sharding
DESCRIPTION
MongoDB was designed for humongous amounts of data, with the ability to scale horizontally via sharding. In this session, we’ll look at MongoDB’s approach to partitioning data, and the architecture of a sharded system. We’ll walk you through configuration of a sharded system, and look at how data is balanced across servers and requests are routed.TRANSCRIPT
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Software Engineer, 10gen
Tyler Brock
Introduction to Sharding
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Agenda
• Scaling Data• MongoDB's Approach• Architecture• Configuration• Mechanics
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Scaling Data
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Examining Growth
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Examining Growth
• User Growth– 1995: 0.4% of the world’s population– Today: 30% of the world is online (~2.2B)– Emerging Markets & Mobile
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Examining Growth
• User Growth– 1995: 0.4% of the world’s population– Today: 30% of the world is online (~2.2B)– Emerging Markets & Mobile
• Data Set Growth– Facebook’s data set is around 100 petabytes– 4 billion photos taken in the last year (4x a decade ago)
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Working Set Exceeds Physical Memory
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Read/Write Throughput Exceeds I/O
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Vertical Scalability (Scale Up)
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Horizontal Scalability (Scale Out)
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Data Store Scalability
• Custom Hardware– Oracle
• Custom Software– Facebook + MySQL– Google
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Data Store Scalability Today
• MongoDB Auto-Sharding• A data store that is
– Free– Publicly available– Open Source (https://github.com/mongodb/mongo)– Horizontally scalable– Application independent
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MongoDB's Approach to Sharding
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Partitioning
• User defines shard key• Shard key defines range of data• Key space is like points on a line• Range is a segment of that line
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Data Distribution
• Initially 1 chunk• Default max chunk size: 64mb• MongoDB automatically splits & migrates chunks
when max reached
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Routing and Balancing
• Queries routed to specific shards
• MongoDB balances cluster• MongoDB migrates data to
new nodes
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MongoDB Auto-Sharding
• Minimal effort required– Same interface as single mongod
• Two steps– Enable Sharding for a database– Shard collection within database
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Architecture
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What is a Shard?
• Shard is a node of the cluster• Shard can be a single mongod or a replica set
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• Config Server– Stores cluster chunk ranges and locations– Can have only 1 or 3 (production must have 3)– Not a replica set
Meta Data Storage
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Routing and Managing Data
• Mongos– Acts as a router / balancer– No local data (persists to config database)– Can have 1 or many
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Sharding infrastructure
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Configuration
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Example Cluster
• Don’t use this setup in production!- Only one Config server (No Fault Tolerance)- Shard not in a replica set (Low Availability)- Only one mongos and shard (No Performance Improvement)
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Starting the Configuration Server
• mongod --configsvr• Starts a configuration server on the default port (27019)
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Start the mongos Router
• mongos --configdb <hostname>:27019• For 3 configuration servers:
mongos --configdb <host1>:<port1>,<host2>:<port2>,<host3>:<port3>
• This is always how to start a new mongos, even if the cluster is already running
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Start the shard database
• mongod --shardsvr• Starts a mongod with the default shard port (27018)• Shard is not yet connected to the rest of the cluster• Shard may have already been running in production
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Add the Shard
• On mongos: - sh.addShard(‘<host>:27018’)
• Adding a replica set:
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Verify that the shard was added
• db.runCommand({ listshards:1 }) { "shards" : ! [{"_id”: "shard0000”,"host”: ”<hostname>:27018” } ],
"ok" : 1 }
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Enabling Sharding
• Enable sharding on a database
sh.enableSharding(“<dbname>”)
• Shard a collection with the given key
sh.shardCollection(“<dbname>.people”,{“country”:1})
• Use a compound shard key to prevent duplicates
sh.shardCollection(“<dbname>.cars”,{“year”:1, ”uniqueid”:1})
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Tag Aware Sharding
• Tag aware sharding allows you to control the distribution of your data
• Tag a range of shard keys– sh.addTagRange(<collection>,<min>,<max>,<tag>)
• Tag a shard– sh.addShardTag(<shard>,<tag>)
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Mechanics
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Partitioning
• Remember it's based on ranges
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Chunk is a section of the entire range
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Chunk splitting
• A chunk is split once it exceeds the maximum size• There is no split point if all documents have the same shard key• Chunk split is a logical operation (no data is moved)
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Balancing
• Balancer is running on mongos• Once the difference in chunks between the most dense shard
and the least dense shard is above the migration threshold, a balancing round starts
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Acquiring the Balancer Lock
• The balancer on mongos takes out a “balancer lock”• To see the status of these locks:
use configdb.locks.find({ _id: “balancer” })
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Moving the chunk
• The mongos sends a moveChunk command to source shard• The source shard then notifies destination shard• Destination shard starts pulling documents from source shard
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Committing Migration
• When complete, destination shard updates config server- Provides new locations of the chunks
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Cleanup
• Source shard deletes moved data- Must wait for open cursors to either close or time out- NoTimeout cursors may prevent the release of the lock
• The mongos releases the balancer lock after old chunks are
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Routing Requests
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Cluster Request Routing
• Targeted Queries• Scatter Gather Queries• Scatter Gather Queries with Sort
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Cluster Request Routing: Targeted Query
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Routable request received
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Request routed to appropriate shard
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Shard returns results
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Mongos returns results to client
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Cluster Request Routing: Non-Targeted Query
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Non-Targeted Request Received
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Request sent to all shards
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Shards return results to mongos
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Mongos returns results to client
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Cluster Request Routing: Non-Targeted Query with Sort
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Non-Targeted request with sort received
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Request sent to all shards
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Query and sort performed locally
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Shards return results to mongos
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Mongos merges sorted results
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Mongos returns results to client
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Shard Key
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Shard Key
• Shard key is immutable• Shard key values are immutable• Shard key must be indexed• Shard key limited to 512 bytes in size• Shard key used to route queries
– Choose a field commonly used in queries
• Only shard key can be unique across shards– `_id ̀field is only unique within individual shard
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Shard Key Considerations
• Cardinality• Write Distribution• Query Isolation• Reliability• Index Locality
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Conclusion
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Read/Write Throughput Exceeds I/O
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Working Set Exceeds Physical Memory
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Sharding Enables Scale
• MongoDB’s Auto-Sharding– Easy to Configure– Consistent Interface– Free and Open Source
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• What’s next?– [ Insert Related Talks ]– [ Insert Upcoming Webinars ]– MongoDB User Group
• Resourceshttps://education.10gen.com/
http://www.10gen.com/presentations
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Software Engineer, 10gen
Tyler Brock
Thank You
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