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TRANSCRIPT
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SERIES
Studien des Interdisziplinären Frankreich-Schwerpunktsder Universität Innsbruck 6
Series-Editors: Eva Lavric, Romana Kaier, Ludovic Milot
innsbruck university press
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Markus Ludescher
Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère(Re-)Découverte d’une vertu démocratique
à travers des récits du XXe siècle
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© innsbruck university press, 2013Universität Innsbruck1. AuflageAlle Rechte vorbehalten.Produktion: Prime Rate Kft.www.uibk.ac.at/iupISBN 978-3-902936-05-9
Markus LudescherInstitut für Romanistik, Universität Innsbruck
Diese Publikation wurde mit finanzieller Unterstützung des Vizerektorats für Forschung und des Frankreich-Schwerpunkts der Universität Innsbruck gedruckt.
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Table des matières
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 9
2. Approche historique de la notion de courage : vers un contour fécond pour l’utilisation pédagogique au XXIe siècle ..................... 11
2.1 Les origines du courage : la vertu du guerrier mythique .................... 122.2 L’introduction de la rationalité et la moralisation du courage ........... 152.3 Le courage de la vérité : charnière entre l’éthique personnelle et l’action politique en démocratie .................................. 182.4 Le courage et son fondement moral ..................................................... 232.5 La démocratisation du courage comme vertu du citoyen et sa pertinence pour l’instruction publique ...................... 312.6 L’étude de la situation : approche psychologique de la notion de courage au début du XXIe siècle ................................ 36
2.6.1 /HV�SDUDPqWUHV�JpQpUDX[�GH�OD�VLWXDWLRQ�GH�FRQÀLW� ................... 382.6.2 Le courageux et sa disposition d’intervention .......................... 392.6.3 L’impact de la présence du groupe des témoins ........................ 40
2.6.4 Typologie des comportements courageux et la motivation psychosociale du courageux ........................... 412.6.5 Un contour du réseau des facteurs ............................................ 42
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3. Analyse de la représentation du courage dans trois récits du XXe siècle ................................................................... 47
3.1.1 Le réseau des personnages ........................................................ 483.1.2 La structure événementielle ...................................................... 483.1.3 Le lieu et son caractère public ................................................... 483.1.4 L’enjeu de l’action et ses implications morales ........................ 493.1.5 La motivation et l’intention d’action ........................................ 49
3.2 La ligne 12 de Raymond Jean .............................................................. 513.3 « Pénitent 1943 » de Louis Aragon ..................................................... 683.4 « Les transports en commun » de Monique Proulx ........................... 83
4. Considérations didactiques et exploitation pédagogique des textes ....................................................... 99
4.1 Le courage civil vu dans le cadre de la didactique de l’esthétique de la réception .......................................... 1014.2 Propositions d’exercices exemplaires ................................................ 106
4.2.1 Développer de l’empathie et le potentiel � G¶LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ�GHV�SHUVRQQDJHV� ............................................. 1074.2.2 5pÀpFKLU�DX[�HQMHX[�GHV�UpFLWV�HW�OD�GLVWDQFH�FULWLTXH� ............ 109
5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 113
Bibliographie .......................................................................................................... 118
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Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère
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24
Markus Ludescher
fondément marqué la notion de courage : ils y ont notamment apporté le caractère volon-taire de lutte intériorisée qui persiste aujourd’hui encore dans le champ sémantique du PRW��FH�TXL�VH�UHÀqWH�GDQV�OD�Gp¿QLWLRQ�GX�FRXUDJH�FRPPH�©�HIIRUW�IDLW�VXU�VRL�PrPH�SRXU�résister à une épreuve »50 retenue par le Trésor de la Langue française et la caractérisa-WLRQ�FRPPH�©�YRORQWp�SOXV�RX�PRLQV�FUXHOOH�ª51 du Petit Robert. Cette idée d’une morale de l’abstention et de la retenue une fois retracée, j’aborderai ensuite d’autres possibilités d’envisager un système de valeurs fécondes pour l’exercice du courage. Pour conclure sur les bases morales du courage, sera proposé un canon minimal et irréductible de valeurs qui lui sont indispensables quelle que soit l’approche de la détermination des repères moraux.
