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Crystal Fiber based Broadband Light Sources

Sheng-Lung Huang

Institute of Photonics and OptoelectronicsNational Taiwan University

5/14/2014@Abbe School of Photonics

Outline

• Introduction to crystalline fiber (CF)

• CF based laser and nonlinear optics

• CF based optical amplifier- From highly multimode toward single mode- From glass clad to ceramic/crystal clad

• Summary

Silica fibers work so well,why bother makes them crystalline?

Let’s compare bulk crystal and crystal fiber first.

Yes, photonics crystal fibers are fascinating,it is so versatile…..

Sorry, today is about electronic crystal fiber……

4

Bulk Crystal vs. Crystal Fiber

Laser host Effective heat removal (10 x better),Less material consumption (100 x less)

Nonlinear optics Long interaction length,Tight beam confinement

Energy delivery/ high temp. sensing

Ultrahigh strength,Resistance to chemical attack

New material development

High growth rate,Uniform axial distribution

Now, silica fibers work so well,why bother makes them crystalline?

Yes, you are right, not many chances, but…

6

Why Crystalline Fiber ?

Laser host Effective heat removal (10 x better),Less material consumption (100 x less),Crystal field (for transition metal ions)

Nonlinear optics Long interaction length,Tight beam confinementHigh nonlinear coeff.

Energy delivery/ high temp. sensing

Ultrahigh strength,Resistance to chemical attack

New material development

High growth rate,Uniform axial distribution

7

Transition Metal Ion Cr4+ Doped YAG Energy Level Diagram

Td symmetry

Cr4+:YAG energy level diagram

D2d symmetry

Tanabe-Sugano diagramFor tetrahedrally coordinatedCr4+:YAG.

Dq/B=1.78 for Cr4+:YAG

d2 configuration in octahedral coordination

CFSE=160.5 kJ/mol

CFSE=106.8 kJ/mol

8

Why CFs are effective togenerate broadband emissions?

Garnet structure

(SiO4)4-(Si2O7)6-

(Si2O5)2-(Si4O11)6-

(Si6O18)12-

(Si2O6)4-

(SiO2)0

Nesosilicates Sorosilicates

Phyllosilicates Tectosilicates

Cyclosilicates

Inosilicates(single chain)

Inosilicates(double chain)

Various tetrahedron in silicates/silica

Sapphire structure

Broadband Light Source Applications

OCT report, 2010

Therapeutic window: 600-1300 nm

- High-brightness emission- Tunable laserOCT

- High-brightness emission- Tunable laser- Amplifier

Optical comm. window: 1300-1600 nm

10

Historical Overview on Crystal Fiber

Red: threat Blue: chance

Year Milestone Remark1975 Crystal fiber growth invented by Bell Lab. Burrus and Stone, US patent 4,040,890

1981 LHPG at Stanford Byer and Fejer, US patent 4,421,721

1982 Corning achieved low-loss propagation in silica Crystal fiber’s future doomed?1987 Ion implantation, diffusion cladding NTT

1991 Cr:YAG developed Bulk form

1992 Key OCT patent filedSwanson, Huang, Fujimoto, et al,US patent 5,321,501

1996 Our group started LHPG @ NSYSU Nd:YAG

1998 Lucent (formerly Bell Lab.) invented water-free fiber Broadband gain medium is needed1998 NTT developed E-gun deposited cladding on Cr:YAG Large core

1998 Our group started Cr:YAG crystal fiber For fiber amplifier

2004 Co-drawing glass-cladding invented Optics Letters, 29, 439, 2004.

2005 First CDFA developed Optics Letters, 30, 129, 2005

2007 Sapphire-tube-assisted co-drawing LHPG invented Optics Express, 16, 12264, 2008.

2008 Low-threshold and efficient Cr:YAG laser demonstrated Optics Letters, 33, 2919, 2008.

11

LHPG Grown Oxides/Fluorides

Laser host Nonlinear Upconversion

Y3Al5O12YVO4YAlO3Al2O3GdVO4Mg2SiO4Y2SiO4

LiNbO3 LiTaO3Li2B4O7

LiLuF4

Y3Fe5O12

YCOBGdCOB

Magnetic

12

Crystal Fiber Applications

Crystal fiber

Broadband emission• Amp. spontaneous emission• Tunable laser• Broadband amplifier

