Session 9Session 9

Assessment in Career CounselingAssessment in Career Counseling

Ethics in TestingEthics in Testing

ScheduleSchedule

OverviewOverview MBTIMBTI SIISII EthicsEthics

OverviewOverview

Parsons (1909) encouraged assessment as first step in Parsons (1909) encouraged assessment as first step in three-step model of career counselingthree-step model of career counseling

““Test and Tell” approach not currentTest and Tell” approach not current Spokane: purpose of career assessment is to find Spokane: purpose of career assessment is to find

career possibilities congruent with client’s attributes, career possibilities congruent with client’s attributes, assess conflicts and problems, motivate constructive assess conflicts and problems, motivate constructive behavior, acquire a cognitive structure for evaluating behavior, acquire a cognitive structure for evaluating career alternatives, clarify expectation and plan career alternatives, clarify expectation and plan interventions, and to establish the range of abilitiesinterventions, and to establish the range of abilities

Career AssessmentCareer Assessment

PersonalityPersonality MBTIMBTI

InterestsInterests SII, Career Assessment SII, Career Assessment

Inventory, SDS, Kuder OIS, Inventory, SDS, Kuder OIS, Kuder GIS, Jackson VIKuder GIS, Jackson VI

Abilities and SkillsAbilities and Skills ASVAB, DAT, CISSASVAB, DAT, CISS

ValuesValues Values Scale, Salience Inv, Values Scale, Salience Inv,

Minnesota Importance QuMinnesota Importance Qu Career Decision ProcessCareer Decision Process

Career Dec Scale, My Vocational Career Dec Scale, My Vocational Situation, Assessment of Career Situation, Assessment of Career Decision Making, CDM-Self Decision Making, CDM-Self efficacy, CDM-Difficultiesefficacy, CDM-Difficulties

Career MaturityCareer Maturity CMI, Career Dev InventoryCMI, Career Dev Inventory

Integrated systemIntegrated systemKuder Career PlanningKuder Career Planning Interest inventoryInterest inventory Skills assessmentSkills assessment Work values inventoryWork values inventory Available onlineAvailable online

Computer assistedComputer assisted DiscoverDiscover SIGI-PlusSIGI-Plus

MBTIMBTI

Based on Jungian theoryBased on Jungian theory Myers and Briggs began developing the test in the Myers and Briggs began developing the test in the

early 1940’s to bring Jung’s Personality Theory to early 1940’s to bring Jung’s Personality Theory to the general public on the belief that it could help the general public on the belief that it could help people in everyday lifepeople in everyday life

Has over 50 years of research and developmentHas over 50 years of research and development It is the most widely used instrument for It is the most widely used instrument for

understanding normal personality differences.understanding normal personality differences.

UsesUses

Help people understand themselves and their Help people understand themselves and their behaviorsbehaviors

appreciate others so as to make constructive appreciate others so as to make constructive use of individual differencesuse of individual differences

make a start with personal development. make a start with personal development. see that approaching problems in different see that approaching problems in different

ways can be healthy and productive for ways can be healthy and productive for themselves and the groups they belong to or themselves and the groups they belong to or aspire to belong to (family, organization, aspire to belong to (family, organization, collaborative teams). collaborative teams).

Four dimensionsFour dimensions

Extraversion (E) OR Introversion (I) Extraversion (E) OR Introversion (I) Sensing (S) OR Intuition (N) Sensing (S) OR Intuition (N) Thinking (T) OR Feeling (F) Thinking (T) OR Feeling (F) Judging (J) OR Perceiving (P) Judging (J) OR Perceiving (P)

Write about this paintingWrite about this painting

A one year tripA one year trip

Visit the worldVisit the world Stay togetherStay together 10 million dollars10 million dollars

Strong Interest InventoryStrong Interest Inventory

One of most widely used and most One of most widely used and most researched inventoriesresearched inventories

