sensation and perception. sensation the process by which our sensory systems (eyes, ears, and other...
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Sensation and Perception
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Sensation
• The process by which our sensory systems (eyes, ears, and other sensory organs) and nervous system receive stimuli from the environment
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Sensation• Input comes from the five
senses:
–Visual (Eyes)
–Audio (Ears)
–Cutaneous/Tactile (Touch)
–Olfaction (Smell) (Nose)
–Gustation (Taste) (Tongue)
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Receptor Cells
• Each of the five senses is specifically coded to only take in one type of stimulus, whether is be light waves, sound waves, smell, taste, or touch.
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Perception
• The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
• How we recognize, interpret, and organize our sensations
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Bottom-Up Processing
• Information processing that focuses on the raw material entering through the eyes, ears, and other organs of sensation
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Top-Down Processing
•Information processing that focuses on expectations and experiences in interpreting incoming sensory information
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Thresholds
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Threshold
• An edge or a boundary
• Walking into the room – on one side you are in the room on the other you are outside of the room
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Difference Threshold
• The minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli 50% of the time
• Also called just noticeable difference
• (JND)
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Absolute Threshold
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Detection Threshold
• The minimum intensity of energy required to produce sensation in a receptor cell
• Also known as Absolute Threshold
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Absolute Threshold ExampleAbsolute Threshold Example
• Touch: The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a height of 1 centimeter
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Absolute Threshold ExampleAbsolute Threshold Example
• Hearing: The tick of a watch from 6 meters away
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Absolute Threshold ExampleAbsolute Threshold Example
• Taste: 1 gram of table salt in 500 Taste: 1 gram of table salt in 500 liters of water – the minimum liters of water – the minimum needed to taste somethingneeded to taste something
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Absolute Threshold ExampleAbsolute Threshold Example
• Vision:Vision: A candle flame on A candle flame on a clear night, 30 miles away a clear night, 30 miles away – the minimum needed to – the minimum needed to see it. Doesn’t mean that see it. Doesn’t mean that you can make out what it isyou can make out what it is
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Absolute Threshold ExampleAbsolute Threshold Example
• Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 3 Smell: 1 drop of perfume in a 3 room house.room house.
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Signal Detection Theory
• One testable way to determine the thresholds for various people.
• Incremental changes in sound, taste, etc. are made to test for reactions in people. Tone tests (hearing) are an example.
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Signal Detection Results
• Hit– signal present and sensed
• Miss– signal present but not sensed
• False Alarm– signal absent, but sensed
• Correct Rejection– signal absent, and not sensed
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• IE. Frog eye’s have receptor cells that fire only in response to small, dark, moving objects. Theoretically, a frog would starve to death while knee-deep in motionless flies.
• A male silkworm moth has receptors so sensitive to the odor of a females sex attractant that they can detect even one-billionth of an ounce released, from up to a mile away.
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Ernst Weber and Weber’s Law • The greater the magnitude of the
stimulus, the larger the difference must be in order to be noticed– IE. If you are carrying 20 lbs. and add
5 lbs., it’s noticeable. If you are carrying 100 pounds and add 5 pounds, it may not be noticeable. You need to add 10 lbs. to 100 pounds to make it noticeable.
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Sensory Adaptation• When exposed to a stimuli over
a period of time there will be a diminished sensitivity to it
• If a stimulus is constant and unchanging, eventually a person may fail to respond to it
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Selective hearing
• Do you think it exists?
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Selective Attention• Focusing conscious awareness on a
particular stimulus to the exclusion of others
• The ability to focus on one stimulus at a time
• Allows a person to function in a world filled with many stimuli
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The Visual System: The Structure of the
Visual System
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Cornea• The clear bulge on the front of the
eyeball
• Begins to focus the light by bending it toward a central focal point
• Protects the eye
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Parts of the Eye – Cornea
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Iris
• A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye; creates a hole in the center of the iris (pupil)
• Regulates the size of the pupil by changing its size--allowing more or less light to enter the eye
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Parts of the Eye - Iris
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Pupil
• The adjustable opening in the center of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye (surrounded by the iris)
• In bright conditions the iris expands, making the pupil smaller.
• In dark conditions the iris contracts, making the pupil larger.