High mechanical strength• High power laser• High temperature sensing• Nano probe tip

High nonlinearity• Second harmonic generation• CW Raman laser

200X

Moderate drawing speed• New crystal development• 3D PCF

LD array

Nd:YAG CF

PPLN CF

Laser-Heated Pedestal Growth

Symmetrically heated fiberMolten zone

Streamline and isotherm

- P. Y. Chen, et al., Journal of Applied Crystallography, 42, 553, 2009.- C. L. Chang, et al., Journal of Crystal Growth, 318, 674, 2011.

14

LHPG Grown Crystalline Fibers

Un-clad Cr:YAG crystalline fibers

0.25 mol.%

0.05 mol.%

0.5 mol.%

[111]

011_

110_

101_

T

Selected area electron diffraction

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.52 theta (deg.)

Nor

mal

ized

inte

nsity

(a.u

.) LHPG 400 micron

CZ 500 micron

X-Ray diffraction

15

Interdiffusion Process at the Core/Clad Interface

YAG[111]-Al2O3[013]

8.5 nm0.2395 nm

[311]

0.235 nm [311]

YAG[111]-Al2O3[013]

YAG[111]-Al2O3

12 nm0.229 nm [222]

YAG[111]

3 nm

0.235 nm [311]

-Al2O3[013]

YAG in fused silica capillary

- C. C. Lai, et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116, 26052, 2012.- C. C. Lai, et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 20289, 2011.- C. C. Lai, et al., Journal of Applied Physics, 108, 054308, 2010.

16

Glass-clad Crystalline Fiber

-Al2O3

TEM-BFI

SAED

1.15 nm

ĪĪ2

Ī0I

ĪI0

Ī2Ī

0ĪI

SAED pattern0IĪ

Cross section imageCore

Inner cladding

17

silica nano wire

light

tapered fiber

tapered fiber

Subwavelength-Diameter Silica Nanowire

sapphire taper

flame

silica wire

drawing

Nature, vol. 426, p. 816, Dec. 2003.

50-nm diameter 4-mm long

18

Sapphire-Tube-AssisitedCo-Drawing LHPG Growth System

Sapphiretube

Vacuumpump

CO2 laser

Powercontrol

Beamexpander

Growth chamber Microscope

1000:1 stepping motor

LabVIEW controlledLHPG system Growth chamber

19

Sapphire Tube Buffering

=19 m=31 m

CO2 donut beam

Sapphire tube

Fused silica tubeCr:YAG fiber

Side view

End view

=11 m

w/o sapphire tube w/ sapphire tube

=3 m=4 m

K. Y. Huang, et al., Optics Express, 16, 12264, 2008.

20

DCF Core UniformityReal-time analysis on the hot image

Adiabaticcriterion

2

)( 21 zd

d

0

5

10

15

20

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Fiber length (mm)

Cor

e di

amet

er (m

)

-0.50.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

an

-1(

/ m

) (de

g.)

1.

2. Correlation length analysis

0 10 20 30 40 50-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Tape

ring

angl

e (d

eg.)

Fiber length (mm)

w/o sapphire tube w/ sapphire tube

21

Strain Free Glass-Clad Crystal Fiber

0 20 40 60 80 100-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

Percent diameter (%)

Stra

in (%

)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

Cr 3+ fluorescence lifetim

e

0 20 40 60 80 100-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10


Stra

in (%

)

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

Cr 3+ fluorescence lifetim

e

[-211][-101]

600 650 700 750 800 8500.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Far-field Position 1 Position 2 Position 3

Wavelength (mn)

Cr3+

fluo

rres

cenc

e in

tens

ity (a

.u.)

