sensores y transductores t8.1 de ld didactic

T 8.1 Measurement and Sensor Technology

Sensors – the modern divining rods The continuous increase in industrialization and the growth of a transport-oriented economy are putting a stamp on our times. These new aspects require control over the large streams of energy, materials and traffic being moved daily. In a continuously shrinking world, intelligent processes are required to provide control and distribute resources. Correspondingly, applications for measuring and control technology are becoming evermore prevalent. As intra-disciplinary topics, their usage and influence on technology and day-to-day society is manifestly evident. At the center-point, there are processes and events in nature, industry and administration that must be detected, controlled and corrected to assure that they are carried out in a smooth, predictable manner. Today's world must have reliable measurement data – and that type of information cannot be obtained from a divining rod!

Symbols: Experiment literature included

Battery required

Software included

COM3LAB compatible

Accessories required

Bus-capable (USB, Profibus, ...)

LD Didactic GmbH of 3

T 8.1 Equipment Set Configuration

LD Didactic GmbH of 3

MEASUREMENT & SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

LD Didactic GmbH

Electrical Circuits for Measurement TechnologyT 8.1.1.1

Training Objectives

➔ DC and AC measurements

➔ Extending measurement ranges

➔ Impedance converter

➔ Voltage measurements on highly resistive sources

➔ Instrument amplifiers

➔ Voltage summation

➔ Potential difference

➔ Half wave rectifier

➔ Instrument rectifier

➔ F/U converter

➔ A/D converter

➔ Level indicator

➔ Peak value measurement

➔ Exponential voltage measurement

➔ Logarithmic voltage measurement

T 8.1.1.1

Experimental set-up with the proven Plug-In System electric/electronic allows an intensive study into the

secrets of circuit technology

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LD Didactic GmbH

Measurement Circuits constructed in DetailCurrent and voltage are directly available in electrical form and do not need to be converted by any sensors from the original measurement values. Thus the basics of electrical measurement technology belong also to the funda-mentals of electrical engineering technology. We handle these topics with selected components out of our Plug-In and COM3LAB training systems.

Electrical Circuits for Measurement TechnologyT 8.1.1.1

T 8.1.1.1

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EQUIPMENT LIST T8.1.1.1

Electrical Circuits for Measurement TechnologyQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 727 549N Basic Set STE 6.1.11

1 726 88 AC/DC Stabilizer

1 524 010 S USB CASSY Starter USB

1 726 50 Plug-In Board 297x300 mm

1 726 961 Function Generator 200 kHz, 230 V

1 565 852 Book: Electronic Measuring Device Circuits STE 6.1.11

Basic Course: Measuring Electrical Quantities


LD Didactic GmbH

Practical Electrical Measurement TechnologyT 8.1.1.2

The COM3LAB philosophy relies on multimedia learning with real experiments. Experimental circuits are pre-assembled

functional modules.Training Objectives

➔ Ohm‘s law

➔ Voltage drop

➔ Kirchhoff‘s laws

➔ Voltage dividers

➔ Loaded voltage dividers

➔ Wheatstone bridge

➔ Moving coil instrument

➔ Batteries

➔ Transformers

➔ Rectifier circuits

➔ Measurements with the oscilloscope

➔ Sine wave oscillations

➔ Characteristic values of alternating current

T 8.1.1.2

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LD Didactic GmbH


Practical Electrical Measurement TechnologyQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 700 11 COM3LAB Course: DC Technology I

1 700 12 COM3LAB Course: DC Technology II

1 700 13 COM3LAB Course: AC Technology I

1 700 14 COM3LAB Course: AC Technology II

1 700 00 COM3LAB Master Unit

Practical Electrical Measurement TechnologyT 8.1.1.2

Measurement Technology with Functional ModulesOur COM3LAB beginner‘s course in electronic technology conveys an insight into electrical quantity measurements through fundamental laws of electri-city. In contrast to Plug-In experiments, the experiments here are performed with pre-assembled circuits. The combination of guided experiments in this basic course and the learning process‘ supportive multimedia material, im-part both the experiment‘s results together with its theory for every unit of training.

T 8.1.1.2

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Basic Course: Measuring Electrical Quantities


LD Didactic GmbH

Force Measurement with Strain GaugesT 8.1.2.1

Experimental set-up with bending rods and measurement timer.