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Parts of the Eye - Pupil
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Lens• A transparent structure behind the pupil;
focuses the image on the back of the eye (retina)
• Muscles that change the thickness of the lens change how the light is bent thereby focusing the image
• Glasses or contacts correct problems in the lens’ ability to focus.
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Parts of the Eye - Lens
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Nearsighted - Myopia
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Farsighted - Hyperopia
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Retina• Light-sensitive surface with cells that
convert light energy to nerve impulses
• At the back of the eyeball
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Parts of the Eye - Retina
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Receptor Cells
• These cells are present in every sensory system to change (transduce) some other form of energy into neural impulses.
• In sight they change light into neural impulses the brain can understand.
• Visual system has two types of receptor cells – rods and cones
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• Visual receptor cells located in the retina
• Can only detect black and white
• Respond to less light than do cones
Rods
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• Visual receptor cells located in the retina
• Can detect sharp images and color
• Need more light than the rods
• Many cones are clustered in the fovea.
Cones
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Fovea
• The central focal point of the retina
• The spot where vision is best (most detailed)
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Parts of the Eye - Fovea
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Visual Processing in the Retina
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Visual Processing in the Retina
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Visual Processing in the Retina
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Visual Processing in the Retina
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Optic Nerve
• The nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the occipital lobes of the brain
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Parts of the Eye – Optic Nerve
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Blind Spot
• The point at which the optic nerve travels through the retina to exit the eye
• There are no rods and cones at this point, so there is a small blind spot in vision.
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Parts of the Eye – Blind Spot
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The Visual System: Color Vision
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Color Vision
• There are two theories of color vision:
–Trichromatic Theory
–Opponent-Process Theory
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Can you see what is in the middle?
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Trichromatic Theory
• Cones are pre-set to be sensitive to RED, GREEN, and BLUE. All of the colors that we see are combinations of those three colors.
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Color Deficient Vision• People who lack one of the three
types of cones• Usually the red or green receptors
are missing
• Usually referred to as color blindness
• In inherited and found more in males
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Red-Green Color Blindness
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Opponent-Process Theory
• Sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs:–Red/Green–Yellow/Blue–Black/WhiteWhite
• Only one side is “on” at a timeOnly one side is “on” at a time
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Opponent Process Theory
ON” “OFF”red greengreen red blue yellow yellow blue black whitewhitewhite white black
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Afterimage Effect
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Opponent-Process Theory
• If one sensor is stimulated, the other is inhibited
• If one sensor is over-stimulated, and fatigues, the paired sensor will be activated, causing an afterimage
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Hearing: The Nature of Sound
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Sound
•Sound, like light, comes in waves
•Sound is vibration•Features of sound include:
–Pitch–Hertz–decibels
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Pitch
• A sound’s highness or lowness in tone
• Dependent on the frequency of the sound wave – the more “waves per second” the higher the frequency or pitch
• Is measured as hertz (Hz)
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Hertz (Hz)
• A measure of the number of sound wave peaks per second; measures “frequency”
• Determines the pitch of the sound
• Human hearing goes from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
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Decibel (dB)
• A measure of the height of the sound wave
• Determines the loudness of the sound
• Sometimes called amplitude
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Hearing: The Structure of the
Auditory System
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PINNA
• It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal.
Also called the auricle. The
visible part of the outer ear.
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Parts of the Ear – Auditory Canal
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• The opening through which sound waves travel as they move into the ear for processing
• Ends at the eardrum
Auditory Canal
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THE MIDDLE EAR
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Eardrum
•Also called the tympanic membrane. A thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves reach it.
• it transfers sound vibration from the air to the tiny bones of the middle ear
•Can be damaged by objects in the ear or exceptionally loud noises
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Parts of the Ear – Tympanic Membrane
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Ossicles
•Three tiny bones that transfer sound waves from the eardrum to the cochlea
•Hammer, anvil and stirrup–Fun fact: the stirrup is the smallest bone in the human body – only .25 cm
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Parts of the Ear - Ossicles
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Oval Window
•The point on the surface of the cochlea which receives the sound vibration from the ossicles
•As the oval window vibrates, the fluid in the cochlea vibrates.
