Seven Lakes in San Pablo City :

Research Updates

Perez, T., Claveria, R., Dayrit, F., Espiritu, E.

Unson, R. and Favis, A.

Department of Environmental Science

Ateneo de Manila University

Lake Location

(Barangay)

Coordinates Area (ha) Depth

(meters)

Bunot Concepcion 14.083 0N 121.343 0E 30.5 23

Calibato Sto. Angel 14.105 0N 121.377 0E 42 135

Pandin San Lorenzo 14.116 0N 121.367 0E 20.5 63

Yambo San Lorenzo 14.121 0N 121.365 0E 28.5 n/a

Palacpaquen San

Buenaventura

14.111 0N 121.338 0E 43 7.5

Mohicap Santa

Catalina

14.126 0N 121.334 0E 14.5 n/a

Sampaloc Poblacion 14.079 0N 121.33 0E 104 27

The Seven Lakes

A common

resource

for the lake shore

community

Impacts of Aquaculture and increased

population along the lake shore

Chironomidae (midge larvae) Tipulidae (cranefly)

Ceratopogonidae(biting midge)Stratiomyidae

Culicidae(mosquito)

Dixidae (dixidmidge)

Chironomidae (midge larvae) Tipulidae (cranefly)

Ceratopogonidae(biting midge)Stratiomyidae

Culicidae(mosquito)

Dixidae (dixidmidge)

San Pablo City, Philippines

Study Area:

•Lake Mohicap

•Lake Sampaloc

•Lake Calibato

•Lake Palaqpaquen

•City District

•Adjoining wells,

springs and rivers

Research Areas Water Quality

Assessment

Physico-Chemical

Parameters

Biological Indicators

Sediment Analysis

Nutrient

Availability/Dispersion

Coliform Contamination

Soil Analysis

Primary Production

Water Resource Mapping

Aquaculture

A study was made to

investigate the composition of

the macroinvertebrates in

Lake Palacpaquen.

A study was made to provide

baseline data on the primary

productivity and nutrient

availability of Lake

Palacpaquen.

A study was made to assess

the physico-chemical

characteristics of the lake

sediments of Palacpaquin

Lake and adjoining rivers.

Lake

Palacpaquen

Lake

Mohicap,

Calibato and

Sampaloc

determined the extent of fecal

waste present and the quality and

safety of the water from selected

springs for human consumption.

identified the phytoplankton and

macrobenthic invertebrates

used a geochemical approach in

examining the ecological and

geographical changes of the lakes

characterized the soils in the area

surrounding the seven lakes of

San Pablo

determined the physico-chemical

characteristics, nutrient

concentrations and metals

content of the lakes

Connecting

springs, rivers

and surrounding

soil

assessed the impacts of

anthropogenic activities to the

water resources of San Pablo City

and its vicinities

Monitored and assessed the

microbiological water quality of

selected springs and a well by

detecting its coliform content

using the Most Probable Number

(MPN)

generated geo-physical and geo-

chemical distribution maps of the

grain size analysis, sulfate and

organic carbon concentrations in

sediments in selected San Pablo

lakes and their adjoining rivers.

Geo-chemical Distribution of

Sulfates in Selected Lakes

and Rivers of San Pablo,

Laguna

sulfates

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

center a center b inlet a inlet b littoral a littoral b outlet

site

pp

m

phosphates

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

center a center b inlet a inlet b littoral a littoral b outlet

site

pp

m

Comparison of sulfate concentrations

among the selected sampling sites in and

around Palacpaquin Lake

Comparison of phosphate concentrations

among the selected sampling sites in and

around Palacpaquin Lake

Conclusion

• lake and river sediments are generally

coarse grained and are moderately or poorly

sorted

• sulfates increase with decreasing grain size

• anthropogenic contributions of sulfates to

lake and river systems

– Calibato Lake is the least influenced

– Lake Mohicap - the more high-impact lake

– Lakes Palacpaquen and Sampaloc are the most

affected

Conclusion

• percent organic carbon is generally low

• no correlation between sulfates and

percent organic carbon was observed.

