shift mag [n°4] - europe 2057
DESCRIPTION
If one had asked the EU's founding fathers to draw a picture of Europe in 2007, it would probably have featured square-jawed robots and imposing computers, in a city looking like one giant, ultra-modern factory. To mark the end of the EU's 50th anniversary, the fourth issue of SHIFT Mag gathers the dreams and visions of talented and forward-looking Europeans on what the world could loook like in 50 years.TRANSCRIPT
© B
rieu
c H
ubin
10 12 2007
[N°4]
Europe 2057EUROPE
TALKS TOBRUSSELS
Shift Mag 004.indd 1Shift Mag 004.indd 1 12/12/07 16:08:2912/12/07 16:08:29
08 >
Breaking the boundaries of
communication
CONTENT
> 20EU 2057 scenario
> 18Global
Concord
> 16Rond-Point
Schuman
> 14China 2057
> 12Free hug
10 >
Walk of Fake
> 06From regional to global peace
> 04
Climate
migrants
08 >
State of the Union
address
Shift Mag 004.indd 2Shift Mag 004.indd 2 12/12/07 16:08:3212/12/07 16:08:32
Victor Fleurot
SHIFT Mag
Editor
Brussels
EDITORIALIf one had asked the EU’s founding fathers to draw a picture of
Europe in 2007, it would probably have featured square-jawed
robots and imposing computers, in a city looking like one giant,
ultra-modern factory.
How could they have foreseen the revolution of micro-design
brought about by Japanese companies in the 80s, the even more
groundbreaking birth of the internet, wireless communication or
satellite navigation systems?
Had they looked through a crystal ball, these visionary humanists
would probably have felt a mixture of pride and apprehension at
seeing how young Europeans live today. They would have marvelled
at the frightening range of possibilities enjoyed by a generation that
can go online to book low-cost fl ights from Barcelona to Warsaw,
plan a city break or use dating websites.
Well, what are the chances we would be equally impressed and
frightened by the world in 2057?
Do you really think Dolly the sheep was a minor accident in a dead-
end street of history? Are you ready to face An Inconvenient Truth?
To mark the end of the EU’s 50th anniversary, the fourth issue of SHIFT
Mag gathers the dreams and visions of talented and forward-looking
Europeans on what the world could look like in 50 years.
The result is a mixture of science-fi ction and serious predictions,
with hope and fear closely intertwined as we review the challenges
ahead. We may be bound to the same fate as the planet’s previous
tenants, our old friends the dinosaurs, but at least we can laugh and
cry about it.
Tipik Communication – A SWORD Group Company.Avenue de Tervueren 270 – 1150 Brussels – Belgium.
Free quarterly publication (cannot be sold). Published by Tipik Communication. Reproduction in any form is prohibited without prior consent. The views expressed by contributors are their own and do not necessarily represent those of SHIFT Mag.
[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag 03
SHIFT MagEUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
Avenue de Tervueren 270
1150 Brussels – Belgium
www.shiftmag.eu
Publisher: Juan ARCAS
Editor: Victor FLEUROT • T. +32 2 235 56 21
Contributors to this issue: Laurent BEDUNEAU WANG (Paris),
Laura DAGG (Paris), Jelena DZANKIC (Cambridge),
Tânia FELICIO (Bruges), Solange GUO CHATELARD (Paris),
Brieuc HUBIN (Brussels), Marjorie JOUEN (Paris),
Donald MCFADDEN (Santa Ana), Susanne NIES (Paris/Brussels),
Laurent VAN BRUSSEL (Brussels)
Illustrations: Mi Ran COLLIN, Brieuc HUBIN, Ron SAINT-CLAIR,
Wim TACITURN, François TACOEN, Emmanuel TREPANT
Photography: iStockphoto, Eric LEMONNE
Production & coordination: Nadine SCHWIRTZ
Design & Graphics: Tipik Studio
Printed by: Van Ruys, Brussels
Administration & subscription:
Gabriela OLSSON • T. + 32 2 235 56 44
To advertise in SHIFT Mag contact:
Guy DE SAN • T. +32 2 235 56 75
SHIFT Mag • 2007
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The night was dark on Alba when
Major Juan Moreno got back to the
PFE (Peace Force in Europe) temporary
camp. The day had been testing for
his unit. Thanks to their laser and
electro guns, which had paralysed the
belligerents for a few minutes, they
had managed to keep the two groups
separated. But they had arrived too
late to prevent human losses: seven
people had died and 52 were injured.
March 15, 2057, would be marked
with a black stone, as the most
deadly day since the beginning of the
confl ict between the Dutch and Cypriot
refugees. This was without counting
the fi nancial losses calculated by the
analysts: € 800 000, i.e. € 400 000 for
medical attention, € 150 000 for the unit
of 100 soldiers, € 100 000 for damaged
and used equipment, € 100 000 for
civil damage to property, € 30 000 for
economic depreciation and € 20 000 for
deterioration caused to landscape. This
operation of policing was increasingly
expensive and impatience was growing
among members of the European
Parliament.
Juan Moreno thought that the 100th
anniversary of the USE, the Union of
the States of Europe, would soon be
celebrated with emphasis. But the
situation hardly lent itself to rejoicing.
Admittedly, in his unit, the women and
men from almost all the 48 member-
entities (Nation states and Autonomies)
got on well. They were qualifi ed experts
and shared the same peace objective
for the continent, thanks to the effi cient
training received at the high European
School for Civilian and Military Peace in
Brussels.
Unfortunately, it was not the same
elsewhere. Both chambers of the
European Parliament had failed to agree
to vote for the budget and the new
laws. The intercultural tensions were
endless and everything was prone to
quarrels and trials as soon as collective
choices had to be made. However,
eff orts had been made to improve
mutual understanding between people.
For 30 years, all Europeans had been
learning Engleur from a very young age,
in addition to their maternal language.
This name was suggested by the English
government, to make it clear that their
beautiful language had little in common
with this "basic common basis" of 3 000
words, which was gradually expanded
with new expressions borrowed from
other languages.
