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CITY REPORT ON PESHAWAR  

PRESENTED BY  

Isfandyar Ali Khan 

Barrister-At-Law 

Afridi, Shah & Minallah, Peshawar

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PESHAWAR: LOCATIONPESHAWAR: LOCATION

Peshawar is the Capital of the North West Frontier Province. Peshawar lies just west of the Bara River, a tributary of the Kabul River, near the Khyber Pass.

Peshawar is bounded by Afghanistan to the west and north, the territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the northeast, Punjab province to the southeast, and Balochistan province to the southwest.

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A major north-south road traverses the province, and an east-west railway runs from the Afghanistan border through Peshawar to Lahore in Punjab province. A major airport is located in Peshawar.

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POPULATION OF DISTRICT PESHAWARPOPULATION OF DISTRICT PESHAWAR(Source: 1998 District Census Reports of NWFP, Population Census (Source: 1998 District Census Reports of NWFP, Population Census

Organization Government of Pakistan, Islamabad)Organization Government of Pakistan, Islamabad)

DISTRICT WISE AREA AND POPULATION OF N.W.F.P., (1998 CENSUS) District

Area in sq-km

District as %

of NWFP

Position in

NWFP W.R.T Area

Population

(1998) census

District as

% of NWFP

Position in

NWFP W.R.T Population

Peshawar

1257

1.69

20th

2019118

11.38

Ist

AREA AND POPULATION BY SEX URBAN/RURAL, DENSITY AND

GROWTH RATE BY TEHSILS AND DISTRICTS OF NWFP, 1998 CENSUS Population 1998

District/ Tehsil

Area in Sq. K.M

Both sexes

Male

Female PESHAWAR DISTRICT

1257

2019118

1061101

958017

Peshawar

1257

2019118

1061101

958017

AREA AND POPULATION BY SEX URBAN/RURAL, DENSITY AND GROWTH RATE BY TEHSILS AND DISTRICTS OF NWFP, 1998 CENSUS

Urban

Rural

District/ Tehsil Both

Sexes

Male

Female

Both

Sexes

Male

Female

Density

Per Sq.Km

Annual Growth rate(%)

PESHAWAR DISTRICT

1036302

539200

497102

982816

521901

460915

1606

3.56

Peshawar

1036302

539200

497102

982816

521901

460915

1606

3.56

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PESHAWAR: HISTORYPESHAWAR: HISTORY

The Shahji-ki Dheri mounds, situated to the east, cover ruins of the largest Buddhist stupa in the subcontinent (2nd century AD), which attest the lengthy association of the town with Buddha and the religion founded about him. Once the capital of the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhara, the city was known variously as Parasawara and Purusapura (town, or abode, of Purusa). Also called Begram, the present name, Peshawar (pesh awar, "frontier town"), is ascribed to Akbar, the Mughal emperor of India (1556-1605).

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In ancient times, the state of Ghandhara occupied the Vale of Peshawar and adjoining areas. This kingdom was important because of its strategic location at the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. Gandhara was annexed by the Persian Achaemenian Empire in the early 6th century BC and remained a Persian satrapy until 327 BC. The region then passed successively under Greek, Indian, Indo-Bactrian, Sakan, Parthian, and Kushan rule.

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Muslim rule was first brought to the region by the Turks, whose ruler, Sebüktigin, gained control of Peshawar in AD 988. His son, Mahmud of Ghazna, invaded northern India several times between 1001 and 1027 and brought a large area of the present province into the boundaries of his Ghaznavid empire. Beginning in the late 12th century, the region was held successively by the Ghurids, by various Muslim Afghan dynasties, and then by the Mughals. After the invasion of the Iranian ruler Nadir Shah in 1738, the territory remained under a loose form of Afghan Durrani rule. Beginning about 1818, invading Sikhs from the Punjab region of India increasingly secured control of the frontier territory until the coming of the British in 1849.

