SEX EDUCATION AND PREGNANCY IN TYPE 1 DIABETES

SANDY HOOPS, PA-C, CDE MARY VOELMLE, FNP, CDE

OBJECTIVES

• GROUP DISCUSSION OF CONTRACEPTIVE OPTIONS FOR THE PATIENT WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES

• GROUP DISCUSSION OF MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY IN THE PATIENT WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES

CASE 1

15 YEAR OLD with DM x 8 yrs

• Current A1C 11.8%

• MDI – GLARGINE and LISPRO

• Question for the day: “What should my friend use for birth control?”

Case 2

21 yr old female with DM x 8 yrs

• A:C Ratio 60 (<30 Normal) Tx Lisinopril 10mg QD• Background retinopathy• Smoking less than ½ ppd• LMP May 28, 2008 – 6 weeks gestation• MDI – GLARGINE and LISPRO• HbA1c: 9.2%

WHAT ADVISE DO YOU GIVE?

Case 1ISSUES TO DISCUSS WITH YOUR

ADOLESCENT PATIENT(SEXUALLY ACTIVE OR THINKING ABOUT IT)

• TIME = TRUST

• CONFIDENTIALITY

• OPTIONS

-Preconceptual Counseling

• CORRECT RESOURCES

• TROUBLE SHOOTING

Hormonal contraceptive

• Depo Provera - subQ

• Femcon FE

• Implanon

• Mirena IUS

• Plan B

• Seasonique

• Yaz 24/4

Non Hormonal Contraception

• IUD

• Diaphragm

• Cervical Cap

• Condom

• Vaginal Sponge

• Spermicides

• Abstinence

What to Recommend?

• Preconceptual Counseling

• Hormonal vs. Non-Hormonal

• Patient specific

• Hormonal – Lo dose estrogen

• Non-Hormonal – IUD, barrier method

• ALWAYS CONDOMS!!

Case 2 IMPROVE CONTROL NOW!

• Increase glucose testing to 10 x daily

• Consider CGM

• Quit smoking

• Add PNV

• Referral to perinatology

• Consider CSII

Results!

Planning Pregnancy

• HbA1c level < 6% provide significantly better glucose levels than those > 6% *

• Detection rate of hyper- and hypoglycemia higher in patients testing 10 or more times daily *

• Established pre-pregnancy DM control key

*Kerssen et al., Diabetologia, 2006, 49: 25-28.

Risk to Mom with Type I

• Hypoglycemia

• Urgent reduction in glucose variability – strict control initiated within 24-48 hrs of pos HCG

• Accelerated retinopathy

• PIH

• Preeclampsia

• Diabetic ketoacidosis

Risk Factor for Progression to PDR

1- Baseline retinopathy

2- Elevated HbA1c at conception

3- Rapid normalization of blood glucose

4- Duration of DM greater than 6 years

5- Proteinuria

Phelps et al. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104:1806-10.

Effect of Pregnancy on Microvascular Complications

• Pregnancy in Type I DM induces transient increase in the risk of retinopathy; increased ophthalmologic surveillance is needed during pregnancy and 1st yr postpartum.

• Long-term risk of progression of early retinopathy and albumin excretion do not appear to be increased in pregnancy

DCCT, Diabetes Care, 23 (8), August 2000

Risk to Infant of Diabetic Mothers

• Congenital malformations – occur during organogenesis – 7 weeks gestation

• Spontaneous abortion due to maternal hyperglycemia, vascular disease, uteroplacental insufficiency

• Congenital malformations 13% in women with diabetes vs 2% nondiabetic mothers

Jovanovic. Endocrinlogy Metab Clinic N America 35 92006) 97-97.