An Assessment of the Benthic

Community Structure:

Implications on the Water

Quality of Lake Palacpaquen,

San Pablo City, Philippines

•Lake is possibly affected

by organic pollution.

•In situ water quality

parameters had low

correlations with biotic

indices but they contribute

to physical characteristics of

habitat together with the

substrata.

Conclusion

•Substrate composition at different points in the lake

varied in type and sizes, from large organic debris

to finer particles.

•BBI: Lake is moderately polluted to lightly polluted.

•FBI: substantial pollution is likely; water quality is

fairly poor.

Conclusion

Determining Macrophyte Primary

Production and Nutrient

Availability in Lake Palacpaquen,

San Pablo City, Laguna

• Lake Palacpaquen is suitable as a Class C water

for aquaculture purposes

• Lake Palacpaquen is also polluted in terms of

PO43- concentration, making it susceptible to

eutrophication and algal blooms that could pose a

threat to primary production and in the aquaculture

industry in the long run.

Conclusion

Morphometry and Sedimentation of

Palacpaquen Lake, San Pablo City,

Laguna, Philippines

Gil Arsenic J. Severino

March 2007

Bathymetric Map

Bathymetric Map of Palacpaquen Lake

N

Figure 7. Wire-frame map of Palacpaquen Lake and vicinities

• Based on satellite images (Google Earth,

2003), the estimated radius of the lake’s

surface is about 408.54 m

Figure 8. Google Image

Morphometry and Sedimentation

Rate

Assessment of Coliform

Contamination in

Selected Springs and a

Well found in San Pablo

City, Laguna

• Most of the springs are highly contaminated with

total and fecal coliforms except for the Mohicap

spring

•The MPN/100 ml values for all springs and the well

exceed the standard set by the Department of

Health and Department of Environment and Natural

Resources which is 0 or < 2 MPN/100 ml

Conclusion

• Nearly all the water samples tested were nonpotable

• Total and fecal coliform contamination vary one way

or another due to the varying hydrogeological

properties of the area and the capacity of overlying

soil strata to disperse or eliminate possible coliform

contaminants.

Conclusion

The Physico-Chemical Characterization

of sediments in Palacpaquin Lake and

adjoining River Systems, San Pablo,

Laguna

• Sediment samples from the center of the lake show

highest nutrient concentration in all of the analyses

done

• The general variability of nutrient concentration

could be attributed mainly to anthropogenic activities

within and around the Palacpaquin Lake. These

activities range from domestic to aquaculture.

Conclusion

Assessing the Effects of

Anthropogenic Activities to the

Hydrology of San Pablo:

Implications to Water Resources

• Built up areas in San Pablo consisting mainly of

residential and commercial areas are concentrated

around Sampaloc Lake

Sampaloc Lake is the most vulnerable to

anthropogenic impacts compared to the other

lakes in the city.