4T2 → 4A2transition

R line (2E→4A2: 688.2nm) R-line sidebands

Anti-stokes

19-m core

14-m core

25-m core

11m core

19-m core

14-m core

25-m core

11m core

Strain profiles

22

Periodic Table of the Elements

Cr

Rare earth

Transition metal

Ti

Ce

Example: YAG Crystal as Ion Host

Site Local symmetry Frequent dopantA Dodecahedral site Yb3+, Ce3+, Nd3+, Er3+

B Octahedral site Cr3+

C Tetrahedral site Cr4+

Garnet structure (A3B2C3O12)projection along c-axix

Host ion Y3+(D) Al3+(T) Al3+(O)Site

symmetry D2 D2d

Dopant Å 1.159 0.53 0.675

Nd3+ (D) 1.249 +7.8%

Yb3+ (D) 1.125 -2.9%

Cr3+ (O) 0.755 +11.9%

Cr4+ (O) 0.69 +2.2%

Cr4+ (T) 0.55 +3.8%

Ca2+(D) 1.26 +8.7%

Mg2+(D) 1.03 -11.1%

Mg2+(T) 0.71 +34%

Mg2+(O) 0.86 +27.4%

Ce3+ (D) 1.283 +10.7%

Sm3+ (D) 1.219 +5.2%

Doping in YAG matrix

Lattice mismatch

A

B

C

24

Fluorescence and Refractive Index Mapping

Cr3+ fluorescence image

Cr4+ fluorescence image

CoreInner cladding

Outer cladding

30m

CoreInner cladding

Outer cladding

30m Average Cr3+ Average Cr4+ Index

Core 79% 94% 1.82Inner cladding 21% 6% 1.60~1.66

25

Impact of Ion Segregation

Cr3+ fluorescence distribution Cr4+ fluorescence distribution

J. C. Chen, et al, Journal of Crystal Growth, 274, 522, 2005.

26

Active Ion Control

CO2 laser beam

Cr,Ca:YAG

Molten zone

YAG crystal

CaO layer

Cr2O3 layer

Pull

Feed

Source material

Seed

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0 20 40 60 80 100


Cr 2

O3

conc

ent.

(wt.%

)

w/ Cr2O3 side depositionw/o Cr2O3 side deposition

Avg. Cr2O3=0.14 wt.%

Avg. Cr2O3=0.04 wt.%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0123456789

0

543

2

Abs

orpt

ion

coef

f. (c

m-1)

Cr4+ t

/Cr (

%)

Ca/Cr

w/o annealing w/ annealing at 1350oC

1

27

Defects in the DCF Core

stacking faults (#/cm2) w/o annealing w/ annealingCaO & Cr2O3 deposition 8x1015 1.1x1015

MgO, CaO & Cr2O3 deposition 3.5x1015 3.5x1015

x x x x

xxxx

x x x

xxxx

x

[111]

[111]1 nm

Raw HRTEM image Fourier filtered image

28

Cr4+:YAG Thermal Treatment

0

1E+17

2E+17

3E+17

4E+17

0 500 1000 1500Annealing temperature (oC)

Cr4+

(#/c

m3 )

0

2E+18

4E+18

6E+18

8E+18

1E+19

1.2E+19

Cr 3+ (#/cm

3)Cr4+Cr3+

0

1E+17

2E+17

3E+17

4E+17

5E+17

0 500 1000 1500Annealing temperature (oC)

Cr4+

(#/c

m3 )

01E+182E+183E+184E+185E+186E+187E+188E+189E+18

Cr 3+ (#/cm

3)

Cr4+Cr3+

N2 annealing O2 annealing

Ti:sapphire Thermal Treatment

29600 700 800 900 10000

2

4

6

8

10

Spe

ctra

l den

sity

(pW

/nm

)

Wavelength (nm)

00 hr x 10 06 hr 12 hr 18 hr 24 hr

x 10

H2(5%)/Ar

1600 ˚C furnace

150 sccm

Teflon plug

Al2O3 plug

Ti:sapphire ASE power

0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000

1

2

3

4

5

6

AS

E (m

W)

Pump (mW)

CoreGlass-clad

Ceramic-cladSingle clad Double clad

Crystalline Fiber Family

30

c-cut

a-cut

- S. C. Pei, et al., Journal of Applied Crystallography, 43, 48, 2010.- L. M. Lee, et al., Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 24, No. 8, 1909, 2007.