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The northwestern frontier areas were annexed to India by the British after the Second Sikh War of 1849. The territories thenceforth formed a part of the Punjab until the North-West Frontier Province was created in 1901. After Pakistan attained independence in 1947, the region continued to exist as a separate Pakistani province. The inhabitants of the tribal territories, the westernmost area along the Afghanistan border, are not subject to the Pakistani legal code, however. During the 1980s the province was inundated by Afghan refugees seeking asylum from the Soviet occupation of their country.

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PESHAWAR: CULTURAL HIGHLIGHTSPESHAWAR: CULTURAL HIGHLIGHTS

The Inner City of Peshawar (historically a Walled City) is quite lively.

Traditionally hospitable and serves as a meeting place for traders.

Meeting point for various lingual groups from all across the Province.

Culture reflected in mannerisms and food preferences.

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PESHAWAR: ARCHITECTURAL PESHAWAR: ARCHITECTURAL

HIGHLIGHTSHIGHLIGHTS

Khyber Pass. Fort of Peshawar known as Bala-Hisar (the High

Fort). Zaheer-ud-Din Babur crossed the Khyber Pass in

the Sixteen Century on his way from Kabul, and ordered to strengthen the Fort.

Presently Bala-Hisar fort houses headquarters of a prestigious Frontier Corps.

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The Mosque Mahabat Khan, Peshawar’s outstanding architecture legacy, in Jeweller’s Bazar was constructed by the Governor of Peshawar Mahabat Khan Mirza Lerharsib, in 1630 during the era of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jehan. The Mosque was desecrated and badly damaged by the Sikhs in early nineteen century and later when the fire broke out in 1898. The British renovated it for the first time and brought back some of its grandeur.

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Chowk Yadgar, is located in the amidst of wide and sprawling convergence point of different major roads and bazaars of the city. Commemorative square was originally named in the memory of British Colonel Hastings. In 1969, the square was dedicated to the heroes of 1965 Indo-Pakistan war.

Edward’s College was established in 1901 and named in the memory of famous administrative Sir Herbert Edward as missionary boarding school.

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The foundation of Islamia college was laid in 1911. The college has magnificent frontage facing Jamrud Road with its domes, kiosks and pinnacles rising above the green trees, which contrast sharply with red brick ornate building. The architectural taste is peculiarly of Mughal with a touch of colonial style. Three domed mosque adjacent to the college is also of artistic pleasure.

Cosmopolitan character of Qissa Khawani Bazaar-Piccadilly of Peshawar is lined with its traditional kehwa khanas, Tikka, Chapli Kabab and dry fruit shops along with modern show rooms of leather ware and bright coloured garments

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In a grand Victorian hall, the Peshawar Museum houses one of the world’s best collection of Gandhara art, including stupas depicting the Buddha’s stupa collection presents a clear picture of life of Peshawar Valley during first four centuries A.D. when Peshawar was the capital of a vast empire. Handicrafts, tools and cloths of different tribes in the ethnological portion in the museum are also interesting and throw light on the cultural heritage of the region

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PESHAWAR: PESHAWAR:

WEATHER/SEASONS/WIND/RAIN/TEMPERATUREWEATHER/SEASONS/WIND/RAIN/TEMPERATURE Summers are hot with temperatures ranging to 90-120°F

(32-49°C). Peshawar has a distinct winter season which brings

daytime temperatures of 60°F (16°C) or less and cold nights. In Peshawar, frequent morning frost does occur during the stark winter season.

The average annual rainfall is 15 (38 cm) in Peshawar. Most rain falls during the summer monsoon from July to

September. Peshawar also experiences a moderate winter rainy

season as well.

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PESHAWAR: FIVE MAJOR PESHAWAR: FIVE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS OF

THE CITYTHE CITY

Vehicular Pollution (Air Pollution). Brick Kilns (Air Pollution). Solid and Hospital Waste. Noise Pollution. Loss of Trees/Plants (Absence of Green Belts).

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PESHAWAR: AIR POLLUTION IN THE PESHAWAR: AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITYCITY

Vehicular Emissions include: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, sulphur oxide and particulate matter such as lead.