Results in six-page profileResults in six-page profile Explores general interests, occupational Explores general interests, occupational

interests, and lifestyleinterests, and lifestyle

Validity CheckValidity Check

At least 30 items At least 30 items answeredanswered

Infrequent responses-Infrequent responses-negative number means negative number means should explore whyshould explore why

Administrative indicesAdministrative indices Provide distribution on Provide distribution on

“like,” “indifferent to, and “like,” “indifferent to, and “Dislike”; the “Yes,” “?,” “Dislike”; the “Yes,” “?,” and the “No”; and the left, and the “No”; and the left, middle or right choicesmiddle or right choices

Look for extreme Look for extreme response percentagesresponse percentages

InterpretationInterpretation

Begin by discussing Begin by discussing Holland codesHolland codes Focus on three areasFocus on three areas

General Occupational Scales (GOTs)General Occupational Scales (GOTs) Basic Interest Scales (BISs)Basic Interest Scales (BISs) Occupational Scale (OSs)Occupational Scale (OSs)

While describing GOTs, relate to BISs While describing GOTs, relate to BISs under each themeunder each theme

Explore specific OSsExplore specific OSs

Interpretation (cont)Interpretation (cont)

Total of 211 OSs,107 for women and 104 for Total of 211 OSs,107 for women and 104 for menmen

Explore occupations with T score of 40 or Explore occupations with T score of 40 or higherhigher

Personal Styles Scale (cautious)Personal Styles Scale (cautious) Work Style (people vs. ideas, data, things)Work Style (people vs. ideas, data, things) Learning Environment (academic to practical)Learning Environment (academic to practical) Leadership Style (directing vs. persuading)Leadership Style (directing vs. persuading) Risk Taking/Adventure (play it safe or take risks)Risk Taking/Adventure (play it safe or take risks)

Scoring, norms, Scoring, norms, psychometric informationpsychometric information

Mean on all scales is 50 and SD = 10Mean on all scales is 50 and SD = 10 Test-retest for GOTs from .84 to .92 Test-retest for GOTs from .84 to .92

and .80 to .94 in BISsand .80 to .94 in BISs Items chosen that differentiate interests Items chosen that differentiate interests

of those in an occupation from the of those in an occupation from the general samplegeneral sample

Separate gender norms are usedSeparate gender norms are used

Scoring (cont)Scoring (cont)

200 individuals for each occupational group200 individuals for each occupational group SatisfiedSatisfied 3 years work experience3 years work experience Perform typical job dutiesPerform typical job duties Between 25 and 60Between 25 and 60

Cautious interpretation of OSs because scales Cautious interpretation of OSs because scales vary in predictive and concurrent validityvary in predictive and concurrent validity

Personal Style Scales are new and have less Personal Style Scales are new and have less validity datavalidity data

Case StudyCase StudyYour team is working with a family who has come in for counseling. They are Your team is working with a family who has come in for counseling. They are

Mom, Dad, Maternal Grandmother (MG), a daughter, a son, and a male, Mom, Dad, Maternal Grandmother (MG), a daughter, a son, and a male, 14 year old cousin.14 year old cousin.

The cousin’s parents were killed in a car accident over a year ago. The The cousin’s parents were killed in a car accident over a year ago. The cousin has been in grief counseling and has resolved many of the cousin has been in grief counseling and has resolved many of the difficulties related to his parents’ deaths. The boy had been living with difficulties related to his parents’ deaths. The boy had been living with his grandparents, who it was deemed, were so strict with him that he his grandparents, who it was deemed, were so strict with him that he would prefer to live with his aunt and uncle. Mom and Dad asked Cousin would prefer to live with his aunt and uncle. Mom and Dad asked Cousin if he would like to join their family with Daughter (15) and Son (11). They if he would like to join their family with Daughter (15) and Son (11). They have come to counseling as a family to learn how to purposefully integrate have come to counseling as a family to learn how to purposefully integrate into a new family.into a new family.

