76 OIItrtJirwof NGOi in "1I~rnltli()nall11ljJi~

arc aisc :Issuoling roles tradiciouaUy idcnriflcd with nariooal states, These'Xtj\'jriesarc made easier by the existence oflCOs..' As the vignette above makes clear, the (\'10 sets of crgenieuicns have grown rcgeiher to formuopcnanr components or dlt communiey of non-sene actors that in-habir Inrcmarional socieey alongside States.

This chapter examines the relationship between rwc SClS oftl':llUl11l0ona.laClOI"$-NGOs and (GO$. This rclaricrahip in some \V;l)'S

purallcls that between S«IitCS and NGOs, but it has its own characrceiseics as well. We examine the kinds of reiaricnships between the tWO

andconsider the benetics and issues NGOs and rGOs race when 0011:1,00'31- ing wnh each other, We pay particular auemicn to NCO inreraciions with the UN and the \'('orld 8ank. i not onl)' because they have beenwidd)' studied. but also because tbeydcmcnsicne the potential and limi-muons of NGO~IGO .(beioRs.

History of NGO-IGO Relations

Early Relations

ICOs are creatures or the rwemieeh century. While there were lnrcma-tional conferences before men, the idea of permanent intcmatlonalorganilarions created by stares, bill: fonna.lJy independent of them, did not gsln (urrency until me end of\'qorld War I or later. Pracrtcally ell of the 110 or so IGOs in existence today dare their foundations afccr1940.'

NGOs' interactions with IGOs began with relief cifons in Europedoting \Vorld War I ($IX Box 5-1). The League ofNarions. cseablished in 1919. provided a ~rmanent forum for communication bccweeu che two. Relief NGOs nod women's inremational org:ani1.:uions had informal relaricnships with the League (see Chapter 9). From the be-gil\ning. NGOs took on the roles outlined in Chaptc" 3. Tbe JeReand othet NCOs engaged in egenda setting on the question of refu-gees. asking che League Council to cake up the issue soon afier its founding. The League Council responded by appcinring a High Com- missioner for Russian Refugees in 1921.(0 \'<'omen's tights 018alli7..3-

(ions timed rheir international congresses with league acti v lues, in the process establjshing the technique or p:t(';lUciconferences widely

prsceiced by NGOs today (see Box 5-2),