Systems Overview

Process Technology

Broad Base. Best Solutions.

SGL Group is one of the leading manufacturers of carbon-based products and has the broadest product and technol-ogy portfolio, a global sales network and state-of-the-art production sites in Europe, North America and Asia.

Carbon has unique properties. It is indispensable in the production of steel, aluminum and solar energy systems. Carbon increases the performance of wind turbines and reduces the weight of airplanes, cars and sports equipment.

CCarbon substitutes other materials and contributes to a reduction in CO2 emissions.

Carbon is Future. SGL Group The Carbon Company.

The Business Unit Process Technology is a premium technology provider for chemical and related industry process systems, equipment and after sales services. Our focus are high-tech materials for demanding chemical applications. With smart and sustainable solutions for an in-creasing number of industry we give proof of our strong innovation culture.

Broad Base

Our range of materials: E graphiteE SiCE PTFEE reactive metalsE steel

Our range of services: E process designE engineeringE project managementE production and assemblyE commissioningE after sales services.

With 9 manufacturing sites in 8 countries and a continually growing worldwide sales and service network, we are always close to our customers.

Process Technology

3In a business that strongly depends on reliability we never compromise on quality and safety. Our products deliver dependable results; our services are fast and competent. The long-standing loyalty of our customers proves that we keep our promises on-time, on-spec, on-budget.

Tailor made, innovative solutions and an integrated approach on chemistry, materials, technology and design, ensure outstanding efficiency and improved customer value: higher yields, lower operating cost, lower service and maintenance cost, longer service intervals and less downtimes, and the extended product lifetime sum up to significant lower total cost of ownership and to a higher return on investment for our customers.

In all industries that deal with resource- and energy- consuming processes sustainability is of crucial importance. Based on innovative solutions, more than 60 % of our sales contribute to the saving of resources and energy and to the reduction of greenhouse gases.

Powered by our Broad Base of competencies, products and services, we offer Best Solutions to our customers. For the Business Unit Process Technology, those solutions are characterized by reliability, efficiency and sustainability.

Contents

Partnering with Our Customers 4

HCl Gas and Hydrochloric Acid

Absorption of HCl Gas 6

Production of HCl Gas 8

Evaporation and Concentration 10

Stripping Processes 12

Sulfuric Acid 14

Exhaust Gas 16

Characteristics 18

Quench Process and Recovery 19

Quality Management and After Sales Service 22

Process Technology Our Products 23

ReliaBiliTy. effiCienCy. SuSTainaBiliTy.

Best Solutions

E Reliability

E Efficiency

E Sustainability

4Partnering with Our Customersin the Pursuit of Success

As an experienced material and equipment supplier,SGL Group can rely on its wide-ranging expertiseto ensure the success of its customers. Moreover, the team spirit of our highly qualified,motivated workforce together with our worldwidenetwork of subsidiaries guarantee perfect solutionsfor our customers around the globe.Sustainable development is a key concept at SGLGroup. It is vital that our Systems and equipmentdesigners show respect for the environment, espe-cially in terms of energy consumption and use ofmaterials.

Our systems combined equipment for corrosive mediaWe offer customized Systems for your projects byusing our expertise in materials and equipmentmade from DIABON and LICUFLON, and combin-ing it with our process knowledge and value-added engineering.SGL Group can support you in the treatment of all corrosive media by drawing on its vast experi-ence in handling: Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Flue gas with corrosive constituents Acidic gases, e.g. from waste incinerationThese Systems rely on our decades of experiencein corrosion-resistant DIABON and LICUFLONequipment and material.

Our process equipmentSGL Group offers a wide range of innovativeproducts made from our superior materials DIABONand LICUFLON: Heat exchangers Quenchers Columns Vessels Synthesis units Burner systems Pumps

Our materialsOur expertise in corrosion protection helps us tocontinuously improve our superior materials: DIABON: its unique chemical and physical pro-

p erties open up a wide spectrum of applicationsfor the manufacture of our high-end equipment.

LICUFLON: PTFE-lined steel columns and vesselswith the lowest permeation rate available.

