session 1 introduction to kinematics
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Kinematics
Session delivered by:
Dr. Arun R. Rao
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Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the students would have understood
about Fundamentals of kinematics
Types of motion,
Links, Joints
Kinematic-chains,
Mechanisms, Structure, Linkage transformation
Intermittent motion Inversions,
Four bar linkage and Inversions
Slider Crank Mechanism and Inversions
Straight-line Motion Mechanisms
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Engineering mechanics
Engineering mechanics is a branch of the physical
sciences which looks to understand the actions andreactions of bodies at rest or in motion.
Much of modern engineering mechanics is based onIsaac Newton's laws of motion while the modern
practice of their application can be traced back toTimoshenko, who is said to be the father of modernengineering mechanics.
Engineering mechanics can be subdivided into statics,strength of materials, dynamics, deformable bodies andfluid mechanics.
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Mechanics
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Statics:
Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, that is, those inwhich time is not a factor
Dynamics:deals with systems that change with time.
Kinematics
Kinematics is the branch of dynamics that consists of the study ofmotion without the reference to the forces that cause, or aredeveloped by, the motion. It is the study of motion, quite apart fromthe forces which produce that motion. More particularly,kinematics is the study of position, displacement, rotation, speed,velocity, and acceleration
Kinetics
It is the study of force on system during motion where the effectsof the forces on the body is considered..
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Machine
It is a combination of resistant bodies
so arranged that by their means themechanical forces of nature can be
compelled to do work accompanied
by certain determinate motion
Structure
It is also a combination of resistant
bodies connected by joints, but its
purpose is not to do work or totransform motion. A structure is
intended to be rigid
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Machine
A machine is a mechanism or group of mechanism used toperform useful work. Its chief function is to adopt a source of
power to some specific work requirement
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MechanismsA mechanism is a constrained kinematic chain. Motion of any one link in the
kinematic chain will give a definite and predictable motion relative to each of the
others. Usually one of the links of the kinematic chain is fixed in a mechanismPlanar Mechanisms
When all the links of a mechanism have plane motion, it is called as a planar
mechanism. All the links in a planar mechanism move in planes parallel to the
reference plane.
Water Pumping Mechanism Hydraulic Door retracting Mechanism
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Mechanisms Mechanisms are the mechanical
portion of machines that have
the function of transferring
motion and forces from a power
source (motor) to an output
A mechanism may, in general,
be considered a collection ofparts that are arranged and
connected so that they produce
the desired motion of the
machine
The primary purpose of mostmechanisms analyses is to
ensure that the device will
exhibit motion that will
accomplish the desired purpose
of the machine
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MECHANISMS AND STRUCTURES
The degree of freedom of an assembly of links completely predicts its character.
There are only three possibilities. If the DOF is positive, it will be a mechanism, and the link will have relativemotion.
If the DOF is exactly zero, then it will be a structure, and n motion is possible.
If the DOF is negative, then it is a preloaded structure, which means that nomotion is possible and some stresses may also be present at the time of assemblyFigure shows examples of these three cases. One link is grounded in each case.
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Element or Link Each part of a machine which has motion relative to some other
parts is termed an element or link
A link need not necessarily be rigid body, but it must be a resistant
body
E.g: incompressible fluids, belt, rope, chain etc
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Kinematic Pairs
Kinematic pairs may be classified as higherand lower pairs
Higher pair are the ones consisting ofline or point contact
while in motion as in the case of a roller or ball bearing
Lower pair are the ones consisting of surface contact
between two links as in pin joint or a slider
Lower Pairs may be classified as turning pairs, sliding pairs,
spherical pairs, screw or helical pairs and rolling pairs
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Based on nature of contact between elements
Lower pair
The joint by which two members are connected has surface contact.
Higher pair
The contact between the pairing elements takes place at a point or along a line.
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Kinematic Pairs
Sliding Pair Two elements are so connected that one is
constrained to have a sliding motion relative to the other
Screw Pair When one element turns about the other element by
means of threads, it forms a screw or helical pair
E.g.. Bolt and nut
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Kinematic Pairs
Turing Pair when two element are so connected that one
is constrained to turn about a fixed axis of other it forms aturning pair
E.g.. Crank Shaft turning in a bearing
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Spherical Pair- when one element is in the form of sphere turns
about the other fixed element it forms a spherical pair
E.g.. Ball and Socket joint
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Rolling Pair when two elements are so connected that one is
constrained to roll in other fixed element it forms a rolling pair
E.g.. Ball and roller bearing
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Lower Pairs
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Lower Pairs
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Higher Pairs
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Planar Mechanism
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Spherical Mechanisms
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Spatial Mechanisms
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Constrained Motion
one element has got only one definite motion relative to the other
Completely constrained motion
Successfully constrained motion
Incompletely
constrained motion
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Kinematic Chain A Kinematic chain is any group of links connected together for the
purpose of transmitting forces or motions
Locked Kinematic chain is an arrangement of links such that no link canmove relative to the other links in the chain
Constrained Kinematic Chain is an arrangement of links such that amovement of one link causes a definite predictable movement of the otherlinks
Unconstrained Kinematic Chain is an arrangement of links such that a
movement of one link does not cause a predictable movement of the otherlinks
InversionsBy making a different link in a kinematic chain the fixed member, weobtain a different mechanism. Thus any one of the links may be arbitrarilyselected as the fixed link, and each arrangement is an inversion of the
othersInversion of a kinematic linkage or mechanism is observing the motion ofthe members of the mechanism with fixing different links as referenceframe. Each time when a different link is chose as the frame link themechanism shows different characteristics of the motion.
