shelf-to-canyon sediment supply mechanisms in the gulf of lions and eel margins pere puig institut...

Shelf-to-canyon sediment supply Shelf-to-canyon sediment supply mechanisms in the Gulf of Lions and Eel mechanisms in the Gulf of Lions and Eel

marginsmarginsPere PuigPere Puig

Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC

With contributions from:

Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC

With contributions from:

ICM-CSIC: Albert Palanques, Jorge Guillén, Jacobo Martín, Marta Ribó

UB: Antoni Calafat, Joan Fabrés, Miquel Canals

CEFREM: Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Serge Heussner

UW: Andrea Ogston, Beth Mullenbach, Chuck Nittrouer, Dick Sternberg

ICM-CSIC: Albert Palanques, Jorge Guillén, Jacobo Martín, Marta Ribó

UB: Antoni Calafat, Joan Fabrés, Miquel Canals

CEFREM: Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Serge Heussner

UW: Andrea Ogston, Beth Mullenbach, Chuck Nittrouer, Dick Sternberg

3º 4º 5º

42º

43º

44º

50

500

Massif CentralAlps

Pyrenees

R hone

V idourle

HeraultO rb

Aude

Agly

Tet

Tech

SandM udFine M udR ocksR elict sed im ents

M odified from M onaco and A lo is i

Gulf of LionsGulf of Lions

Tramontane Wind

Mistral Wind

Llevant Wind

EuroSTRATAFORM monitoring EuroSTRATAFORM monitoring effortsefforts

•Along-marginAlong-margin •Shelf-to-canyonShelf-to-canyon

WinterWinter 2005 2005WinterWinter 2004 2004

3º 4º 5º

42º

43º 100

150200

500

1000

2000

2500

3º 4º 5º

42º

43º 100

150200

500

1000

2000

2500

Forcing Forcing conditionsconditions

Wave-stormsWave-storms & floods & floods Continuous northerly Continuous northerly windswinds

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0

5

10

15

20

25

R hone R iver d ischarge (m 3/s)

S ign ificant w ave he ight (m )

W ind speed (m /s)

4 Dec 21 Feb

WinterWinter 2005 2005WinterWinter 2004 2004

Canyon heads (winter 2004)Canyon heads (winter 2004)

PL

G R

PR

H E

AU

LD

C C

0

20

40

60

80

0

20

40

60

0

20

40

0

20

40

60

0

20

40

60

0

20

40

60

0

20

40

60

C urrent ve locity (cm /s)

111213141516

111213141516

1112131415

12131415

12131415

12131415

12131415 PL

G R

PR

H E

AU

LD

C C

Tem perature (ºC )

4 Dec

21 Feb

PL

G R

PR

H E

AU

LD

C C

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

700

5

100

50

5

100

5

100

50

5S SC (m g/l)

P L

G R

P RH EA U

LD

C C

5/11/03

3/12/03

31/12/03

28/1/04

25/2/04

24/3/04

21/4/04

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0C um ulative flux (Tm /m 2)up-canyon

dow n-canyon

4 Dec

21 Feb


> 68 mg/l

32129 7

1112

105

Net fluxes (mg/m2s)

Swath bathymetry conducted by Ifremer


Cap de Creus Canyon (winter 2005)Cap de Creus Canyon (winter 2005)

Upper canyon Upper canyon monitoringmonitoring

145 m

200 m

500 m

750 m

150200

500

50

100

3º 00 ' 3º 10 ' 3º 20 ' 3º 30 '42º 30 '

42º 20 '

42º 10 '

Cap de Creus

Swath bathymetry conducted by AOA, Fugro and UB

145 m200 m500 m750 m

Current speed (cm/s)

Temperature (ºC)

27/9/04

25/10/04

22/11/04

20/12/04

17/1/05

14/2/05

14/3/05

11/4/05

8

10

12

14

16

8

10

12

14

16

8

10

12

14

16

8

10

12

14

16

145 m

200 m

500 m

750 m

27/9/04

25/10/04

22/11/04

20/12/04

17/1/05

14/2/05

14/3/05

11/4/05

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

145 m

200 m

500 m

750 m


Cumulative flux (Tm/m2)SSC (mg/l)

27/9/04

25/10/04

22/11/04

20/12/0417/1/05

14/2/0514/3/05

11/4/05

-12

-11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

145 m

200 m

500 m

750 m

up-canyon

down-canyon

27/9/04

25/10/04

22/11/04

20/12/04

17/1/05

14/2/05

14/3/05

11/4/05

0

10

20

30

40

0

10

20

30

40

0

10

20

30

40

0

10

20

30

40

145 m

200 m

500 m

750 m(1 mab)