As regards the confl ict between the
Dutch and Cypriots, all had started in
the wake of a major plan to introduce
the climate change policy adopted
by the Netherlands in 2015. The
government had fi rst explained that
they were confi dent in the future
because of the country’s historical
experience with water control. However,
by 2050 the Dutch had to admit that
the mechanism was insuffi cient and far
too costly. They had to concede large
rural and semi-urban areas to the sea to
concentrate on rescuing the cities. This
led to the plan of displacing 5 million
people over 10 years.
A Stock Exchange of the territories
was organised to encourage voluntary
refugees to settle in a more accessible
rural area. The French Massif Central
and the Western Alps were already
largely repopulated with former
inhabitants of the Belgian and French
Flanders evacuated in 2035, and Italians
from the Po delta. Scandinavia had
become too cold due to the progressive
disappearance of the Gulf Stream. The
Dutch migrants chose a forest region in
Transylvania, which had just acquired its
European Autonomy statute together
with Galicia, Brittany and Padania.
In 2020, the Common Agricultural Policy
had been suppressed, which quickly
led to the disappearance of mid-range
mountain farms. Those in higher
mountains were still benefi ting from
comfortable environmental aid, while
those in the fertile plains remained
profi table. Subsequently, large forests
developed in-between for industrial
use.
The 500 000 Dutch established as a
colony and quickly set up a forestry
development programme as well as a
master plan for their cities. However, it
failed to take into account the presence
of 100 000 Cypriot refugees residing
there since the end of the 2040s. They
had been driven out by the persistent
drought on their island: rain had not
fallen between 2045 and 2049.
04 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
EUROPE 2057
CLIMATE MIGRANTS: DUTCH AND CYPRIOT REFUGEES IN TRANSYLVANIA
Marjorie JouenAdviser, Notre Europe think tank
Paris
French
Marjorie was a member of the Forward Studies Unit of the European Commission in charge of territorial and social issues. Besides her work with Notre Europe, she is currently a member of the President’s Cabinet at the Committee of the Regions.
Shift Mag 004.indd 4Shift Mag 004.indd 4 12/12/07 16:08:3812/12/07 16:08:38
EUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag 05
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC, VISIT:http://ec.europa.eu/comm/cdp/scenario/index_en.htm http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/climate-changes-2007-ar4-fr.htmhttp://www.mnp.nl/en/publications/ /TheeffectsofclimatechangeintheNetherlands.htmlhttp://www.iucn.org/places/medoffice/CDCambio_climatico/contenido/D/PDF/CC_d5a.pdfhttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0722en01.pdf
The desalination units built 40 years ago were
regularly breaking down due to the lack of public
investment. Although luxury tourism was maintained
by the seaside, all budget hotels had to close, creating
large redundancies. Agriculture and livestock-farming
had almost completely disappeared. But unlike the
Dutch, Cypriot migration was carried out by small
groups and the majority of the refugees were not
farmers, but tradesmen.
The relations between both communities
strained rather quickly. Use of the land,
building authorisations, working methods:
all was liable to confl ict. The spark came
from the law that the Dutch had tried to
pass regarding the closure of shops on Sundays,
for religious reasons, and at night, in order to save energy for
glasshouse cultivations. They had launched a legal process
within the USE Supreme Court and the Cypriots counter-attacked
with an "immaterial communications war". The fi rst death of the
confl ict was recorded in early December 2056.
The Transylvanian government, unable to restore
order, requested the help of the PFE. Fifty cultural
mediators were fi rst rushed in, but they quickly
acknowledged the futility of their task because
the ethnic issue concealed powerful economic
interests. The United Wood Company, a
multinational holding based in Rotterdam,
was opposed to the Inter-Mediterranean
Credit Bank, which was well-established
in Nicosia and the Middle East.
It was then decided to instigate
a 50 million intervention for a
month, mobilising 200 men. On the
15th day, things did not improve and, in
the headquarters, testing of the new climatic
disturbance mechanisms (by making the snow fall
for 3 weeks on the region) was being considered. It would
certainly be hazardous, but would perhaps ease tensions on
the ground.
The French Massif Central and the Western Alps were already largely repopulated with former inhabitants of the Belgian and French Flanders evacuated in 2035
© E
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EUROPE 2057
THE EU FROM REGIONAL TO GLOBAL PEACE
Stars can be classifi ed according to
the luminosity eff ects found in their
spectral lines, which are determined
by the surface gravity. They range
from hypergiants (the most luminous
stars) to white dwarfs, thought to be
the fi nal evolutionary state of all stars,
gradually radiating away their energy
and cooling down. The EU seems to be
a rising star as far as peace and security
are concerned. The question is if it will
become a hypergiant or a white dwarf
in the next 50 years.
In the 50th year of its existence, the
EU is celebrating the achievement of
regional peace, prosperity and democ-
racy. This is often a forgotten side of
the European integration process, and
probably the main sign of its success.
Indeed, very often the media and
Euro-sceptics take peace for granted
and end up focusing solely on the
shortcomings of the integration proc-
ess. But the reality is that peace has
been achieved in the EU and almost
throughout the whole of Europe. The
challenge now is to expand this region
of peace to the rest of the world.
Indeed, the EU wants to go global
as a promoter of peace, stability,
06 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
© M
i Ran
COL
LIN
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democracy and human rights. The
key EU stakeholders have commit-
ted to this new challenge: UK Foreign
Secretary David Miliband, in his very
publicised address to the College of
Europe, called for an open, global
Europe, and for the EU to become a
leader in “addressing the great global
challenges we face”, concluding they
provide a “new raison d’être for the
European Union”.
As far as crisis management is con-
cerned, with the EU quickly developing
its response capacity, the new motto
of the European Commission is “no
forgotten crisis”. All over the world,
“from Georgia to Myanmar, from the
DRC to Peru, the EU must live up to its
goal of global security”, as stated by EU
Commissioner Benita Ferrero-Waldner.
European media seem to be very keen
on stressing how the EU is a “dwarf”
in security next to the US, but if one
takes a closer look, the fact is that the
past 15 years have seen the capacities
of the Union developing at an amaz-
ing pace. Since 2003, no less than 16
civilian and military missions have
been carried out in the Balkans, the
Middle East, Asia and Africa. The new
Treaty of Lisbon brings major changes
in the security context with important
implications for the EU’s expanding
global role, such as the double-hatted
High Representative for Foreign Aff airs
and Security Policy and a single legal
personality for the EU (crucial for its
ability to sign international agree-
ments). If the EU continues developing
its external and security instruments at
the same pace, it can be expected to
become a hypergiant in this fi eld, with
global reach and eff ectiveness.