You administer the MBTI and come up with the following:You administer the MBTI and come up with the following: Maternal GrandmotherMaternal Grandmother: ESTJ : ESTJ Dad:Dad: ISTJ ISTJ Mom:Mom: ENFJ ENFJ Daughter:Daughter: ESFJ ESFJ SonSon: INFP : INFP Cousin: Cousin: E/INTPE/INTP

How might you work with this family to help them learn about themselves, How might you work with this family to help them learn about themselves, appreciate one another’s uniqueness, predict possible rougher areas, and appreciate one another’s uniqueness, predict possible rougher areas, and brainstorm alternative responses to possible rough areas?brainstorm alternative responses to possible rough areas?

1994 School-to-Work 1994 School-to-Work Opportunities ActOpportunities Act

Stipulated that students should identify Stipulated that students should identify career goals prior to entering high school career goals prior to entering high school and begin an actual career planand begin an actual career plan

American School Counselor Association American School Counselor Association and U. S. Army developed materials and U. S. Army developed materials available on available on ASCAASCA’s web’s web

Gender and Racial Issues in Career Gender and Racial Issues in Career AssessmentAssessment

GenderGender

Differences between men and womanDifferences between men and woman Interest inventories should use same sex Interest inventories should use same sex

normsnorms Opportunity dominance vs. socialization Opportunity dominance vs. socialization

dominance – low interest may be a result dominance – low interest may be a result of experiences and opportunities so low of experiences and opportunities so low interest scores should be exploredinterest scores should be explored

Ethnic and Cultural Ethnic and Cultural DifferencesDifferences

Culturally Appropriate ModelCulturally Appropriate Model Culturally encompassing information Culturally encompassing information

gatheringgathering Culturally appropriate selection of Culturally appropriate selection of

instrumentsinstruments Culturally appropriate administrationCulturally appropriate administration Culturally appropriate interpretation of Culturally appropriate interpretation of

assessment dataassessment data

Legal and Ethical Legal and Ethical Issues in Issues in AssessmentAssessmentIgnorance is no defenseIgnorance is no defense

Sources for Ethical Sources for Ethical DecisionsDecisions

ACA ACA Code of Ethics Code of Ethics and Standards of and Standards of PracticePractice

Code of Fair Testing Practices in EducatiCode of Fair Testing Practices in Educationon

Standards for School Counselor CompetStandards for School Counselor Competence in Assessment and Evaluationence in Assessment and Evaluation

Other ResourcesOther Resources

Invasion of PrivacyInvasion of Privacy

Informed consentInformed consent RelevanceRelevance

Right to ResultsRight to Results

Regardless of scoring mechanism, Regardless of scoring mechanism, counselors are responsible to provide counselors are responsible to provide appropriate explanationsappropriate explanations

Must interpret in terms that client can Must interpret in terms that client can understandunderstand

Least Stigmatizing LabelLeast Stigmatizing Label

If categories are used, must be described If categories are used, must be described preciselyprecisely

Sometimes diagnosis is related to Sometimes diagnosis is related to treatment and even if counselor is trying treatment and even if counselor is trying to be helpful, it is both illegal and to be helpful, it is both illegal and unethical to change a diagnosisunethical to change a diagnosis

Computerized Computerized AssessmentAssessment

Ethical issues in the use of computerized Ethical issues in the use of computerized assessmentassessment

Legal Issues in AssessmentLegal Issues in Assessment

Civil Rights Act of 1991Civil Rights Act of 1991

Griggs v. Duke Power CompanyGriggs v. Duke Power Company If instrument has an adverse or disparate If instrument has an adverse or disparate

impact, employer must show that hiring impact, employer must show that hiring procedures are job relatedprocedures are job related

Brought about stronger focus on validity of Brought about stronger focus on validity of employment testsemployment tests

Ban on separate normsBan on separate norms U. S. Employment Services used separate U. S. Employment Services used separate

norms for African Americans and Hispanics norms for African Americans and Hispanics on GATBon GATB

