., FARABEGOLI G., ROLLE E.University of Rome Sapienza - Rome - Italy

The olive-oil extraction industry is an economically important activity for many countries of the Mediterranean Sea area, with Spain, Greece and Italy being the major producers.However, olive mills generate highly polluted wastewater together with solid residues which need to be prop-erly managed and disposed off. For instance, olive mill wastewater (OMW) are characterized by high values of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (80-300 g/L), lipids, total polyphenols (TP), tannins and solids.Due to the high organic content and the relatively low biodegradability, a combined chemical-physical-biologi-cal process has been demonstrated to be required in order to achieve a final effluent complying with the limits posed by the law in force.A long experimental activity has been carried out at the Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of the Univer-sity of Rome Sapienza with the aim of investigating different pre-treatment methods for reducing the organic loading and to increase biodegradability in view of a subsequent biological step.For instance, the following chemical-physical pre-treatment processes were investigated: (1) coagulation-flocculation (testing Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3); (2) acid cracking (AC); (3) combined acid cracking with coagulation-flocculation; (4) granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption; (5) combined AC with GAC adsorption. The above pre-treatment processes were investigated under different operative conditions, and the optimal set of values determined for each of them. The best performing processes in terms of total and filtrate COD, TP and solids removal efficiency, and also increased biodegradability (evaluated through advanced carbon characterization) were shown to be the combination of acid cracking followed by GAC adsorption and Ca(OH)2-coagulation-flocculation.The biological process was carried out in a laboratory-scale Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) seeded with ac-tivated sludge. The SBR was operated through the following phases: (1) aerated fill, (2) aerated react, (3) settle and (4) effluent draw. The duration of each phase and the number of daily cycles was progressively modified as a consequence of the acclimation and selection of the microbial species to the OMWs as a carbon and energy source. At regime conditions, 2 daily cycles were set, with most of each cycles devoted to fill and react.The SBR was fed with either the diluted OMWs without any pre-treatment and with the effluents from the best performing chemical-physical pre-treatment processes previously investigated. Different influent organic load-ings were applied in both cases. Furthermore, the effects of nutrient addition was also evaluated.

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Best performance of the biological process was obtained by feeding the SBR with the diluted OMWs without any pre-treatments and operating the plant at the higher influent organic loading.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1032]

CONSTANT CURRENT VS CONSTANT VOLTAGE – TWO TYPES OF TESTS FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY FOR ORGANIC POLLUTED SOILS

ANDREOTTOLA G.(1), ISTRATE I.A.(2), BADEA A.(2), RADA E.C.(1)

University of Trento - Trento - Italy (1) University Politehnica of Bucharest - Bucharest - Romania (2)

Cleaning up all historically-contaminated sites, commonly of industrial origin, to background concentrations or levels suitable to all uses often is not viewed as technically or economically feasible. As a result, clean-up strat-egies increasing are designed to employ sustainable, long-term solutions, often using a risk-based approach to land management aimed at achieving “fitness for use” appropriate to the location. In the absence of specific EU legislation to address the cleanup of contaminated soil, Member States apply the “polluter pays” principle to varying degrees in clean-up programs. Soil had not been subjected to a specific protection policy at EU commu-nity level, although some aspects of soil protection can be found in different community policies, for example, within water, waste, chemicals, industrial-pollution prevention, nature protection and pesticides.The aim of the experimental research was to assess the feasibility of two types of electrochemical treatment, one treatment that is based on the application of a constant voltage and other treatment that is based on the application of a constant current. For this purpose several bench scale laboratory tests were performed. The idea for the research was to assess if the remediation goals can be fulfilled with smaller energy consumption in the case of petroleum contaminated soils. The soil used for the experimental study was excavated from an ex industrial area, where for several years the oil industry processed different product. The initial characterization of the soil showed the following data: the density of the soil was 1.5 g/cm3, the humidity was around 20% and from the granulometry point of view it could be noticed more than 55% was composed by particle with a diameter smaller than 0.08 mm. From the initial characterization of the soil it was noticed that the soil was preponderant composed from clay and had a high concentration of contaminant of around 42 000 mg/kg for TPH. Taking into account the fact that in the Romanian normative (Order no. 756/1997) we have the highest value mentioned of about 2000 mg/kg of dry weight (the intervention point in the case of less sensible areas), it is obvious the need of a treatment for this soil.The results obtained during the research showed that the electrochemical treatment can reach a high efficiency up to 80% by applying the electrochemical treatment at a constant voltage, depending on the treatment period. Also it was demonstrated that by using the method of changing potential it can be obtained also a uniformity along the soil sample.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1034]

CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT FOLLOWED BY GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON ADSORPTION FOR REMOVAL OF SAXITOXINS OF WATER

GUIMARÃES H.R.C., LOPES W.S., CEBALLOS B.S.O., GUERRA A.D.B.

UEPB - Campina Grande/PB - Brazil

This study have objective of evaluate the removal of saxitoxins in water potable through conventional treat-ment followed by granular activated carbon adsorption. For realization the experiments were used water from the reservoir Acauã. The water was inoculated with saxitoxins extracted by freeze-thawing of pure culture of Cylindrospermopsis raciborski. The ratio of the dilution utilized was 1/10 (extract/water). Coagulation assays were performed with aluminium sulphate to define the best ratio dosage/pH. During the tests were used jars tests and pH varied between 5 and 9. From the data obtained so constructed diagrams coagulation for turbid-ity and true colour. After coagulation the water was filtered in sand filters, internal diameter 25 mm and length 250 mm and a flow rate of 60 ml / min, followed by three carbon filters with a diameter of 20 mm and length 300 mm with three time different contact, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 minutes. The system operated continuously and samples are collected every eight hours. The determination of the concentration of saxitoxin was monitored in the water study, coagulated water, filtered water and after the column of granular activated carbon using ELISA

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kits (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay). Preliminary results show that the removal of saxitoninas reached average values of 90%. Regarding the true colour and turbidity values of these parameters in the effluent of the column of granular activated carbon reached the standards recommended by the current legislation in Brazil. Other experiments are being conducted so that the best time to contact and absorption capacity of granular activated carbon are determined.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1048]

CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR RECALCITRANT ORGANICS AND EMERGING POLLUTANTS REMOVALRANIERI E.(1), YOUNG T.M.(2)

Dept. of Environmental Enginering, Polytechnic of Bari - Bari - Italy (1) Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis

Davis, California - United States (2)

In this study two pilot scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands (HSFCWs) near Lecce, Italy, planted with different macrophytes (Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia) and an unplanted control were assessed for their effectiveness in removing paracetamol. Residence time distributions (RTDs) for the two beds indicated that the Typha bed was characterized by a void volume fraction (porosity) of 0.16 and exhibited more ideal plug flow behavior (Pe=29.7) than the Phragmites bed (Pe = 26.7), which had similar porosity. The mea-sured hydraulic residence times in the planted beds were 35.8 and 36.7 h when the flow was equal to 1 m3/d. The aim of this study was to assess the behavior of BTEX and paracetamol within pilot scale horizontal subsur-face flow constructed wetlands built at Sternatia di Lecce, Italy. Specific objective of the experiments is to mea-sure BTEX and paracetamol removal in HSFCWs planted with two different macrophyte species (Phragmites Australis and Typha Latifolia) and compare the removal in the planted reactors with removal in an unplanted control reactor to estimate the relative importance of various potential removal mechanisms.Generally BTEX removals were quite low ranging between 46 to 55%. The latter is probably due to the microbial communities associated with the plant rhizosphere which create an environment conducive to degradation for many volatile organic compounds. The initial concentration of each constituent of BTEX was 0.5 mg/l. The residual concentrations at the sampling points at the end of the phragmites field ranged between 0.23 mg/l (Xylenes and Ethylbenzene) to 0.26 mg/l for Toluene. The final residual concentrations in the typha field ranged between 0.22 mg/l (Xylenes) to 0.26 mg/l (Toluene). In the no planted field the final residual concentrations ranged between 0.26 mg/l (Xylenes) to 0.28 mg/l (Benzene). Greater HRTs (more than 5 days), should be necessary for achieving comparable removal rates for all substances of BTEX.The Phragmites bed exhibited a range of paracetamol removals from 51.7% for a Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) of 240 mm/d to 87% with 120 mm/d HLR and 99.9% with 30 mm/d. The Typha bed showed a similar behavior with percentages of removal slightly lower, ranging from 46.7% (HLR of 240 mm/d) to >99.9% (hydraulic load-ing rate of 30 mm/d). At the same HLR values the unplanted bed removed between 51.3% and 97.6% of the paracetamol. In all three treatments the paracetamol removal was higher with flow of 1 m3/d and an area of approx. 7.5 m2 (half bed) than in the case of flow equal to 0.5 m3/d with a surface treatment of approx. 3.75 m2. A first order model for paracetamol removal was evaluated and half lives of 5.16 to 10.2 h were obtained.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1059]

UPGRADE OF WASTEWATER REUSE SYSTEMS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN

ROCCARO P., VAGLIASINDI F.University of Catania - Catania - Italy

The importance of efficiently using existing water supplies is becoming increasingly evident as populations continue to grow and sources of new supply become more difficult to acquire. Water reclamation and reuse is an effective means of conserving the limited high-quality freshwater supply while helping to meet the ever growing demands for water. The wastewater reuse regulations set limit values for several chemical and microbiological contaminants, how-ever, the occurrence of unregulated trace level organic contaminants which are ubiquitous in treated waste-water is of concern for human health. For instance, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and

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endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are poorly removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes and therefore can contaminate the environment and also may cause a risk for human health, especially in case of water reuse. Several PPCPs and EDCs have shown toxic effects to wildlife and scientists and regulators are concerned about what level of risk for human health may be associated with the presence of PPCPs and EDCs in water. As long as more information on their environmental and health impacts will be ascertained, new regulations may require the upgrade of wastewater treatment plants and water reclamation systems in order to remove these contaminants.Therefore, the goal of this study is to evaluate the alternative treatment processes for the upgrade of wastewa-ter treatment plant in order to remove some contaminant of emerging concern and to assess the impact of this upgrade on the treatment cost.The evaluation of the alternative wastewater treatment processes shows that the removal of EDCs and PPCPs can be achieved using a multi-barrier approach and that MBR, activated carbon, biological activated carbon, membrane processes (NF/RO), oxidation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) may play a major role.The upgrade of existing wastewater treatment trains requires an increase of the total unit cost (€ per metre cubic of treated water) up to 50% more than that of conventional secondary treatment. This increase of the treatment cost could be balanced by the higher quality of water produced that will have a lower impact on the environment and may be used for alternative water reuse, resulting in higher benefit.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1075]

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS OF THE WATER ABSTRACTION OF THE SETTLEMENT CANUDOS - GOIÁS

SCALIZE P.S.(1), HORA K.E.R.(1), CASTRO R.P.T.(1), ALBUQUERQUE A.(2), VALINOTE O.L.(1)

University Federal of Goiás - Goiânia - GO - Brazil (1) University of Beira Interior - Covilhã - Portugal (2)

The objective of the work was assessing the construction conditions of the water abstraction in Canudos (Goiás) area between March and June 2011. Information and data were collected in 35 plots of a total number of 329, including the type of water abstraction, their operating conditions and characteristics (e.g. water level, depth and distance from potential sources of contamination). The following types of abstraction were found: 27 cis-tern (tanks), 7 small wells, and 1 mine. All of them present at least one problem in construction, maintenance or conservation, which compromises the water quality, since most of users did not know the problems related to the water abstraction. The 27 tanks have a depth below to 20 m. In 5 of them (18.5%) the water level is less than 5 m, in 10 of them (37.0%) the water level ranges between 5 m and 10 m, and in the remaining 12 tanks (44.5%) the water level ranges between 10 m and 20 m, which is a risk for water contamination. In 29 of the plots analysed (82,9%) at least one possible source of contamination was detected at a distances less than 30 m, which indicates that the users are not aware with the risks of contamination and its consequences. Among the analysed water abstractions, it was found that the mini wells have better construction quality. All the other types of water abstractions are not in agreement with the recommended technical criteria to reduce the risk of water contamination, and need correction works in order to minimize public health problems.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1081]

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND IMPACTS MITIGATION RELATED TO LANDFILLS MANAGEMENTMASI S., MANCINI I.M., CANIANI D., LIOI D.S., GRIECO E.

Dept. Of Engineering and Physics of the Environment, University of Basilicata - POTENZA - Italy

The aim of waste containment systems is to control and prevent any form of pollution reaching the main envi-ronmental compartments in excessive amounts compared to the reference standards. A landfill, however, can cause significant environmental impacts especially on water, air and soil. The study concentrates on the search of strategies to reduce the pollution risk of landfills. The attention is fo-cused on the problem of a long-term impact of dry-tomb landfills and on the difficulty of controlling and limiting landfill gas emissions to the atmosphere, that concur to increase greenhouse effect. In fact, the major environ-mental problems arising from the presence of landfill sites are linked to the release of biogas to the atmosphere and the percolation of leachate into subsoil and groundwater.