Our commitmentThroughout the world the chemical industry is comingunder the increasing pressures of competition andcosts. Long-term success in the face of this compe-tition will depend on the willingness of companiesto address these technological and economic challenges. As a supplier of state-of-the-art, com-mercially optimized Systems, SGL Group is yourideal partner to gain the decisive edge over yourcompetitors. SGL Group has a unique combinationof materials, products and expertise at its disposalto provide you with solutions for:

HCl gas and hydrochloric acid Absorption of HCl gas Production of HCl gas from hydrochloric acid Stripping processes Concentration of hydrochloric acid

Engineering systems, general plant layout and CAD plant design

5Sulfuric acid Dilution and concentration of H2SO4

Exhaust gas and flue gas Heat exchange (cooling/heating) Cleaning of flue gas Quench process and recovery of hydrochloric

acid

You in our focusWhen it comes to Systems our customers perceiveus as a reliable long-term partner and not just asupplier.Customer satisfaction is one of our most crucialgoals and success criteria. This means that weplace great emphasis on advising customers sothat they receive the product that meets their exactneeds.Systems are designed in accordance with theneeds of our customers. Thermal and mechanicaldetails are developed by our engineers using themost reliable and updated CAD and process simu-lation tools.

Advantageous Systems Customer-oriented approach Expertise in processes and their simulation Corrosion and design know-how

Pre-assembled skid-mounted unit; ready for use afterbeing connected to process plant

Tailored engineering and products Modular design for optimal flexibility Guaranteed performance Worldwide leading quality standards Most reliable operation Lowest life-cycle costs Highest safety standards

Our serviceWe are continuously working on improving ourproject and order processing strategies and meth-ods, focusing our attention on deadlines, qualityand costs to ensure increased customer satisfac-tion. Our supplies include: Project management Engineering

Corrosion expertiseProcessesEquipmentElectrical instrumentationPipingPlant design

MaterialsDIABONLICUFLONPOLYFLURONAll other necessary materials

DeliveryEquipmentElectrical instrumentationPipingSteel structureSkid-mounted Systems

ServicesConstruction supervisionCommissioning supervisionOperator trainingMaintenance trainingSpare partsRepairs

6HCl Gas and Hydrochloric AcidAbsorption of HCl Gas

Isothermal absorption systemwith block heat exchanger, scrubber, pumps and tank

The absorption of hydrogen chloride in water or dilute hydrochloric acid is a central operation inthe production of hydrochloric acid. This technique is often used for gases from HCl synthesis units Chemical production plants

(e.g. MDI/TDI or metallurgical processes) Waste incineration units.HCl gas is brought into contact with water. In well-designed processes, the absorption assures cleanflue gases and high HCl concentrations in the prod-uct acid. The absorption is a highly exothermicprocess which heats up gas and absorption liquid.Therefore, the absorption is often performed incombined equipment DIABON heat exchangersand DIABON columns. Depending on the HCl con-centration in the feed gas, the absorption is eitherisothermal or adiabatic.

Isothermal absorptionIsothermal absorption is more economic for higher-concentration HCl gases. Therefore, a water-cooled DIABON falling-film absorber is used forthe main absorption with simultaneous cooling ofthe produced hydrochloric acid. The falling-filmheat exchanger can be operated in a co-current orcounter-current mode. In co-current absorption,both liquid and gas are fed at the top of the heatexchanger. The acid solution and the gas with un-absorbed HCl leave the absorber at the bottom out-let. This gas is scrubbed in a downstream absorp-tion column. The weak acid leaving at the bottomis used as absorption liquid for the falling-film ab-sorber. An appropriate design with trays or packing ensures that the specified emission limits are met.

7Adiabatic absorptionAdiabatic absorption is normally applied for low-concentration HCl gases with constituents such assolvents that need to be vented.The HCl-containing gas is fed to the bottom of a DIABON/LICUFLON column, while the absorptionliquid is fed at the top. Gas and liquid flow arecounter-current to ensure optimum absorption. Theheight, diameter and internals are designed in such a way that the desired acid concentration is obtained and the purity of the vent gas is maxi-mized. The heat of absorption generates an ele-vated temperature of overheads and bottoms product, thus evaporating additional amounts ofwater. This water can be removed in a subsequentDIABON condenser. The hot acid stream is cooledin an integral or separate heat exchanger.

Capacity and available sizesOur Absorption Systems are proven solutions for a capacity of 0.5 to 400 t/d of 100% HCl per unit and for product concentrations in the range of25 to 38% HCl.

