senior thesis presentation an evaluation of water-side economics & emissions sinai hospital...
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SENIOR THESIS PRESENTATIONAn Evaluation of Water-Side Economics & Emissions
Sinai HospitalSouth Tower Vertical
Expansion
2401 W. Belvedere Ave. | Baltimore, MD 21215
Presented By:
Anly Lor | Mechanical Option
The Pennsylvania State UniversityDepartment of Architectural
Engineering
April 15, 2009
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts
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Presentation Outline
1. Existing Conditions Site, Architecture, Mechanical
Systems2. Chilled Water Plant Redesign
Thermal Energy Storage3. Structural Impact
*Architectural Breadth Not Presented
4. Domestic Hot Water System Redesign Solar Water Heating
5. Final ThoughtsIntroduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts
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Existing ConditionsSite & Architecture
Three additional stories, penthouse, helipad, six-story link & lobby ~ 120,000 SF Six-story link connects South Tower to North Tower (General Hospital) Construction cost ~ $28,000,000/$230 per SF
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Existing ConditionsFunction
New Vertical
Expansion
Existing South Tower G
1
2
3
4
5
6 Intermediate Care Unit ~ 27,000 SF
Traumatic Brain Injury ~ 27,000 SF
Intensive Care Unit ~ 27,000 SF
P Penthouse/New Mechanical
Emergency Center (ER-7)
Cardiology
Neurology
Basement/Existing Mechanical
120+ additional beds (patient, isolation, & operating rooms)
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Existing ConditionsMechanical Systems
AIR SIDE
Medium-pressure VAV supply & return Two new AHUs provide 136,000 CFM additional capacity Two existing AHUs provide redundancy New dedicated exhaust system for isolation rooms Individual patient room SATUs Ductwork extended down from penthouse through two mechanical shafts
WATER SIDE
New 2,000-ton variable speed centrifugal chiller, associated pumps, & cooling tower Space allocated in penthouse for future 2,000-ton chiller, pumps, & tower Existing heating hot water, steam, & domestic water mains extended from third floor Three 4,545 MBH steam-to-hot water converters on ground floor
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Mechanical System RedesignBackground
Hospitals in the U.S spend an average of
$1.93per SF per year in electricity costs
Health care facilities consume
the 3rd most energy per SF
of all building types in the U.S.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
76%
8%
16%
Mechanical System RedesignObjectives
Reduce operating costs Thermal energy
storage Alter plant load profile Utilize time-of-use electric utility
rates
Solar water heating Use solar collectors to heat
domestic water
Achieve a viable payback period Reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Renewable energyIntroduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chilled Water Plant RedesignLoad Profiling
Only expansion modeled: floors 4, 5, 6
Cooling Plant Design Day Load (tons)
Modeled by TRACE 700
Total Plant Load:
12,345 ton-hr
Average Hourly Plant Load:
515 tons
Peak Hourly Plant Load:
619 tons
Load Factor: 83.2%
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chilled Water Plant RedesignLoad Shifting
Time-of-use electric utility rates highest from 7AM – 9PM
VERTICAL EXPANSION CAPACITY
Additional firm capacity for
previous construction (non-shaded
region)
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Chilled Water Plant RedesignLoad Shifting
7,613 ton-hr of cooling capacity moved from peak hours to off-peak hours
THERMAL
ENERGY STORAG
E
NORMAL CHILLER
OPERATION
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chilled Water Plant RedesignLoad Shifting
Future chiller can still provide cooling capacity for future loads
THERMAL
ENERGY STORAG
E
NORMAL CHILLER
OPERATION
Future capacity
for future loads
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chilled Water Plant RedesignSizing
Ice storage utilized 7,613 ton-hr required CALMAC ICEBANK® storage tanks used
Provide 162 ton-hr capacity per tank
47 storage tanks needed 18,000 ft³ of space
Chilled water tank would have required 83,000 ft³ of space
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Chilled Water Plant RedesignSequence Of Operation
CHARGE CYCLE(9PM – 7AM)
CH-1 meets South Tower Vertical Expansion cooling load CH-2 charges storage tanks through internal freeze (ice mode)
McQuay WDC126 chiller has normal mode and ice mode Ethylene glycol-based industrial coolant can be used in standard equipment
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Chilled Water Plant RedesignSequence Of Operation
DISCHARGE CYCLE
(7AM – 9PM) CH-1 discharges storage tanks through internal melt to meet South Tower Vertical Expansion cooling load CH-2 is off
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Chilled Water Plant RedesignSequence Of Operation
FUTURE DISCHARGE
CYCLE(7AM – 9PM)
CH-1 discharges storage tanks through internal melt to meet South Tower Vertical Expansion cooling load CH-2 operates in parallel with CH-1 to meet future cooling load (normal mode)
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chilled Water Plant RedesignCost Analysis: Rates
Take advantage of time-of-use electric utility rates
NON-TIME-OF-USE RATES
Summer (Jun-Sep)
Winter (Oct-May)
TIME-OF-USE RATES
Summer (Jun-Sep)
Winter (Oct-May)