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The first objective is the experimental test of a landfill cover system that can match the acceleration of stabili-zation processes of organic materials. The storage site isolation has the advantage of controlling production of pollutants in the landfill, but the application of a “physical barrier” could create conditions that inhibit the bio-logical processes of stabilization and then the degradation of waste. Loss of functionality in waste containment barriers, disconnections or accidental infiltrations of water could reactivate biological processes of degradation and generate loss of leachate and biogas. During the post-management period these losses would no longer be detectable by monitoring network that is erased at the end of post-management. The scientific literature sug-gests the possibility of accelerating the process of waste stabilization in landfill, therefore reducing the risk of contamination after the post-management period. The methods most commonly used are bioreactors activated with leachate recirculation (Reinart et al., 1996) or by addition of water or forced ventilation (Sang et al., 2008).The second objective is the optimization of the biogas management, in order to treat the landfill gas with low calorific value, to capture biogas in the first stage of cultivation and in the “tail” phase. From the literature we also learn that the sources of greenhouse gases from human activities, including the production of biogas in landfills, are considered to be the most dangerous. In fact, a landfill contributes with about 40 Tg of 600 Tg (Chistophersen Mette et al., 2000). The advantages found by the use of bio-filtration (Cella et al., 2010) system, in addition to the destruction of methane in the biogas landfill, are: reduction of odours, risk of biogas migration in areas surrounding the landfill and management and maintenance costs. In the same way, in 2007 Jennifer C. Stern et at. have experimentally shown that use of pre-composted yard or garden waste as bio-cover reduces significantly CH4 emissions.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1092]

THE USE OF MODELLING TO IMPLEMENT STRATEGIES IN AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF WWTPsLUCCARINI L.(1), PULCINI D.(2), MARSIBILIO F.(3), DI FRANCIA M.(4), MANCINI M.(4), SOTTARA D.(5)

Enea Utvalamb – IDR - Bologna - Italy (1) Department of Environmental, Hydraulic, Infrastructures and Surveying Engineering,

Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (2) Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Aquila - Aquila - Italy (3)

Departament of Civil, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna - Bologna - Italy (4) Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and Computer Science,

University of Bologna - Bologna - Italy (5)

WWTPs are dynamic systems that have to operate continuously and several control strategies have been tested to provide adequate response to every load and in all operating conditions. In this work a model (ASM1) for a pilot plant continuous flow with denitrification/nitrification processes, equipped with a data acquisition system and several sensors, has been developed. Based on real-time data acquired and the dynamic model, control strategies for the internal and sludge recycle flow rates have been recognized.The pilot plant, installed on a covered trolley, is located close to a municipal WWTP and is fed with the real municipal wastewater drawn after the full-scale screen. It has an overall volume of 342 L and is equipped of a mechanical stirrer, a variable-flow blower (connected to a membrane diffuser), three peristaltic pumps for influ-ent loading, internal and sludge recycle. The plant is provided of pH and ORP probes in the anoxic tank and pH, ORP, DO, NH4-N, NO3-N, TSS in the aerobic one, which are online acquired with a stand-alone data logger at a sample rate of 1 sample/min.The ASM1 dynamic model of the plant has been implemented using the WEST modelling and simulation envi-ronment, according to the sludge characterization and applying the daily variation of wastewater composition. Respirometric tests to estimate kinetic parameters of heterotrophic and autotrophic biomass and RBCOD wastewater fraction have been carried out with MARTINA instrument, an analyser based on titrimetric tech-niques (pH-stat, DO-stat). The real wastewater has been sampled at a frequency of 1 sample/h by an automatic sampler in different days, up to obtain seven data sets of 24 hours whose daily variability has been expressed as arithmetic means and 95% confidence ranges. The results confirm the high variability of the municipal wastewater characteristics of small treatment plants and these data have been exported to a time series file, representing daily dynamic influent, that has been used in simulation under ordinary conditions.All necessary initial conditions and input parameters have been defined and the model has been calibrated, firstly under steady state conditions after a stabilization of 100 days under constant influent flow-rate and composition, afterwards under dynamic conditions using an appropriate data-set; finally the model has been validated using a different data set. Several control strategies have been implemented: variable flow rate for

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internal and sludge recycle, according to influent variation, DO controlled by the ammonia concentration at the end of the aerobic zone and variable internal recycle flow rate controlled by nitrate concentration at the end of the anoxic zone.The model output provides satisfactory results to every load condition and the control strategies improve the efficacy of nutrient removal and the energy saving, as demonstrated by the calculation of several quality coef-ficients as e.g., Aeration Energy and Effluent Quality.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1103]

SURVEY ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN ITALYVACCARI M.(1), FOLADORI P.(2), VITALI F.(1), COLLIVIGNARELLI C.(1)

DICATA, University of Brescia - Brescia - Italy (1) DICA, University of Trento - Trento - Italy (2)

The main parameters affecting energy consumption in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the design capacity and the effective population served. Several other factors may influence the energy use in a WWTP: the water and sludge treatment processes, the up-stream sewerage network, the inlet and outlet wastewater quality, the electrical devices installed and their maintenance. Electricity bill often covers a sig-nificant share (up to 50%) of the operational costs of a WWTP, but no tools or benchmarks are available for managers to evaluate the energy performances of their plant and support decisions of a sustainable energy management. Up to now, only few studies on the WWTPs energy consumption are available in Italy and they regard only some specific case studies on energy efficiency interventions. Within the activities of the workgroup “Gestione degli impianti di depurazione (Wastewater treatment plant management)” a team of researchers from the University of Brescia and from the University of Trento, with the support of several plant managers, has started a research focused at pointing out the design and management criteria for the minimization of energy consumption This study presents a preliminary benchmarking analysis of electric power consumption based on the first results of a survey on more than 250 activated sludge WWTPs in Italy. The survey is still ongoing and up to now the sample size covers an equivalent population of nearly 8 million people served (calculated on average inlet COD) for the year 2010. Data on the characteristics of each plant and its operational performances were compared to the annual energy consumption in order to assess the more influencing parameters. In the first elaborations, total energy consumption shows a good power-law correlation with the population equivalent served (R2=0.9) rather than to treated flow (R2=0.8). Three indexes were considered: the specific electricity consumption referred to cubic meter served, to person equivalent served (on a basis of 120g COD PE-1 d-1) and to kilogram of COD removed. Observed differences of specific electricity consumption (SEC) can be mainly attributed to the difference in the plant size. In particular, large WWTPs (serving more than 100.000 PE) have less SEC (70% and 65% when referred to kgCOD removed or PE served respectively) with respect to small WWTPs (treating less than 2000 PE). Furthermore a significant log-correlation (R2=0.85) was noted between SEC per kgCOD removed and the overall COD removal efficiency of the plant. Finally, significant differences were observed among WWTPs adopting different sludge treatment lines. According to the indexes calculated, WWTPs with anaerobic digestion resulted to be more energy efficient than WWTPs with aerobic digestion, other sludge treatment line or no treatment line.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1111]

BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER: BIO-PRB COLUMN TEST PERFORMANCES EVALUATION

CAPODICI M., DI BELLA G., NICOSIA S., VIVIANI G.

Università di Palermo - Palermo - Italy

In the field of remediation of contaminated sites the occurrence of nitrates in groundwater is steadily raising concern due to possible health consequences of nitrate ingestion. Nitrates species usually originate as a human footprint from agricultural intensive application of fertilizers. Bio Permeable Reactive Barrier (Bio-PRB) can be considered as a useful and inexpensive tool applicable to nitrates biological removal in groundwater. Several application worldwide has shown good performance at affordable costs. Biological Denitrification in Bio-PRB is the enhancement of a natural process that occurs when bacteria live in an environment void of oxygen, so to

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use nitrate-bound oxygen as electron acceptor in their respiration activity. The reactive media used to promote and sustain the process mainly behave as a source of carbon. Bio-PRB represent a new perspective of develop-ment for PRB technique but, despite the fact that this technology has already been widely used for chlorinated solvents, data on Denitrification PRBs are still scarce.This paper reports on the results of an experimental study carried out over seven months on a bench-scale pilot column (10 cm in internal diameter and 100 cm in length with sampling ports at different heights).The column was filled with a mixture of sand, agricultural soil and sawdust (30%, 20% and 50% V/V respectively) and was fed in continuous with a solution maintained at constant concentration of 25 mg/l NO3-N for the first 106 days and then gradually increased up to 50 mg/l NO3-N until day 205. Samples from column were periodically col-lected to be analysed for NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N, TN, TC, COD, ORP, pH measurements.Good nitrate removal performances (up to 95%) were observed confirming what is reported about in literature (Gibert et al., inter alia). Formation and disappearance of NO2 was also observed demonstrating the action of the expected biological process. No need to change filling material arose during the experiments, a certain amount of residual COD was always found at the upper sampling port of the column, showing that carbon avail-ability was sufficient and never limiting.Column tests showed also the importance of hydraulic characterization of the permeable media so to gain control of the process. In fact, flow rate affects the rate of carbon release in aqueous solution which in turn is considered one of the most critical control parameter.

References: GIBert. o., PoMIerny, S., roWe, I., KaLIn, r. M., 2008 “Selection of organic substrates as potential reactive materials

for use in a denitrification permeable reactive barrier (PRB)” Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 7587–7596

[ABSTRACT ID: 1149]

EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITATIVE STATUS UPSTREAM OF VENICE PORTO MARGHERA MEGA SITE

MASON L., CANTARELLA L., FUIN F., MORETTO C.

ARPAV - Venezia (VE) - Italy

Porto Marghera is one of the widest and most important Italian industrial site. It is divided into 15 zones, includ-ing areas upstream of the actual industrial zone; these are residential, commercial and agricultural zones that can be contaminated, due to atmospheric fallout or illegal landfill.The environmental protection Agency of Veneto Region (ARPAV) dealt with soil and groundwater characteriza-tion of agricultural areas. 179 sampling points were performed, among which 55 piezometers were installed to investigate groundwater quality. Piezometers were located after a preliminary study of the investigation areas, including analysis of historical aerial photographs and evaluation of results of the application of remote sensing techniques.During three years 4 samples are taken from each piezometer, considering the seasonal groundwater trend; chemical analyses were performed for the determination of 60 parameters. This paper shows the investigation results and describes the groundwater qualitative status upstream of Porto Marghera, providing a statistical evaluation of the available data.

[ABSTRACT ID: 785]

SULPHATE REMOVAL BY NANOFILTRATION AND GYPSUM PRECIPITATION: PILOT TESTING AND REAL SCALE DESIGN

MARINETTI M.(1), CIONGOLI B.(1), FIOCCHI N.(1), ZAFFARONI C.(1), BONICELLI C.(1), BOLZANELLA S.(2), SAGGESE G.(2)

CH2M HILL - Milan - Italy (1) Syndial - Milan - Italy (2)

Wastewater treatment plant located in Cengio (physical chemical + biological with PAC + sand filtration + ion exchange resins) treats a combination of municipal wastewater (44 m3/h) and leachates coming from 4 soil remediation sites (approximately 60 m3/h, 21 m3/h, 4 m3/h and 39 m3/h from the first, second, third and

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fourth zone), contaminated with organic based dyes. In the next future municipal wastewater will be routed to a dedicated plant and remediation activities on zone 3 and 4 will finish, leaving only wastewater from zone 1 and 2, the most polluted, delivered to the Cengio’s plant. This will cause an issue only for the respect of sulphates concentration limit, because of the high salinity content of the wastewater and the sulphates concentration increase due to the degradation, in the biological section of the WWTP, of naphtalensulphonic compounds.Co-precipitation of sulphates with barium salts in the existing primary treatment has been tested and proved to be effective, but it generates high quantity of sludge with high costs for chemical supply and sludge disposal; moreover, there is also the problem of the management of the residual concentration of barium in the final ef-fluent.Thus it was developed, proposed and tested the following treatment process:- nanofiltration of a percentage of the treated effluent of the IE resins, to respect the sulphate limit in the blend

of the nanofiltration permeate and the untreated IE resins effluent;- de-carbonation in an aeration tower of the nanofiltration concentrate;- precipitation of sulphates in the nanofiltration concentrate as gypsum, through lime addition.Nanofiltration tests have been performed in several conditions (single pass, batch test and feed and bleed) to determine design parameters for the membranes, confirm the recovery and rejections and verify the lack of fouling problems.Precipitation tests indicated that the high ionic strength of the nanofiltration concentrate determines the increase of the solubility concentration for gypsum; moreover they highlighted the slow kinetic of the precipi-tation process. Reaction rate was increased seeding the precipitation reactor with gypsum particles, so that sulphates can form new gypsum crystals over them. Contact time higher than 1 hour is required.To reduce the sludge production and the lime consumption, a decarbonation step at acid pH has been intro-duced to remove carbonates as CO2. Laboratory tests provided more than 80% of removal efficiency.Simulations of the real-scale process based on the pilot test results (several scenarios have been modeled) showed that the steady state solubility concentration of sulphate in the system (considering also the sulphates load associated to the internal re-cycles of the plant) is around 3800 mg/l, 190% higher than the literature value (2000 mg/l).Wastewater treatment plant has been designed based on the results of the tests and it is going to be contracted and commissioned next year.

[ABSTRACT ID: 793]

EFFICIENCY OF ELETROLYTIC TREATMENT APPLIED ON SIMULATED WASTEWATER CONTAINING THE DYE ACID RED 151 UNDER DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTAL CIRCUNSTANCES

BIDOIA E.D., SOUSA M.L.

UNESP - Rio Claro/Sao Paulo - Brazil

Pollution of water resources is one of the most difficult problems that the textile dye has to deal. It is due to the releasing of a large amount of wastewater daily, mainly during dyeing and bleaching processes. Textile dyes are the main pollutants in this kind of wastewater. The most used kind of textile dye is a group called AZO dye (chromophore group N=N). These dyes are very soluble in water that leads to a highly colored effluent. This study pretends do degrade a simulated wastewater containing the dye Acid Red 151 using an electrolytic system. Before and after the treatment the toxicity was measured by a test using Saccharomycces cerevisiae. The electrolytic system used was composed by: reservoir, hydraulic pump, pipes and a 70%TiO2/30%RuO2 anode. Three different degradation essays were made: Using a current of 3 A and 5 A, both of them with 100 ppm of dye, 10 g/L of NaCl and 1.32 g/L of Na2CO3. A third essay was performed using a current of 5 A, 100 ppm of dye, 7.5 g/L of NaCl and 1.32 g/L of Na2CO3. The amount of simulated wastewater used was 4 L per essay; it was put on the reservoir, from where it was pumped through the system. Samples were taken on 0, 3, 5, 15 and 30 minutes for analysis of absorbance. Toxicity test was done exposing a suspension containing S. cerevisiae to the treated samples of 0, 5 and 30 minutes for 3 days, in the same day the wastewater was treated and 15 days later. And a subsequent counting of living and dead cells on Neubauer chamber. The results showed that the three treatments were successful in removing the color of the simulated wastewater on the wavelength observed (489.5 nm). It means that the chromophore group was destroyed but not necessarily the entire dye molecule. So, it was observed that in the third experiment (using a concentration of 7.5 g/L of NaCl) the samples after treatment were not completely colorless, they presented a yellow color on the samples of 3, 5 and 15 minutes. The toxicity was not significantly different between the experiments, according to an ANOVA

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test using the program BioEstat 5.0. The average toxicity for the samples was of 5.7 % of dead cells for the ef-fluent without treatment (0 minute samples). After 15 days these samples presented 4.1% of dead cells. For the samples with 5 minutes of treatment the average toxicity was 7.7% of dead cells, and 15 days later it was of 2.7%. The test indicated also that in 30 minutes of treatment the toxicity was very high, killing 100% of S. cere-visiae cells even after 15 after the treatment. It occurred probably because of the high concentration of chlorine released during the electrolysis. Therefore it is assumed that the best experimental condition was 5 minutes electrolysis, using a 3 A current, due to a lower energy consumption, successful color removal and low toxicity. Acknowledgments: FAPESP, CNPq, UNESP and FUNDUNESP.

