sharevolution: overview of players of the collaborative economy

La Fing and OuiShare campaign

OVERVIEW OF PLAYERS OF thE COLLABORATIVE ECOnOmy

Design by Collectif Bam

La Fing is supported by its major partners


collaborative consumption

Is InCLudEd In just like: distributed production, crowdfunding, collaborative governance, ...

‘‘Collaborative consumption (or the sharing economy) is an economic model which encourages the use of ownership and allows you to optimise resources through the sharing,

bartering, reselling, renting, lending or gifting of goods and services.’’

Rachel Botsman (2010)

‘‘The sharing economy refers to economic practices and models which have been organisedthrough a network or user communities.’’

Ouishare (2012)

sHarinG economY


Act of consumption by a userBoth digital and non-digital practicessupply is offered (at least partially) by non-professionnals on-demand services will be included (even if it isn’t “sharing”)

nB: In principle, this definition excludes B2C systems such as Autolib, but for the sake of completeness, they will be repre-sented in another colour: red.

“Collaborative consumption (or the sharing economy) is an economic model which encourages the use of ownership and allows you to optimise resources through the sharing, bartering,

reselling, renting, lending or gifting of goods and services.“

Rachel Botsman (2010)

HYpotHesis oF sHarevolution’s proJect scope

shaREvolution has built on these definitions but defined a scope in their own study based on several theories:


4 main moDels

ProdUCT - ServiCeS(PRODUCt-SERVICE SYStEM)

rediSTribUTion P2P ServiCeS “On-DEMAnD”

LoCAL Co-oP SYSTeMS


These systems organise the transfer of ownership (or “re-use”) of goods between individuals whether the object has been (re)sold, swapped or given away, generally on a digital platform. It is the oldest collaborative consumption model which is based on “C2C” pioneers (eBay, Priceminister, followed by LeBonCoin) and classified ads websites (Craigslist, Freecycle)

nB: We can also include the P2P selling of “handmade” items (like Etsy) in this category

c2c re-selling of second-hand goods• generalist (e.g: LeBonCoin, eBay)• specialist (e.g: Videdressing,

monExTel)

c2c selling of “handmade” goods• e.g: Etsy, aLittlemarket

Giving away second-hand goods• e.g: Recupe.net, Freecycle

exchanging second-hand goods• generalist (e.g: myRecyclestuff)• specialist (e.g: Pretachanger)

reDistribution

material assets


These systems allow you to access a physical resource (property, vehicle, area) exchanged between individuals without a transfer of ownership (renting, loaning, sharing). The systems embody the famous adage “access over ownership” and are the P2P extension of a product-service system / access, which often tends to be found in B2C.

nB: some collaborative consumption definitions (which focus on “sharing” rather than “collaboration”) include the B2C mo-dels as presented below:

p2p renting of goods• generalist (e.g: Zilok, Placedelaloc)• specialist (e.g: Bricolib, RentezVous)

p2p lending of goods:• (e.g:shareVoisins, Peerby)

b2c renting (e.g: Pley, Kiloutou)b2c lending of goods (e.g: ToolPool)

p2p vehicles rentals• with exchange of keys (e.g: drivy)• with a box (e.g: Koolicar)• at airports (e.g: Flightcar,

EasyCarClub)

carsharing and bike sharing [b2c]

p2p accommodation rentals• P2P short-term rental (e.g: Airbnb)• Home exchange (e.g: GuestToGuest)• Couchsurfing (e.g: couchsurfing.org)

shared working space• Co-working spaces (e.g: Copass)• Office rental between companies

(e.g: BureauxAPartager)• meeting areas (e.g: Breather)

other types of spaces• P2P storage system (e.g: Jestocke)• P2P parking (e.g: JustPark)• Event spaces (e.g: snap Event)

mobilitY spaces / m2

proDuct - services

material assets


Here, the purpose of exchange is a service and no longer a material resource like the first two categories. Individuals who would like a service (transport, cleaning, dIy, dry cleaning etc.) are connected to others who are offering, in most cases, their “labour power “ via a mobile app. Excluding “experiences/lessons” and traditional carpooling (which involves sharing fees and optimising excess capacity), it’s a far cry from the “sharing economy” : it’s the “on-demand economy”.