Tank

Pump

Hydrochloric acid

Isothermal absorber(can be combined with a quencher)

ScrubberAbsorption water

HCl gas

Vent gas

LICADIC

FIC

AIC

LIC

FIC

Inert gases

Cooler

CondenserCooling water

e.g. HCl 33%Hydrochloric acid,

HCl gas

Pump

Tank

Absorption column

Absorptionwater

Isothermal absorption of HCl gas

Adiabatic absorption of HCl gas

Many processes like the production of fumed silica(highly dispersed SiO2) with the intermediate product SiCl4 or the production of bisphenol re-quire HCl gas as feed. Beside the direct synthesisof HCl gas from H2 and Cl2, HCl gas can be pro-duced by distillation of hydrochloric acid solution.

Desorption HCl gas is produced by distillation of hydrochloricacid solution with a concentration of 25 35% un-der pressure. For this purpose, the HCl solution is fed at the topof a DIABON or LICUFLON column.

8

Production of HCl Gasfrom Hydrochloric Acid

To minimize the consumption of steam and coolingwater, the feed stream to the column is heated withhot, azeotropic acid in a DIABON plate heat ex-changer serving as an interchanger (recuperator).The heat supply to the column can be ensured byan integrated DIABON falling-film evaporator oran external DIABON reboiler. An HCl-rich gas is generated at the top of the column.

HCl plant with synthesis, stripping and evaporation units

9Water is removed from the gas stream, increasingthe concentration of the HCl gas in the first DIABON condenser and in subsequent DIABONgas coolers. After passing through a LICUFLONhigh-performance demister, a moisture content of5 10 ppm in the product gas can ultimately beachieved.The bottom product (azeotropic acid) has a con-centration between 16 and 20% HCl, dependingon process conditions. It can be fed back to the ab-sorption process and preheats the strong acid feedin the DIABON interchanger (recuperator).

LIC

LIC

Tank

TankForced-circulation evaporator

Pump, concentrated HCl Pump, azeotropic acid

Untreated gas containing HCl

Absorption waterAbsorption column

FIC

Steam

HCl gas

Demister

CoolerCondenser

Distillation column

Recuperator

Cooler

FIC

PIC

TIC

LIC

Vent gas

Production of HCl gas from hydrochloric acid byabsorption/desorption process

Advantages of our HCl distillation plants Production of highly pure, dry HCl gas with low

inert gas and moisture contents No compressor necessary for a pressure up to

6 bar g Gas pressure and temperature in accordance

with customers requirements Minimized consumption of steam and cooling

water by optimal design No risk of explosion

Capacity and available sizesDistillation Systems can be fabricated in all stan-dard sizes up to very large diameters. Distillationunits have proven references for capacities of 2 to200 t/d of 100% HCl per column.

10

Evaporation and Concentrationof Hydrochloric Acid

In industrial processes hydrochloric acid solutionsare often polluted or diluted. To re-concentratethese solutions, either simple evaporation or distil-lation can be used.

EvaporationOne of the major standard operations in environ-mental protection technology is the evaporation ofliquid wastes. DIABON heat exchangers are usedin the evaporation of dilute acids, aggressive fluegas scrubbing water, landfill leachates and indus-trial effluents.Evaporation Systems are used if salts or other high-boiling substances have to be removed from HClsolutions. HCl and water are evaporated. Thewaste products are retained in the concentrate.

Concentration Concentrated hydrochloric acid can be produced

from diluted solutions. These hydrochloric acidsolutions can be concentrated by distillation tothe azeotropic concentration (approx. 20%).

Even higher concentrations > 20% can be achie-ved by means of a1) Two-Pressure Distillation System, i.e. shift of

the azeotropic point by pressure change2) Extractive Distillation System, i.e. shift of the

azeotropic point by adding CaCl2, MgCl2 orH2SO4.

These processes can also beused to separate HCl solutions> 20 % into water and HClgas or highly concentratedHCl solutions.

Two-Pressure Distillation System HCl gas > 99% under pressure (up to 6 bar g) orconcentrated acid is produced by distillation of hydrochloric acid solution. The process uses thespecific properties of hydrochloric acid, i.e. theazeotropic concentration of hydrochloric acid isdependent on the pressure.In the low-pressure column (< 1 bar abs), water isremoved from the azeotropic effluent of the high-pressure column. This higher-concentration bottomproduct is fed to the high-pressure column (> 1 barabs), in which HCl gas is evaporated by an external DIABON reboiler (thermosyphon). Theproduced gas is subsequently dried in severaldownstream condensers and a high-performanceLICUFLON demister.To minimize the consumption of steam and coolingwater, the hot effluent from the high-pressure column heats up the cold azeotropic acid from thelow-pressure column (DIABON interchanger).Moreover, the vacuum column can also be heatedwith the hot vapors of the high-pressure column.