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VEHICLES IN PESHAWAR:VEHICLES IN PESHAWAR:

There are 135,000 registered vehicles in the city, besides the number of unregistered. These vehicles are polluting the air at an enormous rate.

Information gathered from officials of the Excise and Taxation department, EPA, provincial transport authority (PTA), regional transport authority (RTA), district transport authority and traffic police reveal that the tri-wheelers, are being driven without having been issued route permits.

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Traffic police could only fine them under section 44, 106 of the Motor Vehicle Ordinance for being driven without route permits.

There is a ban on the registration of auto-rickshaws with two-stroke engines in the Peshawar and Swat Districts hence Ching Chee rickshaws of the same engine capacity are also not allowed for registration.

In Peshawar, Ching Chee rickshaws introduced on the Gulbahar- Lahori route of the Peshawar City District Government's Town-1, were without lawful authority

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LEVELS OF EMISSIONS IN PESHAWARLEVELS OF EMISSIONS IN PESHAWAR Level of air pollution, owing to release of emission

from all sources is estimated at around 15,406 tons per year.

A study conducted in 1995, revealed that the level of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in several places of Peshawar was much higher than the International standards determined by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Last survey was conducted in 1995 to know air quality in different localities of Peshawar.

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The level of Carbon Dioxide in the air has reached 330 parts per million (ppm) in the Peshawar localities of Hayatabad, University Town, University Campus, Cantonment and the general bus stand on GT Road, a recent survey conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

According to the WHO, the safe level of carbon dioxide in the air in nine ppm.

The air pollution level at the general bus stand in Peshawar recently tested was a dangerously high 375ppm.

The level of carbon monoxide at the general bus stand is 70ppm while the WHO standard is eight ppm.

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TABLE CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL, PERCENTAGE OF TABLE CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE LEVEL, PERCENTAGE OF GASOLINE-FUELED VEHICLES AND EQUILIBRIUM GASOLINE-FUELED VEHICLES AND EQUILIBRIUM

CONCENTRATION OF BLOOD CARBOXYHAEMOGLOBINCONCENTRATION OF BLOOD CARBOXYHAEMOGLOBIN  

(Source: Jour.Chem.Soc.Pak.Vol.18, No.3, 1996, p. 178 at p. 181)(Source: Jour.Chem.Soc.Pak.Vol.18, No.3, 1996, p. 178 at p. 181)

Location (Chowk)

Average CO Concentration

ppm (1 Hour)

Average CO Concentration

ppm (8 Hours)

Average CO Concentration

ppm (12 Hours)

Highest

Readings (ppm)#

Gasoline Fueled

Vehicles (%)

Gasoline Fueled Vehicles

(%)

