SeniorDesign2015Designing a Sustainable Pump and Irrigation System

Alston Loper, Britta Huibers, Ingrid Petterson & Katie Love

http://www.ggardeningforgood.com/

Table of Contents1. Addressing the problem2. Project assessment

a. Defining goals, constraints, and consideration3. Literature review

a. Analyzing possible solutions4. Design and methodology

a. Rain captureb. Irrigationc. Pump

5. Conclusions6. Sustainability measures

Addressing the Problem

The Problem: Agriculture and Society

Agriculture accounts for 80% of America’s consumptive water use

Cost of transport:Economic: transportation

accounted for 6.3 percent of retail tomato price

Energy: Fruits travel averaged 2,146 miles and 1,596 miles for vegetables (Maryland)

Refocus on sustainable agriculture

http://www.vegetablegardeninglife.com/

Greenville Community InitiativeLocal community gardens

~7500 ft2 gardenVegetable garden used for produce

and education Looking to expand but have following

problems:Current pump system faultyIrrigation network not yet in place

Photo by Ingrid Petterson

GCI Community Garden

Google Earth

Survey of Plot

Photo by Ingrid Petterson

Soil and Water Quality

Table 1: Soil quality test results

Table 2: Water quality test results

Clemson Agricultural Service Laboratory

Project Assessment

Project Goals Mechanical:

Design a non-electric pump and irrigation network for the ~7500 ft2 garden

Structural:Reservoir/storage tankRoof for rain capture

Biological:Focus on sustainability in

irrigation system

www.liveorganicsolutions.com

ConstraintsLimited skills and

experience with farming and fabrication

Limited budget

Time and meeting logistics

http://yourmoneymattersinc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/triple-constraint-copy-50x50.jpg

ConsiderationsSafety - water quality, water

leaksEthical - no use of fossil fuelsEcologically - farm runoff to

nearby water sources, pump washing away

Ultimate - sustainable method available for teaching

http://www.theenergycollective.com/sites/theenergycollective.com/files/pic2_839.jpg

http://kainos-partners.com/files/2013/08/hardhat.jpg

Client Questions

● How much will the pump cost?

● How often should parts be replaced?

● How long will the pump and irrigation system take to assemble?

User Questions

● When does the system need to be flushed out?

● How much water can be stored?

● How do I operate the system?

Designer Questions

● How much space is available for the system?

● What water supply is available?

● What is the daily water usage of the farm?

Literature Review

Sprinkler Irrigation ● 75-85% fficiency● Sandy soils● Overlap of 65% X

Drip Irrigation● Good for small plots● 95% efficiency

small reservoir needed

minimal evaporation● 1-2 emitters per plant (8-24

in apart)● Higher cost and

maintenance

http://www.irrigationtutorials.com/drip-irrigation-design-guidelines-basics-of-measurements-parts-and-more/

✓

Original Predicted Water NeedDrip Tubing

minimum 10 psi

Mid-season Tomatoes 1 set/day8.57 hours/set4 sets/week555.3 gallons/day

X http://media.safebee.com/assets/images/2015/7/tomatoes%20in%20garden.jpg.838x0_q67_crop-smart.jpg

Greenville has an average of 42.1 in/yrRain naturally provides water

Funnel system Slanted roof designStore in a small elevated tank

An “in addition to” idea✓Rain Water Collection

http://www.kahrl.com/on-site-projects/rainwater-harvesting-on-a-farm-in-the-venice-lagoon/

Current System - Hand PumpDiaphragm pump

Head in 16-32 ft rangeAdvantages

high mechanical efficiencyfunction well with muddy or gritty

waterDisadvantages

expensiverequires specialized parts for

maintenance Fraenkel, et al. Water lifting Devices (24)

X

Wind PumpKinetic energy from the wind is captured

and turned into mechanical energyFree & eco friendly form of energyTrusted method of pumping water for

over a centuryTangible design for hands-on

educationRejected: area has little wind

http://fineartamerica.com/featured/12-water-pump-windmill-werner-lehmann.html

X

Hydraulic Ram PumpMechanical system that is

powered by the potential energy of the power supply

Allows water to be pumped from both a running and free-standing water supply, i.e. creek or rain barrel

http://www.rampumps.net/img/201203311800450181.jpg

Young, B. W. (7)