But today’s security agenda has
enlarged in unexpected ways. Issues
of energy, climate change and natural
resources are becoming priorities on
the European security agenda. The
role of the EU in world peace and secu-
rity is directly linked to these priorities
and on the way it chooses to address
them, not only through crisis manage-
ment instruments, but through its
diplomatic capacity in infl uencing the
new international system for the next
50 years.
Faced with a clear crisis in traditional
“intergovernmental” multilateralism,
the EU has committed to eff ective
multilateralism, and supports the UN
in this endeavour. But this seems to be
a buzzword with no practical signifi -
cance, as the EU itself is using diff erent
forms of cooperation to tackle govern-
ance issues (and more often than not
to address its own strategic interests).
Instead of multilateralism, multipolar-
ity is taking centre stage. And the EU,
while committing to eff ective multilat-
eralism, is strategically using bilat-
eral cooperation (namely for energy
security), as it acknowledges the new
coming powers.
The European project is based on the
acknowledgment that states can-
not govern alone “problems without
passports” and that such problems
are regional, if not global, in nature.
In this sense, the EU’s stated strategy
is to encourage other regions of the
world to develop cooperation struc-
tures and to cooperate with the UN at
the global level. But in practice, the EU
chooses to hold bilateral summits with
Brazil instead of MERCOSUR, or China
and India separately, failing to follow
a consistent pattern in its promotion
of regional cooperation and eff ective
multilateralism. Moreover, the EU itself
is proving to be a multipolar system,
with decision-making often depend-
ent on bargaining within a group of
European powers who fail to show a
truly unifi ed voice.
The EU’s role in a more secure world
in 50 years depends on its ability to be
coherent with its commitments and
harmonise them with an increasingly
multipolar world. The EU must use its
soft power to convince old and new
global powers to commit to multi-
lateralism (because it is in their own
interest to do so).
The perfect combination of strength
and dialogue, of security capacities
(moving at an incredibly fast pace)
and soft power as a model of regional
peace and prosperity, can lead the
rising star to establish itself as a hy-
pergiant. If the right balance between
these two dimensions of its external
policies fails, we might just see the
supernova turn into a white dwarf,
with no energy to expand its light to
the rest of the galaxy.
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC, VISIT:http://www.iss.europa.eu/chaillot/
chai100.pdf
http://www.iss.europa.eu/chaillot/
chai78.pdf
http://www.irri-kiib.be/paperegm/
ep16.pdf
http://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/jcmkts/
v45y2007ip768-769.html
> Tânia Felício Project Researcher
UNU-CRIS, Bruges
Portuguese
[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag 07
EUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
The reality is that peace has been achieved in the EU and almost throughout the whole of Europe. The challenge now is to expand this region of peace to the rest of the world
Shift Mag 004.indd Sec4:7Shift Mag 004.indd Sec4:7 12/12/07 16:08:4312/12/07 16:08:43
EUROPE 2057
THE STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS, 25 MARCH 2057
08 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
Most distinguished Members of
Parliament it is a privilege to deliver
the State of the Union address on this
historic day: the 100th anniversary of
the Rome Treaty. The European idea
stretches back into the past, into the
collective consciousness of our peoples
for centuries. Yet it is the embryonic
and profoundly symbolic cooperation
of the Coal and Steel Community
and the later European Economic
Community that have led to the
development of our vast democratic
union encompassing over 35 member
states today. A hundred years of peace
can now rival the hundred years’
war to which our continent was so
accustomed.
FROM MID-LIFE CRISIS TO MATURITY
Indeed, we can look back with serenity
on the “mid-life crisis” of all those
years ago. The failure of the fi rst
Constitutional treaty served as an
important lesson. Two decades later
the constitutional idea emerged again.
Increased mobility had fostered greater
mutual understanding and solidarity.
The revolution in communications and
translation technology had broken
down barriers between our peoples.
Pan-European debates, television,
European political parties and
exchange programmes had created
a veritable European public space so
lacking in the early years.
The second European convention,
comprised of elected representatives,
with the aim of drawing up our
Constitution has been the greatest
exercise in trans-national democracy
ever undertaken. The European
referendum (double majority of states
and peoples) and the high levels of
participation and large majority in
favour of the Constitution have been
a source of pride. Our institutional
structure continues to be a source
of strength. Decisions are made
smoothly by qualifi ed majority voting.
Unanimity has been consigned to the
past. Our Constitution enshrined a
new method of political organisation,
which maintained many of the unique
features of our political endeavour:
a supra-national Parliament, the
Council representing the states, the
Commission as government, the
Court of Justice and Central Bank. As
a federation of nation states we have
organised our political life effi ciently
while preserving national and local
identities.
EXTENDING THE FRONTIERS OF
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE
EUROSPHERE
By far the greatest success of the EU
has been the reunifi cation of Europe.
However, further enlargement was
accompanied by the creation of
the Eurosphere. For those states
interested in the advantages of the
single market without the political,
social and economic integration, this
was the best solution. Our shared
values as expressed in the Charter of
fundamental rights could no longer be
à la carte. Those countries that did not
subscribe to the political goals of the
EU were invited to join the Eurosphere.
They have access to the single market
and maintain a privileged relationship
with the EU. The African Union, the
countries of the Middle East, the United
Kingdom, Turkey and Switzerland are
all members of the enlarged single
market. From Brussels to Bamako, the
euro is the currency of trade and the
norms are European.
LEADING THE ETHICAL
GLOBALISATION FRONT
The acceleration of the globalisation
process in the 1990s has continued
apace. Far from being left by the
wayside as many critics were
predicting then, the EU has held its
own in this new global confi guration.
Demands for a decent standard of
health care, of housing, of work and
above all a yearning for dignity were
the concerns of the time. Reform of
international institutions such as the
WTO with extended competences
in the area of the environment and
labour law, has led to more equitable
competition. New regional actors such
as South America, India, Africa and
China have assumed their place and
their responsibilities in this world order.