Hayatabad

5.50 +/- 0.35

5.00 +/- 0.39

4.89 +/- 1.29

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45.20

1.30

Board of

Intermediate & Secondary

Education

7.60 +/- 0.50

6.74 +/- 0.51

5.76 +/- 1.70

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40

1.58

Speen Jamat

9.95 +/- 0.64

7.60 +/- 0.77

6.80 +/- 1.71

40

45.30

1.72

Rahman

Baba

19.80 +/- 2.30

16.10 +/- 2.69

14.47 +/- 2.98

97

62.95

3.08

Hashtnagri

14.24 +/- 2.21

11.30 +/- 1.53

10.57 +/- 1.68

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60.00

2.31

General Bus

Stand

10.95 +/- 0.92

9.60 +/- 0.87

9.00 +/- 1.31

54

50.00

2.04

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Lahori Gate

18.26 +/- 2.06

12.90 +/- 2.64

11.70 +/- 1.98

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65.00

2.56

Kohati Gate

17.40 +/- 2.55

10.80 +/- 1.95

9.63 +/- 1.95

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60.00

2.23

Ramdas

23.40 +/- 0.49

20.50 +/- 2.53

15.82 +/- 3.01

126

70.00

3.78

Frontier

Constabulary

22.57 +/- 1.37

18.50 +/- 1.86

16.57 +/- 3.05

82

60.00

3.46

Peshawar Stadium

18.55 +/- 1.34

15.56 +/- 2.30

13.56 +/- 2.90

73

80.00

2.99

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Shoba

22.35 +/- 1.91

17.74 +/- 2.46

15.24 +/- 3.30

58

60.00

3.34

Bacha Khan

23.63 +/- 0.88

19.74 +/- 3.16

16.80 +/- 3.57

73

70.00

3.66

Chowk Yadgar

34.92 +/- 1.76

27.21 +/- 2.82

22.53 +/- 3.59

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98

4.85

Arbab/Saddar

Road

25.90 +/- 0.71

18.50 +/- 2.36

16.09 +/- 3.59

80

80.00

3.46

Kabuli

25.80 +/- 0.71

21.94 +/- 2.98

18.78 +/- 3.89

72

75.00

4.01

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EMISSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND EMISSION OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON FROM THE EXHAUST OF HYDROCARBON FROM THE EXHAUST OF DIFFERENT RICKSHAWS TESTED AT VETSDIFFERENT RICKSHAWS TESTED AT VETS

  (Source: Report on The Test Results of Emissions From (Source: Report on The Test Results of Emissions From

The Exhaust of Rickshaws in Peshawar – GTZ/VETS The Exhaust of Rickshaws in Peshawar – GTZ/VETS DATA 1999) DATA 1999)

Serial Number

Registration Number

Manufacturer CO (%Vol.) at 700-900 rpm

CO(% Vol.) at 2000-3000 rpm

HC (ppm) at 700 – 900 rpm

HC (ppm) at 2000 – 3000 rpm

1 G 2616 Frontier 5.030 6.852 9999 (above) 9999 (above) 2 G 2870 Mehran 3.563 5.122 8757 7975 3 PRS 9265 Pak Abasin 2.081 3.812 5160 5761 4 C 7972 Pak Abasin 3.778 4.443 7833 8311 5 C 7379 Pak Abasin 4.006 4.927 7831 6015 6 G 1786 Pak Abasin 4.497 5.909 9999 (above) 8838 7 C 7368 Pak Hero 3.191 2.390 6705 4950 8 PRR 4293 Pak Hero 4.984 4.234 9999 (above) 7937 9 PRS 7397 Pak Hero 5.386 5.367 9316 8357

10 PRR 1755 Sarmad Car 4.741 4.530 9829 7348

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11 C 7341 Sarmad Car 4.119 5.102 7963 5486 12 PRC 4638 Vespa Car 3.768 3.120 6242 4299 13 PRP 5491 Vespa Car 3.425 2.554 5541 4117 14 PRQ 6239 Vespa Car 2.089 3.372 4357 4322 15 PRK 9786 Vespa Car 5.324 2.341 9999 (above) 5692 16 C 7346 Vespa Car 3.905 5.567 8037 7537 17 PRO 6961 Vespa Car 3.245 4.563 6445 7359 18 PRP 5795 Vespa Car 3.532 4.934 6244 5347 19 PRE 4407 Vespa Car 4.714 6.578 9999 (above) 7538 20 PRP 9396 Vespa Car 4.512 6.115 9036 8152 21 C 7934 Vespa Car 4.655 5.801 9999 (above) 9418 22 PRC 4240 Vespa Car 1.503 2.181 3196 2883 23 C 7190 Vespa Car 4.710 5.619 9543 8116 24 PRP 7199 Vespa Car 2.773 3.315 5818 4798 25 PRM 4048 Vespa Car 3.639 4.477 7717 5335 26 PRP 7413 Vespa Car 4.220 4.260 9999 (above) 6664 27 PRQ 7608 Vespa Car 5.238 4.604 9999 (above) 7451 28 PRQ 2450 Vespa Car 4.443 4.256 8311 6813 29 C 7806 Vespa Car 4.471 4.173 9879 8379 30 PRC 5293 Vespa Car 4.597 4.481 9999 (above) 9025