Avec le christianisme de nouvelles valeurs, dont l’importance était mineure voire inexistantes chez les Grecs, prennent le dessus dans le domaine de l’éthique. L’humilité, l’abandon et le renoncement de soi constituent dorénavant le socle d’une vie morale plus DXVWqUH��/¶LQGLYLGX�HVW�SHUoX�FRPPH�IDLEOH�SpFKHXU�GRQW�©�O¶pWDW�QDWXUHO�ª�HVW�XQ�SHQFKDQW�vers les vices. La vie morale consiste en une lutte psychologique contre les tendances vicieuses. Cet effort requiert de la force, et c’est celle-ci qui est synonyme de courage pour les penseurs chrétiens du Moyen Âge. Loin de l’acte héroïque, le courage s’est transformé en endurance patiente au quotidien, incarné par l’attitude méditative et persévérante du moine solitaire.52 Tout en gardant l’imagerie martiale, elle s’éloigne de ce fait de l’idée d’excellence, centrale pour le courage masculin de l’Antiquité. Le courage s’associe à la volonté de s’orienter vers un idéal hors d’atteinte et perd son lien direct à l’action concrète et à la vie publique. Être courageux devient une question d’intention, passant du sens d’acte extérieur à celui de résolution mentale. Résister à la tentation et à l’attrait des pas-sions devient l’enjeu du combat moral que l’homme est censé mener en solitude.
/D�FRQFHSWLRQ�GH�OD�WUDGLWLRQ�FKUpWLHQQH�D�XQH�LQÀXHQFH�VXU�OH�GLVFRXUV�DXWRXU�GH�OD�QR-tion jusqu’à nos jours. Elle se retrouve par exemple dans l’essai sur le courage de Michel Lacroix. Cet auteur reprend l’idée du combat intériorisé contre les passions et précise qu’il \�D�EHVRLQ�GH�©�OD�UpXQLRQ�GH�GHX[�pOpPHQWV���G¶XQH�SDUW�XQH�OXWWH�SV\FKRORJLTXH�HQ�VRL�PrPH��G¶DXWUH�SDUW�XQ�pODQ�YHUV�XQH�¿Q�PRUDOH�ª�53�3XLV��LO�DFFHQWXH�VD�TXDOLWp�GH�©�PRWHXU�de la morale »54 :
50 Imbs 1971-1994, http://atilf.atilf.fr/, entrée courage.51 REY-DEBOVE ; REY 2007, 564.52 Cf. berns [et al.] 2010, 104s.53 LacroIx 2003, 73s.54 Ibid., 70.
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25
Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère
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26
Markus Ludescher
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Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère
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Markus Ludescher
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La ligne 12��������UDFRQWH�O¶KRVWLOLWp�UDFLVWH�GH�OD�SDUW�G¶XQ�FRQGXFWHXU�GH�EXV�j�O¶pJDUG�G¶XQ�WUDYDLOOHXU�LPPLJUp��/H�UpFLW�GH�5D\PRQG�-HDQ�PHW�HQ�VFqQH�OHV�SKpQRPqQHV�SV\�FKRORJLTXHV�TXL�GpWHUPLQHQW� OD� VLWXDWLRQ� �� OH�GHJUp�GH� V\PSDWKLH�SRXU� OD�YLFWLPH�HW� OHV�IDFWHXUV� SV\FKRORJLTXHV� TXL� LQKLEHQW� OHV� QRPEUHX[� SHUVRQQDJHV� VDQV� UpHOOHPHQW� H[SR�VHU�OD�SV\FKRORJLH�GHV�KpURV�SRWHQWLHOV��¬�O¶RSSRVpH��OD�QRXYHOOH�©�3pQLWHQW������ª��SDUX�FODQGHVWLQHPHQW�HQ�������SURSRVH�GH�©�YLYUH�ª�XQ�PRPHQW�FULWLTXH�DYHF�XQ�SHUVRQQDJH�VSpFL¿TXH�� OH�FXUp�G¶XQ�SHWLW�YLOODJH�IUDQoDLV��SHQGDQW� O¶pSRTXH�GH� OD�5pVLVWDQFH��/RXLV�$UDJRQ�\�H[SRVH�GH�IDoRQ�GpWDLOOpH�OHV�FRQVLGpUDWLRQV�GX�SHUVRQQDJH�FRXUDJHX[�HW�DERUGH�H[SOLFLWHPHQW� O¶DVSHFW� GH� OD�PRWLYDWLRQ�� ©�/HV� WUDQVSRUWV� HQ� FRPPXQ�ª� �������� GH� VRQ�F{Wp��PRQWUH�OH�FRXUDJH�FRPPH�LPSXOVLRQ�VSRQWDQpH�GDQV�XQH�VLWXDWLRQ�UHQFRQWUpH�GDQV�OD�YLH�TXRWLGLHQQH���XQ�0RQWUpDODLV�YLHQW�HQ�DLGH�j�XQH�VXLFLGDLUH�DYDQW�TXH�OD�VLWXDWLRQ�QH�VH�UpYqOH�FRPPH�XQH�PLVH�HQ�VFqQH�PpGLDWLTXH��/H�WH[WH�GH�0RQLTXH�3URXO[�PRQWUH�GH�IDoRQ�SDURGLTXH�FRPPHQW�OH�PDQTXH�GH�UpFRPSHQVHV�UpHOOHV�SHXW�LQÀXHQFHU�OH�FRXUDJHX[�HW�SRVH�OD�TXHVWLRQ�GH�OD�SODFH�GX�FRXUDJH�GDQV�OD�VRFLpWp�FRQWHPSRUDLQH�
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Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère
3.2 La ligne 12 de Raymond Jean
3.2.1 Présentation générale de l’œuvre
La ligne 12 est un texte de Raymond Jean (*1925, Marseille) paru en 1973. Raymond Jean, professeur ès lettres de l’Université de Provence et notamment spécialiste de la poésie de Nerval et d’Éluard, a choisi la prose. En plus de ses études et de ses essais critiques, il a pu-blié une vingtaine d’œuvres romanesques, et plusieurs recueils de nouvelles. Intellectuel de gauche engagé et collaborateur du journal Le Monde, une grande partie de ses textes GH�¿FWLRQ�RQW�SRXU�DUULqUH�SODQ�O¶DFWXDOLWp�SROLWLTXH�IUDQoDLVH�HW�PRQGLDOH��&KHUFKHXU�HQ�littérature et collaborateur de la Quinzaine littéraire et Europe�� LO� SUR¿WH�GH� VRQ� VDYRLU�théorique sur l’écriture pour créer des textes méticuleusement construits.
La ligne 12 est un long récit divisé en deux parties. Dans un style sobre et concis, Jean se fait observateur des réalités sociales de l’époque de la rédaction du texte. La première partie raconte un incident opposant un conducteur de bus et un travailleur d’origine maghrébine dans la France du début des années 70. Le Maghrébin Mehdi, personnage principal du récit, rentre un peu plus tôt de son travail sur un chantier. Ainsi est-il le seul travailleur immigré dans le bus de la ligne 12 et attire l’attention des autres passagers. Épuisé, il attend patiem-PHQW�OD�¿Q�GX�WUDMHW��4XDQG�OH�EXV�V¶DSSURFKH�GX�TXDUWLHU�RXYULHU�GH�OD�0LRODLQH�HW�V¶DUUrWH�HQ�raison d’un embouteillage, il demande poliment au conducteur de le laisser descendre à un feu rouge près de son habitation. Peu coopératif, le conducteur insiste sur le fait qu’il n’y a pas G¶DUUrW�RI¿FLHO�j�FHW�HQGURLW�HW�UHIXVH�G¶DFFRUGHU�FHWWH�IDYHXU�j�0HKGL�HQ�OXL�DGUHVVDQW�XQH�KRV-tilité verbale. Son commentaire raciste déclenche une dispute entre lui et plusieurs passagers. 'H�SOXV�HQ�SOXV�IXULHX[��OH�FRQGXFWHXU�¿QLW�SDU�SURYRTXHU�XQ�DFFLGHQW�GH�FLUFXODWLRQ�HW�DFFXVH�0HKGL�G¶HQ�rWUH�FRXSDEOH��,O�UHWLHQW�OH�WUDYDLOOHXU�LPPLJUp�DYHF�YLROHQFH�HW�OXL�GHPDQGH�VHV�coordonnées. Après avoir menacé de coups des passagers qui tentent de calmer la situation, il règle les papiers avec l’automobiliste concerné et force Mehdi à remonter dans le bus.