[ABSTRACT ID: 799]

BREWERY WASTEWATER TREATMENT WITH TWO-STAGE MBBR PROCESS AND DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION

FALLETTI L.(1), COLLAREDA L.(2), VANALLI M.(3), ROMANO C.(4)

University of Padova - Padova - Italy (1) OMC Collareda srl - Schio (VI) - Italy (2)

SIAD SpA - Bergamo - Italy (3) Hausbrandt Theresianer - Nervesa della Battaglia (TV) - Italy (4)

This paper is focused on a brewery wastewater treatment plant based on a two-stage MBBR and phosphorus precipitation with aluminium salts; a final dissolved air flotation tank removes excess biofilm and aluminium phosphate from treated water. Project loads are 300 m3/d, 1200 kgCOD/d, 690 kgBOD/d, 30 kgN/d and 7.5 kgP/d. The plant includes a fine screen with 1 mm opening, an aerated equalization tank (480 m3), two serial pure biofilm aerated MBBR tanks with a volume of 300 m3 each filled with polyethylene carriers AnoxKaldnes K1 (filling degree 27%), a dissolved air flotation tank Deltafloat with surface 2.2 m2 and volume 4 m3 that separates excess biofilm from treated water and removes phosphorus with aluminium salts addition. Sludge is centrifuged. The plant was started in August 2003; one month after introduction of carriers, biofilm concentration reached 12–15 gTS/m2 and COD removal efficiency was stably higher than 95%. On basis of data of 2009, the plant treated a hydraulic load of 96–192 m3/d (average 142 m3/d) with 1050–2400 mg/L COD (average 1741 mg/L), 41–70 mg/L TKN (average 54 mg/L), no nitrites, no nitrates, and 16–25 mg/L tot-P (average 21 mg/L); pollutants concentrations in the effluent were 15–55 mg/L COD (average 37 mg/L), NH4-N < 0.5 mg/L, 0.02–0.28 mg/L NO2-N (average 0.13 mg/L), 3.2–18.6 mg/L NO3-N (average 9.8 mg/L) and 1.2–6.0 mg/L tot-P (average 3.9 mg/L). Thus removal efficiencies are 98% for COD, 82% for total nitrogen and 81% for total phosphorus. The plant has always respected emission limits and has a significant residual capacity that can be used in case of future production increases.

[ABSTRACT ID: 800]

TREATMENT OF STORMWATER WITH A NEW MULTI MATERIAL CARTRIDGE FILTERFALLETTI L.(1), CONTE L.(1), SAMBO F.(2)

University of Padova - Padova - Italy (1) Envicon srl - Venezia - Italy (2)

This paper deals with a new technology for stormwater treatment based on passive filtration in a multi material cartridge filter, recognized as Best Management Practice by U.S.E.P.A. This system can be directly installed in the sewer line, after a combined sewer overflow or after a storm pipe in a parking area or next to a highway; water passes through several filtering materials (perlite, zeolite, activated carbon…) that remove pollutants.Stormwater passes through the filtration media and starts filling the cartridge center tube; air below the hood is purged through an one-way check valve as water rises; when water reaches the top of the float, buoyant forces pull the float free and allow filtered water to drain. After the storm, water level in the structure starts falling; a hanging water column remains under the cartridge hood until water level reaches the scrubbing regulators; air then rushes through the regulators releasing water and creating air bubbles that agitate the surface of the filter media, causing accumulated sediment to drop to the vault floor. This patented surface-cleaning mechanism helps restore the filter’s permeability between storm events.

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Results of two Italian case studies of this technology are reported here; plant nr. 1 is situated in a parking area, plant nr. 2 treats stormwater from a main road. Plant nr. 1 has received stormwater with 661 mg/L TSS, 436 mg/L COD, 8.5 mg/L tot-N, 1.23 mg/L tot-P, 2.27 mg/L iron, 0.13 mg/L lead, 0.74 mg/L zinc; removal efficien-cies are 97% for TSS, 88% for COD, 38% for tot-N, 57% for tot-P, 94% for iron, 64% for lead, 85% for zinc. Plant nr. 2 has received stormwater with 2074 mg/L TSS, 56135 mg/L COD, 39.5 mg/L tot-N, 0.9 mg/L tot-P, 24.5 mg/L iron, 0.40 mg/L lead, 3.91 mg/L copper; removal efficiencies are 90% for TSS, 99% for COD, 96% for tot-N, 95% for tot-P, 88% for iron, 94% for lead, 98% for copper. Effluent concentrations respect limits for discharge in sewer (Italian law D. Lgs. 152/2006, tab. 3) for both plants.

[ABSTRACT ID: 812]

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE KTI-FUNDED PROJECT HYDRONET: NEW MODULAR AND ADAPTIVE SOLUTION FOR WATER RECYCLING AND TREATMENT

PRINCIPI P., GERANIO L., KÖNIG R., LONGHI R., BOE¨R C.R.SUPSI Department of Innovative Technologies Institute CIM for Sustainable Innovation - Manno - Switzerland

The research project HydroNET has been funded in 2007 by the Swiss funding agency KTI. Main partners of the project were iCIMSI (Institut CIM for Sustainable Innovation, SUPSI), Eawag (ETH Domain) as one of the world’s leading aquatic research institutes and KWI (Krofta Waters International), and it has been concluded in 2011. The main goal of the project was the development of a new strategy to treat wastewater both municipal and industrial. HydroNET is a decentralized water treatment system for deployment in Switzerland as well as in emerging markets. In Switzerland, many plants need to be modernized. In view of massive environmental chal-lenges, emerging markets urgently require water treatment solutions that are flexible and adaptive, as well as effective for a range of waste water types and high volumes, while being affordable. Stringent environmental standards for effluents must be met. Therefore, the project addresses the necessary aspects to satisfy these requirements. This includes a modular systems approach to create a network of smaller, localized, interlinked and waste-specific purification plants to form a “Hydronet”. Core module of this new concept is the HydroFlot unit: an innovative prototype for enhanced solid separation step. Hydroflot has been tested at pilot scale and at real scale in different location: EAWAG pilot plant, ARA Visp and Foce Maggia WWTP in Locarno, in Switzerland. COD and TSS % removal resulted above the threshold of 80 and 97% respectively. In partnership with Mangrove Environment Ltd. and Zhangcun Municipal Water Plant, the project researchers are now testing the HydroNET concept to the treatment of Dongguan municipal wastewaters situated in the Guangdong province.New application of the HydroFlot unit are being addressed and up to now the unit has proven to be an improved solution for thickening BIO-P sludge than traditional gravity system, allowing for better solid separation and blocking phosphate release at the same time.

[ABSTRACT ID: 825]

FUNGUS x YEAST: THE ABILITY TO BIODEGRADATION OF AZO DYESSANTOS G.C., MITTER E.K., ALMEIDA E.J.R., PEDRO R.J., CORSO C.R.

UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista - Rio Claro - SP - Brazil

The use of microorganisms in industrial effluent treatment has been widely studied. Each species has meta-bolic versatility that helps contaminant removal such as textile dyes. Both fungi and yeasts are able to biode-grade azo dyes. However, little is known about the effectiveness of each one. In order to assess the potential for biodegradation of the azo dye Direct Red 75 (DR75) by microorganisms, this study aims to compare the biodegraded action between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Test tube samples were prepared with 1 mL of dye stock solution (1000 µg.mL-1), 8 mL of distilled water adjusted to pH 2.5 and 1 mL of 4% S. cerevisiae yeast suspension or 1 mL of P. chrysosporium pellets, corresponding respectively to 11.3 mg.mL-1 and 11.7 mg.mL-1. Control solutions were prepared with 9 mL of distilled water at pH 2, 5 and 1 mL of dye stock solution. Samples were incubated at 30°C for 192 hours and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes to perform UV-VIS spectrophotometer scans after 24, 96 and 192 hours. The results were expressed as decolouration percentage obtained from the formula: (Absorbance of control - Absorbance of sample / absor-bance of control) x100. The relative absorbance values was obtained by the ratio between absorbance values

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at a wavelength corresponding to azo and chromophore groups (A522/A320) which indicates the occurrence of biodegradation when compared to control samples by the value variation. The decolouration percentage showed that treatment with S. cerevisiae was more efficient, removing 77.14, 90.84 and 92.86% after 24, 96 and 192 hours, respectively, while P. chrysosporium treatment discoloured 56.04, 61.84 and 81.91%. Relative absor-bance confirmed the occurrence of biodegradation, since the treatment values of 1.44, 1.02 and 0.91 for yeast and 1.54, 1.46 and 1.20 for fungi showed a great variation when compared to the control relative absorbance, 1.79 times was evaluated. Finally, analyzing the results, it can be seen that the dye Direct Red 75 is easily biode-graded by S. cerevisiae. Yeast turned easier to use the dye molecule as a carbon source, besides having greater contact surface when compared to fungi pellets. Therefore, S. cerevisiae was more efficient in this process.Acknowledgments: CNPq/Capes/Fundunesp/Fapesp

[ABSTRACT ID: 826]

NEW TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASE TEXTILE DYE REMOVAL USING MODIFIED AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTEMITTER E.K., SANTOS G.C., ALMEIDA E.J.R., PEDRO R.J., CORSO C.R.

UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista - Rio Claro - SP - Brazil

Organic dyes have a long history in mankind, especially as its industrial use for dyeing fabrics. Synthetic dyes are toxic, recalcitrant in nature and mutagenic. Although dyes are present in small amounts in textile effluents, a small concentration of these compounds generates a highly visible and undesirable pollution. Undesired colour is the most notable feature of the textile effluent and many processes have been studied for its removal. Adsorption is a process of great industrial application, it combines high removal rates and low cost. Activated carbon is one of the most widely used adsorbents. However, activated carbon presents several disadvantages such as high cost, inefficiency with some types of dyes and in some cases difficulties in dye regeneration pro-cess. Due to sugar industry expansion, sugarcane bagasse is a very attractive low cost adsorption material. The aim of this study was to evaluate textile dyes removal efficiency using treated sugarcane bagasse. Initially, the bagasse was washed, dried, ground and sieved to obtain particle sizes between 1.19 and 1.00 mm. Then, the material was separated into five flasks each containing 1 g of bagasse and 50 mL of four different solutions: distilled water, 2% polyethyleneimine (PEI), 2% NaOH and 0.5M HCl. These four flasks were kept under agitation (160rpm) for 24h. The following material was autoclaved, filtered and dried at 60oC. Dry bagasse was poured into six test tubes to obtain a final concentration of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10mg.ml-1 with a 100µg.ml-1 Acid Black 48 dye solution at pH 2.50, 4.50 and 6.50. These tubes were incubated at 30°C for 2 hour adsorption test. After adsorption, the bagasse was filtered and the remaining dye solution was examined in a UV-Vis spectrophotom-eter. Through absorbance data obtained, it was possible to determine remaining dye concentration. Best dye removal rates were obtained at pH 2.50 for all treatments. After total dye removal rates evaluation, best results were obtained using PEI in all pH tested. At pH 2.50 total dye removal was 37.27 mg.ml-1 for PEI treatment, 41.93 mg.ml-1 for HCl, 46.43 mg.ml-1 for NaOH and 56.14 mg.ml-1 for treatment only using distilled water. Therefore, treated sugarcane bagasse proves to be very attractive in textile dye removal. Polyethyleneimine sugarcane bagasse treatment was more efficient in Acid Black 48 dye removal when compared with NaOH, HCl and distilled water treatment. Also, polyethyleneimine treatment increases dye adsorption in 40-50%. Acknowledgments: Cnpq/Capes/Fundunesp/Fapesp

[ABSTRACT ID: 851]

TREATABILITY OF EVAPORATED OLIVE MILL WASTEWATERS CONDENSATEMANNUCCI A.(1), COSTAGLI G.(2), FAZIO D.(2), MUNZ G.(1), LUBELLO C.(1)

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Florence - Florence - Italy (1) Alfa Laval Olive Oil Unit - Tavarnelle val di Pesa, Florence - Italy (2)

Olive Mill Wastewaters (OMW) presents extremely high Chemical Oxygen Demand concentration (120 < COD < 250 g/L) and a strong biorefractory and inhibiting character towards biological processes. As a result, up to date, OMW is treated in wastewater treatment plants only in the presence of an high dilution factor, while land application is in most cases applied. However, European regulation on land application is becoming increasingly stringent with the results of a lack of land for OMW application. The high energy content of the solid residuals of olive oil processing could enable a cost effective and sustainable approach to OMW evaporation. The treatability

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of evaporated OMW has never been investigated and it is variable due to both the type of production process and the storage conditions of OMW. In this work, two types of OMW condensate (OMWC) have been evaluated in terms of biodegradability, start-up kinetics (important for a seasonal process) and inhibition towards nitrifying biomass (to assess the impact of OMWC discharge into a sewage system). The first OMW was evaporated im-mediately after oil extraction (OMWC1) and the second one after a storage of about 3 months (OMWC2). Both OMWC were characterized by acid pH (3.47 units) and by the absence of nutrients. VFA concentration, which depends on the occurence of anaerobic processes during the OMW storage phase, was 97 mg L-1 and 1534 mg L-1 for OMWC1 and OMWC2 respectively. COD concentration was 1200 mg L-1 in OMWC1 and 14950 mg L-1 in OMWC2.The biodegradability and the time required for biological process start-up were characterized through batch respirometric tests, bench scale batch reactors and in a continuous treatment through a pilot scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The MBR experimental conditions were: HRT = 1 d; SRT 5 to 10 d; DO = 3 mg L-1 and pH = 7. The respirometric tests highlighted a high biodegradability of both OMWCs, that is about 95% for OMWC1 and 75% for OMWC2. The shape of respirograms suggested that two types of substrates are present: readily biode-gradable and slowly biodegradable.The pilot scale tests confirmed the results obtained through respirometry for OMWC1 and OMWC2. A degradation of 95% of COD was obtained in 10 days, with an effluent COD of 34.6 mg L-1. Respirometric – titrimetric tech-niques revealed that no inhibition to the nitrifying biomass selected occurred up to an OMWC dilution factor of 1:50. Moreover, through batch tests, it was shown that the start-up can occur in less than 3 d within a wide range of initial inoculums and COD concentration. In conclusion, the treatment of olive mill condensate is a suitable solution both in situ and when collected to a WWTP when OMW is not stored for a long time prior to evaporation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 855]

WATER DISINFECTION BY PHOTODYNAMIC INACTIVATION WITH CATIONIC PORPHYRINROSSI G., COMUZZI C., GOI D.

Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, University of Udine - Udine - Italy

In recent years, the application of porphyrin derivatives in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is arousing great interest in water disinfection process studies. As an alternative to other disinfection techniques traditionally used (chlorination, ozonolysis, irradiation with UV light), the photo-oxidation process is a promising technology characterized by low cost, low environmental impact and easy management.In this work basic experimental tests about the application of organic expanded porphyrins in water disinfec-tion by photodynamic inactivation (PDI) technique are depicted. The photoinactivation properties of a positive charged porphyrin, namely 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (1-methyl-4-pyridinio) porphyrin tetra (p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP), were tested in water disinfection, using S.aureus and E.coli. Data showed that TMPyP treatment on 107 CFU/ml bacterial culture was effective at nanomolar concentration and in a very short treatment time (15 minutes). By 1 hour of 50 W/m2 irradiation, a maximum of 99.99989 % abatement on S.aureus and a maxi-mum of 99.995 % abatement on E.coli, using respectively a dosage of 0.5 µM and 5 µM TMPyP, were obtained. TMPyP effectiveness was tested even on waste water and the preliminary results demonstrated that, even if wild bacteria are generally more resistant to the treatment, photo-oxidation is a promising technique to refine water disinfection processes.

[ABSTRACT ID: 881]

DETERMINATION ‘OF LABILE URANIUM USING DGT TECHNIQUE IN SOIL NEAR A URANIUM CLOSED MINEPEDROBOM J.H.(1), ALCANTARA A.L.(2), MENEGARIO A.A.(2), SUAREZ C.A.(2), CORSO C.R.(3), DOMINGOS R.N.(1)

IGCE/CEA/UNESP - Rio Claro São Paulo - Brazil (1) CEA/UNESP - Rio Claro São Paulo - Brazil (2) IB/UNESP - Rio Claro São Paulo - Brazil (3)

In this paper, labile complexes of uranium were determined in a soil samples by using diffusion gradients in thin films technique (DGT). Samples were collected in soil surrounding the Osamu Utsumi mine in the municipality of Caldas in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The methodology for determination of free metal ions and kinetically labile species in aquatic environments or porous matrix, as long as partially wet. Conventionally, DGT samplers

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are based on the diffusion of dissolved metal species in a polyacrylamide hydrogel and their immobilization in a chelating resin. Physically this phenomenon is supported by Fick’s first law. For determination of different ura-nium species, DGT samplers were assembled with two different binding agents: R1 (anionic paper-based bind-ing layer) and R2 (Chelating resin immobilized in polyacrylamide hydrogel). As diffusion layer, agarose gel was used. DGT samplers were deployed in soil samples (100g dry soil and 200g of deionised water) during 24 hours. After deployments the analyte was eluted from the biding agent and determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Diffusion coefficient of uranium (D) was = 3.28 x 10-6 cm2/s. The values of uranium con-centrations determined in a sample are: R1 = 9.3x10-8 g/L and R2 = 1.15x.10-6 g/L, corresponding to 0.19 µg uranium/Kgsoil and 2.23 µg uranium/Kgsoil respectively. It was expected that the ion exchange resin R1 would be more effective for sorption of uranium, since negative charged uranium complexes occur in samples due to complexation by sulphate (from acid drainage). Nevertheless, the results indicate that the uranium were not present as negative charged in uranium complexes, since the results obtained with R2 ligand were significant.

[ABSTRACT ID: 893]

OZONATION TREATMENTS FOR THE ABATEMENT OF AMMONIA AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCESRUFFINO B., ZANETTI M.

DITAG - Politecnico di Torino - Torino - Italy

Ammonia and organic carbon are commonly widespread substances both in municipal and in industrial waste-waters and are usually treated by biological processes. This work was aimed to test the performances of the ozonation process in the abatement of ammonia and organic carbon from on-purpose made wastewaters. In the first part of the work some solutions containing ammonia (20 mg/l), bromide (0-20 mg/l), bicarbonate (200 mg/l) and free OH- ions (coming from a NaOH addition), in excess with respect to the condition of neutral-ity (pH = 7), were employed to investigate the efficacy of ozone in the abatement of ammonia and to under-stand the influence of the free OH- and bicarbonate species on the ammonia oxidation rate. Some tests were also carried out in order to evaluate if the chloride ion (500 mg/l) was able to improve the reaction rate of the ammonia oxidation. The experimental findings obtained from the afore-mentioned series of tests pointed out that ozone was ef-fective in the oxidation of ammonia and its reaction rate rose as the concentration of bromide increased, with kinetics different from the zero-order. The reaction rate of the ammonia oxidation process was also affected by the presence of free OH- ions, because high pH values promote both the ozone (O3) decomposition in HO• radicals and the displacement of the ammonia equilibrium (NH3/NH4+) toward NH3. In fact ammonia can react with dissolved ozone only when non protonated (when ammonia is in the form NH3) and HO• radicals are stron-ger oxidants than ozone itself. Chloride was found to have no effect on the ammonia oxidation but, on the other hand, the joined effect of ozone and bromide resulted in a more effective and faster reaction, which generated lower amounts of nitrate in comparison with the oxidation due to the sole ozone. In the second part of the experimentation the oxidation of organic carbon (as potassium hydrogen phthalate, H5C8O4K) with ozone or bromide/ozone was investigated. In the process of the ozonation of organic carbon, bromide had no effect on the reaction rate, but it seemed to slow down the process because of the competition between the oxidation of the potassium hydrogen phthalate and the formation of HOBr. The obtained results showed that the oxidation stopped when the residual concentration of organic carbon reached a value equal to about 50% of the initial value. This was probably due to the formation of byproducts, having different molecular arrangement compared with the parent compound, and therefore refractory to further oxidations.The results obtained in the lab tests may be useful for the full-scale design of an oxidation treatment with ozone which has effect on both ammonia and organic carbon.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 918]GIS AND GEOSTATISCAL APPROACH FOR HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT

TEGGI S.(1), GHERMANDI G.(1), FABBI S.(1), BIGI A.(1), VINCETI M.(2), MALAGOLI C.(2)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Civile, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia - Modena - Italy (1) Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia - Modena - Italy (2)

Many health and environmental studies are based on the identification of correlations between population ex-posure to environmental agents and their effects on population health.Time and space are among the principal variables for this kind of analysis. Time is generally defined by the period studied and it is straightforward to manage. On the contrary, the spatial variable generates a significant increase in complexity of the study.Spatial analysis requires very different methods and skills, such as those on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and on geostatistics.These techniques were used by the authors for many epidemiological studies and for environmental character-ization and assessment in the provinces of Modena and of Reggio Emilia.In these studies, we considered several sources of population exposure, including atmospheric emissions from waste incineration plants and from traffic, and electromagnetic fields generated by high-voltage power lines.The most important health effects investigated were the hematological malignancies risk associated with pow-er lines magnetic field, the adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population exposed to the emissions of a munici-pal waste incinerator, the relation between childhood leukemia and exposure to benzene from vehicular traffic.The basic datasets used in these studies were either collected from several sources or generated by simula-tion models. They have been organized into separate territorial databases (geodatabases) for each of the three macro areas studied (province of Modena, cites of Modena and of Reggio Emilia) and managed by a GIS.Also, in these geodatabases were collected most of the results obtained from the elaborations of the basic datasets and required by the different investigations done. Among the basic datasets there are: the concentration maps simulated by atmospheric dispersion models of several contaminants emitted by incineration plants and by traffic; high voltage power lines and their areas of exposure to electromagnetic fields; location of births, of spontaneous abortion, of prevalence at birth of congenital anomalies, of the cases of hematological cancers affecting children for several years; the regional technical cart, topography, roads network; metrological and climatological data. In this work we show how the organization of information and of the analysis into a geodatabase managed, updated and integrated by GIS: furnishes a more complete view of the territory, describes better the health and environmental components, helps and improves the analysis of the interrelations between environmental components and health effects, and allows a better assessment of the quality of the results. As an example, we describe the geodatabase generated for the city of Modena and we highlight its potentiality for health and environmental monitoring and assessment, by describing the geodatabase contents, the elaboration levels and the studies for which it has been used so far.

[ABSTRACT ID: 940]

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHOTOCATALYSTS BY NANOPARTICLES TiO2 AND ZnO ON DECOLORIZATION OF THE DYE CASSAFIX CA-3R

LIMA G.G.C., LIMA C.A.P., VIEIRA F.F., SILVA E.M.Universidade Estadual da Paraiba - Campina Grande - PB - Brazil

The textile industries are one of the industries that consumed large volumes of water in the processing opera-tions including pretreatment, dyeing, printing and finishing. Significant attention has been focused on the use the photocatalysed degradation of various organic systems employing irradiated TiO2( Khan ET AL.,2010).They are process with potential to produce radicals (OH•), highly oxidizing species, capable of mineralizing the organic matter. Thus, this paper describes the detailed investigation of the efficiency of the photocatalysts titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) in the photocatalytic decolorization of the Yellow “Cassafix CA-3R”, irradiated by germicidal lamps of 15 W, that emit ultraviolet radiation, in the wavelength of 254 nm. For each catalyst the following operational parameters were analyzed in the process: load of each catalyst, influence of the time of the irradiation, influence of the pH. To study the effect of pH on the decolorization efficiency, experiments were carried out at pH values, ranging from 4 to 10, for catalyst loading (0.1%). It was observed that the decolorization efficiency increases with in-

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crease in pH exhibiting maximum rate of decolorization at pH 10, for both studied photoctalytics (TiO2 and ZnO). The presence of large quantities of OH− ion on the particle surface as well as in the reaction medium favours the formation of OH• radical, which is widely accepted as the principle oxidizing species responsible for dye decolorization.It was studied the effect of catalyst loading on the decolorization of dye at alkaline pH, for constant dye con-centration (90 mg/L), at various catalyst loading ranging from 0.1% to 0.4% by TiO2 and ZnO as photocatalysts under UV light.The rate of photodecolorization increases with increase in the catalysts loading. An increase in the catalysts dosages increases the total active surface area, hence the availability of more active sites on the catalyst sur-face for adsorption and reaction.After 110 minutes of irradiation at TiO2, and 180 minutes of irradiation at ZnO, the removal was 90% by increasing the catalyst loading. Based on these results at catalysts loading larger than 0.2%, photocatalytic decolorization efficiencies was same. On the other side, the excess of catalyst concentration could increase the turbidity of the solutions leading to a shielding effect on the penetration of UV light.The optimum values of different parameters: catalyst dose, pH of the solution and radiation affecting the de-colorization rate, were obtained by varying the catalyst loading (0.1, 0.4%), the pH (4, 7, 10) and the initial con-centration (90 mg/L). Then the photodecolorization of the model compound was investigated by using prepared TiO2 e ZnO under optimized conditions. The optimal decolorization condition was found at pH 10, at catalyst concentration of 0,4%, and at irradiation rate of 2,66 mW/cm2 at both catalysts.

[ABSTRACT ID: 973]

MINIKIT: AN APPROACH TOWARD ENERGY SAVING AND STANDARDIZED MANAGEMENT OF SMALL SIZE WWTPS

LIPPI S.(1), AIELLO M.(2), MANCUSO F.(3), MAIETTI G.(1)

Ingegnerie Toscane srl - Ospedaletto (PI) - Italy (1) Acque SpA - Ospedaletto (PI) - Italy (2)

Freelance of Ingegnerie Toscane srl - Ospedaletto (PI) - Italy (3)

The presented approach refers to the adoption of a Remote Control (RC) compact device on small size waste-water treatment plants (0÷5000 PE), with the twofold purpose of supporting a methodological and advanced management and energy saving.In this paperthe application of MiniKit approach to the wwtps managed by Acque SpA is presented. Development and technical support of MiniKit is provided by Ingegnerie Toscane srl (engineering services com-pany partially owned by Acque SpA).Acque SpA manages the Integrated Water Service in an hilly area in the middle of Tuscany with many scattered little urban centres; about the 70% of the managed wwtps have a treatment capacity lower than 2,000 PE and these plants cannot easily be put out of service.Small size wwtps are generally Conventional Activated Sludge Plants with low frequency conduction and main-tenance operations and without management tools for process monitoring and data acquisition; moreover, set-tings and controls are performed by single territorial operators, resulting in poor data availability and a low level of coordination. In these plants the energy footprint of aeration system is mostly over the 75% of the overall plant energy consumption.After an analysis of the small size wwtps network, Ingegnerie Toscane srl proposed the MiniKit approach for a lean organization and for energy saving purpose. According to this approach, for each small size plant the installation of a compact Remote Terminal Unit (B200-C01) was planned for data acquisition and processes remote control that was focused on aeration; timings and DO based controllers embedded in the RTU are modi-fied via web adopting standardized settings.B200-C01 RTU is equipped with a CPU, LCD graphic display, Input/Output sections, GPRS module and USB and Ethernet ports on board, predisposition for external modems, CAN BUS port for I/O lines expansion. Many com-munication channels can be active simultaneously and can operate both in point-to-point configuration and in bridge mode.Data and settings are monitored via web, using a standardized layout.The project, started in January 2011, involves more than 90 plants with about 7÷8% of energy saving potential, resulting in a overall payback time of 5÷6 years.After one year of application the aeration remote control is working on 57 of the 76 wwtps connected to the MiniKit network and the average energy saving is around 6÷7% without any negative effects on treatment ef-ficiency.