Training Objectives

➔ Conversion of the mechanical quantity force into electrical signals

➔ Function and calibration of measurement bridges

➔ Measurements per 4-conductor principle

T 8.1.2.1

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LD Didactic GmbH

Force Measurement with Strain GaugesT 8.1.2.1

The force and the bendThe measurement of force with a strain gauge is a technique used around the world for converting mechanical quantities into electrical signals. Its range of application extends from modern electronic scales in industry and households right up to load controls on building structures and large vehic-les. The LD training system investigates the conversion of: bending forces, tension forces and torsion stresses.


Force Measurement with Strain GaugesQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 55 Strain Gage Transducer

1 734 56 Tensile Test Bar

1 734 565 Torsion Bar

1 311 87 Dial gauge

1 315 36 Set of 7 weights, 0.1 to 2 kg

1 577 98 Resistor 1 Ω

3 577 32 Resistor 100 Ω, 2 W

3 577 38 Resistor 330 Ω, 2 W

1 577 60 Resistor 22 Ω, 0.5 W

1 577 64 Resistor 47 Ω, 0.5 W

1 577 657 Resistor 68 Ω, 0.5 W, 1%

1 577 68 Resistor 100 Ω, 0.5 W

1 577 71 Resistor 220 Ω, 0.5 W

1 727 41 Measurement Value Indicator

1 726 86 DC-Power Supply +/-15V/3A

1 727 66 DC Bridge Amplifier

1 568 272 Book: Force Measurements with Strain Gauge T 8.1.2.1

T 8.1.2.1

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Basic Course: Measuring Mechanical Quantities


LD Didactic GmbH

Displacement MeasurementT 8.1.2.2

T 8.1.2.2

Training Objectives

➔ Comparison of various displacement sensors

➔ Use of carrier frequency bridge amplifiers

Displacement measurement with inductive displacement transducer.

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LD Didactic GmbH

Displacement Measurement

T 8.1.2.2

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T 8.1.2.2

Displacement is the target quantityDisplacement measurements are used frequently in industrial production, modern logistics and warehouse management. They are even used in servo technology to measure actual values in actuators and for acquisition of po-sition values. The variety of industrial displacement sensors is also reflected by the broad palette in our training system. Displacement measurements are possible with:

Hall sensors

opto-electric sensors

inductive sensors

potentiometric sensors


Displacement MeasurementQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 57 Potentiometrically Displacement Transducer

1 734 58 Inductively Displacement Transducer

1 727 67 Carrier Frequency Bridge Amplifier

1 734 59 Opto-electronically Displacement Transducer

1 734 60 Hall Sensor

1 577 34 Resistor 150 Ω, 2 W



1 524 010SUSB CASSY Starter USB

1 568 282 Book: Distance and Angle Measurements T 8.1.2.2/3

recommended:

1 734 02 Reference Variable Generator

1 734 32 Linear Drive with DC Motor


Here the output signal of a synchronous modulator (full

wave rectification) is captured by the Sensor CASSY from the carrier frequency of a

bridge amplifier for various displacement positions of an inductive position

transducer (sensor). A linear differential transformer acts

as an inductive position transducer inasmuch as the

coupling between primary and secondary changes as a sliding

iron core is moved. Beginning with a zero point position in the middle of the LVDT,

displacements can be distinctly measured.


LD Didactic GmbH

Angle MeasurementT 8.1.2.3

T 8.1.2.3

Experimental set-up for angle measurement.

Training Objectives

➔ Multi-stage conversion of measurement quantities to obtain an electrical signal

➔ Converting linear movements into rotary movements

➔ Comparison of various sensor types

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LD Didactic GmbH

Angle MeasurementT 8.1.2.3

T 8.1.2.3

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Mice on roller bladesLinear movements are frequently transformed into electrical signals via ro-tating wheels. A well known angle transducer of this type is integrated in the PC mouse and serves for cursor positioning on the screen. The conversion of angular positions can be accomplished by use of a variety of different prin-ciples. Our training system contains:

Potenciometrically angle transducer

Opto-electronic systems with interchangeable decoding disks

Torque synchros


Angle MeasurementQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 63 Potentiometrically Angle Transducer

