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Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research findings on subliminal stimulation. 3. Describe the phenomenon of sensory adaptation and explain its functional value.

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Page 1: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

SensationObjectives:1.  Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2.  Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss 

research findings on subliminal stimulation.3.  Describe the phenomenon of sensory adaptation and explain its 

functional value. 

Page 2: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation Sensation

Sensation- process of detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it into neural signals

-done by our sensory organs  Perception

process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations -done by our brains 

Page 3: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation Our sensory 

and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complexprocesses

Page 4: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation

Bottom-Up Processing processing that begins with the sense receptors and works up to 

the brain’s integration of sensory information 

Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience 

and expectations

Page 5: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Basic Principles

-as humans we exist in a sea of energy -some we are aware of, some we aren’t

psychophysics-the study of how this physical energy around us relates to our psychological experience 

<<EARLY SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY>>

Page 6: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Thresholds

Absolute Threshold   minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% 

of the time 

Page 7: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Thresholds vision-we can see a candle flame from 30 miles on a clear, dark 

night (granted there are no physical obstructions)  hearing-we can hear a watch ticking in a silent room from 20 feet 

away  touch- we can feel the wing of a fly falling on our face from a 

very close distance  smell-we can smell a single drop of perfume in a 3 room 

apartment taste-we can taste a teaspoon of sugar diluted in 2 or 3 gallons of 

water  ex.  Hearing tests 

Page 8: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Thresholds Signal Detection Theory

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)

assumes that there is no single absolute threshold detection depends partly on person’s

Experience/ expectations/ motivation/ level of fatigue>seeks to explain why people respond differently to the same 

stimuli, and why the same person’s reactions vary as circumstances change 

Page 9: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Thresholds

Difference Threshold  minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 

50% of the time -aka the just noticeable difference (jnd)  -the difference threshold increases with the magnitude of the 

stimulus  

Page 10: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Thresholds

Weber’s Law-  to perceive as different,   two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than amt) light intensity-  8% weight-  2% tone frequency-  0.3%

Sensory adaptation-  diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation  

Why??

Page 11: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Subliminal Stimulation

subliminal message- stimulus that lies below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

We can detect some subliminal messages How is that? -because absolute thresholds involvedetecting the stimulus 50% of the time Does this mean we can be subliminally persuaded?  <<NO>>>>CBC Sunday night Study..”Telephone Now”>>subliminal tape study>>John Krosnick 1992

Page 12: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sensation- Thresholds

Subliminal When stimuli are below 

one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

0

25

50

75

100

Low Absolutethreshold

Medium

Intensity of stimulus

Percentageof correctdetections

Subliminal stimuli

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Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina

Page 14: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision

4.  Explain the visual process, including the stimulus input, the structure of the eye, and the transduction of light energy.

5. Describe the 2 major theories of color vision.

6. Explain issues with visual acuity and examine the afterimage effect in the context of opponent process theory.

Page 15: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision Transduction-process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energy 

into neural messages A.        The Stimulus for Vision light travels in electromagnetic waves we only see visible portion of the light spectrum ROY G. BIV 2 physical characteristics of light  that determine our sensory experience of them 1.        wavelength-distance from one wave  peak to the next det frequency determines the hue-color 2.  amplitude-height of wave determines the intensity or brightness of the wave  

Page 16: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

The spectrum of electromagnetic energy

Page 17: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision- Physical Properties of Waves

Short wavelength=high frequency(bluish colors, high-pitched sounds)

Long wavelength=low frequency(reddish colors, low-pitched sounds)

Great amplitude(bright colors, loud sounds)

Small amplitude(dull colors, soft sounds)

Page 18: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision- The Eye

light enters through the cornea (a transparent protector- bends light)

pupil –small adjustable opening of the eye determines the amount of light let in (black part of eye)