Pregnancy Goals• Hemoglobin A1C Goals: 5.0%-6.0%

Glucose Goals: Pre-meal/Fasting 60-99 mg/dl

1-hour or peak postprandial <129 mg/dlBedtime 100-130 mg/dl

Overall average: 110 mg/dl

• Seen in clinic bi-monthly/ monthly for diabetes management. • OB monthly to follow baby – perinatology referral if needed.• Retinal eye exam in each trimester.• 24 hr urine for protein excretion and creatinine 1st/3rd trimester.• TSH and Free T4 at first visit. Treat TSH >2.5• Most deliver by induction at 37-39 weeks gestation if lungs are

mature.

Insulin Adjustments During Pregnancy

• Intensification to insulin regime initially

• 9-12 weeks expect more frequent hypoglycemia

• 24-28 weeks initial insulin resistance

• Insulin dose 2-3 x starting dose by delivery

• Watch for undetermined hypoglycemia 36+ weeks to increase fetal monitoring

A1c levels during pregnancy

*p < 0.001 within groups from BL

6.80

5.89

7.05

6.416.46

5.95

5.82

5.73

5.95

6.26

6.11

6.19p < 0.03

p = 0.20

p = 0.15

p = 0.13

p = 0.09

p = 0.41

5.60

5.80

6.00

6.20

6.40

6.60

6.80

7.00

7.20

Baseline 3 M 4 M 5 M 6 M 7 M

Gestational Month

A1c

%

Comparison

RTCGM group

Voelmle---Garg: Diabetes, 57, 2008

% RTCGM% RTCGM glucose readings at baseline glucose readings at baseline and 3 months with A1c Reductionand 3 months with A1c Reduction

Baseline

46%

8%

46%

BTR WTR ATR

3 Months after Sensor Start

45%47%

8%

Voelmle---Garg: Diabetes, 57, 2008

ConclusionsConclusions Pregnancy is a motivator in itself to encourage optimal glucose Pregnancy is a motivator in itself to encourage optimal glucose

control, yet tools such as RTCGM allow more patient awareness of control, yet tools such as RTCGM allow more patient awareness of continuous glucose level changes. This addition to SMBG may continuous glucose level changes. This addition to SMBG may allow the patient to make more informed decisions about insulin allow the patient to make more informed decisions about insulin therapy. A significantly lower A1c at 7 months of gestation leads therapy. A significantly lower A1c at 7 months of gestation leads us to believe that A1c reduction was significant at delivery and us to believe that A1c reduction was significant at delivery and therefore indicative of superior glucose control. Severe therefore indicative of superior glucose control. Severe hypoglycemia is a risk of obtaining and maintaining near normal hypoglycemia is a risk of obtaining and maintaining near normal A1c’s. Women who are pregnant need to have additional tools A1c’s. Women who are pregnant need to have additional tools available at their disposal to help them detect glucoses values available at their disposal to help them detect glucoses values below target range (<60 mg/dl) and avoid dangerous outcomes. below target range (<60 mg/dl) and avoid dangerous outcomes.

We conclude the use of RTCGM in pregnancy with diabetes may We conclude the use of RTCGM in pregnancy with diabetes may improve metabolic control throughout gestation. Pregnancy is improve metabolic control throughout gestation. Pregnancy is clearly a motivating factor for women to reduce their A1c values, clearly a motivating factor for women to reduce their A1c values, yet as pregnancy progresses RTCGM has the ability to maintain yet as pregnancy progresses RTCGM has the ability to maintain that reduction in A1c better than SMBG alone. Severe that reduction in A1c better than SMBG alone. Severe hypoglycemia can be avoided if patients are given tools to help hypoglycemia can be avoided if patients are given tools to help detect glucoses in a low range. This pilot study supports the need detect glucoses in a low range. This pilot study supports the need for larger, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the significance for larger, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the significance and clinical implications of RTCGM in the management of pregnant and clinical implications of RTCGM in the management of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.women with type 1 diabetes. Voelmle---Garg: Diabetes, 57, 2008

THANK YOU!

QUESTIONS/COMMENTS?

THANK YOU!

QUESTIONS/COMMENTS?

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