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Operators and engineers involved in the MiniKit project are gradually modifying their approach in small size plants management and control. Periodic analyses of data provided by the MiniKit network support technical area managers to define standardized settings and coordinate territorial operators.For these reasons, this approach seems to be adopted in further regions and also in different scenarios.

[ABSTRACT ID: 980]

PERFORMANCE OF A MBR PILOT PLANT TREATING HIGH STRENGHT WASTEWATER: ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS ACTIVITY AND FOULING BEHAVIOUR

DI BELLA G., DI TRAPANI D., TORREGROSSA M., VIVIANI G.Università di Palermo - Palermo - Italy

Nowadays, due to the increasing awareness about environmental impact of discharges coupled to the increas-ing global water demand, it is necessary to realize biological processes that allow complete treatment of the wastewater, able to produce high quality effluents that could be used for recycling and reuse purpose. However, this fact must face with a complex situation in which a lot of difficulties arise when someone wants to build a new treatment plant or to upgrade the existing ones. The growing increment of the urbanization, as well as the social and economic implications, make this problem topical. Indeed, the space request for the conventional activated sludge treatment (CAS) would be excessive in case of very high pollutant removal efficiency require-ments, especially when treating high strength wastewater. In this context, the technical and scientific com-munity in the last years showed a growing interest in developing innovative treatment processes that, together with very high removal efficiencies, can lead to a very low space and volume request. A possible solution to cope with this issue is represented by membrane bioreactors (MBRs), which are combined systems including a bioreactor and a filtration unit (usually an ultrafiltration or microfiltration membrane). However, in presence of high strength domestic or industrial wastewater, in such systems a modification in biomass kinetics as well as in sludge characteristics can arise. This situation is of importance, since microbial community characteristics can likely play an important role in membrane fouling, which still represents one of the major drawbacks of MBR systems. Bearing in mind such considerations, the aim of the paper was to evaluate the performance of a laboratory scale MBR system treating high strength synthetic wastewater, in terms of biomass activity and foul-ing behaviour. The mean concentration of wastewater were: 2000 mgCOD/L, 80 mgNH4-N/L, 750 mgBOD/L, 20 mgP/L. The pilot plant has been operated under steady state conditions for a period of 60 days. Throughout the experimental campaign, respirometric tests were applied to characterize the biokinetic behaviour of the MBR pilot plant, referring to both heterotrophic and autotrophic biological population. Respirometric experiments were conducted using a “flowing-gas/static-liquid” type as batch respirometer. The obtained results from respi-rometry are in good agreement with previous studies, carried out on other MBR pilots (suggesting that respiro-metric techniques are a reliable tool for the management of membrane bioreactors). Further, the experimental results suggested that the high strength wastewater had a significant influence on biomass activity and sludge characteristics Particularly, due to the high strength condition, some important differences were observed in the specific fouling membrane mechanisms, especially in terms of reversible and irreversible cake deposition and extracellular substances production.

[ABSTRACT ID: 999]

PUSHING AHEAD WITH FIELD IMPLEMENTATION OF BEST FITTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS

GORI R., LUBELLO C., MANNELLI M.C., GRASSI M.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering - University of Florence - Florence - Italy

Wastewater treatment represents a complex and peculiar field of investigation: it is essential to guarantee hu-man health and to protect the environment from disrupting consequences caused by the trends in urban devel-opment along with rapid population increase. In Europe the problem involves more than 450 million population equivalent and affects the entire application area of the Urban Wastewater Directive (UWD). Since several envi-ronmental impacts are caused by the inadequate management of wastewater and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), mainly related to the emission of greenhouse-gas and nutrients, it is urgent to improve the capacity, effectiveness and efficiency of wastewater treatments and management. In recent years, strong investments have been made on industrial wastewater treatment, but new environmental control factors and constraints

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involve the need to update WWTPs treating both municipal and industrial wastewater. Previous LIFE projects identified a wide range of available solutions, but insufficient knowledge of these results and lessons learnt creates a barrier to their understanding and adoption. The LIFE+ project puShing aHead with field implementa-tiOn of best fitting Wastewater treatment and management solutions (SHOWW) aims to solve environmental problems resulting from overexposure to negative effects associated with inadequate wastewater treatment strategies, methods and technologies. The main SHOWW objectives are: (a) facilitate the dissemination and replication of wastewater treatment and management solutions that already proved successful in previous LIFE projects; (b) increase the knowledge and awareness about these solutions among policy-, decision- and opinion-makers, technical and industrial advisors, professionals and consultants both in municipal and indus-trial wastewater sectors; (c) provide an interactive environment where proven solutions can interface with needs and expectations, individuating the best fitting solutions to connect LIFE solutions with emerged needs and requirements; (d) increase the compliance with regulatory constraints implied by European environmental legislation, contributing and enabling the implementation of the UWD; (e) contribute to further leverage the investments made by the European taxpayer and by LIFE program on environmental issues. The project is carried out by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Florence (DICEA), Utilitatis, a non-profit consortium, Physis, an environmental engineering SME, and the Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering of the University of Girona. The main outcomes of the project are the production of a selected basket of solutions grouped by implementation issues accessible to the public via a semantic web interface and the dissemination of innovative treatment and management solutions among Italian and Spanish wastewater operators.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1000]

DEGRADATION OF 17α-ETHINYLESTRADIOL IN WATER USING HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSISBURITI J.D.S., AZEVEDO M.G.C.D.O., LOPES W.S., LEITE V.D.

UEPB - Campina Grande - Brazil

Organic micropollutants are substances that when present even in small concentrations, are capable of caus-ing adverse effects on the systems where it is introduced. The removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol in water and wastewater can be achieved using advanced treatment technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOP), specifically heterogeneous photocatalysis, because it can degrade the organic matter quickly and no selectively, leading to partial or complete mineralization of micropollutants. The objective this paper is study the degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol in water by heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2 and artificial radiation, checking the influence of initial concentration on the kinetics of degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol using arti-ficial UV radiation. The degradation testing of 17α-ethinylestradiol was carried out in bench scale using a tank type reactor operating in batch. The same is composed of a chamber of 0.65 m in height, 1.0 m long and 0.60 m wide, which are attached eight 15 W germicidal lamps that emit UV radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm. Was used a shaker for complete mixing of the catalyst. The shaker was 12 flasks with a capacity of 150 mL each and the surface of the flasks is at a distance of 0.25 m from lamps. For the tests we used water from supply system. For realization of the experiments of degradation kinetic were used the parameters: pH 7.0; catalyst’s percentage of 0.02% and initial concentrations of micropollutants of 15 and 30 mg.L-1. The light intensity measured in the photocatalytic reactor with eight germicidal lamps was 7.46 mW.cm-2. The experiments were duration of 4 hours. The samples were collected in time regular intervals until 240 minutes. The collected samples were centrifuged and the concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol was determined by spectrophotom-etry. The results obtained for removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol were plotted in a graphic for adjusting to a first order kinetic model for the determination of the kinetic constants of degradation and estimation of the half-life time (t = 1/2). It can be concluded that the photocatalytic degradation tests conducted proved very efficient in the degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol in water, resulting in preliminary stages average degradation of 81%. The tests performed resulted in the construction of profiles of degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol and served to obtain the kinetics of the photocatalytic reaction. The lower half-life (t = 1/2) was about 45 minutes when used 30 mg.L-1 of 17α-ethinylestradiol.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1006]

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC – PRIVATE INTEGRATED NETWORK OF WIRELESS SENSORS FOR AN ENHANCED MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY

RAGAZZI M.(1), RADA E.C.(1), CHISTÈ A.(1), SCHIAVON M.(1), CIOLLI M.(1), ZAMBELLI P.(1), BRINI M.(2), MARMO L.(3), CHELODI M.(4)

University of Trento - Trento - Italy (1) EnvEve - Lugano - Switzerland (2)

Politecnico di Torino - Torino - Italy (3) Dolphin - Trento - Italy (4)

In this paper some aspects of a pilot experience in progress in a region in the North of Italy, where the high quality of the environment is a key aspect to be certified in order to keep tourism central in the local economy, are presented (with special attention to the sanitary engineering point of view). Recently the local Administra-tion decided to implement an innovative air pollution monitoring system integrated with the conventional one in order to have more detailed data on human exposure to selected pollutants. In the frame of the air quality management one of the latest issues is human exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Its concentrations in urban areas depend on time, season, meteorology, but also on the vicinity of specific sources. Thus nitrogen dioxide will be monitored in a few case-studies (related to industrial plants and areas exposed to traffic emissions) selected as significant for potentially high concentrations of this pollutant. Other case-studies will concern carbon monoxide and ozone. Each case study will be studied by low cost sensors that act as senti-nels thanks to their characteristics. The air pollution network will allow on time detection of peak concentration, thus obtaining an early warning system that can be used to develop a local strategy for facing with peak events in terms of air pollution. Thanks to recent developments, Wireless Sensor Networks are an effective means for monitoring environment pollution. In this sector Minteos and EnvEve have the technological platform Internet of Nature developed as modular solution using low cost, low maintenance, georeferenced sensors and wireless nodes. A combination of peripheral high and low resolution sensors (acting as decentralized sub-networks) is aimed to optimize the areal control.The enlargement of the start-up network is expected to be supported also by private funds as in specific cases industrial plants are interested in certifying their compatibility with the territory. An external third party body will manage the integrated network.The expected results would allow decision makers having new criteria for authorizations of residential areas and kindergarten location, or for facing with unexpected critical pollution conditions and for a better calibration of action plans. On the other side, industrial plant managers could obtain additional real time information on the effects of their emissions on the surrounding territory.The planned activities are developed under the supervision of the University of Trento, in collaboration with EnvEve, Minteos , Politecnico di Torino and Dolphin. A PhD research will set optimization criteria and will exploit also the potential of GIS tools in order both to optimize the spatial distribution of sensors and to seek potentially critical areas in a region when an overall approach is needed.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1007]

REMOVAL OF MICROCYSTIN-LR IN WATER USING PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTORLOPES W.S., CABRAL S.M., CEBALLOS B.S.O., BURITI J.D.S., LEITE V.D.

UEPB - Campina Grande/PB - Brazil

The present work has the following objectives: to evaluate the process of heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 and ultraviolet radiation for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin-LR from eutrophic wa-ters; to study the effect of the pH and the time of exposure to UV radiation in removing colour, chlorophylla and cyanobacteria in photocatalytic reactors of the Parabolic Trugh Reactor (PTR); to evaluate the performance of a sand filter for the removal of total dissolved solids, COD, colour, cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, and to evaluate the performance of a PTR reactor for the removal microcystin-LR using TiO2 and solar radiation. The water used was prepared by adding Microcystis aeruginosa cells. The photocatalytic reactor type - PTR was operated in two distinct experimental phases, in the first an artificial source of UV was used with a 24 factorial experimental design incorporating time and pH. Each factor had two levels: times of 2 and 4 hours and pHs of 6.0 and 9.0. Four experiments in triplicate were carried out. In the second phase solar radiation was used with a fixed time

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(2 hours) and pHs of 6,0 and 9.0. The water sample was initially passed through a sand filter and then to the photocatalytic reactor. The photoreactor functioned in batch mode with 2L of sample and the catalyst was TiO2 (0.5%). Quantative analyses were performed for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins as well as physico-chemical analyses of the water for turbidity, colour, pH, alkalinity, chlorophyll a and COD. In phase 1 all the treatments were efficient but treatment T3 of 2h duration and pH 9.0 was the most efficient in terms of the removal of COD, chlorophyll a and Microcystis aeruginosa cells. The results from the second phase showed removal efficiencies for cyanobacteria of 89% and chlorophyll a of 73% when solar radiation was used for 2 hours. Heterogeneous photocatalysis shows good potential for the treatment of water containing cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. However, it is essential to readjust the operational parameters, principally the time of exposure to solar and UV radiation for the removal of microcystin. It is important to carry out additional studies that better define the optimum conditions for heterogeneous photocatalysis for the elimination of cyanotoxins to values below those permitted in existing legislation.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1010]

STUDY ABOUT THE EFFICIENCY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS OF THE HORIZONTAL AXIS AERATORS WITH LOW-POWER SURFACE ACTION

IN THE FACULTATIVE POND WITH FURTHER INCREASE IN FLOWMARTINS F.M.S., CASTRO F.M.S., ALVES T.D.C.V., ALVES JÚNIOR J.M.