Iris-muscle that controls the amt of light that enters the pupil (colored pt of eye)

lens -behind the pupil it focuses light rays by adjusting its curvature – process known as 

accommodation lens focus light onto the retina -the light sensitive inner surface 

of our eyes

Page 19: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision- The Eye

Retina contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) which convert light energy into neural impulses <<pt of transduc in vis>>

these impulses carried by optic nerve to the brain where they are constructed into full images 

Rods-detect black, white, and graynecessary for peripheral and twilight vision

Cones-detect fine-detail and give rise to color sensations concentrated around center of retina (fovea – central point of focus)

>>exp why the pupil must open to see in dark-b/c rods are on the periphery of retina

Page 20: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

VisionCones-6 millionRods-120 million 

We can see fine detail in color but can see black and white better in dim light…why?

Enter bipolar cells Cones – many have their own bipolar cells assigned to them 

(more specific info transmitted) Rods-share bipolar cells so many can team up and pool their 

energy to transmit in dim light

Page 21: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision- Receptors

Receptors in the Human Eye

Cones Rods

Number

Location in retina

Sensitivity in dim light

Color sensitive? Yes

Low

Center

6 million

No

High

Periphery

120 million

Page 22: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Visionwhen light strikes the rods and cones of the retina it causes a 

reaction that stimulates the optic nerve

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brainblind spot-the area where the optic nerve leaves the eye is devoid of photoreceptors

P 203 figure 5.8

Page 23: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision

Page 24: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research
Page 25: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex

Page 26: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Vision

Acuity- the sharpness of vision Nearsightedness- nearby objects seen more clearly than distant 

objects because distant objects in front of retina Farsightedness- faraway objects seen more clearly than near objects 

because the image of near objects is focused behind retina

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Vision

Far    Nearsighted         Normal           (Short eyeball) (Long eyeball)

       

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Visual Information Processing Feature Detectors (David

Hubel & Torsten Wiesel 1979) nerve cells in the brain that 

respond to specific features shape angle Movement Facial Recognition – 30% of 

cortex Temporal Lobe involved in 

facial recog  (see p 205)

Stimulus

Cell’s responses

Page 29: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Visual Information Processing

Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem 

simultaneously>>Brain divides visual scene into subdivisions>They are all processed in parallel and combined into a 

whole.

*FYI-Facial rec: 30% of cortex (temp lobe heav inv)

Sensorimotor skills – far more

Page 30: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Young and Helmholtz’sTrichromatic (three color) Theory

three different retinal color receptors Red, green,Blue When combinations are stimulated, we see other colors

Page 31: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Color-Deficient Vision

People who suffer red-green blindness lack functioning red or green sensitive cones

Well if Yellow is a mix of green & red, then how can c.b. see yellow?

Enter Ewald Hering’s Opponent Process Theory

Page 32: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Visual Information Processing

Ewald Hering’s Opponent-Process Theory-  opposing retinal processes enable color vision

“ON” “OFF”red  greengreen  red blue  yellow yellow  blue black  whitewhite  black

• Neurons in the retina & thalamus turned on by one of these colors are turned off by the opposite color

• Why we cannot see greenish red

Page 33: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Afterimage Effect-explained by Opp Proc Th

Page 34: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Visual Information Processing

Color Constancy Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color,

even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Color Sensation is a Subjective experience – context plays a role in the process

Ex. apple in fruit bowl – color remains constant as lighting shifts

Page 35: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Audition

7.  Explain the auditory process, including the stimulus input and the structure and function of the ear.

8.  Explain the place and frequency theories of pitch perception, and describe how we locate sounds.

9.  Discuss the nature and causes of hearing loss, and describe the effects of noise on hearing and behavior.

Page 36: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Audition

-audition-sense of hearing Sound Waves -our ears detect changes in air pressure

caused by sound waves and transform them into neural impulses that our brains decode as sounds

-amplitude/height determines the loudness (measured in decibels)