Conclusion

• There is a fairly sufficient water supply in San Pablo

as shown by the presence of several springs and

other surface water bodies in the city and its geology

San Pablo’s main concern would be the

consequences of anthropogenic activities to the

quality of its water resources

Conclusion

• Anthropogenic activities characterized by land

transformations and aquaculture will have devastating

impacts on the surface and groundwater systems of

San Pablo unless proper land and water resource

planning and management are implemented

Conclusion

An Assessment of the Coliform

Contamination in the Sampaloc,

Mohicap and Calibato Lake

Waters and Selected Springs

• The three lakes and the springs were found to be

positive of fecal contamination

•Sampaloc Lake has the highest average

concentration, followed by Mohicap and then

Calibato

•Concentrations in the peripheries were also noted

to be higher than those in the center for Mohicap

and Calibato

•The results indicate that the lakes are Class C

water bodies

Conclusion

An Assessment on the Phytoplankton

and Macrobenthic Organisms as

Biological Indicators in Calibato,

Mohicap and Sampaloc Lakes

• The presence of more phytoplanktons in cooler

months is detrimental to the fishes in all three lakes

as this suggests algal blooms which would result to

fish kill

• The Belgian Biotic Index indicated that all three

lakes are polluted

Conclusion

• The results for this study recommends the

fishermen to harvest before cold months or to

minimize their inputs during cold months because it is

during these months, fishkills are likely to occur

Recommendation

Nutrient Dispersion Patterns in

Drainage and Lake Sediments: A Study

of Sourcing for Selected Lakes in

San Pablo, Laguna

•Mohicap Lake seems to be the more high-impact

lake than Calibato, with Sampaloc Lake being the

most utilized

•High sulfate values are indicative of high

anthropogenic influence on these lakes, including

inlets, littoral zones and outlets

Conclusion

• It is important to pay attention to the particular

sources of nutrients in the inlets or springs of the

lakes. Knowledge of these would help minimize

nutrient pollution and facilitate management of the

lakes.

Recommendation

A geo-physical and geo-

chemical assessment of soils

surrounding selected lakes of

San Pablo, Laguna

A Comparative Study of the

Effectiveness of Commercial

and Farm-made Feeds

on the Growth of Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus)

Camille Jaojoco Villasin

BS Environmental Science 2007

Monitoring of Tilapia Growth

• 2x a week for the first weeks of the study, once a week in the last 4 weeks

• 5 fishes per tank randomly selected

• weight - kitchen weighing scale.

• width and length

A Comparative Study of the

Effectiveness of Commercial and

Farm-made Feeds on the Growth

of Tilapia Camille Jaojoco Villasin

Economic Assessment

total feed

weight, kg

cost per kg,

Php

total cost,

Php

Farm – made

Commercial

2.89

2.89

17.00

22.00

49.13

63.59

Economic Assessment during the 56-day feeding period

Nutrient Dispersion Patterns in

Drainage and Lake Sediments:

A Study of Sourcing for Selected

Lakes in San Pablo

Benica Joy D. Pasaporte

Sampaloc Dispersion Pattern Sampaloc concentration in selected sites,

July31, 2003

-30

20

70

120

170

sites

co

ncen

trati

on

%OM 0.88215 5.6228 0.72083

phosphates 0.3283 0.6359 0.3329

sulfates 171.88 169.48 135.38

spring1 litt2 out1

Sampaloc concentration in selected sites, dec8

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

90

sites

co

ncen

trati

on

%OM 4.4369 2.747 0.7459

phosphates 0.5604 0.7996 0.7002

sulfates 91.321 100 79.855

spring 1 litt2 out1

•The nutrient concentrations in the soil, specifically

organic carbon, phosphate and sulfate, are influenced

by the topographic and vegetative features of the

site’s surroundings

•The pH measured from the samples suggest that the

soils in the area are highly suitable for agricultural

utilization

•Anthropogenic influences, such as agriculture and

domestic activities, are also factors in the dispersion

of soil nutrients in the vicinities of the lakes

Conclusion

Proponent:

Diane Marie R. Campañano

An Assessment on the

Phytoplankton and

Macrobenthic Organisms as

Biological Indicators on

selected sites in Mohicap,

Calibato and Sampaloc

Lakes

Methodology

Phytoplanktons

Sampling Site

Sampling Stations

Sampling Procedures

Processing of Samples

Analysis

Table 15. Summary Report on Cell Densities in all three lakes

Sampling Area Mohicap Calibato Sampaloc

Sampling Site Periphery Center Periphery Center Periphery Center

Date of Sampling

31-

J

u

l

29-

O

c

t

31-

J

u

l

29-

O

c

t

29-

O

c

t

8-

D

e

c

29-

O

c

t

8-

D

e

c

31-

J

u

l

8-

D

e

c

31-

J

u

l

8-

D

e

c

Phytoplanktons Cell Density (cells/100mL)

Anacystis sp. 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

Aulocoseira sp. 4 27 8 1 7 7 15 16 1 11 0 7

Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck 10 55 5 3 1 5 13 4 5 4 11 7

Chlorococcum humicola 2 11 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 4