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31 PRP 7567 Vespa Car 3.250 3.839 6605 5431 32 PRP 7663 Vespa Car 5.120 5.080 9999 (above) 7808 33 PRM 9967 Vespa Car 5.570 6.365 9999 (above) 7498 34 PRQ 2587 Vespa Car 3.966 2.851 8455 6143 35 PRQ 1194 Vespa Car 5.190 5.296 9999 (above) 6855 36 PRO 8734 Vespa Car 3.871 4.107 8515 6581 37 PRD 5834 Vespa Car 4.989 4.026 9999 (above) 7723 38 PRP 6952 Vespa Car 3.798 3.172 6786 5448 39 PRO 8904 Vespa Car 3.565 4.403 6697 6294 40 PRC 5029 Vespa Car 4.488 4.568 9999 (above) 9589 41 PRD 7516 Vespa Car 5.657 5.547 9067 8254 42 PRP 9168 Vespa Car 4.630 4.751 7553 6776 43 PRN 6040 Vespa Car 3.802 4.685 7141 5739 44 PRE 6480 Vespa Car 2.426 2.530 4765 3726 45 PRD 9714 Vespa Car 5.354 4.503 9226 8049 46 PRE 5611 Vespa Car 3.733 5.468 6615 5579 47 PRC 8812 Vespa Car 3.623 3.554 8094 7139 48 PRE 7255 Vespa Car 4.839 5.458 9999 (above) 7937 49 G 2372 Vespa Car 4.297 4.607 8977 7273 50 G 1436 Vespa Car 4.244 5.745 8606 6552

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PESHAWAR: EFFECTS OF AIR PESHAWAR: EFFECTS OF AIR

POLLUTIONPOLLUTION Oxides and lead particles are hazardous to human

health and cause cancer, asthma, heart problems, chest, throat and skin diseases.

Harmful effects on flora and fauna.

 

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PESHAWAR: CITY’S RESPONSE TO PESHAWAR: CITY’S RESPONSE TO

THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTIONTHE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION City District Government in Peshawar:

Ban on Registration of 2-Stroke Auto-Rickshaws.Buses with CNG Engines.

Civil Society/NGO’s Level: Sending Complaints to Newspapers andEnvironmental Protection Agency.Holding of Seminars and Workshops.

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Public Interest Litigation: Aggrieved/Interested parties sending complaintsto Environment Protection Agency.Environment Protection Agency issuing LegalNotices to Polluters.Fines prevalent for air polluters.

Provincial EPA Responsible for Implementing Federal Policies at Provincial Level:Legislative enactments, rules, regulations andNotifications.Mobile Vans Monitoring Vehicular Pollution in PeshawarCNG Auto Rickshaws introduced .

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International Support: World Bank

GTZ

IUCN-Pakistan leading the Enviornment field.

JICA: It has been proposed that the Japanese

International Cooperation Agency (JICA) would

establish air-monitoring stations in the province

and the first station would be set up in Peshawar.

These stations will monitor the pollution level on

daily basis.

Overall Progress Report

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ROLE/IMPACT OF VETS IN PESHAWAR:ROLE/IMPACT OF VETS IN PESHAWAR: VETS have been working in Peshawar since 1997. Contribution to the National Exchequer: App. 2

Million Rupees. VETS Peshawar has saved amount of Rs 65

million through fuel consumption. VETS Peshawar has saved Rs 55 million in terms

of health benefit. VETS has been able to save diesel and petrol

worth Rs 42 million and 23 million respectively. VETS/EPA Budget allocation has been made to

employ traffic wardens for assisting VETS staff.

