session 2_hydropower planning

8/15/2019 Session 2_Hydropower Planning

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Hydropower Planning

By

Dr Muhammad Adil Khattak 017.8272871 muhdadil!utm.my



Hydrologi" #y"le

• $arth%& water i& alway& inmo'ement( and the natural water"y"le( al&o known a& the hydrologi""y"le( de&"ri)e& the "ontinuou&mo'ement o* water on( a)o'e( and

)elow the &ur*a"e o* the $arth.+ater i& alway& "hanging &tate&)etween li,uid( 'apor( and i"e( withthe&e pro"e&&e& happening in the)link o* an eye and o'er million& o* year&.

Dr MAK Hydropower Planning Hydro Power plant&



+hat i& -reen Hou&e -a&e

-H-/ $e"t• #ar)on dioide ga& a"t& like the gla&& in

a greenhou&e• n*rared radiation *rom the 3un i&

u&ually re4e"ted )a"k into &pa"e• -reenhou&e ga&e& &top thi&( and heat i&

re4e"ted )a"k to the $arth again




$e"t o* -H- on Hydrologi" #y"

Pro)lem& with Burning 6o&&il 6uel&• Huge amount& o* "ar)on dioide are gi'en o into th

atmo&phere• #ar)on dioide "au&e& glo)al warming or the greenh

ee"t• #oal)urning power &tation& al&o gi'e o &ulphur dio

ga& whi"h lead& to a"id rain




+hat are the pro)lem& with glo

warming:• ;he a'erage temperature o* the $arth will ri&e.• ;hi& "an lead to drought&.• $treme& o* weather will o""ur hurri"ane&

and &torm&.• ;he in"rea&e in temperature will &peed up the

melting o* the polar i"e "ap&.• -lo)al warming will there*ore lead to 4ood&.




-reen Hou&e -a& mpa"t to #lim#hange




=ain*all #hara"teri&ti"&

• Pre"ipitation in arid and &emiarid >one& re&ult& larg*rom "on'e"ti'e "loud me"hani&m& produ"ing &tormtypi"ally o* &hort duration( relati'ely high inten&ity alimited areal etent. Howe'er( low inten&ity *rontalt

rain& are al&o eperien"ed( u&ually in the winter &ea• =ain*all inten&ity i& de?ned a& the ratio o* the total

amount o* rain rain*all depth/ *alling during a gi'enperiod to the duration o* the period t i& epre&&ed indepth unit& per unit time( u&ually a& mm per hour m




Analy&i& o* =ain*all

• n temperate "limate&( the &tandard de'iation o* annrain*all i& a)out 1020 per"ent.

• ;he rain*all i& determined )y mean& o* a &tati&ti"alpro)a)ility analy&i&.

• ;he ?r&t &tep i& to o)tain annual rain*all total& *or th&ea&on *rom the area o* "on"ern.

• n lo"ation& where rain*all re"ord& do not ei&t( ?gur*rom &tation& near)y may )e u&ed with "aution.





• t i& important to o)tain longterm re"ord&.• An analy&i& o* only 9 or < year& o* o)&er'ation& i&

inade,uate a& the&e 9 or < 'alue& may )elong to aparti"ularly dry or wet period and hen"e may not )e

repre&entati'e *or the long term rain*all pattern.





Schematic diagram illustrating relationship between rainfinltration and runo



3ur*a"e =uno

• ;he in?ltration "apa"ity o* the &oil depend& on it& teand &tru"ture( a& well a& on the ante"edent &oil moi&"ontent pre'iou& rain*all or dry &ea&on/.

• ;he initial "apa"ity o* a dry &oil/ i& high )ut( a& the

"ontinue&( it de"rea&e& until it rea"he& a &teady 'alutermed a& ?nal in?ltration rate.• ;he pro"e&& o* runo generation "ontinue& a& long a

rain*all inten&ity e"eed& the a"tual in?ltration "apathe &oil )ut it &top& a& &oon a& the rate o* rain*all dro)elow the a"tual rate o* in?ltration.




6a"tor& Ae"ting =uno

• Apart *rom rain*all "hara"teri&ti"& &u"h a& inten&ity(duration and di&tri)ution( there are a num)er o* &ite"at"hment/ &pe"i?" *a"tor& whi"h ha'e a dire"t )earthe o""urren"e and 'olume o* runo.•

3oil type• egetation• 3lope and "at"hment &i>e




3oil ;ype

• ;he in?ltration "apa"ity i& among other& dependent poro&ity o* a &oil whi"h determine& the water &torag"apa"ity and ae"t& the re&i&tan"e o* water to 4ow ideeper layer&.

• Poro&ity dier& *rom one &oil type to the other. ;hehighe&t in?ltration "apa"itie& are o)&er'ed in loo&e( &oil& while hea'y "lay or loamy &oil& ha'e "on&idera)&maller in?ltration "apa"itie&.




3oil ;ype


• 6igure illu&trate& the dieren"e inin?ltration "apa"itie& mea&ured indierent &oil type&.

• ;he in?ltration "apa"ity depend&

*urthermore on the moi&ture "ontent pre'ailing in a &oil at the on&et o* arain&torm.



egetation


• ;he amount o* rain lo&t to inter"eption &torage on th*oliage depend& on the kind o* 'egetation and it& gro&tage.

• alue& o* inter"eption are )etween 1 and mm. A "e

"rop( *or eample( ha& a &maller &torage "apa"ity thaden&e gra&& "o'er.• More &igni?"ant i& the ee"t the 'egetation ha& on t

in?ltration "apa"ity o* the &oil. A den&e 'egetation "&hield& the &oil *rom the raindrop impa"t and redu"e"ru&ting ee"t a& de&"ri)ed earlier.



$e"t& o* de'elopment on run


Catural and&"ape ow runo High in?ltration andre"harge Healthy &ummer &tream4ow

Catural pollutanttreatmentDe'eloped- High runo( lowre"harge ower water ta)le&- ow &tream 4owCui&an"e 4ooding



3tagedi&"harge =elation&


• 3imultaneou& mea&urement& o* &tage and di&"hargepro'ide a "ali)ration graph known a& &tagedi&"hargrelation& or rating "ur'e.

• Stage: Height o* &tream le'el mea&ured *rom an

ar)itrary datum.• Depth: Mea&ured *rom the )ottom o* the "hannel.• ;he datum "an al&o )e the mean &ea le'el. A plot o* '& di&"harge i& made to o)tain a rating "ur'e.



=ule& -uiding o"ation o*

-auge&


• a/ -auge& &hould not )e lo"ated in ri'er& with &"our"hara"teri&ti"&.

• )/ ;he lo"ation& &hould &tir "lear o* ri'er )end& )e"the water &ur*a"e i& in"lined and there i& tur)ulen"e

making the &tage mea&urement in"on&i&tent.• "/ ;he up&tream o* a natural "ontrol eg. a rapid &ho

u&ed( not down&tream.



=ule& -uiding o"ation o*

-auge&


• d/ A uni*orm "hannel help& good &tage mea&uremenrregular "ro&& &e"tion& &hould )e a'oided.

session 2_hydropower planning

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