Crystal Fiber based Broadband Sources

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

11.1

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Nor

m. s

pect

ral d

ensi

ty (a

.u.)

Wavelength (nm)

Cr:YAGTi:sapphireCe:YAG Cr:forsteriteF-center:sapphire

- K. Y. Hsu, et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 24, 854, 2012.- K. Y. Hsu, et al., Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 28, 288, 2011.- Y. S. Lin, et al., IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 22, No. 20, 1494, 2010.- K. Y. Huang, et al., IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, 26, 1632 2008.- C. C. Lai, et al., Optics Express, 21, 14606, 2013.

32

Broadband and High Brightness Emission

Broadbandgain medium

Diodelaser

Emission

Disk Rod Fiber

Pump power

Emitt

ed p

ower

4π collection

Pump power

Emitt

ed p

ower

Outline




• Summary

34

Efficient Cr4+:YAG DCF Laser

Efficient CDFL for sweep source OCT

1415 1417 1419 1421 1423 1425

-70

-50

-30

-10

10

30

1420.27 nm

Spec

tral

den

sity

( dB

m/ 0

.08

nm)

Wavelength (nm)

~70 dB

1060 / 1550

coupler

Heat sinkTE cooler

818-IRPhoto detector

Cr:YAGDCF FL=10 mm

SMF LWP filter

HI 1060

Pump at1064 nm

OSA

35

Power Budget and Polarization

Quantum defect

Pump propagation

loss

Pump ESA

Pump mode mismatch

Signal propagation

loss

Signal ESA

Stimulated emission Total

25.1% 2.6% 3.9% 16.6% 1.8% 16.4% 33.6% 100%

A

B

C

YAG matrix

Lifetime Thermal Loading

36

0 100 200 300 4003.9

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

T: 9.1oC↑

Life

time

(s)

Pump (mW)

Bulk Crystal fiber

T: 1.7oC↑

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25e-7

e-6

e-5

e-4

e-3

e-2

e-1

e0

Nor

mal

ized

fluo

resc

ence

Time (s)

Measured Fitted

L4 L5

HWPCr4+:YAG

crystal fiber

LPF

PDL1

1064-nm LD

L2 L3

chopper

L = 4.4 cmcore = 19 μm

Fluorescence lifetime measurement Lifetime comparison

37

LHPG Grown Crystal Fiber Lasers

Active ion Local site in YAG Guiding Pth (mW) Slope

efficiency

Nd Dodecahedron Graded index 160 28.9%

YbDodecahedron Bulk 650 50.3%

--- Single clad 140 76.3%

Cr Tetrahedron Double clad 80 33.9%

1. C. C. Lai, C. P. Ke, S. K. Liu, D. Y. Jheng, D. J. Wang, M. Y. Chen, Y. S. Li, P. S. Yeh, and S. L. Huang,Opt. Lett., 36, 784, 2011.

2. C. C. Lai, K. Y. Huang, H. J. Tsai, K. Y. Hsu, S. K. Liu, C. T. Cheng, K. D. Ji, C. P. Ke, S. R. Lin, and S. L.Huang, Opt. Lett., 34, 2357, 2009.

3. C. C. Lai, H. J. Tsai, K. Y. Huang, K. Y. Hsu, Z. W. Lin, K. D. Ji, W. J. Zhuo, and S. L. Huang, Opt. Lett., 33,2919, 2008.

38

Nonlinear Crystal Fiber- LiNbO3

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Dom

ain

pitc

h (

m)

Fundamental wavelength m)

4851

5.7271

14551

5.7271

14551

14551

SHG by 1st QPM with 16.3 m pitch

SFG by 3rd order QPM with 16.3 m pitch ( 5.43 × 3 )

3rd order SFG

1st order SFG

1st order SHG

YX

Z

16.3-m-pitch PPLNCF

Cascade SHG (1st order)+SFG (3rd order)

