Services

Chapter 12

Services: activity performed that fulfills a human want or need in exchange for money

Services and settlements are linked

Where Did Services Originate?

Key Issue #1

Types of services Distinctions are NOT absolute! Consumer Services

Retail service (25% of US jobs) Personal service (20% of US jobs)

Business Services (20%) Purpose: to facilitate other businesses

Producer services: help people conduct business Transportation and similar services: diffuse and distribute

services ½ transportation; other ½ information services

Public Services (15%) Provide security and protection for citizens and

businesses

Origin of Services Centered around settlements Why?

Services in Rural Settlements Clustered vs.

dispersed settlements Clustered settlements

Typical – homes, barns, tools sheds, farm structures, personal services such as religious structures and schools, some public, retail, and producer services.

Early services: Burial and religion Housing Food storage Cottage industry Education and

entertainment Trade defense

Circular Rural settlementsOpen space surrounded by

structures (ex: The German Gewandorf)

Model von Thunen used in his studies

Linear Rural SettlementsStructures are clustered along

a road, river, etc. to facilitate communication

long-lot; seigneurial - be able to describe

Services in Rural Settlements cont. Dispersed Rural Settlements

Middle Atlantic area Mainly b/c people that settled here came as

individuals rather than as a cohesive group As these settlers moved west, pattern of

settlement followed

Replaced clustered settlements Why? – Considered more efficient

Enclosure movement When? 1750-1850 What? Conversion from

clustered to dispersed settlements, consolidated individual strips of land into a single large farm

Where? Europe, Great Britain Why? To improve agricultural

production Effect? Many people moved

to urban areas. Created isolated, dispersed farmsteads

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?

Key Issue #2

Central Place Market Area Range Threshold Primate city Rank-size rule

Central Place Theory Where are central places located? Why? Central place theory explains how svcs are

distributed and why there is a regular pattern of settlement

First proposed by Walter Christaller Attempted to develop a model to predict how and

where central places in cities would be spatially and functionally distributed

Central Place Theory cont. Set of assumptions:

Surface of the area would be flat and have no physical barriers

Soil fertility would be uniform Population and purchasing power evenly distributed Uniform transportation which would allow for direct travel

from each settlement to the other Goods and services could be sold in all directions out to a

certain distance Calculated the ideal model and then compared it to

the real world In cities-central places would be nested, so the largest

central place would provide services to smaller places Smaller places would provide services to even smaller

places

Central Place Theory cont. Christaller postulated:

cities would be regularly spaced w/central places where the same product was sold at the same price was a standard distance apart

Each city has a complementary region in which they have a monopoly on the sale of certain goods

Market Area of a Service Market area/hinterland

Central Place Theory cont. Size of Market Area

Range of Service How far you are willing to go for a service? Determined by observing consumer behavior

Threshold of Service Minimum number of people required to support the

service (generate a profit) How potential consumers are counted depends on the

product

How far would you drive for a Chicken Quesadilla?

Market-Area Analysis Used to determine if a market’s location will

be profitable Profitability of a Location

Calculate the range and threshold

GIS – Geographic Information System

Hierarchy of Services and Settlements Small settlements are limited to consumer

services w/small thresholds b/c they do not have the people to support a lot of services

Larger settlements can support both Yellow pages of a large city vs. that of a small city

Hierarchy of Settlements and Services cont. Nesting of Services and Settlements

Central place theory-MDCs would be hexagons unless interrupted by physical boundaries Hamlets, villages, towns, cities

Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements Ranking settlements based on largest to smallest

population produces a regular pattern or hierarchy

Rank-Size Rule and Primate City Nth largest city is 1/nth the

size of the largest city 2nd largest = ½ of pop. of

largest city

Primate City – Largest city is more than twice as big as the 2nd largest city EX: Paris, London

How do you know? Country A

City A – 12,580,000 City B –3,990,000 City C - 2,800,000 City D – 6, 420,000

Country B City A – 2, 120,000 City B –1,900,000 City C - 800,000 City D – 9,050,000

Central Place Market Area Range Threshold Primate city Rank-size rule

Partners, write word, draw picture of it, two related term to each word, share with partner

Why Do Business Service Locate in Large Settlements?

