session 3 29 june 2006 1.racism, discrimination & policy response 2.equal oportunity – from...
TRANSCRIPT
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Session 329 June 2006
1. Racism, discrimination & policy response
2. Equal oportunity – from law to practice
3. Migration-Asylum Nexus
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Unit Structure
• Racism, discrimination
• Inclusion, rights, equity
• EO: From law to practice
• Activities on discrimination
• AQCI on Brubacker
• Migration- asylum nexus
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QUIZ: Just one question to torture your memory…
Referring to the reader
what is the difference
between multicultural and plural societies?
Furnivall in all three texts
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Racism & isms……… sexism, disableism, ageism, homophobia
Neil Thompson
Racism can be defined as • an attitude (ideology) or action (behaviour) that
disadvantages individuals or groups • on the basis of their “racial” inferiority*, mainly by
means of • limiting their access to scarce resources.
*Racial difference or racial inferiority is often perceived or constructed in terms of different culture, ethnicity, religion, language, etc.
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Discrimination/isms:Personal – Cultural - Structural
Neil Thompson
P
C
S
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Explanations of racism:
1. Psychological ”Some people are like that”
2. Lack of knowledge, ignorance „To know is to love“
3. Intergroup relations ”Birds of a feather”
4. Individuals are racists because the structures, practices, and values of our society are racist.
”Its the system”
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Racisms – cont.
• from violent attacks or scapegoating • to paternalistic crypto-racist assistance to m.• tendency to deny racism (unacceptable)
two main meanings: 1) ideology (beliefs) about racial superiority2) “the whole complex of factors which produce
racial discrimination” and sometimes also “those which produce racial disadvantage”
Cashmore
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Racism as ideology
1. the so called “scientific racism of the 19th century”, manifested for example in the publication by Herrnstein, Murray, 1995
2. “popular” racism or “common sense” racism that is based on ethnocentrism, a tendency to believe that one´s own cultural paradigm is universal, neutral and superior to any other culture
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In other words…
Racism
1. denies all difference in the name of universality of the human nature, but unconsciously it takes back this universality to the dominant model;
2. uses the obvious differences to turn them into instruments of domination, exploitation, condemnation, exclusion, or extermination.
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Racisms- cont.
PrejudicePrejudice DiscriminationDiscrimination InequalityInequality
„„RRacism, in short,acism, in short, involves involves (a)(a)stereotypes about difference and inferiority stereotypes about difference and inferiority (b)(b)use of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugateuse of power to exclude, discriminate, subjugate““
The Parekh Report, 2000The Parekh Report, 2000
AttitudesAttitudesBehaviourBehaviourStructuresStructures
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Racisms – cont.
ExclusionExclusionDiscriminationDiscrimination
PrejudicePrejudice
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Assimilation and Racism (Bauböck)
assimilation is possible
yes no
assimilation is required
yes compulsory assimilation
racist double-bind
no pluralism segregation
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assimilationist policies
inclusiveness
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Assimilationist model
DIFFERENCE DEFICIT
COMPENSATORY PROGRAMMESDoes the individual fit
into the System or ‘Institution’?
ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION
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Curriculum (Multiculturalism) model
Cultural Effects
CULTURES
LIFESTYLES ATTITUDES
TOLERANCE AND HARMONY
Does the organisation of this ‘institution’
recognise Diversity ?
PLURALISTPLURALIST
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Equity/Rights Model
Social and Political Effects
EQUITY PARTICIPATION
LIFE CHANCESAre people enabled in this ‘institution’?
Do the structures allow for
achievement, growth and opportunities?
ANTIDISCRIMINATORYANTIDISCRIMINATORY
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2. Equal oportunity-From Law to Practice
i. Notes on the EO concept available here
ii. Development of EU law
iii. Activities
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Equal Opportunities
1. Equal opportunities for men and women
2. Race equality in the United Kingdom
3. Positive action
4. Paradoxes of equal opportunities
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European legislation
• The Treaty of Rome, 1957
Article 119
• EEC: 1975 Directive 117 1976 Directive 207 1979 Directive 7 1986 Directives 378 +
613 1992 Directive 85
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European Court of Justice
• Defrenne vs Sabena 1976
• Jenkins vs Kingsgate 1981
• Marshall vs Southampton 1986
• Bilka and Kaufhaus vs Weber 1986
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Definitions
• Direct discrimination:
People in the same situation are treated differently.
• Indirect discrimination:
People in different situations are treated the same but this has an adverse impact on one group.
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Equality for women
= a model for race equality
-> « minority rights » vs citizenship rights
Both = labour market related!
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Legislation in the UK
• Race Relations Act 1976:
-> Commission for Racial Equality
• White paper on the Commission for Equality and Human Rights 2003
(CRE + EOC + CD)
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Conclusion to EO
Citizenship rights + humanitarian obligations= not an absolute right but applied with
qualified amendments.