Act said this is illegalAct said this is illegal

Policies and Procedures for Policies and Procedures for Processing Complaints of Processing Complaints of Ethical Violations Ethical Violations

ACAACA Consult with colleaguesConsult with colleagues Clients can chargeClients can charge Must indicate specific ethics violatedMust indicate specific ethics violated Due processDue process

Disabilities ActsDisabilities Acts

American with Disabilities Act of 1990American with Disabilities Act of 1990 Focus on employment and unemployment Focus on employment and unemployment

testingtesting Fair measures and assessment procedures Fair measures and assessment procedures

neededneeded

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997of 1997 PL 94-142PL 94-142 Use variety of tools and strategies, no single Use variety of tools and strategies, no single

procedure, technically sound instrumentsprocedure, technically sound instruments Attend to multicultural issuesAttend to multicultural issues

Family Rights and Privacy Family Rights and Privacy Act of 1974Act of 1974

Student right to privacyStudent right to privacy No release of records without permissionNo release of records without permission Counseling records kept in separate Counseling records kept in separate

locked cabinet and accessible only to the locked cabinet and accessible only to the counselor are not considered part of counselor are not considered part of educational recordeducational record

Without parental permission kids cannot Without parental permission kids cannot be given psychological testing or be given psychological testing or treatmenttreatment that may reveal information that may reveal information concerning mental and psychological concerning mental and psychological problems potentially embarrassing to problems potentially embarrassing to student or student’s familystudent or student’s family

Health Insurance Portability Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of and Accountability Act of 1996 (1996 (HIPPAHIPPA))

Very complicatedVery complicated Concerns security and privacy of health Concerns security and privacy of health

informationinformation State laws take precedenceState laws take precedence If involved with third party payment, HIPPA is If involved with third party payment, HIPPA is

involvedinvolved Must develop, maintain, and account for Must develop, maintain, and account for

disclosures of private client information for 6 disclosures of private client information for 6 yearsyears

Truth in TestingTruth in Testing

New York stateNew York state Nadar and SATNadar and SAT Mandated that if student asked, copy of Mandated that if student asked, copy of

questions and correct answers must be questions and correct answers must be providedprovided

Only CA passed similar legislation Only CA passed similar legislation

LitigationLitigation

Test Bias and PlacementTest Bias and Placement

Issue is use of intelligence tests with African Issue is use of intelligence tests with African American students because of discriminationAmerican students because of discrimination

Larry P. v. RilesLarry P. v. Riles (1979)- Judge Peckham bans (1979)- Judge Peckham bans use of intelligence testing in CA because use of intelligence testing in CA because discriminatorydiscriminatory

PASE v. HannonPASE v. Hannon (1980)– judge ruled opposite (1980)– judge ruled opposite wayway

1992, Judge Peckham lifts ban1992, Judge Peckham lifts ban

Minimum CompetencyMinimum Competency

Minimum competency – kids graduating Minimum competency – kids graduating from high school and can’t balance check from high school and can’t balance check bookbook

Controversy centers on discriminationControversy centers on discrimination Debra P. v. TurlingtonDebra P. v. Turlington (1981) in FL (1981) in FL

Ruling set precedent about need for Ruling set precedent about need for relationship between curriculum and relationship between curriculum and minimum competency testingminimum competency testing

If students not taught material covered on If students not taught material covered on test, students’ Constitutional rights (equal test, students’ Constitutional rights (equal protection and due process) are violated protection and due process) are violated

Right to PrivacyRight to Privacy

Soroka et al. v. Dayton-Hudson Company Soroka et al. v. Dayton-Hudson Company (1991)(1991) Target used personality inventory for employment Target used personality inventory for employment

screeningscreening Court ruled that constitutional right to privacy and Court ruled that constitutional right to privacy and

statutory prohibition against improper inquiries and statutory prohibition against improper inquiries and discriminatory conduct was violated by asking about discriminatory conduct was violated by asking about religious beliefs and sexual orientationreligious beliefs and sexual orientation