Abs Threshold – defined as 0 dB Every 10 decibel increase represents a

tenfold increase in so -prolonged exposure > 85 decibels = hearing

loss (sensorineural) -- Rock Concerts =140 dB

Page 37: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

The Intensity of Some Common Sounds

Page 38: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Audition

frequency-(the # of wavelengths that pass a point per second) determines Pitch

pitch –a tone’s highness or lownesslonger the wave/lower the frequency/lower the pitch shorter the wave/higher the frequency/higher the pitch (1 cycle/ sec =1 Hz; humans detect 20-20k Hz) Volume-det by amplitude

Page 39: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Audition- The Ear Outer Ear the visible part--

channels sound waves through the auditory canal to the eardrum(gateway to the middle ear) 

Page 40: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Audition- The Ear Middle Ear

Conducts eardrum’s vibrations through the hammer, anvil, and stirrup(smallest bone in body), which in turn stimulate the cochlea 

Inner Ear (cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs) contains the cochlea-a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube, which 

triggers nerve impulses cochlea contains the basilar membrane which is lined with tiny 

hair cells (16k v 130 mil rods/cones) -when the fluid in the cochlea vibrates -it stimulates these hair 

cells which triggers impulse in adjacent nerve fibers, which  connect to the auditory nerve  (TRANSDUCTION)

Page 41: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Pitch Perception

Place Theory (Herman von Helmholtz) pitch we hear is det by place where the cochlea’s membrane 

is stimulated (place of vib det pitch) Hi freq waves produce large vib near beg of cochlea’s 

membrane; low near end>>brain: can det pitch by recog place on membrane from which it 

receives neural signals Problem: Low pitched sounds don’t neatly localize on basilar membrane

Enter Frequency Theory the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the 

auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

Page 42: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Pitch Perception

Frequency Theory Cont’d Brain reads pitch from frequency of neural impulses b/c neural 

impulses are triggered at same rate as sound wave(100 waves/ sec – 100 pulses/ sec)

(note: humans detect sounds 20-20k Hz) Problem: Neurons can only fire 1000x/sec(Freq Th doesn’t explain how hi pitch is det)>>>>Volley Principle-workgroups of neural cells synchronize 

alternate firing & reloading(remember refractory period/ resting pause from Ch 2)

Page 43: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Hair cells activate neural impulses in neurons on Organ of Corti-

Page 44: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Sound Localization (2004 AP Essay Q)

Sound travels at 750 miles per hour

Page 45: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Hearing Loss

Conduction Hearing Loss Inability to conduct vibrations due to eardrum puncture or 

damage to middle ear bones (digital hearing aids amp vib) Sensorineural/ Nerve Hearing Loss

damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve, aging, loud noise/music, disease

Coch implant (translates sound into neural imp) Won’t work in deaf adults who’ve spent a life w/o hearing?  

WHY NOT??????

Page 46: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Deaf Culture

Deaf Culture-Nat’l Assoc of Deaf – “deafness isn’t a disability”>>objects to using cochlear implants in children who were deafened before 

learning to speak>>deafness could be considered “visual enhancement” v “hearing impairment”

Auditory Cortex in deaf is sensitive to touch and visual input Helen Keller – visual + aud cort sensitive to touch. FYI - Older adults have more trouble hearing high pitched sounds 

but are okay w/ low pitch… Why? Degeneration near beginnning of basilar membrane Which th does this spt? Place Theory

Page 47: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Aging Effects Det of high frequencies difficult in older people

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Other Senses

10.  Describe the sense of touch, and explain the basis of pain.

11.  Describe the senses of taste and smell, and comment on the nature of sensory interaction.

12.  Distinguish between kinesthesis and the vestibular sense.

Page 49: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Touch 4 Separate Skin Senses

pressure only skin sensation with 

identifiable receptors warmth cold Pain

Relnshp b/w warmth, cold, pain and receptors that respond to them remains a mystery.

