SESSION 3

Quito, ECUADOR

Gabriel HernándezCoordinator of Information

and Energy Statistics

Energy Measurement

• Magnitude: Quality of matter or events

UNITS

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• Amount: The value of a magnitude

• Physical Unit: Pattern of measurement

UNITSFundamental and Derived Magnitudes

• Fundamental: Basics. L, T, M, EC

• Derived magnitudes: Combination of fundamentals. S, V, v, a

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Units

• Fundamental units: L → m, M → kg, T → s; EC → Ampere

• Derived units: s à m2, v -> m/s

• Dimensions equation: [S] = L2T

Lv =][

UNITSHomogeneity of the Physical Formulas

3

System Units:

International SystemInternational System

It has been unified with the ISO 31

UNITSInternational System of Units

Basic Units

Magnitude Name Symbol

Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

4

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Temperature kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

UNITSInternational System of Units

Basic Units definition

Name Definition

Meter Distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

Kilogram Mass of the international prototype of a kilogram.

Second The duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the

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transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium133 atom.

Ampere Intensity of a constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallelconductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a forceequal to 2 x 10-7 newton per meter of length.

Kelvin It is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

Mol Quantity of matter equal to the number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12.

Candela Unit of light, in a given direction, from a source that emits monochromaticradiation of frequency of 540x1012 hertz and with an intensity equivalent to aradiant intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian.

UNITSInternational System of Units

Derived Units

Magnitude Name Symbol

Area Square meter m2

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Area Square meter m

Volume Cubic meter m3

Velocity Meter per second m/s

Acceleration Meter per second squared m/s2

Wave number Reciprocal meter m-1

Mass density Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3

Angular velocity Radian per second rad/s

Angular acceleration Radian per second squared rad/s2

UNITSInternational System of Units

Derived Units

Magnitude Name Symbol Expression in terms of other SI units

Expression in terms of SI base units

Frequency hertz Hz s-1

Force newton N m·kg·s-2

Pressure, stress pascal Pa N·m-2 m-1

·kg·s-2

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Pressure, stress pascal Pa N·m-2 m-1

·kg·s-2

Energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N·m m2·kg·s

-2

Power watt W J/s M2.kg.s

-3

Electric charge, quantity of electricity

coulomb C J·s-1 s.A

Electric potential difference, electromotive force

volt V W/A M2.kg.s

-3.A

-1

Electric resistance ohm W V·A-1 m2·kg·s-3·A

-2

Capacitance farad F C·V-1 m-2

·kg-1·s4·A

2

Magnetic flux weber Wb V·s m2·kg·s

-2·A

-1

UNITSSubmultiples and Multiples

Value Submultiple Symbol Value Multiple Symbol

10-18 atto a 10 deca da

10-15 femto f 102 hecto h

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10-12 pico p 103 kilo k

10-9 nano n 106 mega M

10-6 micro u 109 giga G

10-3 mili m 1012 tera T

10-2 centi c 1015 peta P

10-1 deci d 1018 exa E

International System of Units

Orthography rules of symbols

• Must be written as they are defined

UNITS

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Meter: m no mt

Kilogram: kg no kgr

• There is no “s” added for plural

Meters: m no ms i.e: 1 m , 20 m

Kilograms: kg no kgs, i.e: 1 kg, 50 kg

International System of Units

Orthography rules of symbols

UNITS

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• Not followed by “.”

2 s no 2 s.

• There must be a space between the quantity and the unit

7 m no 7m

• The symbols are written in lowercase except for proper names derived

Second: s, meter: m, Ampere: A, Volt: V

International System of Units

Orthography rules of symbols

• The prefixes in lower case except Mega onwards

UNITS

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Deciampere: dA Mega ampere: MA

• An exponential affect the symbol and the prefix

Meters: m no ms i.e: 1 m , 20 m

Km2=(km)2 <>k(m2)

UNITSOther Unit Systems

Magnitude Absolute System Technical System

SI - M.K.S C.G.S F.P.S European English

Length m cm foot m footMass Kg g lb UTM slugTime s s s s sTemperature ºK ºC ºF ºR

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Temperature ºK ºC ºF ºRLuminous Intensity cd Electricity Current AAmount of substance mol Force N = Kg.m/s

