Shipowner’s liabilityoProfessor Erik Røsæg

oNordisk institutt for sjørettoerik.rosag@jus.uio.no

ofolk.uio.no/erikro

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The owners

o “Reder”o Ownerso Owner pro hac viceo Different kinds of companies

oLimited companyoPartnershipoLimited partnership

o Other organizationso Joint venturesoManagement

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Different helpers

oAgentsoStevedoresoManageroPilots and tugsoShipyardsoFire department and other

public services

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Characteristics of torts law

oBasis of liabilityoCausationoLossoMitigationoInsurance

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Diffferent kinds of claims

o Contractual and extra-contractualo Personal injurieso Collision and other property damageo Consequential losseso Loss not in connection with personal

injuries or property damageoPure economic lossoPure environmental damage

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Negligence

oIdeaoRisk or blame?oCases

oRt. 2011.1225 Sunna (which is a cargo damage case)

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Strict liability

o Ideaso Emergency, Torts Act s. 1-4o Technical failure

o ND 1921.401 Neptuno ND 1952.320 Sokrates

o Imperfect arrangemento Polluter pays. Pollution Act, 1981, s. 55o Cases

o ND 1969.389 Ladogaleso ND 1973.348 Uthaug

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Vicaronous liabilityo Ideao Torts Act s. 2-1o NMC s. 151o Anonymous and cumulative errorso Pilots

o Pilot Act, 1989, s. 24o ND 1963.34 Prince Charleso ND 1972.93 Stella Altair

o Contributory negligence and state serviceso Rocknes LB-2009-163221

o Corresponding rules in contractso Cases

o ND 1923.289 Irma-Mignono ND 1984.122 Aeroplane in Bodøo ND 1914.159 Sardiniao ND 1973.343 Trygg

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Collision liability

o Collision conventiono Ship to ship collisionso Three-ship collisionso Collision and pollutiono Ship to shore collisions

o ND 1921.401 Neptuno ND 1952.320 Sokrates

o Both to blame collisionso Collision and insurance

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Limitation

o Policyo Claims subject to limitationo The special regime for clean-up costso Claims not subject to limitationo Who has the right to limito Amountso Limitation and insuranceo Procedure

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New limitsThe limit of liability for claims for loss of life or personal injury on ships not exceeding 2,000 gross tonnage is 3.02 million SDR (up from 2 million SDR).

For larger ships, the following additional amounts are used in calculating the limitation amount:

• For each ton from 2,001 to 30,000 tons, 1,208 SDR (up from 800 SDR) • For each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 906 SDR (up from 600 SDR) • For each ton in excess of 70,000, 604 SDR (up from 400 SDR).

The limit of liability for property claims for ships not exceeding 2,000 gross tonnage is 1.51 million SDR (up from 1 million SDR).

For larger ships, the following additional amounts are used in calculating the limitation amount: • For each ton from 2,001 to 30,000 tons, 604 SDR (up from 400 SDR)

• For each ton from 30,001 to 70,000 tons, 453 SDR (up from 300 SDR) • For each ton in excess of 70,000 tons, 302 SDR (up from 200 SDR).

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Personal injuries & property

1 2 3 40

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

140,000,000

160,000,000

2’ 30’ 70’ 100’ ton

SDR

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Limitation - some special issues

oPrivityoSingle liabilityoUnit limitationoMitigationoSubrogationoOwner’s costs

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Recognition

oECJ C-39/02 Mærsk Olie & Gas A/S v Firma M. de Haan en W. de Boer

oND 2007.370 General Grot-Rowecki