session 14 hydropower
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hydropowerTRANSCRIPT
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Session 14 - Hydropower
Manitoba Hydro’s 1340 MW Limestone Generating Station
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Hydro’s Role in Renewables
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Countries with Most Dams
• China (~24,000 dams, about 45% of total)
• United States (6600)
• India (4300)
• Japan (2700)
• Spain
• Canada
Countries with Most Hydro Generation•China 145 GW•Canada 89•United States 80•Brazil 69•Russia 45•India 34•Japan 27•Norway 27•France 25
Sources: Sustainable Energy, Wikipedia
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Hydroelectric Production
• North America 743,000 GWh/yr1
• Europe 647,000
• Asia 555,000
• South America 471,000
• Africa 59,000
• Australia 39,000
1Sustainable Energy, Tester, p. 522.
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Largesse of Installations
Three Gorges DamYangtze River, China
23,000 MW
Grand Coulee DamColumbia River, US
6,500 MW
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Energy Conversion Principles
Power available from 1 cubic meter of waterfalling through 1 meter every second:
P = Energy per unit of Time
= mgh= 1000 kg X 9.8 m/s2 X 1 m/ 1 s= 9800 Joules/s= 9800 W= 9.8 kW
So, for every cubic meter of water per meter ofDrop per second,
9.8 kW of power is available
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Energy Conversion Principles
Impoundment (e.g. Grand Coulee)
Pond orReservoir
Discharge orTailrace
Z = head = 160 m
1. Cubic meter of Water (ρ= 1000 kg/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3)
2. PE = mghor PE/m3 = ρgZ
3. For Grand Coulee,PE/m3 = 1000 kg/m3
X 9.8 m/s2
X 160 m= 1.6 E 6 J 4. For a flowrate of 5000 m3/s,
Power = Potential Energy X Volume/Time X Efficiency= (1.6 E 6 J) X (5000 m3) X (s-1) X (0.8)= 6.4 E 9 J/s = 6400 MW
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Energy Conversion Principles
Run of River (e.g. Limestone Station, MHEB)
Z = 27.6 m
1. Flow rate through station matches natural flow rate of river (5100 m3/s)
Forebay
2. Minimal static head: PE = 1000 kg/m3X 9.8 m/s2X 27.6 m= 2.7 E 5 J
PowerPE = PE X Flowrate X Eff= 1.1 E 9 J/s = 1100 MW
3. Nameplate capacity= 1340 MW
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Construction Sequence
http://www.hydro.mb.ca/corporate/facilities//build_gen_station/constr_sequence.htm
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Grand Coulee Powerhouse Cross-section
1. Excavation2. Penstock3. Trashracks4. Vert. Axis5. Turbine Runner
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Turbine-Generator
1. Typical clearance of runner to scroll case wall < 1 mm2. Wicket gates3. Stator/Rotor4. Reaction turbine
Source: SustainableEnergy, p 539.
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Manitoba HydroLimestone
Rectifier
Inverter
~AC
AC (EasternInterconnection)
Bipole 1+ 450 kVDC Bipole 2
+ 500 kVDC
1. Length = 900 km2. 18,432 thyristors (BP2)3. 4 cm diameter cable
Source: Manitoba Hydro
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
R&D
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Future in US is Uncertain
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T. Ferguson, University of Minnesota, Duluth. 2008
Hydroelectric in Developing Countries
• Western Uganda: 60 kW run of river system for US$15,000 ($250/kW)
• Uganda planning more microhydros• Primary source today is 200 MW hydro; only 5%
of population served; drought afflicted• Microhydros: <100 kW; $200-$500/kW; impulse
turbines• China has ~ 42,200 microhydros (28 GW)
Source: IEEE Spectrum, May 2007, pp 32-37.