SANEATINS - Palmas, Tocantins - Brazil

ìThe stabilization ponds are systems remove organic matter through bacterial oxidation. This process can be optimized through the use of aeration equipment. This paper presents the monitoring to a facultative pond dur-ing the deployment process with aeration in Vila União wastewater treatment plant, Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. This plant consists of preliminary treatment, UASB reactor and post-treatment through a facultative pond.In this settlement there was a need for increased treatment capacity, which initially was 70 L / s going to treat 140 L / s. For this, aeration system was installed through the horizontal axis aerators with low-power surface action - 80 aerators in May 2011. Process performance was evaluated for removal efficiency of BOD, COD, nutrients (ammonia and phosphorus) and solids (total, total suspended and settleable) during ten months of operation. The reporting period covers three phases: facultative pond without extra aeration (stage 1), after the deployment of aerators (stage 2) and then with increasing flow (stage 3). Prior to installation of extra aeration, the pond was operating with an average efficiency of BOD removal of 82%. With the onset of aeration there was an 8% increase in efficiency, and to double the processing flow of the season - reducing by half the hydraulic detention period of pond - returned to the efficiency rate of 82%. Similar variation was observed for the rate of COD removal.With respect to total solids and settleable solids, there was almost no variation. For suspended solids increased by 15% removal efficiency in stage 2, and decrease of only 10% in stage 3. Thus the implementation of the facultative pond aeration allowed with respect to total suspended solids, an increase of 5% efficiency, even with a 100% higher throughput.Nutrients have been observed for an increase in the removal of ammonia and phosphorus. For ammonia we obtained a 15% increase in stage 2 - there was no removal of ammonia in stage 1, and this value rose to 8% in stage 3. The portion of the phosphorus removal also increased from 9% in stage 1 to stage 2 in 23%, and 26% in stage 3, even with increased flow.There was a decrease of the floating solids due to the large agitation caused by aeration, implying that this material has become part of the suspended solids.It can be concluded that the use of surface aerators brought benefits to the facultative pond wastewater treat-ment works under study, mainly related to increased treatment capacity by 100% while maintaining the effi-ciency close to 82% for removal of organic matter - BOD - and increasing the removal of nutrients.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1015]

APPLICABILITY OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE TREATMENT OF OILY WASTEWATER WITH HIGH ORGANIC LOAD

LOPES W.S., SOUSA J.T., CASTRO S.P., MAYER M.C., LEITE V.D.UEPB - Campina Grande/PB - Brazil

The objective of this work was to treat by biological processes, a synthetic effluent derived from petroleum which characterized physico-chemically, as having oily characteristics, to evaluate comparatively the efficiency of organic matter removal via two different processes of biodegradation. The reactors were loaded with ef-fluents synthesized in the laboratory, with automotive lubricating oil, domestic wastewater and sulfonic acid (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), for facilitate mixing and to obtain a homogenous substrate. Due to the addi-tion of sulfonic acid, the substrates pH has become unsuitable for biological treatment, so the correction was necessary with sodium hydroxide to reach values between 6.5 and 7.0. The aerobic treatment was carried out in bench scale, using a sequential batch reactor with prolonged aeration. Each reactor had a substrate volume of 5.0 L and 2.0 L of sludge volume, which remained in the reactor after each cycle. The aerators used for add oxygen were a flux of air of 2.0 L/min, ensuring an average concentration of dissolved oxygen of about 3.0 mgO2/L. The reactors were inoculated with 2.0 L of sludge from an aerobic activated sludge system that treated domestic wastewater. The anaerobic treatment was realized with UASB reactor of 0.15 m diameter, 0.50 m height and total volume of 8.8 L, being the useful volume of 8.2 L. The reactor was inoculated continu-ously with the aid of a pump pulse and the flow rates were recorded twice daily. The UASB reactor operated at an HDT of 12 hours. In this treatment it was investigated the influence of the amount of lubricating oil at 0.05% and 0.1% used in the preparation of the synthetic sample, in terms of organic material removal. The reactor had a substrate volume of 5.7 L and 2.5 L of sludge volume, with an average daily flow of 16.4 L and applied organic load average of 9.5 kgDQO/d/m3. The reactor was inoculated with anaerobic sludge from a UASB reac-tor system that treated domestic wastewater. During three days in the week samples were collected from the affluent and effluent and analyzed. The results obtained were submitted to statistical analysis by Box Plots and ANOVA at a significance level of 5%. The experimental work with bench scale activated sludge and UASB reac-tors was performed at the Experimental Station for the Biological Treatment of Sewage EXTRABES in Campina Grande - PB, using effluents synthesized in the laboratory to feed the reactors at elevated loads of organic mat-ter containing lubricating oil and surfactants. The adopted treatments had significant organic carbon removal efficiencies; with values of 23.7 to 32% for aerobic treatment and 42 to 51% with anaerobic treatment thus demonstrating that UASB treatment was the more efficient process and could be adopted for the treatment of oily and surfactant-containing effluents.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1058]

MEASUREMENT OF OXYGEN TRANSFER EFFICIENCY OF SEVERAL AIR DIFFUSED AERATION SYSTEMS USING THE OFF-GAS TECNIQUE

GORI R.(1), LIPPI S.(2), TESSER E.(1), ROSSO D.(3), LUBELLO C.(1)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Università di Firenze - Florence - Italy (1) Ingegnerie Toscane srl - Pisa - Italy (2)

Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine - Irvine, California - United States (3)

Biological removal of organic matter and nutrients from wastewater is practiced throughout the world and in most cases takes place through the activated sludge process. This treatment includes an aerobic step of oxida-tion/nitrification, where mixed liquor aeration plays a fundamental role from both the processing and economic point of view. As a matter of fact the energy consumption for aeration is one of the major cost of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) management (up to 60%).Over the past thirty years, submerged fine bubble diffusers have almost totally replaced coarse bubble systems because of their greater efficiency in terms of oxygen mass transfer and energy consumption (kgO2 kWh-1).Nevertheless fine bubble diffusers have critical issues: investment cost required are generally higher than those of other systems, they require periodic maintenance and oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) can be affected by the presence of certain contaminants in wastewater, such as surfactants.This paper compares efficiency and oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) of several aeration systems found in some municipal wastewater treatment plants in the northern part of Tuscany and

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Lazio in Italy with capacities ranging from 5,000 to 600,000 p.e. Performances evaluation under operating conditions was performed using the ‘off-gas’ technique. This technique provides accurate and precise oxygen transfer measurement for diffused aeration systems (coarse, fine, turbines, and jets) at virtually all process conditions. The dissolved oxygen concentration or oxygen uptake rate does not interfere with or limit the test procedure. Because it is generally not possible or easy to measure alfa-factors, oxygen transfer efficiencies are generally reported as alfa-SOTE, which includes all adjustments (DO, temperature, barometric pressure, salinity), except the alfa factor. We also use this approach, which is convenient because the other non-standard conditions can be easily measured. The alfa factor, which is affected by the aeration system, the air flow-rate and wastewater characteristics, can be calculated from off-gas results when clean water data are available.Using the off-gas technique, the following aeration systems were tested: micro-perforated polyurethane panels, quartz sand tubes, micro-perforated EPDM discs, jet aerators and pressurized air diffusers.According to experimental results, fine bubbles aerators (micro-perforated polyurethane panels, quartz sand tubes, micro-perforated EPDM discs) showed an average alfa-SOTE/m of 3.6 %/m, with the maximum value of 5.7 %/m for micro-perforated polyurethane panels.Estimated values of the alfa parameter (in the range 0,12 - 0,76 from our results) confirmed the great variability of this coefficient and in some plants values were significantly lower than those indicated in the literature for aeration systems design (i.e. 0,7-0,8).

[ABSTRACT ID: 1061]

REMOVAL OF HYDROCARBONS FROM HYPERSALINE WATER BY ADSORPTION ONTO GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON

ROCCARO P., LOMBARDO G., VAGLIASINDI F.University of Catania - Catania - Italy

The disposal of hypersaline wastewaters containing hydrocarbons produced by the petroleum industry is a rel-evant issue because of their impact on the environment. For instance, the water produced during the petroleum extraction (Produced Water) cannot be discharged into deep geological units due to their content of chemicals and biocide added during the extraction process (TAR Sicilia, 2008; D.Lgs. n. 152/2006). Adsorption on activated carbon has been demonstrated in numerous studies to represent one of the better available technologies for the removal of synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs) form water; it has also been acknowledged as a very efficient unit process for removing refractory organic compounds that persist in the environment or resist removal by conventional treatment. Replacement and disposal of exhausted carbon is quite expensive and the spent carbon may have to be handled as hazardous waste. Degradation of adsorbed organics by microbial activities, termed bioregeneration, represents an alternative treatment to regenerate ex-hausted carbon; biological treatment has the potential to completely destroy the contaminant compounds and is generally less expensive than physical-chemical treatment process. Bioregeneration can be achieved either by mixing bacteria with saturated activated carbon in systems or in the course of Biological Activated Carbon (BAC) systems. Since the hypersaline wastewaters, like produced water from oil extraction, are often recalci-trant to biological process due to strong inhibition by salts (mainly NaCl), elevated temperature and presence in solution of biocides, Offline Biological Regeneration (OBR) process is the only possible way to regenerate with microbial activities the carbon saturated with the organic substances present in the water.The objective of the this study is to investigate the effectiveness of the adsorption process onto activated car-bon at laboratory scale for the removal of hydrocarbons in hypersaline wastewater. The biological regeneration of the saturated carbon was also investigated at laboratory scale. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and Rapid Small Scale Column Tests were performed to select the type of GAC and to investigate the adsorption capacity of target monoaromatic compounds (Benzene and Toluene) onto selected activated carbon. Continuous-flow pre-saturated GAC bioregeneration experiments were conducted using both synthetic and actual hypersaline wastewaters. GAC adsorption was found very effective to remove target compounds (Benzene and Toluene) from hypersaline wastewaters. The biological regeneration of satu-rated carbon was found promising at laboratory scale. Obtained results from laboratory experiments were used to carry out a scale-up in order to investigate the effectiveness of the process at pilot scale.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1063]

BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL USING INTERMITTENT AERATION IN A HYBRID MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR

MANNINA G.(1), DI BELLA G.(1), GIUSTRA M.G.(2), VIVIANI G.(1)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e Aerospaziale - Università di Palermo - Palermo - Italy (1) Università degli studi “Kore” di ENNA - Enna - Italy (2)

Conventional activated sludge (CAS) plants for wastewater treatment have several limitations related to high production of excess sludge, large surface area demand and low flexibility. In addition, their upgrading gener-ally involves the use of multiple tanks (anoxic, aerobic) in order to obtain a complete nutrient removal. It also requires additional space that may not be available near the existing treatment plants and, in case of space availability, large capital investments are needed in crowded metropolitan areas. For this reason, in recent years the scientific community has been attracted by other innovative systems for wastewater treatment. Among these, the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) are suitable options for up-grading and retro-fitting waste-water treatment plants. Particularly, regarding the upgrading of existing CAS plants, the implementation of a Simultaneous-Nitrification-Denitrification (SND) process, directly in the bioreactor, seems to be the best choice for biological nutrient removal (in terms of space required).Several researchers have investigated intermittent aeration (IA) in various biological treatment systems. How-ever, intermittent aeration in a MBBR plant are scarcely investigated. Bearing in mind such considerations, the aim of the present study was to determine an optimum on/off aeration cycle in a MBBR pilot plant as a solution for wastewater treatment.The pilot plant was fed with synthetic wastewater. The biological phase was operated inside a bench-scale reactor designed to allow the development of suspended activated sludge and biofilm on free floating plastic carriers followed by a settlement unit. Such configuration is usually referred as hybrid MBBR that was chosen in order to obtain high performances with limited space request. The setup consisted of a feed tank (100 L), a bioreactor (10 L) where intermittent aeration occurs (equipped with air diffusers and mixer), a settling tank (4 L). The biological reactor was filled with the KaldnesTM K1 carriers, with a 30% filling ratio, corresponding to a specific surface area in the reactor of 150 m2 m-3. In order to control fed flow and sludge recirculation (from Settling tank to bioreactor) the plant was equipped with 2 peristaltic pumps. The duration of “aerated” and “no-aerated” cycles, was regulated by a Programmable Logic Controller. High carbon and nitrogen removal performances were achieved in the IA- MBBR. In particular, the total N re-moval was mainly attributed to simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the reactor. In particular, when the aeration phase finished, the DO in the reactor decreased from about 2-3 mg/L to 0 mg/L in few minutes and a sufficient carbon source was available due to the supplemented influent, which was good for denitrification.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1082]

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANT MEASUREMENT SERIES FOR VARIOUS SITES ACROSS THE PO VALLEY

BIGI A., GHERMANDI G.Dept. of Mechanical and Civil Engineering - Modena - Italy

The limits to atmospheric pollutant concentration set by the European Commission provide a challenging goal for the municipalities in the Po valley, because of the characteristic climatic conditions and high population density of this region. Recent technological improvements allowed for lower emission rates from anthropogenic sources: this outcome, along with broad action plans, lead to a general decrease in pollutant concentration across the Po valley, although this result is scarcely perceived by public opinion. In order to assess recent changes in the concentration of pollutants in the Po valley, ten-year or longer time series of atmospheric pollut-ants have been analyzed, including both traffic and background sites (either urban, suburban or rural) at main towns and cities in the Po valley. The dataset comprise pollution data from Regional Environmental Agency monitoring networks; all data are referred to actual sampling condition, as by 2008/50/CE. Weekly pattern at each site has been estimated, in order to assess pollution condition and anthropogenic sources influence at each station. Time series have been checked for significant change in de-seasonalized mean monthly con-centration and in annual median concentration. Mean daily concentration data have been tested for significant weekly (i.e. anthropogenic) cycles. Long term trend of atmospheric pollutants has been estimated via paramet-

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ric and non-parametric methods. Finally, cluster analysis has been applied in order to highlight stations sharing similar pollution conditions over the reference period.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1107]

CYANOBACTERIA AND CYANOTOXINS REMOVAL WITH MEMBRANE FILTRATION AND ADVANCED OXIDATION (UV/H2O2)

SORLINI S., GIALDINI F., COLLIVIGNARELLI C.DICATA, Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università di Brescia - Brescia - Italy