1 734 64 Sin/Cos Potentiometer

1 734 65 Opto-electronically Angle Transducer

1 734 66 Opto-electronically Shaftend Decoder

1 734 67 GRAY/BIN/BCD Display

1 734 68 Shaft End Decoder with Initiator

1 734 33 Angle Drive with DC Motor

1 734 35 Toothed Belt

1 726 98 Incremental Counter


1 524 010SUSB CASSY Starter USB

1 568 281 Book: Distance and Angle Measurements TPS 8.1.2.2/3

recommended

2 734 46 Torque Synchro

1 727 67 Carrier Frequency Bridge Amplifier

1 734 061 PID Controller

2 577 10 Resistor 100 kΩ, 0.5 W


Sin/Cos potentiometers cover 360° and give back lash free

output signals for absolute angular positioning systems. However a direct evaluation of the output voltages with

the Sensor CASSY produces sharp voltage changes which

reproduce every 180° due to the poles of the arc tan

function.


LD Didactic GmbH

Speed MeasurementT 8.1.2.4

T 8.1.2.4

Experimental set-up with a digital tacho and optical encoder.

Training Objectives

➔ Comparison of incremental and absolute indicating sensors

➔ Evaluation of analog and digital systems

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LD Didactic GmbH

Speed MeasurementT 8.1.2.4

T 8.1.2.4

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Speed, a characteristic quantity of electric drivesAutomated production technology is based on the potential for measuring the speed of its electrical machines such that these machines respond ac-cording to the specific needs of the produced goods. Winding machines for plastic foil materials or sheet-metal lines require entirely different approa-ches to control due to the nature of physical differences of the materials being wound. Selecting just the right speed transducer requires a knowledge of their specific advantages and disadvantages. Our training system includes incremental and absolute measurement transducers of both analog and di-gital designs.


Speed MeasurementQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 71 Digital Tacho Meter

1 734 72 Tachogenerator

1 734 34 DC Drive

1 734 13 Power Amplifier


1 734 35 Toothed Belt


1 734 46 Torque Synchro

1 578 34 Capacitor 22μF, 16 V

1 578 37 Capacitor 10μF, 35 V

1 577 56 Resistor 10 kΩ, 0.5 W

1 726 88 AC/DC Stabilizer

1 578 92 Bridge rectifier B250

1 727 68 C/F-, L/F- and F/U-Converter


1 568 292 Book: Speed Measurement T 8.1.2.4



LD Didactic GmbH

Sensor Compact TrainerT 8.1.2.5

Training Objectives

➔ Selection of a suitable sensor according to the material characteristics of the sample

➔ Alarm circuits with sensors

➔ Structure of a sensor chain for recording various sample material parameters

T 8.1.2.5

Experimental set-up on one‘s own slotted breadboard.

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LD Didactic GmbH

Sensor Compact TrainerT 8.1.2.5


Sensor Compact TrainerQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 743 301 Standard Kit Sensors

1 743 302 Extension Kit Sensors

1 743 303 Case Test Samples

1 743 304 Teachware Sensorik

1 562 793 NA Power Adapter 24 V, 2,9 A

1 500 98 Set 6 Safety Adapter Sockets, black

Industrial sensors for educationThe equipment in this training system includes a large selection of real indus-trial sensors. This allows topics to be very closely oriented to practical appli-cations. The hardware in this training system is comprehensibly supported with extensive teachware and training software. Of particular interest is the ultrasonic sensor – a novelty of modern length measuring technology. The large selection of different material samples makes it possible to perform specific correlations between individual sensors and real process technolo-gy.

T 8.1.2.5

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A typical industrial sensor with practical quick-connect terminals.


LD Didactic GmbH

TemperatureT 8.1.3.1

T 8.1.3.1

Training Objectives

➔ Calibrating a temperature probe with a reference standard

➔ Comparison of multiple temperature probes

➔ Determining the time constants for thermal processes

Temperature measurement with various temperature probes.

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LD Didactic GmbH

TemperatureT 8.1.3.1

Hot or cold?Temperature determines the speed of chemical reactions and influences the fundamental properties of materials. Physical quantities, such as pres-sure, concentration, density, pH value, flow rate and so on, are often directly dependent on temperature. This makes temperature a very important state quantity for the field of instrumentation technology. Experiments with the most important types of temperature sensors are performed with our trai-ning system:

thermo element

resistance thermometer (Pt 100)

thermistor (NTC)

T 8.1.3.1

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TemperatureQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 74 NiCr-Ni Thermoelement

1 734 75 Thermocouple Connection

1 664 121 Beaker 100 ml

1 734 76 Pt-100 Resistance Probe

1 734 77 NTC Temperature Probe

1 734 38 Oven Model 20 V, 20 W

1 734 13 Power Amplifier


1 734 741 Thermocouple Simulator



1 734 761 Pt-100 Simulator

1 727 66 DC Bridge Amplifier


1 568 302 Book: Temperature Measurement T 8.1.3.1

recommended:


Advanced Course: Process Instrumentation Technology

Two bore-holes in an oven permit the parallel operation of

various sensors. The unregulated oven is designed for high

temperatures and substantial power (200 C/20 W). It can be used in control processes but

due to its large thermal constant is quite slow. Pt 100 and NTC

sensors are operated in 4-wire configurations. The thermo

element simulator is used to calibrate the instrumentation

equipment, which is then capable of delivering reliable data with

the real temperature sensor. The heating and cooling curves for the Pt 100 temperature sensor

are then presented on the monitor.


LD Didactic GmbH

Liquid LevelT 8.1.3.2

Measuring the liquid level in the tank of a liquid controlled system. Water drain-off behavior from a tank is illustrated for various settings of the shut-off valve. The illustrated differential pressure transducer with immersion tube is used.

Training Objectives

➔ Comparison of different measurement probes

➔ Investigation of liquid drain-off behavior from tanks

T 8.1.3.2

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LD Didactic GmbH

Liquid LevelT 8.1.3.2

T 8.1.3.2

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Too high, too low?Aside from the measurement of pressure, temperature and flow rates, the acquisition of tank and container liquid levels plays an important role in che-mical industries. The measurement of fill level height is also used for various effects. Our training system works with the following industrial probes:

capacitive

gravimetric

immersion tube with differential pressure transducer


Liquid LevelQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 861 Capacitive Bar-Type Probe

1 734 881 Level Switch with Float

1 734 262 Liquid Controlled System

1 734 264 Additional reservoir

1 734 81 Differential Pressure Transducer

1 734 876 Immersion Tube




1 568 1012 Book: Experiments with the Liquid Controlled System T 8.1/8.2

recommended:

1 734 87 Pump for Bubble-Through Measurement

1 734 89 Capacitive Level Switch

1 734 901 Gravimetric Level Meter



The liquid controlled system is illustrated in the block

diagram. The illustration here shows closed loop control of fill

level, complete with pressure-voltage converter-(P/U). The

integrated, under-laid, flow control loop (which can be

turned off for instrumentation technology experiments) is also

of interest.


LD Didactic GmbH

Flow of LiquidsT 8.1.3.3

T 8.1.3.3

Training Objectives

➔ Recording the flow sensor‘s characteristic

➔ Making the characteristic linear by adding a under-laid control loop

➔ Investigating disturbance behavior in a liquid controlled system

The liquid controlled system is the object of experimentation for instrumentation and control technology!

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LD Didactic GmbH

Flow of LiquidsT 8.1.3.3

T 8.1.3.3

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Everything in flowHere too the largest of applications in production and logistics represent the center-point. From tanker ships through refineries and on to sewage clarifi-cation plants; anywhere that liquid flow rates have to be captured over time, reviewed and corrected.


Flow of LiquidsQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 262 Liquid Controlled System


1 734 91 Variable-Area Flow Meter (Rotameter)



1 568 1012 Book: Experiments with the Liquid Controlled System T 8.1/8.2

1 531 16 Analog Multimeter C.A 406

recommended:

1 734 93 Orifice Gage

1 734 81 Differential Pressure Transducer


Our training system takes advantage of a flow rate

instrument already integrated in the Liquid Controlled

System. Its output signal can be captured with the CASSY interface and presented on the monitor. The additional,

built-in, external variable-area flow meter is used for

calibration. The static flow rate characteristics are presented

in a persistence state. The red curve shows the flow in closed

loop mode. The black curve shows the unregulated flow

(open loop).


LD Didactic GmbH

Gas FluidicsT 8.1.3.4

T 8.1.3.4

Stream measurement controlled system with adjustable wind generator.

Training Objectives

➔ Recording the static characteristic of an anemometer

➔ Principle of a Venturi tube

➔ Use of manometers on a Venturi tube

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LD Didactic GmbH

Gas FluidicsT 8.1.3.4

T 8.1.3.4

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Wind – energy source of the futureThe increasing usage of wind energy systems is also causing an increase in the demand for instrumentation and control technology with respect to gas fluidics. This allows the changing stream speeds of wind to be captured optimally by propeller blades (pitch adjustments). The gondola itself must be centrally turned into the wind if maximum energy production is to be achie-ved. This requires a measurement of wind direction with rotary transducers.