Closterium setaceum 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 1

Coelastrum sphericum Nageli 0 4 1 0 0 10 8 1 0 3 2 2

Eurastrum sp. 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 1

Merismopoedia sp. 7 38 7 6 4 10 6 8 9 10 4 7

Microcystis sp. 1 10 2 4 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3

Nostoc sp. 1 10 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

Oscillatora angusta 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 1

Oscillatora terebriformis 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2

Palmella miniata L. 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4

Pediastrum sp. 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 1

Planktosphaeria gelatinosa G. M. Smith 1 5 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 4

Scendesmus dimorphus 1 4 1 3 0 2 0 0 1 1 2 0

Scenedsmus quadricauda 4 18 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

Sphaerocystis schroeteri 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 4

Stepanodiscus sp. 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 1

Straurastrum leptcladium or

Arthrosdemus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 12 4 2

Synedra putchelia 2 10 4 3 1 1 1 2 0 4 7 1

Tetraspora cylindrica 1 6 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 5

Sampling Area Mohicap Lake Sampaloc Lake Calibato Lake

Sampling Date 31-Jul-03 29-Oct-03 31-Jul-03 8-Dec-03 29-Oct-03 8-Dec-03

TAXA

Mollusca

Lymnaea 2 3 3 1 2

Tarebia 2 1

Somatogyrus 4 3

Pleurocera 2 3 4

Goniobasis 2

Fluminicola 2 2

Promenetus 2 4 2

Bulimus 2

Gillia 2

Plaudestrina 2

Physa 2 2 2

Plegiola 2 1

Chironomidae

Diptera 2 2

Total Number of S.U. 2 4 11 5 1 2

Biotic Index 3 4 5 4 3 4

Significance Heavily Heavily Moderately Heavily Heavily Heavily

Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted Polluted

Table 16. Summary Report on the Biotic Index for Macrobenthic Organisms

An Assesment of the Coliform

Contamination in the

Sampaloc, Mohicap and

Calibato Lake Waters and

selected Springs

By Marvin R. Rebosura

February 2004

94

6 7

22819

20

1 25

21

3

15

1617

18

1314

10

11

12

Lake Mohicap

Lake Sampaloc Lake Calibato

San Pablo City

Calibato Sites

1-periphery A

5-periphery B

2-Center

5-Spring

Mojicap Sites

7-periphery A

19-periphery B

6-Center

22-Spring

Sampaloc Sites

17-periphery A

11-periphery B

18-Center

16-Spring

DENR standards for Coliforms Concentrations

Parameter Unit Class AA Class A Class B Class C Class D

Total

Coliforms

MPN/100

mL

50 1000 1000 5000 --

Fecal

Coliforms

MPN/100

mL

20 100 200 -- --

Total Coliforms

Total Coliforms

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

31-Jul-03 29-Oct-03 8-Dec-03

Sampling Dates

MP

N V

alu

e

Sampaloc

Center

Sampaloc

Periphery

Mojicap

Center

Mojicap

Periphery

Calibato

Center

Calibato

periphery

Spring Fecal Coliforms

Fecal Coliforms

36

14

140

79

122

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

31-Jul-03 29-Oct-03 8-Dec-03

Sampling Dates

MP

N V

alu

e

Sampaloc

Spring

Mojicap

Spring

Calibato

Spring

A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of

Commercial and Farm-made Feeds

on the Growth of Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus)

Conclusion

• effectiveness of both practices is not significantly different from each

other in terms of the growth yield exhibited by the Tilapia (O.

niloticus)

• Water quality assessment show no significant difference in the effect

of the two fish feeds on the integrity of the water.

– Turbidity, in particular, however, is significantly higher in the

commercial feed system than in the farm-made feed system

• no significant difference in the effect of the farm-made feed

system on the growth of tilapia and water quality as compared to

the commercial feed system

• With the comparable effects of both the farm-made and commercial

feeds, farm-made feeds are more economical because of its

cheaper price.

Initiatives to save the lakes

FARMC

Alyansa ng mga Samahan sa

Timog Katagalugan para sa

Kaunlaran

Friends of the Seven Lakes

Lake shore community & Barangay officials

Love for the lakes

Commitment and trust for each other

Sustainability of the seven lakes