Europe, as a model of norm-based
regional integration, where social
justice is of prime importance, has
been the spearhead of the ethical
globalisation movement. It promotes
a basic ethic of minimum values,
attitudes and standards to which all
nations can subscribe. The EU can be
proud of diff using the principles of fair
globalisation to its partner countries
while maintaining its openness to
world trade.
We have come a long way from
coal and steel to green energy. The
decision to reduce emissions has
paid off . The global ETS system
includes all our major partners and
has been implemented by the World
Environmental Organisation. We have
h
w
w
Neither superpower, nor superstate, the EU has developed outside the categories of times past. The EU was built by the vanquished. This historical humility has protected us from the folly of empire
©Ro
nSA
INT-
CLAI
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> Laura DaggDirector of a pro-european association
Paris
Irish
[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag 09
a modern agricultural policy, which allows us to combine food
security, environmental and energy concerns.
The European prototype of trans-national democracy has
withstood the test of time and is envied elsewhere. Cultural
and educational policies have been the success of recent years.
Respect for cultural and linguistic diversity and the fostering of
European culture within and beyond the Union have been our
priorities.
EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY IN ACTION
We are also celebrating today fi fty years of European diplomacy.
We have moved from a shared to a common diplomacy and
foreign policy. Reform of the UN was the occasion for European
representation in an enlarged Security Council. This has given
the EU the coherence it lacked. From questions of nuclear
proliferation to global warming and civil war the EU now has a
single position and can if necessary back this up with by force
when sanctioned by a UN mandate.
Notwithstanding, the EU has never been a predatory power.
Defying all historical precedent of empires, it has remained a
peaceful power respecting human rights and international law.
The divorce of human rights from security seen at the beginning
of this century in a climate of global terror has rescinded. The
resolution of the confl ict in the Middle East and the reduction of
poverty and fl ourishing of democracy in this region have been
the focus of European diplomatic eff orts.
Neither super power, nor super state, the EU has developed,
outside of the categories of times past. The EU was built by the
vanquished. This historical humility has protected us from the
folly of empire. It is a model of regional integration; a federation
of nation states sharing the same ideals, capable of infl uencing
the course of history for the better. The institutions created
100 years ago are the secret of its success. Europe’s belief in
the values of social justice, balanced economic development
and human dignity has made it a beacon of human rights and
paragon of economic success. There is much to be proud of on
our 100th anniversary and hopefully for the next 100 years to
come.
VIVE L’UNION EUROPÉENNE! VIVE L’EUROPE!
EUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT:http://www.realizingrights.org/
www.mouvement-europeen.eu (FR)
www.taurillon.org
© R
on S
AIN
T-CL
AIR
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EUROPE 2057
WALK OF FAKE: WELCOME TO CLONE ISLAND…
Brussels Literary Review
24 October 2057
The 19th century saw the opening of
the fi rst waxwork museums: Madame
Tussauds in London (1835) and Musée
Grévin in Paris (1882). In the 20th cen-
tury, real-life lookalikes became a me-
dia phenomenom. Thanks to Professor
Ingemann and his clone island of
Monte Caro, the 21st century has gone
one step further… or backwards – where
mankind is a powerless witness, history
alone can judge.
Eugenic cloning eliminated many he-
reditary diseases. Therapeutic cloning
allowed us to address organs shortage.
That was 35 years ago. Ten years later,
just as Jesus would have multiplied bread
and fi sh, human beings started to repro-
duce their children to infi nity in the name
of “demographic emergency”: human
cloning was born.
The commercial cloning project
launched by Professor Ingemann goes
further – clearly too far according to
Spanish human rights champion Victoria
Delahoya. “Mr Ingemann thinks he is a
genius, able to control the elements. He
thinks he is making the world better but
he is only fl attering his own vanity at the
expense of these “jet-slaves” who are
human beings above all! We can’t remain
silent when slave drivers become kings
in the kingdom of human rights. The
international community contents itself
with condemning. People have to rise up
against this!”
It is without a doubt the most unlikely
scientifi c experience in recent memory.
Secretly developed from 2029 in a
laboratory located in Akademgorodok,
Russia, this project materialised fi ve years
ago when Delilah Romanovic, a Chechen
multimillionaire businesswoman who
made her fortune in space hotels and
tourism, laid the foundation stone of the
man-made archipelago of Monte Caro. At
fi rst sight, it was just another internation-
al real-estate venture, after Palm Islands
and The World located off Dubaï’s coast
line, The Pearl in Qatar, Federation Island
in the Black Sea at Stochi, Russia, or La
Belgique de papa1 in the North Sea.
Rising above the bay of Monaco, the
Monte Caro project has everything a
virtual world would, except that it is con-
crete reality. Some sort of “Real Second
Life”! The island is indeed in every re-
spect artifi cial and exclusively populated
with clones. But they are not just any
clones. Nobody knows who they really
are, certainly not their creator, maybe not
even themselves. Only their assumed life,
stolen identity and conditioned person-
ality are common knowledge. They are
called James Brown, Jacques Brel, Jeff
Buckley or Jean-Paul Belmondo. They
have the true features of Lady Diana
or Diana Ross. They impersonate to
perfection Madonna or Diego Maradona.
They speak with the witty eloquence
of Winston Chrurchill or Muhammad
Ali. But they will never do anything else
other than what they were taught to do:
pretending to be.
Although the ressemblance is striking,
only physical mimicry is natural. All the
rest goes beyond cloning. Years of daily
individual coaching and psychological
support, nutrional programmes and per-
manent aftercare are necessary to make
the copy and the original appear as one
and the same thing.
Elvis “Vegas Crooner” Presley tells us: “I
was not The King when I was born but
Elvis Presley, the little country boy from
Mississippi, wasn’t either. He and I both
became The King. But our life stories are
diff erent. I’m a laboratory product. Elvis
has been dominating my daily life since
the fi rst day, from morning till night. But
I’m not complaining here. Today I’m 40
years old, I weigh 270 pounds, I’m living
in Graceland, I sing like a god and thank
godness I’m still alive. I’m The King man!
[laughter]. More seriously, the image is
one thing and the human being is anoth-
er... It’s very hard to live up to an image,
especially when it is somebody else’s.”
