SHOW ME A PILOT THAT CAN’T

PERFORM A GIVEN TASK, & I’LL SHOW YOU A PILOT THAT

DOESN’T:

KNOWUNDERSTAND

APPLYCORRELLATE

WHATHE/SHE

IS TRYING TO“ACCOMPLISH”

BYDIEGO M. ALFONSO SR.

WHAT ISAPPLIED

AERODYNAMICS?

TO BE ABLE TO CORRELATE THE EFFECTS OF THE

AERODYNAMIC FORCES ACTING ON AN AIRCRAFT.

•LEFT OF COURSE

•IFR APPROACHES

•VFR X-COUNTRY

GYROSCOPICEFFECT OF THEPROPELLER

•DEVELOPS A FEEL FOR FLYING.

•THE TWO GROUPS OF PILOTS

ALWAYS CORRECTING FOR THINGS

ALWAYS ANTICIPATING THINGS

KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED AERODYNAMICS

PERFORMINGCHANDELLESLAZY EIGHTS

EIGHT ON PYLONSGOING THROUGH THE MOTIONS

AIRLINE PILOTS

I AM NOT ANAERODYNAMICIST

I FAILED MATH

NO FANCY EQUATIONS

THIS DISCUSSIONWILL BE

VERY BASIC.APOLOGIES AREIN ORDER FOR THEADVANCED PILOTS.

THIS DISCUSSIONIS BASED ON

SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT.

THE BASICCOMPONENT INAERODYNAMICS

AIRHAS

WEIGHT

THE AIRCRAFT DOES NOT

KNOWS WHERE THE AIR MASS

IS COMING FROM

IT ONLY KNOWSRELATIVE WIND

WEATHERVANING

IF AIRBORNEHOW MUCHRUDDER &AILERONS?

IF AIRBORNEWHICH WAY

WILL ITWEATHERVANE?

IF ON THE GROUNDWHICH WAY

WILL ITWEATHERVANE?

IF ON TAKEOFFHOW MUCHRUDDER &AILERONS?

“LIFT”

THIS DISCUSSION

ASSUMESKNOWLEDGE

OF:

•PARTS OF AN AIRFOIL•RELATIVE WIND•ANGLE OF ATTACK

AIRFOILS

•AIRPLANE WING.

•PROPELLER.

•ROTOR BLADE.

HOW ISLIFT

CREATED?

BERNOULLI'SPRINCIPLE

WHAT’S WRONGWITH THIS PICTURE?

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

LAWS OF MOTION

3.FOR EVERY

ACTION THERE IS AN EQUAL AND

OPPOSITEREACTION

WHY USEBERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE?

AIR DEFLECTOR

AN AIRFOILIS AN

BASEBALLTENNISGOLF

INDUCED DRAG

THEINSTRUCTOR

CAN’TEXPLAIN

WHAT IS IT?

IT IS THEBYPRODUCT

OF LIFT

LIFT ACTSPERPENDICULAR

TO THE RELATIVEWIND AND THELATERAL AXIS

OF THE AIRPLANE.

“WING”

THE ANGLE BETWEENAVERAGE RELATIVE WIND

ANDTHE REMOTE FREE STREAM

IS TERMEDINDUCED ANGLE OF ATTACK

INDUCED DRAG

INCREASES AT THE WING

TIPS.

GROUNDEFFECT

ALSO KNOWN AS“T EFFECT”

WHAT IS IT?

GROUND INTERFERENCETHAT MODIFIES THE AVERAGE RELATIVE WIND AND SHIFTS THE LIFT VECTOR FORWARD AND CLOSER TO THE VERTICAL

OUT OF GROUND EFFECT

IN GROUND EFFECT

THREE FACTORS ARE AFFECTED BY GROUND EFFECT.•INDUCED RELATIVE WIND.

•DOWNWARD DEFLECTIONOF AIR.

•WING TIP VORTICES.

WHAT DOTHE AILERONS

DO?

THE RUDDERWHAT DOES

IT DO?

WHAT DO THE ELEVATORS

DO?

WHAT DOES THE HORIZONTAL

STABILAZER DO?FORWARD CG

REARWARD CG.

CENTER CG.

WHAT DO THESTABILATOR

DO?

WHAT DOES THE

ANTI-SERVO TAB DO?

THE CLIMB?

WHY APPLYING POWER FIRST

IS NOT RECOMMENDED?

WHAT HAPPENS

WHEN YOU PITCH UP?

A-MORE THAN 2,000 lbs.

B- LESS THAN 2,000 lbs.

C- JUST 2,000 lbs.

WHY DOES THE AIRPLANE

SLOWS DOWN ON A CLIMB?

RECOVERY FROM A CLIMB.

•ATTITUDE•AIRSPEED•POWER•TRIM

IF DESCENDING 60 DEGREES

BANKHOW MANY

G ’S?

OVERBANKINGTENDENCY

LEVEL TURNSSHALLOW BANK

LESS THAN APPROXIMATELY 20°MEDIUM BANK

APPROXIMATELY 20° TO 45°STEEP

45° OR MORE

CLIMBING TURNS

NOTE THEPOSITION OF

THE STICKOR YOKE WHILEIN A STEEP TURN

ADVERSEYAW

HOW TO RECOVER IF LOOSING ALTITUDE

DURING A STEEP TURN?

HOW TO RECOVER IF GAINING ALTITUDE

DURING A STEEP TURN?

WHY?

WHEN IN ADESCENDING

TURN YOU ARENOT PULLING UP,

YOU ARE MAKING A TIGHT TURN.

STALL

AERODYNAMICS

PITCH TO ANATTITUDE THAT WILL

INDUCE A STALL

STALLING AT ASHALLOW ANGLEIN RELATION TO

THE HORIZON

STALLS ARE OURBEST

FRIENDS.

WHAT IS A STALL?

AN AERODYNAMIC RELIEF VALVE

WHY NOSE DOWN FIRST

THEN POWER?

•RECOVERY:

WITHOUT POWER

“TRAINING ONLY”

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON’T

RECOVER

FROM A STALL?

MANEUVERINGSPEED

VA

FACTS ABOUT

VA

WHY IS Va A SLOWER AIRSPEED

WHEN THE AIRPLANE IS

LIGHTER?

TO HAVE A GREATERANGLE OF ATTACK.

INCREASE IN WEIGHT

INCREASES STALL SPEED.

DECREASE IN WEIGHTDECREASESSTALL SPEED.

VA ISHALF THE

LOAD FACTORTIMES VS

THE LOAD FACTOR USED NOW IS 3.8, SO

HALF THE LOAD FACTOR IS 1.9.

THE EQUATION IS 1.9 X VS = VA.

AN A/C @ 3,900 #

STALLS @ 80 MPH

1.9X80MPH=152 MPH

AN A/C @3000 #

STALLS @ 65 MPH

1.9 X 65 = 123 MPH

VS FOR THIS EXAMPLEIS 80 MPH.

1.9 X 80 = 152 MPH.

SLOW FLIGHTSTALL BEFORE

EXCEEDING LOAD

FACTOR