Generalist (e.g: stootie, Taskrabbit)cleaning & maintenance (e.g: Helpling)Dry cleaning & laundry (e.g: Washio)petsitting (e.g: dogVacances)safety (e.g: musketeer)…

traditional carpooling• long distance (e.g: BlaBlaCar)• home to work (e.g: Idvroom,

Wedrive)

“real time” carpooling• P2P Taxi (e.g: uber, Private

Chauffeur)• “urban” ride-sharing (e.g: Lyft,

djump)

p2p coaching (e.g: Vint, Helparound)Doctors on-Demand (e.g: Tripmd)

p2p tour guides (e.g: Vayable)co-travelling (ex: Tripnco)one-to-one lessons (e.g: Livementor)

p2p delivery• urban areas (e.g: Instacart,

TokTokTok)• long distance (e.g: nimber,

mmmule)

p2p cooking and ready-made meals• takeaway (e.g: supermarmite)• meals-on-wheels (e.g: munchery)• on-demand chef (e.g: La Belle

Assiette)

p2p table d’hôte (e.g: eatwith, cookening)

SERVICES foR INDIVIDUALS

experiences & lessonsHealtH & WellbeinGLOGISTICS

FOOD SERVICES

p2p services (“On-dEmAnd sERVICEs”)

mobilitY


This final category, often overlooked in English writings, groups together local practices based on the co-operation or grouping together of members of a network. many of them involve “low digital participation”. They can particularly be found in short food supply chains, time banking etc.

co-housing (or housing co-ops)Flat sharing with like-minded people (e.g: auTroisieme)

«Farm-to-table» • AmAP, La Ruche Qui dit Oui• Food co-ops (e.g: La Louve)

p2p agriculture• urban agriculture, shared gardens,

...• shared vegetable patches (e.g:

Plantezcheznous)

renewable energy• P2P energy supply (e.g: Vandebron)• Crowdfunding of renewable energy

(e.g: Energie Partagée)

telecommunications• Wifi sharing (e.g: Wifis.org, Fon)• mesh network (e.g: Freifunk, Guifi,

Firechat)

local exchange trading systems (and alternatives)• Local Exchange Trading systems

(LETs)• Time Banking, Accorderies [mutual

exchange of services]• Reciprocal Knowledge Exchange

networksneighbourhood social network Peuplade, nextdoor, ma-Residence

HabitatFooD

local excHanGe

local co-op sYstems

Infrastructure


several players position themselves as third-party service providers in collaborative consumption, whether they are targeting individuals (to manage shared apartments) or the platforms themselves (as trust engines , payment gateways, logistics engines, or even as fully customisable marketplace platforms).

GuEsT mAnAGEmEnT

REPuTATIOn sysTEms

yIELd mAnAGEmEnT

mARKETPLACE PLATFORms

PAymEnT GATEWAys

VEHICLE FLEETs

LOyALTy PROGRAms

(cross-sectional) “enableRs “

services For users

tools For participants


Finally, collaborative consumption models also apply to a B2B logic of optimising excess capacity or accessing resources (property, merchandise, vehicles) or even swapping employees between companies for specific tasks.

b2b moDels

WorK spaces

tanGible assets

veHicles & loGistics

Human resources


services For inDiviDuals

mobilitYmiscellaneous

HealtH & WellbeinG local traDinG

Habitat

spaces / m2

reDistribution proDucts-services p2p services“On-dEmAnd”

local co-op sYstems

• C2C second-hand reselling• C2C “handmade” selling • Giving second-hand goods• Swapping second-hand goods

services for users• management of shared

assets and analytics (yield management)