That Elvis is not alone. He mixes with
three other “Elvis” on Monte Caro: Elvis
the “romantic male lead” who works
like a dog every Sunday night on the
recreated stage of The Ed Sullivan Show,
Elvis the “singing soldier”and Elvis “King
Creole”, the actor. But he is no excep-
tion. From Bob Marley to Georgie Best,
celebrities with fl uctuating careers have
multiple clones.
“No clone on Monte Caro is a living fi gure.
Some people say we are violating human
rights, others argue we are abusing the
10
Laurent van Brussel
Literary critic, Brussels Literary Review
Brussels International District
Belgian
Born in 1982, he has witnessed 21st century Europe from its
embryonic state. When he was 18, celebrating the millenium, he
believed that the worst predicted by his folks for him and the rest of
the world was just frustated ex-hippies’ bile. Today more than ever,
he is a real fan of the sixties!
I was not The King when I was born but Elvis Presley, the little country boy from Mississippi, wasn’t either. He and I both became The King
SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
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world’s cultural heritage. Whatever they say, we are here to
lead people through a daydream fi rst. Do you realise what it
means for today’s crowds to physically witness or even inter-
act with the stars from the past? Something fake can be true.
I trust people will make the distinction”, Professor Ingemann
explains.
Everyone will soon have the opportunity to experience and
judge Monte Caro for themselves. The island is due to open
its doors to the public in less than six years. It off ers its
visitors diff erent possibilities. Two attractions have
already caught the public’s imagination on the web.
The Dig up the idol pass – from 2 500 to 10 000
UD2– will allow its lucky owner to spend an
hour, a day or even a week with the celebrity
of his choice. The Back in time pass – from
1 000 to 5 000 UD – will give access to
a wide range of spectacular reenact-
ments, throwing the crowd into some
of the most
defi ning moments in history: the Hilary Clinton assassination,
the Woodstock Festival, the Rumble in the Jungle fi ght, etc.
How many clones will the island gather? How was all this
made possible? Would it have happened if the Monaco had
not been privatised? Who are the brains behind this race for
DNA? The Monte Caro mystery remains unresolved.
Did you like the story? Feel like booking a place at Monte Caro?
Ready to pack your bags with your favourite Nirvana t-shirt,
Mein Kampf to ask him why, a copy of Velazquez ‘s Feast of
Bacchus or the stolen snapshots of Jim Morrison’s dead body
in his bath to have them autographed? Then we have some
good and bad news for you. The bad news is that all these
words are sheer invention. The good news is that you can read
all about it in the upcoming bestseller The Monte Caro Project
on sale at your local bookshop from the start of the 2058 liter-
ary season.
EUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag 11
1 Old-fashioned Belgium: La Belgique de papa is a real-life museum dedicated to Belgium’s
history from 1830 to 2030 – a nice reconversion for this complex made famous worldwide
for having welcomed the fi rst off shore football World Cup in 2018
2 universal dollar = 0.91 (previous) euro
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EUROPE 2057
FREE HUG As a tribute to the great tradition of Belgian comic books, SHIFT Mag revisits 1970s-style BD (comics in French) for an ingenuous take on life in 50 years. English translation under the original pictures.
12 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
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[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag 13
EUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
Shift Mag 004.indd Sec4:13Shift Mag 004.indd Sec4:13 12/12/07 16:08:5012/12/07 16:08:50
In 2057, Europe will be celebrating its
fi rst centenary anniversary since its
formal “union”, the United States will
almost be reaching its third since the
war of independence, and China, as
a multi-ethnic civilisation organised
under a centralised authority, will be
commemorating its twenty-third.
In other words, China has experienced
more than two thousand years of
irregular, but adaptive, bureaucratic
governance, sustained by a unifying
and evolving cosmological view of the
world. The radical but interim Maoist
experience, and its seemingly opaque
legacy, is an exceptional chapter in
China’s extensive history.
In order to understand China’s
development over the next 50 years, it
is crucial to account for its problematic
and piecemeal adjustment from a
“cosmological” understanding of
the world to a “rational-political”
understanding of both its internal and
external aff airs since the end of the
19th century.
Contrary to dominant interpretations,
China does not have an internal
or external “political” agenda in
the conventional Western sense –
inherited from the Greek concept of
“polis”. Internally, the large majority
of Chinese “citizens” do not wish to,
and will not be able to, take over and
handle the aff airs of the country;
externally, China’s political class does
not want to have a leadership role on
the international stage, like the USA
have held since 1945.
If China is closing in on the top
position on the world’s podium
by 2057, it will be the result of
successful commercial
and historically driven
internal policies for unity (currently
achieved through material progress
and a reassertion of Chinese identity).
Furthermore, if China takes on a
“political role” once in this position, it
will be the result of external demands
from the former Western leaders
leaving the “global offi ce” that they
have largely created for themselves.
Although China’s entry into the
next century is not pure accidental
spontaneity, it is also marked by an
absence of a premeditated “political
model” guiding internal and external
developments.
However, the next 50 years are the
equivalent of two generations:
2007–2032, 2032–2057, and China,
as mentioned above, does have
ambitions. The fi rst is an economic
ambition to develop and
improve common living
EUROPE 2057
CHINA 2057
14 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
If China achieves global status, it may well fi nd the reigns of global governance passed down from the USA a tad unfamiliar, partly constraining, but after all manageable
© iS
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standards. The second is concentrated
around the re-construction of Chinese
identity.
China’s economic ambitions can
be summed up in two parts. First,
China wants to increase its GDP. This
ambition is doubly signifi cant, as
China has only recently begun to solve
the chronic state of material scarcity
it was subjected to under Maoist
communism. According to current
trends, China is likely to overtake the
US between 2035 and 2045.
The second is linked to the evolution
of the capitalist paradigm. Changes
throughout the 20th century have
revealed that economic and fi nancial
creation of value is not enough.
Environmental and social priorities, as
well as how to integrate them into a
comprehensive economic context, will
become just as important.
Part of China’s economic ambition
might consist in integrating
environmental and social constraints to
overtake the Western capitalist model
as it has been developed over the last
two centuries. The aim of developing
a specifi c Chinese economic model
has been an unremitting ambition
from Mao Zedong to Hu Jintao. The
former adapted Marxism-Leninism
to the Chinese context,
and the later currently
emphasises
social
harmony when Western countries are
promoting sustainable development.