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EMISSION CONTROL IN PESHAWAR CITYEMISSION CONTROL IN PESHAWAR CITY

CONTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE EMISSION TESTING STATION (VETS)CONTRIBUTION OF VEHICLE EMISSION TESTING STATION (VETS)

  (Source: VETS/EPA)(Source: VETS/EPA)

Serial Number Vehicle Type Total Pass Fail 1. Hiace 20115 16520 3595 2. Motor Car 15870 13210 2660 3. Toyota Pickup 12620 8574 4046 4. Mazda Bus 31115 21510 9605 5. Benz Bus 8112 7210 902 6. Ford Wagon 13200 10251 2949 7. Bedford Bus 7150 4201 2949 8. Truck 8112 5615 2497 9. Coaster 3570 2561 1009

10. Rickshaw 2150 1470 680 Total 122014 91122 30892

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Fuel Type

Minimum Measured Average Values (Passed

Vehicles)

Maximum Measured Average Values (Passed

Vehicles)

Maximum Measured Average Values (Failed

Vehicles)

NEQS Values

CNG

0.5 – 1 %

2 – 3 %

3 %

4.5 %

Gasoline

1.50 %

4.50 %

7 – 8 %

4.5 %

Diesel

4 Cyliner (1 – 2 %) 6 Cyliner (2 – 3%)

4 Cyliner (2 – 3 %) 6 Cyliner (3 – 4 %)

90 & 9

40 % or 4

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Ching Chee RickshawsChing Chee Rickshaws

These Rickshaws are driven by motorbikes with two-stroke engines and produce poisonous Carbon Monoxide gas (CO), which is injurious to human health, particularly lungs and brain.

The traffic police had also opposed to grant them approval on the pretext that they lacked road safety because of their design and would add to traffic mess in the urban centres

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PESHAWAR: PROBLEMS AND PESHAWAR: PROBLEMS AND WEAKNESSESWEAKNESSES

Lack of Administrative Capacity. Lack of Interest on behalf of the bureaucracy and political

establishments. Environment/Pollution lacks priority in development/urban agenda. Institutions established to attract foreign aid and perks for the civil

servants. City District Government: Even Doubts the Devolution! Confusion and Lack of Understanding of Policing Environmental

Pollution issues. Lack of Public Awareness. Traffic Police Department lacks adequate staff to assist mobile

Emission Testing Vehicles.

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Policy and Legislative Defects: Tackling of Environment and Pollution issues

started late. Approximate loss of 20 years. Thus Delay in development of policies on

environment and implementation of laws, that is, establishment of Tribunals.

Environmental issues are needed to be considered for all developmental work. Holistic approach in policy matters is required.

Pollution Control Mechanisms not thought of-Neither any emission standards established.

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Financial Resources: Budget allocation is negligible in comparison to the

problems and issues confronted in populated/urban city.

Need of Modern Equipment and Maintenance support.

Technical Support: JICA providing Technical Support through Federal

EPA. Air-Vehicular Pollution lacks focus and preference. Lack of training for EPA staff. 2 Mobile Vans not enough for testing emissions in

Peshawar. 10 Vans may be enough for the present number of vehicles on the road.

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PESHAWAR: WAY AHEADPESHAWAR: WAY AHEAD

There is an urgent need to establish more VETS to check vehicle emission, a major source of air pollution throughout N.W.F.P.

Testing and certification of all sorts of vehicles from VETS should be made mandatory.

Ambient air quality standards should be established and enforced on priority basis.

The NEQS (National Environment Quality Standards) for motor vehicle exhaust, particularly for smoke opacity should be strictly enforced so that vehicles can stand legal scrutiny.

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Legislation should be framed to establish and enforce exhaust emission standards for three wheelers.

Replacing of two stoke vehicle engines particularly in Rickshaws and the Motorcycles with the four stroke engines is urgently needed and a gradual and acceptable phase out of environment polluting vehicles should be pursued.

The NEQS should be examined afresh in order to check the vehicular emission and to make fully apply these standards on all vehicles including busses, trucks, cars, motorcycles, rickshaws and other vehicles.

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Manufacturers should keep in view these standards while manufacturing engines for vehicles. Those engaged in oil business and mobile selling will also have to observe these standards and avoid selling sub-standard and contaminated mobile oil.

Districts EPA’s Need to be established. Reconsideration of Transport Policy.