Extractive Distillation System (CaCl2, MgCl2 or H2SO4)CaCl2, MgCl2 or H2SO4 can be used to modify thechemical equilibrium in such a way as to enable selective distillation.

Comparison of Systems

Heating No specific No specific Slightly higherrequirement*) differences differences demand

Cooling Similar to Slightly higher Similar torequirement two-pressure demand CaCl2/MgCl2

Max. pressure 4 bar g 4 bar g Highest pressure

Extractive agent CaCl2/MgCl2 H2SO4 None

Process Crystallization H2SO4 corrosion Extended controla serious problem & instrumentation

CaCl2/MgCl2 H2SO4 extractive Two-pressureextractive distillation distillation distillation

*) for feed solution 18 % HCI, in/out 25C

11

LIC

LIC

TIC

FIC

FIC

PIC

TIC

LIC

Distillationcolumn

Steam-jet vacuum pump

CondenserHCI

Tank

TankNatural circulation evaporator

CaCl2 + H2O Concentrated CaCl2

Dilute acid, e.g. 10% HCl

Steam

H2O tovacuum pump

Demister

stage CaCl2 concentration

Recuperator

Cooler

Steam

Absorption water

Concentrated hydrochloric acid,e.g. 33%

Waste water

LIC

LIC

TIC

Tank

Tank Natural circulation evaporator

Concentrated HCl Azeotropic HCl

Dilute acid, e.g. HCl 10 % FIC

Steam

HCl gas

Demister

Condenser

column p>1bar Distillation

Recuperator

Cooler

FIC

PIC

TIC

LIC

column p

12

Stripping ProcessesPurification of Hydrochloric Acid

Stripping column in DIABON graphite for purification of hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid or chlorine are used in the pro-

duction of chlorinated organic chemicals likemethyl chloride. The hydrochloric acid by-productcan be contaminated with undesirable volatile constituents such as chlorine or chlorinated organicsubstances. These impurities have low boilingpoints and can be removed by stripping or rectifi-cation in a single process step.In this process, the feed stream enters at the top ofa DIABON or LICUFLON stripping column. Column internals ensure intensive contact betweenthe liquid and the upward-flowing stripping

medium. The temperature is often over 100C sothat DIABON rings or a graphite packing areused.As a result, low-boiling organic substances and asmall amount of hydrogen chloride are vaporized.The purified hydrochloric acid leaves the system atthe bottom of the column. The stripping medium isair, live steam or steam produced in an evapora-tor. Overhead vapors can be condensed with DIABON heat exchangers in order to separate recyclable liquid phases.

13

Capacity and available sizesOur stripping units operate successfully up to afeed stream of 300 t/h of hydrochloric acid.

Organic substancesUntreated acid

Recuperator

Condenser

Forced-circulation evaporator

Vent gas

Separator

Hydrochloric acid

Pump

FIC

LIC

LIC

TIC

Stripping column

Tank

Pump

Purified acid

HCl stripping process with steam stripping column for purification of hydrochloric acid

Blind flange of a LICUFLON

evaporation vessel

14

Sulfuric Acid Dilution and Concentration of H2SO4

Dilution of sulfuric acidIn many sectors of industry, there is a continuous demand for sulfuric acid: Chemical industry

(pigment, fertilizer, wholesale trade, etc.) Steel and metallurgical industry

(pickling, metal refining, etc.) Automotive industry (batteries)Concentrated, viscous sulfuric acid (98 99%) isproduced by sulfur burning. However, most tech-nical applications need diluted sulfuric acid. The sulfuric acid dilution process is very exother-mic. After dilution, the temperature can rise up to180C. Dilution is carried out in a DIABON orLICUFLON mixing device.The liquids are pumped by DIABON pumpsthrough a static mixer or a DIABON multi-passheat exchanger to ensure complete mixing.The dilution can be performed continuously seeflowchart or in a batch process.

Complete pre-assembled module for dilution of sulfuric acid and tempering ofelectroplating baths

TIC DIC

FIC

Dilute acidAcid coolerAcid mixer

Concentrated sulfuric acid

Dilution water

out

in

Cooling water

Sulfuric acid dilution system

Advantages Sulfuric Acid Dilution Systems with DIABON heat

exchangers produce a homogeneous acid of aconstant quality and temperature.