Perhaps the one unrelenting aspect
of the Chinese economy in the long-
term to grasp and retain is its ability to
“adapt”. The Chinese economic model
might consist precisely in not having a
model.
This brings us to the second ambition:
identity. China will progressively
bridge the economic gap with other
industrialised countries and seek to
solve internal tensions linked to its
eff ective unity and identity. However,
historically, Chinese identity or
“Chinese citizenship” has not been
defi ned in the modern sense: the
individual’s relationship with the
sovereign state. Indeed, how clear
and accomplished are the parameters
of the Chinese state today? To when
can we trace back the origins of the
modern Chinese state? 1912? 1949?
1978?
Political legitimacy throughout the
ages in China has derived from a
cosmological concept of concord
and unity between social and natural
phenomena of the world (what the
Chinese call “all under heaven”). In
other words, rather than strive to
implement and respect a specifi c
“political form” (democracy, monarchy,
republic, etc.), what
conferred meaning to
centralised political
power was an ability
to ensure unity and coherence to a
large, loose and diverse civilisation.
“Synchronisation” was the key term,
not “political sovereignty”.
In 2057, one of China’s most important
tasks will be to provide a sense of
coherence and unity to a rapidly
changing internal and external
environment. It should not be to
implement a specifi c national or
international political project, but to
optimise its adaptability to a changing
and unpredictable environment.
If China achieves global status, it
may well fi nd the reigns of global
governance passed down from
the USA a tad unfamiliar, partly
constraining, but after all manageable.
15
FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT:http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/lardy.html
[ N° 4 ] > SHIFTmag
> Solange Guo Chatelard M.Phil. Comparative Politics
Institut d'Etudes Politiques,
Paris
British/French
"The dictionary is based on the hypothesis –
obviously an unproven one – that languages
are made up of equivalent synonyms."
Jorge Luis Borges
>> Laurent Beduneau Wang
Partner, Update the
World agency
Paris
French
Laurent is chief editor and co-author of
Is China a fi nancial giant? (in French,
Vuibert, Paris, 2006) and The French
fi nancial system within the EU (in
Chinese, Faguo jinrong tixie, Jinli guanli
chubanshe, Economics and Management
Publishing House, Beijing, 2007).
Shift Mag 004.indd Sec4:15Shift Mag 004.indd Sec4:15 12/12/07 16:08:5312/12/07 16:08:53
It has been almost 60 years now that
I have run the small newspaper shop
on Avenue d’Auderghem, close to
Rond-Point Schuman in Brussels. I was
born here, in 1967, above the shop, in
a small two-bedroom fl at, growing up
with two sisters and one brother. My
father worked in the famous Brussels
brewery of Albert Frère. My mother was
a secretary, fi rst in the brewery where
she met my father, then in the High
Commission, and fi nally in the Council
of the EU.
Reading this short biography, you
could come to the conclusion that
my life has been a boring, lengthy
succession of non-events: a person
who never moved, spending all her
life in the same place, the same street
and the same job, which, in addition, is
merely a few metres away from the fl at
where she was born. But you would be
wrong! My life has been all but boring:
I never moved, but everything was
always moving hastily around me! The
cranes constructing the Berlaymont
building have been my babysitters,
with the noise of hammers everywhere
a permanent concert. There are a
few unbelievable places in the world,
where world history just happens. And
the only obligation for the happy few
born right there is to stay, to observe,
to witness. Thus, they themselves
become part of history.
Today, a spring day in 2057, I will close
my shop and attend the celebrations
of the 100th anniversary of my dear
European Union. In fact, I still call it the
EU, but the name was given up some
decades ago. I am old now, and sticking
to old words reassures me, a bit like
our French neighbours who continue
to count in euros, 15 years after its
replacement by the Transatlantic!
They call my dear EU the TU now, the
Transatlantica Union.
On this March morning I follow the
beautiful royal horses parading along
my street, heading for Rond-Point
Schuman. Lippizans, they stem from
the former Austro-Hungarian Empire,
and were once off ered by Vienna
in the groundless hope that Vienna
could overtake Brussels as European
capital. It was useless marketing, but it
has made my life richer, and happier,
as I now meet these wonderful
creatures once a day in the street I have
never left.
I remember how the place looked for
the EU’s 50th anniversary celebrations:
huge buildings all around, the
Berlaymont, the Consilium, the Lipsius,
and the wonderfully named Caprice
des Dieux, home to the European
Parliament. Not to mention all those
European offi cials, nicely dressed,
always serious and in a hurry. With
only one exception at that time: my
friend from Holland selling roses on the
corner of rue Froissart. I always thought
that these fl owers put some colour
and emotion in these somewhat busy
European lives.
EUROPE 2057
ROND-POINT SCHUMAN
16 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
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Today, they have disappeared. Rond-
Point Schuman in its very centre
has become a famous rose garden,
sponsored by the Foundation Konrad
Adenauer. Adenauer, as everybody
knew (at least 50 years ago), raised
roses and loved these fl owers
originating from Persia more than
anything in the world. Thus, in its
centre, “Schuman”, as we locals call the
roundabout, became beautiful, and
it has helped enamoured Europeans
from all over the current 57 member
states to meet here and even marry.
But look all around now, and it is
hard to see the sky. The Berlaymont
building had been redesigned as a
Lego tower, with the option to add
on as many fl oors as you want,
year after year. But after fl oor
120, the skyscraper became
slightly unstable and the heirs
of Lucien de Vattel decided
to stop the experiment for the
sake of European civil servants’ life
expectation. New buildings have
emerged like mushrooms, helicopters
fl y around. A beautiful railway station,
inspired by the Berlin Lehrter Bahnhof,
has a permanent scent of perfume,
distilled from the roses above.
The biggest building is without
a doubt the Twin Towers, which
today symbolize Transatlantica. The
“Transatlantic Twins”, as we call them.
Nobody would have imagined the
Americans joining the European
Union. The day they arrived, in 2040,
they simply said: “Well, we like your
European diplomatic innovation. You
accepted the Russians, the Israelis,
the Turks, Iran; you negotiate with the
central Asians, you included Morocco,
Tunisia and Algeria; you believe
that the cradle of humanity lies in
today’s Europe - with Greece, Egypt,
Persia - and we feel more and more
like Europeans forgotten somewhere
in a far-away place. We are tired of
quarreling with France, questioning
ourselves about the looming power of
China. We have everything in common.