2Dina = g.cm/s

2Poundal = lb.foot/s

2kg.f lb.f

Velocity m/s cm/s foot/s m/s foot/sAcceleration m/s

2cm/s

2foot/s

2m/s

2foot/s

2

Work or Energy J = N.m ergio = dina.cm poundal.foot kg.f.m lb.f.footPower W = J/s ergio/s poundal.foot/s kg.f.m/s lb.f.foot/sPressure Pa = N/m

2dina/cm

2poundal/foot

2

Conversion Factors and Calorific Values

Conversion Factor

Mathematical expression to change the units of measurement of a quantity.

UNITS

13

Fraction indicates the number of units of a size equivalent to another unit of the same magnitude.

A conversion factor always represents the unit.

sm

XCFCFhkm

=×× 2190 sm

sh

kmm

hkm

2536001

11000

90 =

×

×

XmCFkm =×90 mkmm

km 9000011000

90 =

×

UNITSConversion Factors and Calorific Values

Calorific Values

Heat produced by complete combustion of a unit mass of a substance.

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Lower Calorific Value: Does not include the condensation energy.Upper Calorific Value: Includes the condensation energy.Calorific Value: is a property of the fuels.

[ ]kgJ

ME

cv ;=

UNITSConversion Factors and Calorific Values

Calorific Values

[ ] [ ] Epcm ][=×

15

[ ] [ ]

MJkgMJ

gasolinekg

smkg

skgmkg

kg

EME

M

Epcm

4545

)(1

...

][

][

2

2

2

2

=×

=×

=×

=×

UNITS

Conversion Factors and Calorific Values

VOLUME

1 bbl 5.614583 Cubic feet

16

1 bbl 5.614583 Cubic feet

42 American gallons

158.98 liters

0.15898 Cubic meters

1 cubic meter 1000 liters

1 liter 1 Cubic decimeter

Conversion Factors and Calorific Values

UNITS

Density t/m3

LPG 0.55

Gasoline 0.75

Kerosene 0.82

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VOLUMEN

1 cubic meter 35.3147 Cubic feet

6.2898 Barrels

264.172 American gallons

1000 liters

Kerosene 0.82

Diesel oil 0.88

Fuel oil 0.94

Crude Oil 0.8729

Conversion Factors and Calorific Values

UNITS

Mass1 ton 1000 kilograms

2204.62 pounds1.10231 short ton

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1.10231 short ton0.98421 long ton

ENERGY1 boe 0.13878 toe1 toe 7.2056 boe

1 kboe 6 terajoules1 toe 10(7) kcal

1 kboe 1.3878 teracalories

UNITSConversion Factors and Calorific Values

CALORIFIC VALUES boe

1 bbl Crude oil 1.0015

1 bbl Gasoline 0.8934

1 bbl Diesel oil 1.0015

1 bbl Heavy fuels 1.0304

1 bbl LPG 0.6701

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1 bbl LPG 0.6701

1 bbl Kerosene 0.9583

1000 m3 Natural Gas 5.9806

1 GWh Hydro /Geo Electricity 0.6196

1 ton Firewood 2.594

1 ton Charcoal 4.9718

1 ton Coal 5.0439

1 ton Coal Coke 4.8998

1 kilo Uranium 71.2777

1 bbl Alcohol 0.598

1 ton Bagasse 1.3114

Energy is the capacity to do work

HOW TO MEASURE ENERGY

F

La b

20

Force

La b

aKF ×= 1mKF ×= 2

amF ×=

2/][ −=== MLTTTML

TvM

F

kilopondkgfsm

kgMKS ==2:

21::sm

kgNSI

Work

HOW TO MEASURE ENERGY

dFW ×=

[ ] 2

2.smkg

mNJ =×=

21

HeatThe heat absorbed or evolved from a body is proportional to its mass and temperature variation.

TmcQ ∆××=

[ ]kgKJ

c.

=

JKkgKkgJ

Q =××=.

Engine

POWER

TW

P∆

=][

22

[ ] VatiosJ

ssmkg

P === /.2

2

hkWTPkWhhkW 11. ×=×==

THANK YOU!!

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Quito-Ecuador

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