39

In-Situ Poling Mechanism during LHPG

Para-electricphase

Curie isothermFreezing line

LN melt

Effective poling region

Solid liquid interface

x

x)dvxf

sin(2)21

WxX

rect(E(X)e

π

Seed

-Qu+Q

-Qd

X

-Qu+ -Qd+ Q=0

- -- ---

---- Z

Y

Cross section view

Z

Electrode Electrode

Molten zone phases

40

Tunable Blue/Green Emission by SHG+SFG

1455 nmpump source 16.3 m

PPLNCF

471.3 nm 476.7 nm 479.3 nm 482.7 nm 489.3 nm

493.0 nm 498.3 nm 502.7 nm 509.0 nm 515.0 nm

Tunable Blue/Green Laser

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

50 70 90 110 130 150Internal pump power (mW)

SHG

pow

er (m

W00.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.82

SHG

+SFG

pow

er (m

W

Raman Light Source Schemes

41

IC OC

Ramancrystal

IC OC

Lasercrystal

Q switch

pump Raman

pumpRaman

pump Raman

Ramancrystal

Ramancrystal

Ramancrystal fiber

Spon. Raman generation Resonant SRS

Intracavity spon. Raman generation Intracavity and resonant SRS

42

CW Raman Crystal Fiber Laser

I18oC

I16oC

I24oC

0 100 200 300 400 500 600048

121620242832

RCFL = 4.7%DCFL = 0.1%

RCFL = 11.7%DCFL = 3.3%

RCFL = 14.3%DCFL = 5.2%

T = 16 oC T = 18 oC T = 24 oC

Lase

r out

put p

ower

(mW

)

Incident LD pump power (mW)

1384 1388 1392 1412 1414 1416 1418-70-55-40-25-10

57 dB

1384 1388 1392 1412 1414 1416 1418-70-55-40-25-10

Pin = 326 mW Pin = 343 mW Pin = 393 mW


1384 1388 1392 1412 1414 1416 1418-70-55-40-25-10

Wavelength (nm)

37 dB

56 dB

1384 1388 1392 1412 1414 1416 1418-70-55-40-25-10



Spec

tral d

ensi

ty (

dBm

/ 0.

08 n

m)

AS Raman, RCFL Raman pump, DCFL

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

IC OCLD

C. C. Lai, et al., Applied Physics Letters, 100, 261101, 2012.

Outline




• Summary

44

Optical Fiber Amplifier Review

Comparison of fiber amplifiers

FluoridePDFA Fluoride

TDFA

FluorideHDFA

SilicaEDFATellurite

EDFA

Silic

a fib

er lo

ss (

dB/k

m)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 17000

10

20

30

40

Gai

n (d

B)

Wavelength (nm)

CDFA

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.71985

1990

1995

2000

2005TDFA-T

EDFA-T

EDFA-S

TDFA-S

EDFA-F

EDFA-S

EDFA-S

TDFA-F

TDFA-FPDFA-F

Year

Wavelength (m)

PDFA, TDFA, and EDFA denote Pr, Tm, and Er-doped FA.-F, -T, and -S, denote fluoride, tellurite, and silica doping.

Historical review

45

Fusion Splicing with SM Silica Fiber

0 pixels 510 pixelsElectrode

SMF

320-μm double cladding Cr:YAG fiber

Monitor area235 pixels

Before fusion After fusion

X direction

Y direction

Return loss measurement

Insertion+ prop. loss measurement

-3.4

-3.3

-3.2

-3.1

1450 1500 1550 1600 1650Wavelength (nm)

Tran

s. lo

ss (d

B)

-80-70-60-50-40-30-20-10

0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Position (mm)

Ret

urn

loss

(dB At face 1: -35.7 dB

Gross Gain Simulation

46

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 455

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Length (cm)

Ggr

oss (

dB)

20 m 11 m 14 m 19 m 25 m

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0Ggross= 27,73 dB, when forward ratio= 0.5 and L= 0.8 m

Length (m)

Forw

ard

ratio

5.1006.8738.64710.4212.1913.9715.7417.5119.2921.0622.8324.6126.3827.80

Cr:YAG DCFCore: 20 m

CDF length dependence Dual pump ratio

Single-mode crystal fiber is required to have high gain.