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chilled Water Plant RedesignCost Analysis: Operation
CURRENT DESIGN
519,023 kWh/year @ 10.0¢/kWh 718,426 kWh/year @ 11.6¢/kWh
REDESIGN (w/TES)
478,950 kWh/year @ 7.6¢/kWh 432,518 kWh/year @ 8.3¢/kWh 119,738 kWh/year @ 9.5¢/kWh
$134,423 $82,976Annual Savings:
$51,447 $0.43 per SF 2.817¢/kWh
Chiller Full Load Kilowatts = 1,255
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Chilled Water Plant RedesignCost Analysis: Payback
Installed cost of thermal energy storage: $100/ton-hr
$761,300 first cost
$51,447 annual operating cost savings
Simple payback period:
14.8 years
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Structural ImpactTank Configuration
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BEAM LOADS
W12x26 68 kips W18x35 127.5 kips
Structural ImpactBeam Resizing
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The required section modulus and moment of inertia were determined based on subjected load for each beam
`Allowable Section
ModulusAllowable Moment Of
InertiaW12x2
633.4 204
W18x35
57.6 510
Required Section Modulus
Required Moment Of Inertia
W12x26
134 2,207
W18x35
291 5,508Allowable Section
ModulusAllowable Moment Of
InertiaW24x84 196 2,370W27x14
6411 5,630
Possibly relocate storage tanks to reduce structural impact!
The existing beams were severely undersized Two new beams were proposed to meet the required section modulus and moment of inertia
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignOverview
South Tower Vertical Expansion hot water demand:
145,000 BTU/hr 60°F cold water supply, 140°F hot water distribution
Solar energy will account for all domestic water heating (initial goal)
145°F fluid temperature required (hot water distribution temperature plus 5°F) Heliodyne solar flat-plate collectors used (blue sputtered) High temperature fluid used
Dyn-O-Flo HD propylene glycol with inhibitors in a 50/50 solution with water
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSolar Study: Baltimore, MD
Solar collectors are south-facing (maximum absorption) Solar collectors are tilted at an angle of 34° (recommended: latitude minus 5°)
Must account for collector efficiency
(higher fluid temperature lower efficiency)
Source: National Solar Radiation Database
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSizing
Domestic water heating demand was evaluated for month with smallest solar radiation
December: 6,753 BTU/ft²/month 15,460 ft² of solar collection area required
Equivalent to 413 solar flat-plate collectors
Problem: Not practical!
Solution: Partial solar water heating Lower fluid temperature
higher efficiency
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSizing
Cold Water Supply
Temperature
Fluid Temperat
ure
Solar Water Heating ∆T
Collector Efficiency
# Of Collectors Required
60 145 80 38.83% 413
60 135 70 42.05% 333
60 125 60 45.27% 265
60 115 50 48.49% 206
60 105 40 51.71% 155
60 95 30 54.93% 109
60 85 20 58.15% 69
60 75 10 61.37% 33
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
For the month of December
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignSchematic
COLLECTOR LOOP Fluid enters solar collector array and absorbs solar energy Fluid enters heat exchanger and transfers heat to water in storage loop STORAGE LOOP Cold water supply enters heat exchanger and absorbs heat from fluid in collector loop Hot water is stored and heated to 140°F by steam-to-hot water converter before distribution
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignCost Analysis
Installed cost of solar collectors: $75/ft²
For 33 installed solar collectors: $91,697 first cost
$6,092 annual operating cost savings
Simple payback period:
15.1 years
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Domestic Hot Water System RedesignCost Analysis
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Domestic Hot Water System RedesignEmissions Analysis
For 33 installedsolar collectors:
189,000 lbs of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide equivalents are removed from the environment
Which is equivalent to:
20 passenger vehicles driving
1,000 miles every month @ 25 mpgIntroduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts
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Conclusions
Health care facilities have a median lifetime of 65 years
66% survive at least 48 years
Thermal energy storage is a viable option $51,447 annual operating cost savings 14.8-year payback period is achievable
Low maintenance equipment longer life cycle Solar water heating can be considered at small scales
in mixed climates $6,092 annual operating cost savings for 33 installed solar collectors 15.1-year payback period is achievable
Solar collectors have an average lifespan greater than twenty years
Using renewable energy removes the equivalent greenhouse gas emissions of 20 passenger vehicles
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts
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QUESTIONS?
Sinai HospitalSouth Tower Vertical
Expansion
2401 W. Belvedere Ave. | Baltimore, MD 21215
Presented By:
Anly Lor | Mechanical Option
The Pennsylvania State UniversityDepartment of Architectural
Engineering
April 15, 2009
Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Introduction Existing Conditions Thermal Energy Storage Structural Impact Solar Water Heating Final Thoughts
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30