High safety standard

15

Concentration of sulfuric acidSulfuric acid is diluted in many industrial processessuch as gas drying. A concentration system is usedto minimize sulfuric acid waste or recycle concen-trated H2SO4.In graphite equipment, sulfuric acid can be concentrated up to about 80% in vacuum evapo-ration. At higher concentration and temperaturesover 170C, the sulfuric acid starts to oxidizegraphite and FLUROSIC silicon carbide can beused instead. The concentration process can be done in a loopwith natural or forced circulation. A DIABONpump feeds H2SO4 or forces the sulfuric acid

through a DIABON heat exchanger overheatingthe liquid. Vapor and liquid are separated in anevaporation chamber.Alternatively, a DIABON falling-film evaporatorcan be used. In this DIABON equipment, vaporand liquid separate in the bottom outlet chamberof the DIABON heat exchanger.The process is very energy-intensive. In order tosave energy, several evaporation stages at differ-ent pressure levels can be used. Two- and three-stage Concentration Systems can achieve 45% to65% lower steam consumption compared to a single-stage design.The optimum DIABON equipment maximizes energy efficiency, improves resource recovery andreduces waste.

Capacity and available sizesSulfuric Acid Dilution Systems have been built forcapacities ranging from 0.5 to 100 m3/h of dilutedH2SO4.

ConcentratedH2SO4

Tank

Tank

Steam

TIC

PIC

LIC

LIC

Condensate

Evaporator

H2SO4 feed

Condenser

Steam-jet vacuum pump

Single-stage sulfuric acid concentrationsystem for low flow rates

16

Exhaust Gasand Flue Gas

Exhaust gas treatmentDue to the aggressiveness of the substances involved, corrosion problems can occur in almostany process aimed at preventing pollutant emis-sions and recovering harmful substances from exhaust gases. By combining our expertise in thefield of exhaust gas cleaning and heat recoverywith our range of corrosion-resistant materials, wecan offer tailor-made engineering solutions foryour particular problem: Equipment and Systems for cooling and reheat -

ing flue gases DIABON cooler for very hot gas inlet tempe-

rature up to 1,000C for water-cooled heatexchangers.

Systems for recovering heat from the exhaust ga-ses of larger heating plants.See also our brochure DIABON Economizersfor Heat Recovery

Equipment and complete Systems for cleaninghydrogen halide-containing exhaust gases andrecovering hydrogen halides.

DIABON quenchers for cooling and DIABONabsorbers for subsequent absorption of pol-lutants from flue gases and exhaust gases.

Plant components and equipment for thermal decomposition of waste, including subsequentexhaust gas cleaning and recovery of acid components.

Flue gas heat exchangerDIABON modular heat exchangers for flue gastreatment are used in the power generation industryand in waste incineration in combination with wetscrubbing processes. In these processes, hot fluegases are cooled to condensation temperature ina DIABON heat exchanger, scrubbed, and then reheated in the same heat exchanger.Modular heat exchangers are operated asgas/gas heat exchangers or as condensers toachieve proper heat transfer and complete con-densation. The saturated flue gases can be cooledin the condensers below the dew point. DIABONis an optimum material for such applications, dueto its excellent thermal conductivity.The corrosive substances contained in the gases,such as HCl, HF, SO3, and other water-soluble substances, e.g. Hg, are absorbed in the con-densing water. As a result, the condensate is very corrosive. Since our DIABON heat exchangers areresistant to almost all concentrations of thesegaseous or condensed substances, there is no riskof corrosion at material temperatures up to 300C.Damage by pitting, crevice corrosion or stress- corrosion cracking is unknown with DIABON.

DIABON graphite compared to other materials

Higher temperature tolerance fluoropolymers (massive solid, coating, lining)

Diffusion is almost inexistent fluoropolymers (massive solid, coating, lining)

Small defects cause no failures fluoropolymers (coating, lining) or glass-lined materials

Lower brittleness and sensitivity to shocks glass and glass-lined materials

Almost universal corrosion resistance*) metals, fluoropolymer-lined steelglass, glass-lined materials

DIABON Compared to

*) See our brochure DIABON Graphite for Engineered Process Equipment

17

Specific performance requirements forheat exchangersFlue gas heat exchangers used in condensationprocesses are therefore classed as heavy-dutyequipment and have to meet very demanding requirements: A leak-tight design must be guaranteed even at

high temperatures. This requirement is criticalduring startup and shutdown, when the materialis subjected to additional stress and attack dueto thermal expansion and corrosive condensa-tes.