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Quadratic Chain
Quadratic chain is a four links kinematic chain
Four bar chain and its inversion
A four bar mechanism is a mechanism having four rigid linkswith one link fixed, the chain consists of four turning pairs
The fixed link is referred to as the frame
The rotating link is called the driver or crank
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Quadratic Chain
The other rotating link is called the follower or rocker
The floating link is called the connecting rod
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Four Bar Chain Mechanism
The four-bar mechanism is called as a kinematic chain. In this
planar mechanism, four links are constrained by four cylindricaljoints. When one link is fixed or grounded, the motion of a second
link determines the motion of the third and fourth links
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Inversions of 4-bar Chain mechanism
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Inversions of 4-bar chain mechanism
CRANK-ROCKER MECHANISM DRAG LINK MECHANISM
DOUBLE CRANK MECHANISM
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Applications of 4-bar chain Mechanism
Brake of a Wheelchair Folding sofaBackhoe Excavator
Door MechanismSheet Metal Shear (Mechanical Workshop)
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Linkages of more than 4 bars
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More than 4 Link Mechanisms
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Slider Crank Mechanism
x
Connecting rod
Piston
Crank
arm
Crank pin
Cylinder
Crankshaft
Gudgeonpin
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Single slider crank Mechanism
The function of the reciprocating engine is to convert thereciprocating motion into rotary motion. It is a simplest from ofsingle slider crank chain mechanism. In reciprocating engine there
is one sliding pair and three turning pairs. In figure there are threeturning pairs and the sliding pair is formed between the cross headand the guides. Link 1 is fixed (frame). Link 2 will act as a crank,which rotates. Link 3 is a connecting rod and link 4 is a crosshead.
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lnversions of slider crank chain
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Multi-cylinder Engine- an inversion of slider crank
mechanism
Crankshaft piston
assembly
Pistons
Fuel
and air
Compressed
fuel and air
Spark plug
Crank armsCrank shaft
Connecting rods
Inlet & outletvalves
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Pendulum pump or bull engineIII inversion of slider crank mechanism (slider fixed)
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Oscillating Cylinder Engine
Inversion is obtained by fixing the link CD as shown in fig
As the crank rotates about C the slotted link AB slides over
the die block which is pivoted to the fixed link at D
The mechanism of oscillating cylinder engine is based
upon it
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Oscillating Cylinder Engine
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Whitworth Quick Return Mechanism The inversion is obtained by fixing the link BC. It is used in a number of applications
such as slotting and shaping machines
The crank CD rotates at uniform speed. The die block D slides along the slotted link
AB and causes this to revolute about B with variable speed
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Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism
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Double Slider Crank Chain and its
Inversions The kinematic chain consists of two turning and two
sliding pair
Two slide block A and B slide along slots in a frame S and
the pins A and B on the slide blocks are connected by the
link AB as shown Such a Kinematic chain has three inversions
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Elliptical Trammel
It is an instrument for drawing ellipses. The slotted frame S is fixed. Any
point, such as P on the link AB except the midpoint of AB will trace an ellipseas the slide blocks A and B slide along their respective slots
The equation of an ellipse with centre at O is given by
sin2 + cos2 = x2 / a2 + y2/ b2 = 1
AC = p and BC = q,
then, x = q.cos and y = p.sin.
Rearranging,
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Oldhams Coupling
Second inversion is obtained by fixing the link AB as
shown
For a given angular displacement of any one of the slide
block, the frame and other block will turn through the same
angular displacement
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Scotch Yoke Mechanism
Third inversion isobtained by fixing any
one of the two blocks
A or B as shown in fig.
The link AB can rotate
about A as centre and
thus cause the frame to
reciprocate
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Straight line motion mechanisms
Condition for perfect steering Locus of pt.C will be a straight
line,to AE if,
is constant.Proof:
ACAB
..,
.
constACifABconstAE
constbutAD
AD
ACAB
AE
AE
AB
AC
AD
ABDAEC
==
=
=
=
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Peaucellier mechanism Roberts mechanism
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Pantograph
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Watts MechanismDrafter Mechanism
Tongs Mechanism
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Toggle mechanism
Considering the
equilibrium condition ofslider 6,
For small angles of, F i s
much smaller than P.
tan2
2tan
PF
P
F
=
=
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Intermittent Motion Mechanisms
Geneva Mechanism
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Ratchet and pawl mechanism
Application of Ratchet Pawl
mechanism
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Ratchet and pawl mechanism
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Other Intermittent Motion Mechanism
Mutilated Gear Elliptical GearsEscapement
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