•Across-marginAcross-margin •Canyon head Canyon head monitoringmonitoring

Winter 2007- Winter 2007- PresentPresent

Winter 2006Winter 2006

3º 4º 5º

42º

43º 100

150200

500

1000

2000

2500

HERMES & HERMIONE monitoring effortsHERMES & HERMIONE monitoring efforts

3º 4º 5º

42º

43º 100

150200

500

1000

2000

2500

Rhone River

See Palanques et al. poster M-25

Time series (1)Time series (1)

2004 2005 2006 2007

0

2

4

6

Hs (

m)

0

4000

8000

12000

Dis

cha

rge

(m

3 /s)

10

12

14

16

Po

t. T

em

p. (

ºC)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sp

ee

d (

cm/s

)

0

20

40

60

80

SS

C (

mg

/l)

W aves

R hone R iver

C ap de C reus C anyon



> 68 mg/l

140 mg/l 175 mg/l

Time series (2)Time series (2)

2004 2005 2006 2007

0

2

4

6

Hs

(m)

10

12

14

16

Po

t. T

em

p. (

ºC)

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

Cu

mu

lativ

e f

lux

(Tm

/m2 )

0

20

40

60

80

SS

C (

mg

/l)

W aves




0.4

2.9

7.1

7.3

2.7

> 68 mg/l

140 mg/l 175 mg/l

Storm resuspension & cascading Storm resuspension & cascading advection (1) advection (1)

February 2007

2/15/072/16/07

2/17/072/18/07

2/19/072/20/07

2/21/07

S am pling days

0

40

80

120

160

2000

20

40

60

8012

12.4

12.8

13.2

13.6

140

1

2

3

4

5

S SC (m g/l)

C urrent speed (cm /s)

Tem perature (ºC )

S ignificant w ave height (m )

Storm resuspension & cascading Storm resuspension & cascading advection (2)advection (2)

January 2008

1/1/081/2/08

1/3/081/4/08

1/5/081/6/08

1/7/08

S am pling days

0

40

80

120

160

2000

20

40

60

8011.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

140

1

2

3

4

5

S SC (m g/l)

C urrent speed (cm /s)

Tem perature (ºC )

S ignificant w ave height (m )

41 º 00 '

40 º 50 '

40 º 40 '

40 º 30 '1 24 º 40 ' 1 24 º 30 ' 1 24 º 20 ' 1 24 º 10 '

700

50 20 1 0

S tudy area

Ee l C a ny on

H umb oldtB ay

Eel R iv er

M adR iv er

2

4

68

S 60

Eel marginEel margin

TRIPOD

MOORING

Shelf (S 60) time series Shelf (S 60) time series

10/22/9

910/2

9/99

11/5/9

911/1

2/99

11/19/9

911/2

6/99

12/3/9

912/1

0/99

12/17/9

912/2

4/99

12/31/9

91/7

/00

1/14/0

01/2

1/00

1/28/0

02/4

/00

2/11/0

02/1

8/00

2/25/0

03/3

/00

3/10/0

03/1

7/00

3/24/0

03/3

1/00

S am pling days

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0

20

40

60

80

100

E el R iver d ischarge (m 3/s)

S helf 30 cm ab SS C (g/l)

O rbita l ve locity at 60-m depth (cm /s)

S helf 100 cm ab SSC (g /l)

28 Oct

~ 8 g/l

Eel Canyon time series Eel Canyon time series

10/22/9

910/2

9/99

11/5/9

911/1

2/99

11/19/9

911/2

6/99

12/3/9

912/1

0/99

12/17/9

912/2

4/99

12/31/9

91/7

/00

1/14/0

01/2

1/00

1/28/0

02/4

/00

2/11/0

02/1

8/00

2/25/0

03/3

/00

3/10/0

03/1

7/00

3/24/0

03/3

1/00

S am pling days

0

20

40

60

0

10

20

30

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0

20

40

60

80

100

0255075

100

Eel R iver d ischarge (m 3/s)

C anyon near-bottom15 m ab SSC (m g/l)

O rbita l ve locity at 60-m depth (cm /s)

C anyon m id-w aters115 m ab S SC (m g/l)

Trip o d ca m e ra o p a city (1 2 0 -m d e p th )