Key Issue #3

Ancient World Cities Originally people clustered in agricultural

villages egalitarian society main activity: agriculture

This changed as cities were formed people generated personal wealth began to trade over long distances formation of stratified classes engaged in a diversity of economic activities

Ancient World Cities cont. Agricultural surplus and social stratification

enabled the formation of cities-Why?1. advances in technology

leadership class was formed to control the surplus and technology used to create it

2. king or priest/king centralized political power in turn, demanded labor to create agricultural surplus

which would help him/her retain political power

Leadership class controlled all of the society’s resources since everyone did not participate in farming, could

focus on other pursuits such as philosophy and religion

writing and recordkeeping arose from these activities

Ancient World Cities cont. Ancient Athens

city-states showed urban settlements have been traditionally

distinguished from rural settlements not only by public services but also by personal services

Ancient Rome rise of Rome encouraged urbanization as Rome declined, so did urban settlements

Medieval World Cities renewed urban life as feudalism spawned

urban settlements largest urban settlements served as power

centers usually fortified by walls What were believed to be the 5 most populous

cities in 900 A.D.?

Modern World Cities Business Services in World Cities

clustering of businesses the result of the Industrial Revolution

Explain. Consumer Services in World Cities

have a large number of consumer services due to the large and wealthy markets world cities are…more people can afford things there so they provide more retail/service opportunities for their wealthy customers

Public Services in World Cities may be centers of national or international political power offices that do business with the gov’t are often located

there New York, Brussels

Hierarchy of Business Services 4 levels of cities that play a role in business

services World Cities

Why are they closely integrated into the global economic system? London, New York, Tokyo

largest city of their main area most important stock exchanges located there

Chicago, LA, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris and Zurich also included: Sao Paulo and Singapore where many major banks or other corporations may have

their headquarters What cities make up the third tier?

Hierarchy of Business Services cont. Command and Control Centers

second level of cities What types of services are located here? What are some command/control center cities?

Specialized Producer-Service Centers third level of cities offer more narrow and highly specialized variety of

services What are some examples?

Dependent Centers fourth-level cities unskilled jobs; their economic health depends on the

decisions of the other cities What are the 4 subtypes?

Economic Base of Settlements basic industries vs. non basic industries-What

is the difference? Why is a settlement’s economic base

important? nonbasic industries will not result in the creation

of new basic industries How can a community’s basic industries be

identified? Settlements in the US are classified by type of

basic activity –explain. Economic base of some settlements is in the

secondary sector-explain.

Economic Base of Settlements cont. Specialization of Cities in Different Services

Basic industries originally referred to manufacturing

Those specializing in public services are dispersed all over the country-why?

Distribution of Talent Those with talent are not uniformly dispersed Why do some cities have a larger number of

talented individuals than others? Richard Florida-what did his research about talent

determine?

Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

Key Issue #4

Central Business District (CBD) Consumer and business services located in

CBDs because of their accessibility Retail Services in the CBD

Retail Services w/High Threshold Accessible to a large number of people Rents here were usually highest Recently, most have disappeared for the suburbs

Retail Services w/ High Range Very specialized shop; customers patronize it

infrequently Prefer central locations Have also moved to suburban shopping malls How can they still survive in CBDs?

What does a CBD Look like?

Department Stores like… Specialty Stores

Like…. Shops attracting office workers like…

Skyscrapers and High-rises filled with things like banks, lawyers, advertisers etc.

Central Business District (CBD) cont. Retail Services Serving Downtown Workers

Cater to those who work in the downtown area Limited hours Many of these are expanding-Why? How have cities attempted to revitalize retailing in CBDs

and old er neighborhoods? Producer Services

Cluster in the center for accessibility Facilitates communication Helps to establish sense of trust Also allows businesses to employ people from all

different neighborhoods Can find employees they need in a CBD

Who lives here?

Central Business District (CBD) cont. High Land Costs in the CBD

Accessibility produces competition for land As a result, extremely expensive 2 characteristics emerge as a result:

Land is used more intensely at the center than elsewhere in the city

Some activities are excluded form the center because it is so expensive

Intensive Land Use “underground city” Use of more space above and below ground

Skyscrapers Building up instead of out Vertical geography-explain.

Central Business District (CBD) cont. Activities Excluded from the CBD

Manufacturing Requires too much space Suitable land usually located in the suburbs

Lack of residents Most individuals cannot afford the rent in CBDs Where is this problem especially critical? What are the push/pull factors for leaving CBDs?

Suburbanization of Businesses Cheaper and it is where most customers are

located Suburbanization of Retailing

Why have downtown sales stagnated? Has resulted in businesses moving to the suburbs

Suburbanization of Factories and Offices Why have they moved? Can pose a hardship for some employees-explain.