47

Mode Number Reduction

CO2 laser beam

Cr,Ca:YAG

Molten zone

Cr,Ca:YAG crystal

TiO2 layer

Pull

Feed

Source material

SeedRefractive index profile

- C. N. Tsai, et al., Journal of Crystal Growth, 310, 2774, 2008.- J. C. Chen, et al., Journal of Applied Physics, 99, 093113, 2006.

Glass Cladding of CF

Material CTE(10-6/K)

Thermal conductivity

(W/m/K)

YAG 7-8 13

Sapphire 5.0-6.6 25.12

Fused silica 0.55 1.38

PYREX 3.25 1.1

Aluminosilicate8252 4.6 1.1

N-SF57 8.5 0.99

N-LaSF9 7.4 0.79

N-LaSF41 6.2 0.79

1.72

1.77

1.82

1.87

1.92

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

Wavelength (μm)

Sapphire o-ray

Sapphire e-ray

YAG

N-SF57

N-LaSF9

Thermal propertyDispersion

Yb3+ Cr4+ Er3+Ce3+

49

Fine Tuning of Glass Index

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108-0.020

-0.015

-0.010

-0.005

0.000

0.005

Inde

x ch

ange

Annealing rate (oC/hr)

Index change

Tg-120

Time

T (C)Tg

25

60 C/Hr

14 C/Hr7 C/Hr

6 Hr

Annealing/cooling rate

End face image

1 5 0 2 0 0 2 5 0 3 0 0 3 5 01 .7 4

1 .7 6

1 .7 8

1 .8 0

1 .8 2

1 .8 4

1 .8 6N -S F 5 7c la d d in g

N -S F 5 7c la d d in g

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

P o s it io n (m )

Y A Gc o re

Index profile

780 nm 633 nm

Measurement Simulation532 nm

Few-Mode CF by High-Index Glass Clad

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

1.80

1.82

1.84

1.86

1.88

Wavelength (m)

Inde

x

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

NA

N-SF57 bulk

YAG

N-SF57 capillary

K. Y. Hsu, et al, Optical Materials Express, 3, No. 6, 813, 2013.

Few Mode YAG-DCF Using N-LaSF9

51

YAG/N-LaSF9/BS DCF

-100 -50 0 50 1001.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

Positsion (m)

Core

Inner cladding(N-LaSF9)

Outer cladding(Borosilicate)

1.79

1.80

1.80

1.81

1.81

1.82

1.82

1.83

1.83

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

Wavelength (μm)

YAG

N-SF57

N-LaSF9

N-LaSF9 dispersion

Few-Mode CF by Ceramic Clad

Single crystalline core

High purityceramic clad

Ceramic clad

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 600.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

2.4

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

Position (m)

Ceramiccladding

Ceramiccladding

Core

Refractive index profile

Take home message

-- Glass-clad crystalline fibers have been developed withvarious active ions, host crystals, and cladding materialfor broadband emission,

-- Glass-clad crystalline fibers have been shown advant-ageous on biomedical tomography, tunable laser andnonlinear wavelength conversion,

-- High power and high gain utilization of crystalline fiberswith clad pumping and single mode operation are under development.

Post docs.:

Ph.D. students:

Full time engineers:

Administration: Ya-Ting Hsu

Acknowledgment

-- Crystal fiber growth: Shih-Chang Wang-- 800-nm OCT system: Tuan-Shu Ho-- 1.4-μm OCT system: Yu-Ta Wang-- Tunable laser: Dong-Yo Jheng-- Image processing: Chia-Kai Chang-- Fiber based MOPA: Chun-Lin Chang (now postdoc at MIT)-- EUV based OCT: Yen-Yin Li

-- OCT on single cell: Nai-Chia Cheng-- Crystal fiber devices: Teng-I Yang-- Software development: Chien-Chen Huang-- Crystal fiber growth: Cyun-Ling Jian

-- Novel crystal fiber growth: Kuang-Yu Hsu-- Micro/Nano spectroscopy: Chien-Chih Lai (now with NDWU)-- High power fiber laser: Yin-Wen Lee (now with NTUT)-- OCT on dermatology: Chien-Chung Tsai

Vielen Dank fürIhre Aufmerksamkeit.

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