In the cooling of flue gases, condensation of sul-furic acid and hence severe corrosion can occurat temperatures of approx. 160C, resulting inthe destruction of non-resistant materials in theequipment.

In the temperature range in which water condenses, the HCl and HF gases present in theflue gases are absorbed as hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid respectively.

Combinations of the phenomena described above can occur during startup and shutdown ifall the temperature ranges are passed throughslowly and corrosive vapors flow through theheat exchanger.

Gas/gas heat exchanger of modular designfabricated with DIABON graphite

for cooling flue gas with fresh air

18

Characteristicsof Our DIABON Flue Gas Heat Exchangers

The sealing between tube and tube sheet must with-stand thermal stresses and also be resistant to hightemperatures and corrosion.This requirement is fully met by the DIABON joiningtechnique. As the tubes and tube sheets are madeof the same material, variations in temperaturehave no adverse consequences; no stresses due tothermal expansion arise. The tubes of DIABONheat exchangers are joined to both tube sheetswithout seals. The ends of the tubes, and the holesin the tube sheets, are conical in shape. These con-ical components are cemented together with an ad-hesive consisting of synthetic resin and DIABONcementing powder. The joint produced is gas-tightand used under normal conditions up to a materi-al temperature of approx. 200C. If specially im-pregnated material is used, service up to approx.300C is possible.

The combustion gases are passed through the in-side of the tubes. Owing to the high gas velocity,no dust deposition problems occur even if the elec-trostatic dust precipitator fails.The cleaned gases pass through the shell space ofthe heat exchanger. To ensure trouble-free opera-tion, the gases should be free from salt droplets.The steel structure is lined with a resistant material,which is selected according to the gas compositionand temperature.Experience shows that flue gas heat exchangersfabricated from DIABON ensure high operationalreliability and long service.

Gas/liquid heat exchanger ofmodular design in DIABON

graphite for the condensation offlue gas with cooling water

19

Quench Process and Recoveryof Hydrochloric Acid

Gases from incineration units often contain con-siderable amounts of hydrogen chloride and ele-mental chlorine. To facilitate the treatment of theseexhaust gases in downstream Systems, they mustbe reliably cooled to temperatures close to the saturation point (60 90C), either immediately after incineration, after heat recovery in a steamgenerator or after passing through a DIABON fluegas heat exchanger. In addition, recycling of theHCl gas as industrial-grade hydrochloric acid isdesirable. Finally, in order to meet the emission re-quirements, any Cl2 present in the flue gases mustalso be removed.

Systems made from DIABON graphite fully meetthese requirements. On its way to the stack, the gasflows through a DIABON pipe quencher, aDIABON or LICUFLON absorption column operatedwith fresh water, and finally through an alkalineabsorption unit for Cl2 removal, which is operatedwith water, NaOH and a reducing agent (e.g.Na2SO3).

LIC

Emergency waterAbsorption water

Flue gas containing HCI

Quencher

to stack

Alkaline absorption

FIC

FICFIC FIC

LIC

LIC

AIC

Hydrochloric acid

H2ONaOHreducing agent

Waste waterSalt solution

Absorption column

Quench process with recovery ofhydrochloric acid in an absorptioncolumn and removal of chlorine

20

In the DIABON quencher, the top-fed gas causesevaporation of the circulating liquid. Gas and liquid flow together through the quenching pipes,which allow the gases to be quickly and reliablycooled to temperatures close to the saturationpoint. The liquid is circulated by DIABON pumpsand can be cooled in a DIABON heat exchanger.This increases the HCl recovery rate if the temper-ature of the HCl solution is too high after the absorption stage.In the first absorption column, the HCl gases areabsorbed in counter-current by fresh water. Thiscolumn is usually operated at atmospheric pres-sure. The HCl solution is added to the circulatingquenching liquid. In the second absorption column(packed section), the inert gases are absorbed incounter-current by a mixture of water, NaOH anda reducing agent (e.g. Na2SO3).

The first absorption column ensures complete saturation of the gases after quenching and complete absorption of hydrochloric acid.

The quencher can be combined with a DIABONfalling-film absorber for removal of higher heatloads (high concentration of HCl in waste gas)or with a DIABON plate heat exchanger in thequencher circuit for lower heat loads.