Cyanobacteria may grow and produce cyanotoxins in surface waters throughout the world and they pose a threat for human health when these sources are addressed to drinking use. The toxic cyanobacteria most fre-quent found are Microcystis, Anabaena and Planktothrix strains. The World Health Organization (WHO) derived a provisional guideline value of 1 microg/L for daily exposure to the hepatotoxin cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Conventional treatment with coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration can be adopted to remove cyanobateria and endocellular cyanotoxins; otherwise, they have a very limited effect in removing extracellular cyanotoxins dissolved in water and may increase the release of toxins due to cyanobacteria cells damage. Membrane filtration represents an attractive technology to reach high removal efficiency of algae ap-plied either alone or following conventional clarification or PAC (Powder Activated Carbon) addition. Membrane systems are capable of efficiently removing endocellular toxins while only nanofiltration and reverse osmosis may be effective in removing cyanotoxins dissolved in water. An alternative solution for dissolved cyanotoxins removal is based on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs). The aim of this experimental study was to assess the combination of membrane filtration with AOPs in order remove respectively cyanobacteria cells and dis-solved MC-LR. Membrane filtration tests were performed with a pilot scale plant composed by a micro-screen (300 micron mesh), for raw water pre-treatment, and a microfiltration (MF) with PVDF membrane (0.1 micron mesh and MWCO of 100 kDa). The plant operated from June to August 2010 with a continuous flow (4 m3/h) of water taken from the lake of Garda and was located near the real drinking water treatment plant of Manerba del Garda (Brescia). The AOPs tests were performed at lab-scale with a collimated beam apparatus equipped with a low pressure mercury lamp that emits primarily the 253.7 nm radiation. The incident irradiance onto the solu-tion at the center of the beam was approximately 200 microW/cm2. UV radiation was experimented both alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 = 5-10-20-30 mg/L). The results show that MF is capable of reducing more than 99% of cyanobacteria (10.000.000 cells/L) and total algae cells (2.000.000 cells/L) density detected in raw water. MC-LR was never detected both in raw and filtered and no toxins release was observed excluding the risk of possible cells damage during water filtration. As concerns the AOPs tests, the use of H2O2 gives negligible removal of MC-LR while UV radiation alone is effective only with high doses: yields of 76% and 90% with UV doses respectively of 1,500 mJ/cm2 and 2,000 mJ/cm2. MC-LR removal slightly increases with the combination of UV radiation and 30 mg/L of H2O2: the yield increases from 87% to 94% with UV doses respectively of 1,500 mJ/cm2 and 2,000 mJ/cm2.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1115]

TREATMENT OF LOW-PH AND SULFATE-CONTAINING WASTEWATERS IN BIOLOGICAL INVERSE FLUIDIZED-BED REACTORS UNDER DIFFERENT COD/SO42- CONDITIONS

PAPIRIO S.(1), D’ANTONIO G.(2), ESPOSITO G.(1), PIROZZI F.(2)

Department of Mechanics, Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Cassino - Cassino - Italy (1) Department of Hydraulic, Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples - Napoli - Italy (2)

In the last decades, increasing attention has been given to the impact of oxidized sulfur compounds. Sulfate is discharged from several industrial processes such as tannery, textile, food production and brewery, pulp and paper processes. Moreover sulfate can be also naturally released with heavy metals through oxidation of sulfide ores in acid mine drainage (AMD).AMD is a typical example of low pH- and sulfate-containing wastewater. Several physico-chemical techniques are available to remove acidity and sulfate from these waste streams but, in the last ten years, efforts have been made to develop biological alternatives using sulfate-reducing bacteria.In the present work, two inverse fluidized bed reactors (IFBR) have been run to test the effectiveness of the biological sulfate-reduction process. IFBRs are a promising immobilized biomass reactor configuration in which

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the small bed particles float and are expanded downward by the liquid flow. The fluidization permits IFBR to have several advantages such as i) a large surface area for biomass attachment, ii) the possibility to use low hydraulic retention times (HRT) and iii) great resistance to inhibitors.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the sulfate-reducing process performance in the two lactate-fed IFBRs under different COD/sulfate ratios and sudden pH decreases. Particular attention was also turned to fig-ure out the competition between sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and other anaerobic microorganisms and the production of acetate during the different operating conditions of the reactors.The reactors have been shown to reduce more than 90% of the influent sulfate at a COD/sulfate ratio of 4 with a feed-solution pH of 5, whereas the process could not recover when a strong acidic solution (pH=3) was fed. This is due to the fact that the reactors have been necessarily operated with a very low fluidization degree of the bed (10%) to guarantee a better biomass growth on the polypropylene support. At these fluidization condi-tions, the recirculation rate could not dilute the influent flow. Organic acids (acetic, lactic, etc.) as well as hydro-gen sulfide were present in the reactor in their non-ionized forms that resulted to be the most toxic for SRB. No more biological alkalinity was produced leading to the process failure.As the incomplete oxidizing bacteria were predominant, all the lactate was converted to acetate that accumu-lated in solution and inhibited the process in the reactor fed with a stoichiometric COD/sulfate solution. In this reactor, sulfate removal efficiencies have found to be around 35% and the competition between SRB and other fermentative microbial species was higher.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1122]

COMPENSATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSION FROM LANDFILLS THROUGH THE ENERGY EXPLOITATION AFTER THEIR CLOSURE: THE CASE STUDY OF THE LANDFILL OF VALDINA (ME, ITALY)

CALABRÒ P.S.(1), LISI R.(2)

Università degli studi Mediderranea di Reggio Calabria - Reggio Calabria - Italy (1) Messinambiente spa - Messina - Italy (2)

The contribution of integrated municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems to greenhouse gases emissions, although moderate respect to other anthropic activities, is not negligible. In the landfills accept-ing biodegradable MSW such emissions are due to the methane produced by anaerobic microorganisms, non collected by biogas management systems and then emitted to the atmosphere through landfill surface. These greenhouse emissions are only partially compensated in the landfills where the collected biogas is exploited for energy production. Further compensation measures would allow increasing the overall landfill sustainability. This paper analyses the possibility of exploiting landfills after their closure to produce energy with reference, as a case study, to the landfill of Valdina (ME, Italy). Scientific literature reports several examples of exploita-tion of closed landfill for energy production, in particular both the plantation of poplars for the production of biomass destined to combustion and the installation of photovoltaic systems (conventional or installed on flex-ible membranes)are relatively well documented. The use of closed landfill surface for the growing of energetic crops presents excellent potentialities because it is compatible with the landscape recovery and do not subtract agricultural surfaces potentially usable for edible crops. Two scenarios for the Valdina landfill are presented: installation of a photovoltaic systems and cultivation of giant reed (arundo donax) for direct combustion. For each scenario are evaluated costs, potential energy production, avoided emissions and the issues related to the integration of energy production with the landfill after care. The cultivation of arundo donax seems to be the best option in term of costs, high productivity in Mediterranean climate, simplicity of cultivation, good integra-tion with the ordinary after closure landfill management. It is evidenced how the magnitude of the compensa-tion of greenhouse gases emission from strongly depends from the management of the landfill (e.g. adoption of mechanical biological pretreatment, efficiency of biogas collection).

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1131]

CHARACTERIZATION AND SELECTION OF THE APPROPRIATE TREATMENT FOR A FOOD INDUSTRY WASTEWATER: A CASE STUDY

TELI A.(1), ANTONELLI M.(1), CASALETTA E.(2), MASSONE A.(2), BONOMO L.(1)

Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR, Sezione Ambientale - Milano - Italy (1) AUSTEP S.p.A. - Milano - Italy (2)

The aim of the study was to define the appropriate treatment for a food wastewater (800 m3 d-1) in compliance with Italian regulations (D.Lgs. 152/06), minimizing discharge rates and taking into account site-specific and industry-specific constrains (minimisation of odour emission; easy and flexible operation; minimisation of the treatment plant footprint). The methodological approach consisted of (1) identification of relevant macro-pol-lutants (COD, BOD5, solid content, oil and grease, nitrogen, phosphorous) and characterization of the raw and pre-treated wastewater (pre-treatments by chemical conditioning and air flotation). Then, (2) BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) assays and (3) respirometric techniques were employed to estimate the biodegradable COD (bCOD) both in anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Based on biological treatability results (bCODanaerobic~60%, bCODaerobic~90%) and above mentioned constrains, the aerobic treatment was selected (4). Then, pilot-scale trials (5) showed that at F/M ratios of 0.36 d-1 effluent COD (~80 mg L-1) was always lower the limit fixed for discharge into surface water by Italian regulations. On the basis of lab and pilot data, (6) the aerobic biological treatment was implemented at the full-scale adopting the Double Treat® technology.

[ABSTRACT ID: 1148]

PARTICLE NUMBER CONCENTRATION EXPOSURE IN DIFFERENT URBAN TRANSPORT MODESRIPAMONTI G.(1), SIGNORINI S.(2), LONATI G.(1), OZGEN S.(1), CERNUSCHI S.(1), GIUGLIANO M.(1)

DIIAR - Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy (1) Laboratorio Energia e Ambiente Piacenza - Piacenza - Italy (2)

In urban areas traffic is a major source of fine and ultrafine particles. Emerging evidences suggest that, due to the proximity of sources, commuters are likely to be exposed to high particle concentrations. Considering that people spend every day a non-negligible part of their time commuting, transport microenvironments can affect significantly personal daily exposures to particles. Therefore information on particle concentrations in these microenvironments is important for a reliable assessment of population exposure.This study reports a comparison between particle number concentrations (PNCs) measured while travelling along city center trafficked roads with three different transport modes (i.e. bike, car and bus). The campaign was performed in Piacenza, an Italian mid-sized city located in the river Po Valley, during 2 weeks in July and September 2011, with two daily session during morning and evening workday’s rush hours. PNCs were mea-sured at 1-min time resolution by means of three portable instruments: an Optical Particle Counter (Contec Personal DustMonit, Italy; size range 0,300-10 µm), a P-Trak particle counter (TSI Model 8525,USA; size range 0,020-1 µm) and an Aerasense Nanotracer (Philips, The Netherlands; size range 0,010-0,300 µm). The instru-ments were held in a backpack during travels; during car and bus trips the backpack was placed on a passen-ger seat. For comparison purpose, simultaneous measurements were also performed at a kerbside monitoring station by means of an Optical Particle Counter (TSI Model 3330, USA; size range 0,300-10 µm). Similar average PNCs (size range 0,020-1 µm) were found for bike and bus trips (1.5-2•104 cm-3 respec-tively for evening and morning route), whereas higher average concentrations in the order of 3-4•104 cm-3 characterize car trips. Average particle number size distributions (SD) were obtained for each transport mode by combining data from the three instruments. The pattern of the three SD is rater similar, however some differences between the transport modes can be observed: 1) the car mode is characterized by greater pres-ences of ultrafine particles (dp<0,100 µm) and lower presences of the fine particles (dp>1 µm). The filtration capacity of the car ventilation system is effective for supermicron particles, instead ultrafine particles from fresh vehicle emissions easily infiltrate in the car cabin. 2) The bus mode is characterized by higher pres-ences of particles in the size range 0,5-1 µm likely due to the entrainment in the bus cabin of the diesel engine exhaust. The average PNCs in the size range 0,300-10, m simultaneously measured at the fixed sta-tion appear to be respectively 1.1, 1.5 and 2 times lower than that of bike, car and bus trips. The significant difference found for the bus mode is consistent with the evidence of a local source of particles in this size range such as diesel engine exhaust.

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[ABSTRACT ID: 1151]

PARTICLE NUMBER CONCENTRATION AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE URBAN AREA OF MILANO AND PIACENZA, ITALY

LONATI G., RIPAMONTI G., OZGEN S.DIIAR - Politecnico di Milano - Milano - Italy

Health-related concerns have recently focused on airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter dp less than 100 nm), based on the hypothesis that they might be most toxic and due to their deep penetration into the respira-tory track. Toxicological studies indicate that UFPs are stronger than larger particles in inducing cellular damage and suggestions are that the exposure to UFPs is associated with both respiratory and cardiovascular effects.Since in ambient air UFPs are present in very high numbers (104-105 particles cm-3 in urban areas) but con-tribute to the overall particulate matter mass by only a few percents, UFPs concentration is usually expressed as number concentration, with additional information provided by the number size distribution of the particles. This work discusses about ambient UFPs number concentrations levels and related size distributions measured in the urban environment of Milano and Piacenza. Concentration data were measured by means of different in-struments, including a condensation particle counter for the total particle number and an electrical low pressure impactor together with an ultrafine particle monitor for the size resolved particle number. Monitoring campaigns were performed during the warm and cold season at urban sites representative of both urban background and traffic exposed conditions. The daily patterns of the particle number, and its relationship with the mass concen-tration, atmospheric criteria pollutants, and meteorological parameters have been investigated. The temporal variation of the particle number concentration was seen to follow the traffic intensity at the background site too: the highest total particle number concentration were observed during workdays (~ 5•104 cm-3 on morn-ing rush hours) and the lower concentrations occurred during weekends (~ 0.5-1.0•103 cm-3). At the traffic site, the number concentration particles correlated strongly with the concentration of NOx (R ~ 0.8) and CO (R ~ 0.75), suggesting that motor vehicle emissions constituted the main source of fine particles. Conversely, the correlation between particle mass and number concentration is very weak (R ~ 0.3), indicating that mass based standards may not be effective in controlling the UFPs levels too. Correlations between particle number concentration and meteorological data (such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed) were not found: only a weak negative correlation (R ~ 0.3) has been observed for the wind speed parameter.