Group work : Case Studies (ERRC)Case study 1 - Access to public servicesCase study 2 - Access to employmentCase study 3 - Education
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3. The Migration-Asylum Nexus Definition and significance
South (sending, mig. producing countries)macro-, micro- level
Receiving (transit) countries macro-, micro-
Forced vs Economic? Or Forced and Economic?Future prospectsCase of Germany
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What is the 'migration-asylum' nexus
• Growing difficulty in separating between forced and economic migration
• Closely related causes of forced and economic migration
• Increasing similarities in the migratory process for both categories
• Common responses: lack of differentiation between asylum seekers and irregular migrants
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'Category jumping': Examples
• Portuguese workers in France - 1960s Refugees from fascism Use of people smugglers
Regularisation as workers If workers are needed, employers and governments don't care if they are refugees
• Burmese in Thailand • The Roma in Europe (asylum seekers from
Slovakia)
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A global problem: forced migration (2003-4)
Refugees (1951 Convention definition) 9.7 million (recognised by UNHCR)
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) 25 m (13 m of them in Africa)
Development Induced Displacement 10 million a year (World Bank)
Environmental change and disasters Numbers unknown
UHNCR
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Towards a political economy of forced migration
• Globalisation: the North-South Gap • Selective inclusion and exclusion in global
economy: 'disconnection' • Trade, investment and development • Trade in small arms, conflict diamonds etc.• 'Reconnection' of South and North through
”unwanted' flows and networks • Migration as a form of 'reconnection'
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The migration-asylum nexus in the South: macro-level
• Links between poverty, weak states, human rights abuse and conflict
• Complex emergencies lead to many types of displacement
• Internal displacement often means impoverishment - and further migration
• Conflict prevents development - causes economic migration
• Many migrants have multiple motivations
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Political economy of forced migration in the South: micro level
Approaches: Commodity chain analysis Livelihood studies
Examples:Conflict diamonds in Sierra Leone Cobalt mining in DR Congo Afghanistan: survival in enduring conflict The role of arms trafficking
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The MAN in Countries of first asylum and transit
Thailand: new industrial country with:labour emigration and immigrationrefugee inflows
Malaysia: Indonesian and Filipino labour - often really
refugees Tanzania: less-developed country with:
Long-standing and diverse refugee populationStrains of long-term support
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The migration-asylum nexus in the process of mobility
• Category jumping as a rational strategy • Policies as 'opportunity structures' • Migration barriers (visas, carrier sanctions,
safe third countries, buffer zones) - create demand for the 'migration industry'
• The importance of migration networks • Irregular movement may lead to long-term
irregularity
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The nexus between asylum and irregular migration in receiving countries - macro
• Deterrent measures create incentives for irregular employment and residence
• Irregular entry helps create networks for irregular work and life
• Unmet labour demand for low-skilled workers encourages informal sector
• Media-driven asylum panic leads to hypocritical asylum policies
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The micro-level: how does asylum affect local communities? • Local conflicts about asylum centres • Fears of 'cheap labour' in areas of social
exclusion • Welfare challenges (e.g. assisting
unaccompanied minors) • Destitution as challenge to local authorities• Dispersal, concentration and potential ethnic
conflicts
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Migration from Sri Lanka (UK)
• Elite/professionals
• Students
• Refugees and asylum seekers
• Labour migration
• Family reunion/foundation
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Tamils in the UK
• Post independence 1948: professionals • From 1960s, discrimination and hardening ethnic
nationalisms: students • From 1980s: conflict refugees and asylum
seekers • 1990s: acceleration of asylum migration • From 2002: decline in asylum migration • Family reunion • From 2000: regrouping/relocation/secondary
migration
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Consequences of the Migration-Asylum Nexus
• Diversified migrant populations in host countries • Diversified migrant destinations: diasporisation• Proliferation and diversification of transnational
linkages - Households at home have a portfolio of transnational
resources
- Diaspora households have a portfolio of obligations
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The future of the migration-asylum nexus
• Era of asylum migration to affluent countries drawing to close • Asylum migration to middle income countries? • Other legal channels will continue: limited labour migration,
family reunion, high skilled, students ... • Irregular migration will continue • Regrouping: eg movement from continental Europe to the UK • Containment of 'mixed migration' in regions of origin • In- region migration management: sorting migrants in regions
of origin • Effects on diaspora formation, transnational links, and the
global political economy?
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Case of Germany
http://www.proasyl.de/
GERMANY’S IMMIGRATION LAW MARKS ONE YEAR
http://www.icare.to/article.php?id=1292&lang=enASYLUM SEEKER NUMBERS IN GERMANY FALL
BY 18PChttp://www.icare.to/article.php?id=1351&lang=enhttp://www.icare.to/
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Additional info
• Article on Asylum trends is available here