Page 50: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Touch Other skin sensations are variations of the basic 4 

Stroking adjacent pressure spots = tickle Gentle stroking of pain spot = itching sensation

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Pain pain is way of telling us that something is wrong>>people born w/o ability to feel pain die young (excess joint strain, 

infections from not shifting) pain is a sense, but the brain has a big effect on it as well

ex.  Phantom limb- 7 out of 10 amputees report pain or movement in their nonexistent limbs 

Ex. Placebo effect Fyi-no single stimulus that triggers pain & no special receptors>>low pain stimuli can produce other sensations 

warmth, coolness, smoothness, roughness

Page 52: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Pain Gate-Control Theory (Ronald Melzack & Patrick Wall)

theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers 

“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain (ie. endorphins)

in theory you can treat pain by stimulating larger nerve fibers (massage, muscle stim, acupuncture) >>cause “gate closing” activity in large neural fibers

>>Lamaze method of Pain Control combines relaxation, counterstimulation & distraction

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PainBrain’s role in pain cont’d--- Pain gate closed by endorphins

eg. 1979-Ohio St B-Ball player finishing game w/ broken neck Brain can also produce pain when no physical ailment is observed Brain’s Recording of Pain (exp memories of pain) Brain records peak moment of pain and how much is felt at end of 

experience Daniel Kahneman 1993

>>2 trials–  trial 1 -put hand in cold H2O for 60 sectrial 2 - put hand in cold H2O for 60 sec + then immediately switch to slightly less cold for 30 sec

Subjects said they’d rather rep T 2 Implications for med procedures (ie. Colon exams)

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PainMore on Brain’s Role Roger Urlich 1994- Surgery patients assigned to rooms looking out on trees – less pain 

med & faster discharge than patients in identical rooms w/ a view of brick wall

Page 55: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Taste also called gustatory sense involves 4 basic sensations   sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (more recently: umami <meaty>) Taste & Smell are a chemical senses (unlike vis & aud) 200+ taste buds on top & sides of tongue, each w/ a pore that 

catches food molecule that is sensed by 50-100 taste receptors w/in pore  (10-20k taste recep)

each type of sensation has its own specialized taste buds taste receptors reproduce themselves about every 1 to 2 weeks    age      taste buds     sensitivity “tongue plasticity” – if 1 side 

damaged, other side becomes supersensitive If no tongue, can still taste – taste  buds on top & back of mouth

Did u know?-alc & smk dec taste sens

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Taste Sensory Interaction one sense influences another

especially true with taste and smell>>people who’ve lost sense of smell think they’ve lost taste>>can’t taste when have a cold

Best eg of S.I.:>>SMELL + TASTE + TEXTURE = FLAVOR

Did u know?-alc & smk dec taste sens

Page 57: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Smell also called olfaction Molecules of substances reach 1 of 5 mil receptor cells in olfactory 

membrane olfactory nerve carries signals to the brain (olfactory cortex)

(the one sense not routed through the thalamus at top of brainstem)

>>still a mystery how exactly olf rec cells work odors can evoke strong memories & feelings.. WHY? Hotline b/w olf cortex limbic system (seat of emotion & memory) Makes EVOL sense>>olf cortex evolved first – mammalian ancestors smelled food and 

predators (rest of cortex development came later – ie. Assoc areas)

Taste & Smell: “chemical senses”

Papillae-visible bumps on tongue that contain taste buds

Page 58: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Smell

Receptor cells inolfactory membrane

Nasal passage

Olfactorybulb

Olfactorynerve

Page 59: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Age, Sex and Sense of Smell

Women

Men

10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99Age Group

4

3

2

0

Numberof correct

answers

Women and young adults have best sense of smell

Page 60: Sensation Objectives: 1. Contrast the processes of sensation and perception. 2. Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss research

Body Position and Movement Kinesthesis- system for sensing the position and movement of individual body

parts Receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints  athletes-strong kinesthetic sense Vestibular Sense-the sense of body movement and position, including the 

sense of balance based in the inner ear (semi-circular canals, vestibular sacs)  head mvmt triggers fluid to stimulate hair-like receptors in these organs which 

sends msgs to cerebellum (rem balance & voluntary mvmt)>>exp why if head is off balance, whole body is off>>after spinning, neither fluid nor kinesth receptors immediately return to neutral 

---- why you still feel like you’re spinning