In certain cases, high hydrochloric acid concen-trations can only be attained by means of an integral distillation stage.

In subsequent treatment stages, highly pure hydrochloric acid can be produced by removalof chlorine or metal salts.

DIABON quench processes for the recovery of hydrochloric acid can handle different loads regarding flow, concentrations and waste gas constituents. The processes comply with the requirements of all current international emissionregulations.

21

Capacity and available sizesQuenchers can be fabricated up to very large dia-meters. This enables very large flue gas flow rates(up to approx. 200,000 Nm3/h) to be treated in asingle unit. Depending on the chosen design (e.g. with or without a cooling ring), DIABONquenchers can be used at temperatures from 150up to 1,600C.The obtainable HCl concentration in the recoveredacid depends on the composition of the flue gas.Normal concentrations are 15 to 30%.

Flue gas scrubbing with DIABON

graphite pipe quencher (installedheight 1.3 m approx.) mounted on aco-current scrubber. Liquid feed: to

pipes at left, to cooling ring at top

22

Quality Management

Continuous quality assurance is an integral part of the SGL Group corporate philosophy. Our quality management system is certified in accordance with ISO 9001:2008. In order to guarantee consis tently high quality to our customers, we work according to a key performance indicator orientated quality management system.

Depending on specifications we are able to meet specific requirements like the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC Annex III, Module H/H1, AD 2000 Merkblatt N2 as well as ASME U Stamp, Section VIII, Part UIG.

Quality Management and After Sales Service

After Sales Services Anytime and Everywhere

We take care of our products during the entire operational lifetime. We aim to provide the best customer service anytime and everywhere.

E Maintenance genuine spare parts supply, failure analysis, repair, field service

E Fast emergency supportE Start-up assistanceE Consulting for continuous improvement

Our service specialists as well as our service centers work in a global network to support you best.

23

System SolutionsE Syntheses E Distillation and concentrationE PurificationE DilutionE AbsorptionE DesorptionE Thermal destruction and recyclingE Reactors and convertersE Heat storageE ...

After Sales ServicesE MaintenanceE Emergency supportE Start-up assistanceE ConsultingE ...

Equipment SolutionsE Graphite and SiC heat exchangers

shell & tube, block and plate typeE Columns and internals E VesselsE QuenchersE PumpsE Rupture discsE PTFE piping and bellowsE PTFE hoses E ...

Process Technology Our Products

Central and East Europe

SGL CARBON GmbHWerner-von-Siemens-Strae 1886405 Meitingen/GermanyPhone +49 8271 83-1564Fax +49 8271 83-2101manfredbirle.ptint@sglcarbon.de

South Europe, Middle East, Africa

SGL CARBON Technic S.A.S.18, Avenue Marcel Cachin38407 Saint Martin dHeres/FrancePhone +33 4 7625 9600Fax +33 4 7625 6277christianriedinger.ptint@fr.sglcarbon.de

Americas

SGL CARBON Technic, LLC 21945 Drake Road44149 Strongsville, Ohio/USAPhone +1 440 572-3600Fax +1 440 572-9570michaelcoscia.ptint@sglcarbon.com

Process Technology

SGL CARBON GmbH

Shnleinstrae 865201 Wiesbaden/Germanywww.sgl-processtechnology.com

www.sglgroup.com

registered trademark of SGL Group companies 04 2012/0 3N Printed in Germany

The data contained herein represent the current state of our product knowledge and are intended to provide general information on our products and their application spectra. In view of the variety and large number of application possibilities, these data should be regarded merely as general information that gives no guarantee of any specific properties and/or suitability of those products for any particular application. Consequently, when ordering a product, please contact us for specific information on the properties required for the application concerned. On request, our technical service will supply a profile of characteristics for your specific application requirements without delay.

Regional Sales & Service Center

Asia, Oceania

SGL CARBON Far East Ltd. Shanghai 1208, Shanghai Oriental Plaza31 Wujiang Road/ChinaPhone +86 21 5211 0333Fax +86 21 5211 0085 lancesmith.ptint@sglcarbon.com.cn

India

SGL CARBON India Pvt. Ltd.Plot No. E-100, MIDC RanjangaonVillage: Karegaon, Taluka: ShirurDist. Pune - 412 220/IndiaPhone +91 21 386 122-14

mkbanerjee.ptint@sglcarbon.in