Au niveau stylistique, Jean fait abondamment usage de descriptions visuelles. Bien TX¶XQH� VFqQH� FRQÀLFWXHOOH� VRLW� OH� QR\DX� FHQWUDO� GX� WH[WH�� OH� VW\OH� GHVFULSWLI� GRPLQH��L’auteur dresse les portraits d’une dizaine de passagers en décrivant l’intérieur du bus. Il rassemble des représentants de tous les âges et classes et montre leurs réactions face à O¶DJUHVVLRQ�UDFLVWH��'H�FHWWH�IDoRQ��LO�PHW�HQ�SODFH�XQ�PLFURFRVPH�VRFLDO�UHVVHPEODQW�j�XQH�UHSURGXFWLRQ�GH� OD�VRFLpWp�HQ�PLQLDWXUH��&RPPH�O¶°XYUH�SUHQG�SRXU�VXMHW�XQ�SUREOqPH�sociopolitique de son temps, elle s’apparente à la littérature engagée.
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Markus Ludescher
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Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère
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122
Markus Ludescher
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Le courage dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère
Die vorliegende Publikation beruht auf der Diplomarbeit „Le courage dans l’enseigne-ment du français langue étrangère. (Re-)Découverte d’une vertu démocratique à travers des récits du XXe siècle“, die von Herrn Markus Ludescher am Institut für Romanistik der Universität Innsbruck zur Erlangung des Titels „Mag. Phil.“ eingereicht und mit dem Frankreich-Preis 2012 des interdisziplinären Frankreich-Schwerpunkts der Universität Innsbruck ausgezeichnet wurde. Die Arbeit wurde außerdem mit dem Kanada-Preis 2012 des Kanadazentrums der Universität Innsbruck ausgezeichnet. Ihre Publikation gewinnt durch den tragischen Tod ihres Autors im Februar 2013 an Bedeutung. Markus Ludescher war ein brillanter Student und ein sehr liebenswerter Mensch, der an der Schwelle einer wissenschaftlichen Karriere stand.
Mit den Frankreich-Preisen werden einmal jährlich herausragende wissenschaftliche Arbeiten mit klarem Frankreich-Bezug in den Kategorien Master-/Diplomarbeit, Disserta-tion und Post-Doc prämiert. Eine Liste der bisherigen PreisträgerInnen sowie die Kriterien ]X�(LQUHLFKXQJ�XQG�9HUOHLKXQJ�GHU�)UDQNUHLFK�3UHLVH�¿QGHQ�6LH�XQWHUhttp://www.uibk.ac.at/frankreichschwerpunkt/frankreich_preis/
Der interdisziplinäre Frankreich-Schwerpunkt wurde 2001 gegründet und wird von der Universität Innsbruck und der französischen Botschaft in Österreich getragen. Seine Hauptaufgabe ist die Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Kooperation und des akademi-schen Austauschs zwischen der Universität Innsbruck und den französischen Universi-täten und Hochschulen. Neben seiner Funktion als Fördergeber organisiert er selbst und in Zusammenarbeit mit Instituten der Universität Innsbruck und französischen Partnern wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen wie Tagungen, Symposien, Workshops, Gastvorträge und Ringvorlesungen.
La présente publication repose sur le mémoire de maîtrise « Le courage dans l’enseigne-ment du français langue étrangère. (Re-)Découverte d’une vertu démocratique à travers des récits du XXe siècle » fait par Markus Ludescher au département de philologie romane de l’Université d’Innsbruck pour le grade de « Mag. Phil.», et auquel le Pôle interdiscipli-naire d’études françaises de l’Université d’Innsbruck a décerné le Prix de la France 2012. Le travail a obtenu également le « Prix du Canada » 2012 du Centre d’études canadiennes
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Markus Ludescher
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