The UN proved to be useless, so let’s
just give regional solidarity a broader
dimension.”
Instead of fulfi lling the various
requirements for joining, they brought
the Statue of Liberty back across
the Atlantic, which France had once
off ered, and you can admire it now
somewhere in the middle of the roses.
Enlargement is no longer an issue.
Every year, on average, we receive
a new member. Some cooperate
more than others. The requirements
are basic shared values, a common
project, a desire to live together.
Enough, they say. More than enough, I
think. When I grew up, I was naturally
narrow-minded, frightened when I
met foreigners. Which is perfectly
normal: prejudices, for me, are nothing
more than hypotheses for transitory
ignorant people. Once the transition
fi nished, you become tolerant. The
only prerequisite, though, is lifelong
curiosity.
Do you really fi nd my life boring?
Thanks to the European Union I
became – completely by chance
– a global citizen! I know Russians,
Americans, Iranians, Egyptians,
Poles, Germans – they all come in
the morning to buy their newspaper,
they like my old-fashioned shop, they
like me as if I was a piece of antique
furniture from another epoch. I have
a table in a corner of my shop, and
I off er a cup of coff ee to each new
member state’s nationals the day of
their arrival. Once they even wrote in
the Herald Tribune that the process of
TU integration is only accomplished
for a member state the day its
representatives have a coff ee in aunt
Lizbeth’s shop. Today, on this spring
morning in 2057, I walk quietly down
to the roses of Rond-Point Schuman, I
ruffl e my favorite Lippizan horse, and
smile happily, thanking the gods that I
was born nearby.
> Susanne Nies
Research Fellow, French Institute
for International Relations
Paris/Brussels
German
IFRI website:
http://www.ifri.org/
frontDispatcher/ifri
There are a few unbelievable places in the world, where world history just happens. And the only obligation for the happy few born right there is to stay, to observe, to witness
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EUROPE 2057
GLOBAL CONCORD 2057: 30 YEARS AFTER THE TECHNO-NUCLEAR WAR
Boris is dreaming of life on a Mexican
ranch in the 19th century. He is riding
a horse, sleeping under a tree. Then
he comes home for lunch and listens
to a guitar while drinking delicious
alcohol legally. A girl looks at him
while she is cutting vegetables in the
kitchen - she is the most beautiful
thing he has ever seen with her yellow
dress and long black hair.
What a dream! He’s doing all these
things his father could have done if
he hadn’t been such a lazy guy in the
2030s. Boris doesn’t have the choice;
he can only re-live them virtually.
Some people still ride horses and own
tree gardens in 2057, but they are
billionaires. As for drinking alcohol,
not only is it far too expensive on the
black market, but it would also mean
risking his OPP (Online Public Profi le)
being put on the orange list. And
who would want to lose access to all
good jobs, restaurants, friends and
girlfriends?
Boris chose to rent Mexico 1896:
Un dia en el rancho at the dream
store after speaking with his
grandfather about life in the Ukrainian
countryside. But he knew waking up
would be diffi cult! He tries to block
the implant’s growing noise and tries
to sleep through at least two minutes
of vibrations before giving up and
switching on the “Happy morning”
programme. The four hours are up.
The bed folds, he receives his orange
juice (he likes that name since he
heard that it used to be a fruit, not
just a colour) and sweet bean curd
pastries, and switches on the daily
update on his implant.
“NEWS: 17 minutes ago:
Nigerian President Xu Hao strongly
condemned Brazilian attempts
to launch an agricultural cloning
programme. President Hao
warned that any trace of a hackers’
programme would lead to retaliation.
He accuses Brazil of trying to
revive the Chinese hackers’ cloning
programme.
BIRTHDAY ALERT:
Your great-grandmother Olga is
turning 119 today.”
“Great!” thinks Boris, “I still have three
of those on my mother’s side and one
or two on my father’s side. No time
to send a pink petal (fast and friendly
message), plus that would create a
dangerous precedent!”
18 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
Boris chose to rent Mexico 1896: Un dia en el rancho at the dream store after speaking with his grandfather about life in the Ukrainian countryside
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“JOB UPDATE: Two job applications
reach stage 3, four have been
terminated.”
Boris is happy. Two is not bad for a
mid-afternoon. Apparently, both
companies were impressed with his
Mandarin and creativity skills. They
would give him an opportunity to
attend a top training school, both
willing to pay up to 150 000 NY (New
Yuans, the world’s currency since 2041)
for professional training. At 17, he
seriously needs a new job to start his
fi nal year of non-executive training.
On this happy note, he switches on the
Tai Chi instructor and after fi ve minutes
of deep concentration he takes a long
“switch-off ” for two minutes, before
doing intense cardio for ten.
“Wow, those horses and wine really did
boost my motivation and relaxation.
I’m ready!”, he thinks as he prepares for
the dating forum he will be attending
straight after the shower. His heart-rate
is already at a perfect 80.
He switches on his implant to the
dating forum. Two generations of boys
(2038-39 and 2040-41) will be meeting
one generation of girls (2040-41).
They all live in MKM, the Moscow-
Kiev-Minsk metropolis. Sometimes he
wishes he was a girl which would give
him more choice and less pressure
to impress when dating. But then he
remembers his cousin’s story about
how a guy managed to hack her
implant during one of her dreams,
and he feels good about being a boy.
Plus, men now almost have the same
chances as women on the job market
since the famous 2052 Dehli University
report showing that mood stability
compensated men’s lower scores in
emotional IQ tests.
The dating is over. Those ten minutes
have exhausted Boris more than a
week of cattle work on a Mexican
ranch. But he’s happy with his
performance; he got provisional access
to bilateral implant chat with two girls,
not bad for his third dating session. He
knows guys who’ve waited 20 sessions
to get their fi rst provisional access!
He eats his Hawaiian noodle box from
Veggie Sue and starts day-dreaming. If
he gets a good job and good training,
he may be able to join a global
diplomacy programme in Beijing or
Sao Paulo. Of course, he would have to
leave the EU and his mother, but they
hardly chat these days anyway. In fact,
they would probably talk more often
with a bit of distance! And he would
be back in Moscow after graduating
anyway, landing an executive job and
training at the Global Assembly on
Blue Square.