• Loyalty programs

tools for those involved• Reputation systems• Payment gateways• marketplace platforms• Vehicle fleets

b2b collab consumption• Work spaces• Tangible asset optimisation• Vehicle & Logistics• Employee swapping (ex:

Flexojob)

• P2P object rentals• P2P lending• B2C renting• B2C lending

• P2P car rentals• Carsharing and bike sharing

p2p accommodation• P2P short-term rental• home exchange• Couchsurfing

sharing work spaces• Coworking• Office sharing other shared spaces

• traditional carpooling• P2P taxi (dynamic carpooling)

Generalist / Maintenance / Dry cleaning / Security / Animals

• P2P coaching• Doctors On-Demand

• LEtS and alternatives• neighbourhood Social network

• LEtS and alternatives• neighbourhood Social network

• Farm-to-table• P2P Agriculture

material GooDs

Logistics

• P2P courrier (urban area)• P2P long distance delivery

Infrastructure

• P2P courrier (urban area)• P2P long distance delivery

FOOD SERVICE

• P2P ready-made meals• P2P table d’hôte

experiences & lessons

• Collaborative tourism• P2P lessons (online/offline)

FooD


subscription

paY as You Go

service Fees

Freemium

resale

aDvertisinG

Donation/barterinG

FOR COLLABORATIVE COnsumPTIOn

economic/ revenue moDels


main criteria1. Macro Model (redistribution, product-service system, on-demand, local systems)2. Exchanged resources (material goods, spaces, ...)3. Means of exchange: monetary or not4. nature of offer : personal, professional, both5. Interface mainly digital or offline / local

seconDarY criteria6. Generalist or specialist/niche platform7. Platform’s economic model8. Type of critical mass needed (hyperlocal, local, national, worldwide)9. Exchanges between strangers/ ad hoc community/ acquaintances10. Importance of trust / perceived risk of the practice11. Creating a social link vs a transactional approach12. Type of social link / community (see Chronos study “communities manufactured from collabo-

rative services (2014)”)13. density of intermediation (e.g: profiles, moderation, online payments, insurance, customer ser-

vice, Premium features, hosting communities, …)14. Type of ownership, platform governance / value sharing15. sector in question: transport, tourism, delivery, industrial, …

The economic collaborative consumption models can be analysed according to a certain number of primary or secondary criteria.

GOING FURTHER

analYsis criteriaOF COLLABORATIVE COnsumPTIOn


mercHant non-mercHant

EXAmPLEs OF GOOds

P2P REnTInG

c2c sECOnd-HAnd REsALE

p2p lenDinG

excHanGinG seconD-HanD GooDs

b2c rentinG

c2c “HOmEmAdE sALEs”

b2c lenDinG

GivinG aWaY seconD-HanD GooDsre-Distribution

proDucts-services

CREdITs

Graphic design

ShaREvolution teamouishare :

Antonin Léonard, Arthur de Grave,Benjamin Tincq.

la Fing :marine Albarède, Véronique Routin,

Jacques-François marchandise, Pierre mallet.

Program led by

The shaREvolution team would like to thank its partners (Île de France, La Poste, AdEmE, nord Pas de Calais, Orange, Bouygues Immobilier, Bouygues Construction, Renault et EdF)

for their active participation in this venture.

La Fing is supported by its major partners

Pictogramsnoun Project

Thomas Le Bas - Iain Hector - Jon trillana - John Caserta Jane Pellicciotto - dan Hetteix - George Agpoon - Edward Boatman Chris

Kerr - Kaio Fialho - natalia Bourges - Edward Boatman

sharevolution: overview of players of the collaborative economy

Internet

secondhand goods e

handmade goods e

airports e

kiloutoub2c lending

ebay specialist e

myrecyclestuff specialist

placedelaloc specialist

gifting of goods