Gas FluidicsQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 666 630 Blower

1 666 631 Venturi Tube

1 666 632 Windmill Type Anemometer

1 666 633 Thermal Anemometer

1 666 636 Differential Pressure Manometer

1 666 637 Differential Pressure Manometer 5-fold

2 666 639 Pressure Measurement Point



1 727 71 Function Module


1 568 342 Book: Flow-Through Measurement of Gases T 8.1.3.4

recommended:



Closed systems, like gas pipelines, employ an impeller anemome-

ter for flow rate measurements. Open systems employ the well-

known cup anemometer. The illustration depicts the static characteristic of an impeller

anemometer in an experiment. Air flow is measured after the

system has had sufficient time to reach a stable speed. A jerky

behavior in the lower range of air flow is discernable.


LD Didactic GmbH

pH Value, Moisture, ConductanceT 8.1.4.1

T 8.1.4.1

Experimental set-up with commercial measuring cells and evaluation electronics.

Training Objectives

➔ Comparison of commercial sensors

➔ Processing of signals from highly resistive sources

➔ Handling of common industry chemicals

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LD Didactic GmbH

pH Value, Moisture, ConductanceT 8.1.4.1

T 8.1.4.1

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Data for the chemical industryThe training guidelines for chemical industry occupations demand measu-ring, regulating, and process control technology training programs that con-vey very specific content with respect to set-up, function and deployment of measuring instruments. We fulfill these requirements through thematic treatment of important chemical and physical quantities.

Concentrations of hydroxide (H3O+) ions in watery solution will be measured. This requires the use of a special sensor. The sensor produces a signal which, electrically speaking, represents a very highly resistive source. Its output si-gnal must therefore be carefully amplified.


pH Value, Moisture, ConductanceQUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

1 734 73 pH Measurement Amplifier

1 667 417 Single-rod pH Electrode in Plastic Shaft

1 734 98 Humidity Measurement Amplifier

1 734 96 Conductivity Measurement Amplifier

1 667 426 Conductivity Measurement Cell



1 727 71 Function Module

1 661 243 Wash Bottle, 500 ml

2 664 127 Beaker, 1000 ml

1 664 111 Beaker, 100 ml

4 661 230 Wide-neck Bottle, 50 ml

1 665 847 Burette, 50 ml, 0.1 ml

1 665 002 Funnel, 35 mm Ø

1 666 559 Burette Clamp

1 665 997 Graduated Pipette, 10 ml

1 665 793 Volumetric Flask, 100 ml

1 666 845 Magnetic Stirrer

1 666 851 Stirring Bar

alternative for 667 417 Single-rod pH Electrode in Plastic Shaft:

1 667 422 Ag/AgCl Reference electrode

1 667 423 Measurement electrode with platinum pin

QUANTITY CAT. NO. DESCRIPTION

Chemicals:

1 667 425 Buffer Solutions (pH 4,00 and 7,00; KCl solution)

1 674 4690 Buffer Solution pH=9,00, 250ml

1 674 6950 0,1N Hydrochloric acid, 500 ml

1 673 8410 0,1M Soda lye, 500 ml

1 675 3410 Water, pure, 5 l

1 673 0510 Lithium chloride, 100 g

1 6735710 Sodium chloride, 500 g

1 661173 Wide-neck bottle, 500 ml

1 672 5250 Potassium chloride, 100 ml

1 568 352 Book: pH-Value-, Humidity and Viscosity Measurement T 8.1.4.1

Advanced Course: Analytic Measurement Technology

Modern educational systems

for the future

Cost effective system solutions

Computer-assisted measurement

and evaluation systems

Interactive multimedia training

Literature with exercise sheets

Comprehensive counseling

Commissioning and seminars

Global references

Hotline for problem solving

ISO 9001:2000 quality management system

Educational SystemsPractical and Efficient

Motivating and Fun

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Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering / Electronics

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Drive Technology

Automotive Electric / Electronics

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LD Didactic GmbH · Leyboldstrasse 1 · 50354 Huerth, Germany Telefax: +49(0)2233-604-222 · Internet: www.ld-didactic.com

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08.05

sensores y transductores t8.1 de ld didactic

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