28 Oct

108 mg/l

Storm resuspension at the canyon head Storm resuspension at the canyon head

10/26/9

9

10/27/9

9

10/28/9

9

10/29/9

9

10/30/9

9

10/31/9

9

11/1/9

9

S am pling days

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

200

400

600

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

C anyon near-bottom15 m ab SSC (m g/l)

C anyon m id-w aters115 m ab S SC (m g/l)

S helf (S60)1 m ab SSC (m g/l)

O rbita l ve locity at60-m depth (cm /s)

1/27/0

0

1/28/0

0

1/29/0

0

1/30/0

0

1/31/0

0

2/1/0

0

2/2/0

0

2/3/0

0

S am pling days

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

10 0

11 0

De

pth

(m

)

-4 0

-2 0

0

2 0

4 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

10 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

A D C P b a cksca tte r

A lo n g -ca n yo n (cm s -1)

C a m e ra o p a city

cu rre n t sp e e d (1 0 0 cm a b - 3 0 cm a b ) (cm s -1)

Orb ita l ve lo city (cm s -1)

u p -ca n yo n

d o wn -ca n yo n

1 0 0 cma b

3 0 cma b

6 0 -m d e p th

1 2 0 -m d e p th

W ind ve loc ity #46030 (m s -1)

Storm-induced sediment gravity flows (1) Storm-induced sediment gravity flows (1)

2/29/0

0

3/1/0

0

3/2/0

0

3/3/0

0

3/4/0

0

3/5/0

0

3/6/0

0

3/7/0

0S am pling days

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

10 0

11 0

De

pth

(m

)

-6 0

-4 0

-2 0

0

2 0

4 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

10 0

A D C P b a cksca tte r

A lo n g -ca n yo n (cm s -1)

C a m e ra o p a city

cu rre n t sp e e d (1 0 0 cm a b - 3 0 cm a b ) (cm s -1)

Orb ita l ve lo city (cm s -1)

W in d ve lo city (m s -1)

u p -ca n yo n

d o wn -ca n yo n

1 0 0 cma b

3 0 cma b

6 0 -m d e p th

1 2 0 -m d e p th

Storm-induced sediment gravity flows (2) Storm-induced sediment gravity flows (2)

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480

T im e (s)

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

117.5

118

118.5

119

119.5

120

120.5

100 cmab30 cmab

A long-canyon (cm s -1)

u p -ca n yo n

d o w n -ca n yo n

P ressure (dbar)

Wave-supported sediment gravity flowsWave-supported sediment gravity flows

P0

Pressure

WAVEINFILTRATIONPRESSURES

SHEAR INDUCEDEXCESS PORE

WATER PRESSURE

ZONE A

Highly disturbed,liquefied, transportable

ZONE B

Non liquefiableAdded stress may induce failure

LIQUEFACTIO

N CRITERIA

ZONE C

Pore water pressures from wave infiltration

ZONE D

No pore pressure response

Pen

etra

tion

belo

w s

eaflo

or0

0

From: Clukey et al. 1985. Geo-Marine Letters, 5: 177-183

Liquefaction by excess pore water pressureLiquefaction by excess pore water pressure

ConclusionsConclusions

• Contemporary shelf-to-canyon sediment supply in the studied margin is controlled by event-driven transport processes.

• Wave-storm resuspension events concurrent with dense shelf water cascading are the major contemporary shelf-to-canyon sediment transport mechanisms in the Gulf of Lions margin, while deep cascading events contribute to redistribute the sediment deposited in canyon head regions down to deeper parts of the margin (see Palanques et al. poster M-25).

• Wave-storm events are also the main shelf-to-canyon sediment transport process in the Eel margin, but the supply mechanism is controlled by wave-load sediment liquefaction at the shelf edge and upper canyon head regions.

• Contemporary shelf-to-canyon sediment supply in the studied margin is controlled by event-driven transport processes.

• Wave-storm resuspension events concurrent with dense shelf water cascading are the major contemporary shelf-to-canyon sediment transport mechanisms in the Gulf of Lions margin, while deep cascading events contribute to redistribute the sediment deposited in canyon head regions down to deeper parts of the margin (see Palanques et al. poster M-25).

• Wave-storm events are also the main shelf-to-canyon sediment transport process in the Eel margin, but the supply mechanism is controlled by wave-load sediment liquefaction at the shelf edge and upper canyon head regions.

shelf-to-canyon sediment supply mechanisms in the gulf of lions and eel margins pere puig institut...

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