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Parts of the Ear – Oval Window
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• The Ossicles amplify the vibration of the eardrum
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Cochlea
•A hearing organ where sound waves are changed into neural impulses (transduction)
•The major organ of hearing•Filled with fluid; a snail
shaped body tube
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Parts of the Ear - Cochlea
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Hair Cells• The receptor cells for hearing in the
cochlea that change sound vibrations into neural impulses
• Transduction!
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Movement of the fluid causes the hair cells to move which causes TRANSDUCTION!
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Parts of the Ear - Hair Cells
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Auditory Nerve
• The nerve that carries sound information from the ears to the temporal lobes of the brain
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Parts of the Ear – Auditory Nerve
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Semicircular Canals
•Organs in the inner ear used in sensing body orientation and balance (vestibular sense)
•Relies on fluid in the canals•Spinning in circles disrupts
the fluid.
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Parts of the Ear – Semicircular Canals
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Divisions of the Ear
• Ear’s structure can be divided into:
–The outer ear
–The middle ear
–The inner ear
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Divisions of the Ear
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Divisions of the Ear
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Divisions of the Ear
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Parts of the Ear•Sound waves to Outer Ear-
•Ear Canal, Eardrum (waves bounce on membrane)
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•Middle Ear- hammer, anvil, stirrup
•Small bones vibrated by waves
•Oval Window (membrane vibrates)
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• Inner Ear- sound waves ripples fluid in cochlea and activates hair cells
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How do we hear?Place Theory-Place Theory- different frequencies in sound waves cause vibrations atdifferent placesplaces in the cochlea
High Frequencies
Low Frequencies
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Frequency Theory-Frequency Theory- different frequency of the sound wave
vibrates the inner ear at a different rate
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EUSTACHIAN TUBE
• A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose; it equalizes the pressure between the middle ear and the air outside. When you "pop" your ears as you change altitude (going up a mountain or in an airplane), you are equalizing the air pressure in your middle ear.
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Hearing: Sound Localization
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Localization of Sound
• Locating where sound is originating from
• Done through two cues:
–Which ear hears the sound first?
–Which ear hears the louder sound?
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Localization of Sound
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Problems with hearing• Conduction deafness (middle ear damage)
• Nerve deafness (hair cell or auditory nerve damage)
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• Cochlear Implant
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Other Senses: Taste
(Gustation)
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Taste• Taste is a chemical sense.
• The little bumps on our tongues are actually called papillae
• Inside some of these papillae are clumps of taste cells.
• These clumps of cells are actually the taste buds.
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Taste• On average, adults have about 7,500 taste buds.
• These receptor cells are located in the tongue and in the mouth.
• When food dissolves on these receptors, TRANSDUCTION occurs
• Damaged taste receptor cells are replaced within a few days to 2 weeks
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• Taste Sensations
–sweet
–sour
–salty
–bitter
- umami (savory-msg)
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Supertasters
• People with an abundance of taste receptors
• Approximately 25% of the population
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Nontasters
• People with a minimum of taste receptors
• Taste with less intensity than the rest of the population
• Approximately 25% of the population
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Other Senses:
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Smell• Smell is a chemical sense.• Olfactory receptors/cells in the
upper nasal passages detect molecules in the air.
• Taste and smell interact to produce flavor.
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Olfactory Cells
• The chemical receptor cells for smell
• Located in the nasal passages
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Smell
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Smell
Smell
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Other Senses: Touch
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Touch• Touch receptors are on the skin• Four basic skin senses are
– Pain– warmth– cold– pressure
• All skin sensations are a combination of these four basic senses
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Sensitivity of Diff body to pain
Most Sensitive
• Back of knees
• Neck region
• Bend of elbow
Least Sensitive
• Tip of the Nose
• Sole of foot
• Ball of thumb
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Gate-control Theory of Pain
• Pain messages travel on one set of nerve fibers containing pain gates.
• The gates are open when pain is felt.
• Other sensory messages go through another set of fibers.
• The non-pain fibers can close the pain gates to stop the sense of pain.
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Other Senses: Body Senses
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Kinesthetic Sense•The system for sensing
the position and movement of individual body parts
•Relies on receptor cells from the muscles and joints
•One’s leg “falling asleep” is a disruption of the kinesthetic sense
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Vestibular Sense• The system for sensing body
orientation and balance• Relies on fluid in the semicircular
canals of the inner ear• Spinning in circles disrupts the
fluid.
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Parts of the Ear – Semicircular Canals
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The End