sense reference
DESCRIPTION
On Frege's TheoryTRANSCRIPT
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Studies in Semantics
Sense and Reference
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The definition of sense:Sense is abstract and de-contextualized, and it refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
Sense is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.
It is the collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form.
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Examples:
Dog: domesticated canine mammal, occurring in many breeds showing great size, color, and form variety.
Desk: piece of furniture with a flat top and legs, used to read and write.
I: pronoun, indicating the speaker.
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The definition of reference:
Reference is what a linguistic form points to in the real world.
It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the metalinguistic world of experience.
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Examples:
• “I am a PhD student.” “I” refers to Fadi Sukkari.
• “The door in this classroom is white.” “door” refers to the flat surface that separates our room from the corridor.
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Sense and Reference
are both parts of meaning
yet,
what relation
is there
between them?
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Sense vs. Reference:
1- A linguistic form with a unique sense may have different referents in different situations.
2- The same referent might be pointed to by numerous linguistic forms having different senses.
3- All linguistic forms have sense, but not necessarily reference.
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“A proper name (word or sign) expresses its sense, and designates its reference.” Frege, 1892.
Every expression has both a sense and a reference; actually, it denotes its reference, and expresses its sense.
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A- Sense many references
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“Our president is giving a speech.”
→
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Michel Sleiman
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François Hollande
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“Is there still any hot water?”
→
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Hot potable water.
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Hot water for a shower.
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B- Reference many senses
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1 →
2 →
3 →
4 →
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Bill’s wife.
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The winner of the Ohio elections.
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The Minister of Foreign affairs.
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Hillary Clinton!
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C- Sense no reference
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“A white unicorn is in my garden.”
→
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But Unicorns Don’t Exist!
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D- Reference no sense ***
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? ? ? ? ? ? ?
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If you ignore what LITCHIES are,
then you have misseda really delicious
CHINESEFRUIT!
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The semiotic triangle
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“Ich bin ein Berliner”
I am a berliner
I am a Jelly doughnut
«Berliner» is polysemic and can denote more than one referent.
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a- The Siamese breed is a very healthy type of cat. (Declarative)
b- Semantics is so interesting! (Affective)
“The meaning of … a sentence is determined … by the meanings of its constituents. Semantics is primarily denotational … meanings are denotations of linguistic entities: the denotations of words are objects, while those of sentences are truth values.” Frege.
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Gottlob Frege 1848-1925
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Identity Puzzle
(3 x 4) (6 + 6)=
(3 x 4) = (6 + 6)
12
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The Planet Venus
1- The Morning Star
2- The Evening Star
“On Sense and Reference”; 1892
3- The Morning Star is the Morning Star.
4- The Morning Star is the Evening Star.
5- Lin believes that the Morning Star is Venus.
6- Lin believes that the Evening Star is Venus.