There, he could help one of the
327 MGAs (Members of the Global
Assembly) fi nd a solution to the
Nigeria-Brazil confl ict and other global
issues. He swears that he will do
anything to avoid seeing his children
receive hacker military training, or
worse, go to school with clones!
He remembers his father’s stories
about DNA selection and his ten-year
hacker service after the 2026 Techno-
Nuclear War. Soon after that, he got
put on the red list for hacking into
the implant of his wife’s lover. He is
due back online in fi ve months, but
Boris has a feeling he will never see
his father work his way back into the
community.
And yet, he’s full of confi dence for
his own children. He knows that no
one will let Brazil and Nigeria start
something the US and China did 30
years ago.
> Donald McFarrenResearcher
Santa Ana, California
American
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On an afternoon somewhere in south-
eastern Europe, a boy and a girl are
passing by a 104-storey skyscraper.
Suddenly, almost three dozen people
appear, rushing into the building. They
are followed by the usual crowd of
journalists. While the boy is taken by
what is going on, the girl picks up a metal
star from the street. ‘Look, it’s steel!’,
she says to the boy, and throws it up to
the sky. And as the star fell in a perfect
circular movement, against all laws of
gravity, a ray of light refl ected upon it,
making it look as bright as gold. STOP.
REWIND: March 2003, BBC News
The US stationed an additional 40 B52
planes in the United Kingdom, with
the plan of increasing the intensity of
fl ights over Southern Iraq. These highly
equipped aircraft were used in the First
Gulf War in 1991 and during the Kosovo
crisis in 1999. Most of the world public
regards this occurrence as the unoffi cial
beginning of an unwanted war. The
British Prime Minister, Blair, continues
to support the strikes, despite a fall in
the polls. This led to a fresh situation
in Parliament, where the Labour party
is in a state of fragmentation. This has
never happened before in UK politics.
Meanwhile, the French president,
Jacques Chirac, fi ercely opposes the
imminent strikes against Iraq. STOP.
FAST FORWARD: June 2057, Luxembourg (two former
rival offi cials over a cup of coff ee)
> Mon Dieu! C'était une bonne idée!
Time for celebration, I would say.
We’ve fi nally made it - and it is
all actually working! Incredible,
I didn’t think I’d live to see this
moment. Who would have said
that we would have done so much
in 20 years? I was afraid, mon amie,
that we would not make it. Europe
seemed so fragile way back then,
and Brussels functioned like a
bureaucratic monster.
> Well, it took a lot of time and eff ort
- but Our House is pretty much
stable right now.
> Oui, it is. I can’t think of the right
word. Well, fi nally, we can believe
in what the Italian was singing
about in the 1990s.
> The one who won the Eurovision
song contest?
> Oui, oui… What’s the weather like
back in London, still rainy? STOP.
REWIND: February 2003, Brussels – Europa
Pressroom
The European Parliament has published
the Draft of the Accession Treaty for the
Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia,
Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland,
Slovenia and Slovakia to the European
Union. The document is based on the
negotiation process that the countries
engaged in over the past few years, and
is believed to be a vast step towards the
expected enlargement next year. The
Institutions believe that the EU is prepared
to face the challenge of accepting the new
member states. The Commission claims
that the European project with more than
25 countries will be rather challenging.
However, they trust in the sustainability of
the project by reverting to the success of
the single market, followed by the launch
of the euro. These two achievements in the
fi eld of European integration demonstrate
the compatibility of ambition and realism.
STOP.
FAST FORWARD: January 2016, Strasbourg
(European Parliament Session)
Dear Members of the European
Parliament,
We have an upcoming wave of
enlargement in a few months, which
leaves little time for contemplation.
Our ambitions to enlarge the EU are
inhibited by the slow development
of the European Institutions and the
ongoing criticism about the widening
of the democratic gap. Once again,
we have to show both ambition and
pragmatism. Ambition - because
enlargement is an important project.
Pragmatism - because we have to make
the EU more effi cient and transparent.
In other words, we cannot build the
second fl oor of the house without a
stable base. In order to explain this, I
revert to the strategy employed in a
board game called ‘The colonizers of
Katan’. Each contestant has a territory
with material for building - either rock,
coal, grain or wood. When the dice are
thrown, the contenders can accumulate
their material and start building cities.
But, in order to construct a city, one
needs to have a village established in
its place; and in order to have a village,
one needs two streets. Of course,
each of the elements has its value in
terms of material, and a mixture of
‘ingredients’ is needed to construct any
of the aforementioned. The point is,
the players have to cooperate and trade
the material, in order to construct their
cities. Sometimes a player might lose
some ‘ingredients’, but he will regain
them by having a city on the board.
Now, look at the EU as a city that we
want to build. We have the ingredients.
What we need is to fi nd an adequate
20 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
EUROPE 2057
EU 2057 SCENARIO
©F
iTA
COEN
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way to compile all the materials we
have and start constructing - fi rst the
streets, then the villages, and fi nally,
the city. Or, as we call it - our House.
STOP.
REWIND: January 2007, BBC News:
Today, the EU welcomed Bulgaria and
Romania - the newest member states.
The Community has grown from the
initial six members to 27. After a series
of delays to this enlargement round due
to the restructuring of the European
Institutions, or the internal problems of
the applicant countries, the world is now
faced with a new European outlook. Will
Europe be stronger than ever? STOP.
PLAY (UNPLUGGED): In varietate concordia – Unity in
diversity
EU
RO
PE
20
57
LIT
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AR
Y C
OM
PE
TIT
ION
//
3R
D P
LA
CE
EUROPE TALKS TO BRUSSELS
Our ambitions to enlarge the EU are inhibited by the slow development of the European Institutions and the ongoing criticism about the widening of the democratic gap. Once again, we have to show both ambition and pragmatism
> Jelena Dzankic PhD student
University of Cambridge
Montenegrin
"[…] the rotten tree trunk, until
the very moment when the
storm-blast breaks it in two,
has all the appearance of might
that it ever had."
Isaac Asimov,
Foundation© F
ranç
ois
TACO
EN
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22 SHIFTmag > [ N° 4 ]
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