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List of authors and co-authors

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[ID 1032] - page 190ANGELINO E. [ID 1150] - page 140 ANNESINI M.C. [ID 959] - page 73 ANSELMO A. [ID 821] - page 94 ANTOGNAZZA F. [ID 1150] - page 140 ANTONACCI G. [ID 1012] - page 141 ANTONELLI M. [ID 1124] - page 77; [ID 1132] - page 86; [ID 1131] - page 213 ANTONETTI F. [ID 1018] - page 133; [ID 1026] - page 189 ANTONUCCI A. [ID 1001] - page 35 APOSTOL T. [ID 941] - page 106 ARAÚJO J.C. [ID 928] - page 185 ARENA N. [ID 1091] - page 105 ARENA U. [ID 1232] - page 23; [ID 1091] - page 105 ARESU A. [ID 964] - page 165 ARTIOLI F. [ID 953] - page 142 AVELINO M.C.G.S. [ID 1009] - page 97 AZEVEDO M.G.C.D.O. [ID 1000] - page 205 AZZELLINO A. [ID 1129] - page 28; [ID 1130] - page 31 BACIOCCHI R. [ID 1076] - page 39; [ID 1079] - page 106 BADEA A. [ID 1032] - page 190 BAGAMPADDE U. [ID 1066] - page 121 BAGATTI M. [ID 896] - page 137 BAGGIOLINI C. [ID 885] - page 24

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[ID 1103] - page 194; [ID 1107] - page 211COLLIVIGNARELLI M. [ID 1108] - page 37 COLLIVIGNARELLI M.C. [ID 1110] - page 53; [ID 1105] - page 107 COLOMBINI G. [ID 1137] - page 59 COLOMBO E. [ID 836] - page 128 COLOMBO M. [ID 1126] - page 42 COLONNA PRETI G. [ID 1066] - page 121

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[ID 1063] - page 210DI FABIO S. [ID 1039] - page 93 DI FRANCIA M. [ID 1092] - page 193 DI GIROLAMO C. [ID 850] - page 164 DI GREGORIO F. [ID 1091] - page 105 DI IACONI C. [ID 828] - page 76; [ID 827] - page 79 DI LONARDO M.C. [ID 1163] - page 126 DI MARIA F. [ID 900] - page 127; [ID 899] - page 167 DI MARINO L. [ID 802] - page 36 DI NAUTA S. [ID 808] - page 64 DI TRAPANI D. [ID 977] - page 44; [ID 980] - page 204 DIAS NETO A.A. [ID 797] - page 116 D’IMPORZANO G. [ID 1419] - page 20 DOMINGOS R.N. [ID 882] - page 72; [ID 881] - page 200 DOMINGUEZ LLAURO R. [ID 1414] - page 24 DONATI M. [ID 958] - page 61 DONI S. [ID 994] - page 82 DURRIEU C. [ID 829] - page 178 EBERT J. [ID 865] - page 25 EKSTRÖM S. [ID 1192] - page 114 ELIS V.R. [ID 903] - page 116 ELORDUY M. [ID 1234] - page 112 ERSPAMER L. [ID 953] - page 142 ESPOSITO G. [ID 1118] - page 45; [ID 830] - page 129; [ID 1115] - page 211 ETTINGER R. [ID 1216] - page 58 FABBI S. [ID 1067] - page 140; [ID 918] - page 202 FABBRICINO M. [ID 802] - page 36 FABRIS G.D.S.L. [ID 882] - page 72 FAGUNDES J.R.T. [ID 982] - page 187 FALCIGLIA P.P. [ID 847] - page 63 FALCONI M. [ID 967] - page 33; [ID 965] - page 169 FALLETTI L. [ID 799] - page 197; [ID 800] - page 197 FARABEGOLI G. [ID 1018] - page 133; [ID 1026] - page 189 FARINA R. [ID 1064] - page 88 FARRE M. [ID 1049] - page 65 FATONE F. [ID 1039] - page 93 FAVALI G. [ID 878] - page 70 FAZIO D. [ID 851] - page 199 FELIZATTO M.R. [ID 1050] - page 147

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[ID 1059] - page 191; [ID 1061] - page 209RODRIGUEZ-ITURBE I. [ID 996] - page 30 RODRIGUEZ-MOZAZ S. [ID 1080] - page 92 RODRIGUEZ-RODA I. [ID 1080] - page 92 ROLLE E. [ID 1018] - page 133; [ID 1026] - page 189 ROLLINI M. [ID 926] - page 69 ROMANO C. [ID 799] - page 197 ROMANO E. [ID 998] - page 41 ROMELE L. [ID 1206] - page 58 ROSSETTI S. [ID 990] - page 74; [ID 827] - page 79 ROSSI G. [ID 855] - page 200 ROSSI L. [ID 963] - page 168 ROSSO D. [ID 1040] - page 95; [ID 1058] - page 208 ROTHEUT M. [ID 1194] - page 19 RUABEN J. [ID 946] - page 96; [ID 944] - page 98 RUFFINO B. [ID 893] - page 201 RUGGERI R. [ID 1159] - page 59 RUSCALLEDA M. [ID 1234] - page 112 RUSCONI M. [ID 886] - page 89 SAGGESE G. [ID 785] - page 195 SALATI S. [ID 1419] - page 20 SALVETTI R. [ID 1129] - page 28; [ID 1130] - page 31 SAMBO F. [ID 800] - page 197 SAMBUSITI C. [ID 926] - page 69 SANDON A. [ID 1016] - page 127 SANDY T.A. [ID 804] - page 93 SANFILIPPO U. [ID 920] - page 26 SANTAGATA E. [ID 974] - page 187 SANTI D. [ID 964] - page 165 SANTORO D. [ID 795] - page 54; [ID 833] - page 77; [ID 1078] - page 101 SANTORO O. [ID 795] - page 54 SANTOS G.C. [ID 825] - page 198; [ID 826] - page 199 SANTOS P.P. [ID 840] - page 179

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SANTOS T. [ID 837] - page 163 SANTOS MORAES L.R. [ID 797] - page 116; [ID 798] - page 160 SAPONARO S. [ID 1206] - page 58; [ID 1136] - page 63 SBAFFONI S. [ID 888] - page 39; [ID 891] - page 91; [ID 889] - page 124; [ID 887] - page 166 SCAGLIA B. [ID 1419] - page 20 SCAGLIONE D. [ID 1134] - page 47; [ID 1428] - page 111 SCALIZE P.S. [ID 976] - page 123; [ID 1077] - page 145; [ID 1075] - page 192 SCANNAPIECO D. [ID 898] - page 84 SCHIAVON M. [ID 1012] - page 141; [ID 1006] - page 206 SCHIEVANO A. [ID 1419] - page 20 SECONDAT M. [ID 859] - page 66 SERAFINI Á.B. [ID 840] - page 179 SERAFINI E. [ID 819] - page 48 SERCI A. [ID 998] - page 41 SERGIO P. [ID 872] - page 80 SETHI R. [ID 974] - page 187 SEVERINO V. [ID 1119] - page 34 SEZENNA E. [ID 1206] - page 58; [ID 1136] - page 63 SHAMAS J. [ID 904] - page 182 SIAVALAS G. [ID 1049] - page 65 SICILIANO A. [ID 856] - page 48; [ID 854] - page 54 SIGNORINI S. [ID 1148] - page 213 SILVA E.M. [ID 940] - page 202 SILVA G.H.R.D. [ID 1009] - page 97; [ID 997] - page 171 SILVANA S./.G.F. [ID 948] - page 150 SIRINI P. [ID 960] - page 42; [ID 1005] - page 78; [ID 957] - page 104; [ID 1008] - page 188 SMETS B. [ID 1440] - page 109 SOARES E.S. [ID 1050] - page 147 SÓJKA-LEDAKOWICZ J. [ID 801] - page 75 SORDI A. [ID 900] - page 127; [ID 899] - page 167 SORLINI S. [ID 1110] - page 53; [ID 1078] - page 101; [ID 1105] - page 107;

[ID 1109] - page 144; [ID 1101] - page 174; [ID 1107] - page 211SOTTARA D. [ID 1093] - page 43; [ID 1092] - page 193 SOUSA J.T. [ID 1015] - page 208 SOUSA M.L. [ID 793] - page 196 SOUZA A.D.A. [ID 1083] - page 173 SPAGNI A. [ID 1064] - page 88 SPIGA D. [ID 892] - page 38 SPINOSA L. [ID 1116] - page 78 STELLA S. [ID 969] - page 72 SUAREZ C.A. [ID 881] - page 200 SUNSERI M. [ID 998] - page 41 TAKADA H. [ID 1049] - page 65 TAMBONE F. [ID 1419] - page 20 TANZI G. [ID 819] - page 48 TATANO F. [ID 858] - page 118 TATÀNO F. [ID 836] - page 128

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TAURINO R. [ID 836] - page 128 TEDESCO P. [ID 891] - page 91 TEGGI S. [ID 970] - page 33; [ID 1067] - page 140; [ID 918] - page 202 TEIXEIRA A.L. [ID 1077] - page 145 TEIXEIRA PINTO FILHO A.C. [ID 1050] - page 147 TELI A. [ID 1134] - page 47; [ID 1132] - page 86; [ID 1428] - page 111; [ID 1131] - page 213 TERRUZZI L. [ID 1419] - page 20 TESSER E. [ID 1058] - page 208 TESTOLIN G. [ID 849] - page 120 TESTORI R. [ID 1146] - page 131 THEMELIS N.J. [ID 1418] - page 18 THORPE C. [ID 1154] - page 175 TIZZANINI G. [ID 834] - page 74 TODESCHINI I. [ID 1012] - page 141 TOFFOLON M. [ID 1012] - page 141 TOMEI M.C. [ID 959] - page 73 TORNOTTI G. [ID 1134] - page 47; [ID 1428] - page 111 TORREGROSSA M. [ID 977] - page 44; [ID 1062] - page 84; [ID 993] - page 85; [ID 980] - page 204 TORRETTA V. [ID 995] - page 29 TRULLI E. [ID 1088] - page 130 TSENG L. [ID 1040] - page 95 TUBINO M. [ID 1012] - page 141 TUCCINARDI L. [ID 889] - page 124; [ID 887] - page 166 TUROLLA A. [ID 1124] - page 77 URBINI G. [ID 995] - page 29; [ID 969] - page 72 URSO G. [ID 847] - page 63 VACCARI M. [ID 1108] - page 37; [ID 1103] - page 194 VAGLIASINDI F. [ID 1056] - page 51; [ID 1060] - page 83; [ID 1057] - page 173;

[ID 1059] - page 191; [ID 1061] - page 209VAGLIASINDI F.G.A. [ID 847] - page 63 VAL DEL RÍO Á. [ID 1188] - page 110 VALENTI D. [ID 1153] - page 174 VALINOTE O.L. [ID 1077] - page 145; [ID 1075] - page 192 VALSECCHI S. [ID 886] - page 89 VANALLI M. [ID 799] - page 197 VASCONCELOS S.M. [ID 837] - page 163; [ID 838] - page 164 VASCONCELOS S.M.S. [ID 839] - page 178; [ID 840] - page 179 VÁZQUEZ-PADÍN J.R. [ID 1188] - page 110 VENKATACHALAM M. [ID 786] - page 88 VERANI M. [ID 984] - page 52 VERDELOCCO S. [ID 1239] - page 60 VERGINELLI I. [ID 1076] - page 39 VERLICCHI P. [ID 832] - page 90 VESSONI PENNA T.C. [ID 811] - page 161 VIAN M. [ID 936] - page 67 VIANA M.D. [ID 928] - page 185 VIEIRA D.C. [ID 811] - page 161

VIEIRA F.F. [ID 940] - page 202 VIGANO’ F. [ID 1408] - page 21 VIGANÒ F. [ID 1146] - page 131 VILLANI B. [ID 998] - page 41 VINCETI M. [ID 918] - page 202 VIOTTI P. [ID 1001] - page 35; [ID 992] - page 44 VISCIONE A. [ID 858] - page 118 VISMARA R. [ID 1129] - page 28; [ID 818] - page 50 VITALI F. [ID 1103] - page 194 VITALI G. [ID 947] - page 129 VITOLO S. [ID 896] - page 137 VIVIANI G. [ID 987] - page 30; [ID 977] - page 44; [ID 993] - page 85; [ID 1003] - page 87;

[ID 988] - page 188; [ID 1111] - page 194; [ID 980] - page 204; [ID 1063] - page 210VOLPI F. [ID 809] - page 137 VON DREIFUS T. [ID 1009] - page 97 WELANDER T. [ID 1192] - page 114 WERNER D. [ID 860] - page 61; [ID 875] - page 180; [ID 897] - page 181 WERNER T. [ID 1012] - page 141 WETT B. [ID 1464] - page 113 WILSON W.R./.S. [ID 948] - page 150 WITHERSPOON J. [ID 1154] - page 175 WU Y. [ID 1040] - page 95 YAMAGAMI N.S. [ID 882] - page 72 YOUNG T.M. [ID 1048] - page 191 ZACCANTI M.M. [ID 1067] - page 140 ZAFFARONI C. [ID 786] - page 88; [ID 787] - page 99; [ID 810] - page 102; [ID 809] - page 137;

[ID 919] - page 145; [ID 788] - page 176; [ID 902] - page 182; [ID 785] - page 195ZAMBELLI P. [ID 1006] - page 206 ZANABONI S. [ID 1108] - page 37 ZANDONAI M. [ID 935] - page 68 ZANETTI M. [ID 974] - page 187; [ID 893] - page 201 ZANETTI M.C. [ID 917] - page 46; [ID 914] - page 51 ZANI M. [ID 962] - page 150 ZANNIER S. [ID 885] - page 24 ZANOCCO P. [ID 788] - page 176 ZANON M. [ID 958] - page 61 ZANOVELLO G. [ID 788] - page 176 ZARRA T. [ID 1033] - page 142 ZENUN A.L.B.A. [ID 864] - page 165 ZERLOTTIN M. [ID 877] - page 81 ZHOU Q. [ID 908] - page 55 ZIJLSTRA J.J.P. [ID 892] - page 38 ZINGARETTI D. [ID 1079] - page 106 ZUCCA A. [ID 998] - page 41 ZUCCATO E. [ID 1114] - page 90 ZUQUETTE L.V. [ID 982] - page 187 ZYŁŁA R. [ID 801] - page 75

Xylem Water Solutions Italia s.r.l.20020 Lainate (MI) Via G. Rossini, 1/A - Tel. 02.90358.1watersolutions.italia@xyleminc.comwww.xylemwatersolutions.com/it

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THE WATER TREATMENT PLANT SPECIALISTS

DESIGN & BUILD Production of drinking water, desalination, wastewater treatment, wastewater recycling, sludge treatment… today our plants are in operation in more than 65 capitals throughout the world. Our Design & Build solutions offer the best guarantees in terms of health safety.

SERVICES Operation, parts, refurbishment, upgrades…Degremont’s service ensures control of the processand optimum equipment maintenance in a spirit oftransparency and partnership.

EQUIPMENTS With their Ozonia, Innoplana and Aquasource products,Degrémont Technologies delivers a range of specificsolutions in the areas of disinfection, thermal sludgedrying and membrane filtration.

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THE WATER TREATMENT PLANT SPECIALISTS

DESIGN & BUILD Production of drinking water, desalination, wastewater treatment, wastewater recycling, sludge treatment… today our plants are in operation in more than 65 capitals throughout the world. Our Design & Build solutions offer the best guarantees in terms of health safety.

SERVICES Operation, parts, refurbishment, upgrades…Degremont’s service ensures control of the processand optimum equipment maintenance in a spirit oftransparency and partnership.

EQUIPMENTS With their Ozonia, Innoplana and Aquasource products,Degrémont Technologies delivers a range of specificsolutions in the areas of disinfection, thermal sludgedrying and membrane filtration.

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