X

Spiral Coil Pump

David J Hilton (15)

● Invented in 1746 by H.A. Wirtz● Further developments by David J

Hilton in 1989○ Operates by intaking air and

water alternately ○ Compressed air is used as the

driving force to lift the water○ Floating drum allows the pump

to rise and fall with the water level of the creek

✓

Design Methodology

Rain Capture Design Pump supplement to store water

from rain events for later usage Slanted roof directs water into a

guarded gutter Major design considerations:

1. Structural stability2. Rainwater capture3. System economics

3D rendering by Katie Love

Structure: Roof design and CalculationsEquations:W= 0.6D+0.6LR

FB=(My/I)∑M=F d⊥

Use batten scheme (with 24 inch spacing)15 degree slope Greenville live wind load: 20 psfPine maximum bending force(FB): 1509.4 psi

Sketching by Britta Huibers

Structure: Roof design and CalculationsResults:

Rafter size: 2 in. x 6 in. (6 in. height)Batten size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)Collar Size: 2 in. x 4 in. (4 in. height)

3D rendering by Katie Love

Rainwater CaptureV = AS*RAVG*0.8

AS = surface area of roof: 63.2 ft2

RAVG= average annual rainfall: 42.1 in/yrV = total volume captured: 1325 gallons0.8 accounts for 80% efficiency

Rainfall captured during high growth periodAverage rainfall from March - November: 31.5 in/yrTotal volume captured: 988.8 gallons

Includes a first flush system to allow clearing of first 2 gallons of water

rainharvest.com

System Economics

Prices from lowes.com and rainharvest.com

Irrigation Design Drip irrigation

Considered drip tubing in original schematic

Using drip tape in current design

Major design considerations:1. Pressure head2. Coordination with water storage

capacity3. Consideration of rainfall Photo by: Ingrid Petterson

Irrigation Network

Table 3: Field Data

Irrigation Network - Equations Blaney Criddle

Irrigation Design15 laterals

1 plant type per lateral2 laterals of varying squash

From field dimensions, main line, suction line, and lateral lengths set

Sketch by: Ingrid Petterson

Irrigation - Summary90 emitters per lateral

spaced 1’

From drip tape specificationsflow rate of .3 gal/h

27 gph per lateral

http://www.dripworks.com/product/Q_TA15

PressureExisting Pressure Head (ft)∆H = Source elevation - highest

elevation∆H = 11.702ft

FL = Fc*L/100Fc = Friction factor for PE

FL = .073ftP = 11.702ft - .073ft = 11.629ftP = 11.629ft/2.31 = 5.03psi

Photo by: Ingrid Petterson

Equations

● L = lateral length (ft)● Pa = average emitter

operating pressure (psi)● K = constant (-)● LS = slope (%)

● K = constant (-)● D = diameter (in)● q = lateral discharge (gpm/ft)● C = Hazen-Williams for PE pipe● Cf= head-loss adjustment factor

L2.85=0.235PaK+0.00455LSK+0.63K D4.87C1.85

K = 4.58q1.85Cf

Watering Calculations

● ΔS = R + I - EtC - N - RO○ ΔS = change in soil water storage (in)○ R = rainfall (in)○ I = irrigation applied (in)○ EtC = crop specific evapotranspiration (in)○ N = interception (in)○ RO = runoff (rainfall in excess of soil storage) (in)

● Irrigation applied when:○ ΔS < ½ total available storage

Crop Specific Watering

http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e0b.htm

Cucumber Seasonal Watering

Summary Plant Water Need

Daily Water Need Maximum daily water need

Irrigate 5 plants in the same day

848 gal Average daily water need

267 galMinimum daily water need

102 gal (sweet corn early season)

Maximum daily watering time 9 hrs

(watermelon/peppers mid season)

Minimum daily watering time 2.16 hrs (potato early

season)

Irrigation EconomicsCity water:

base fee $6.20 per monthrate $2.03 / 1000 gal of water

January February March April May June July August September October November December TotalMonthly Water (gal)

0 0 0 0 3476 4476 5170 2302 0 257 319 0 16000

Water Cost ($) 6 6 6 6 14 16 18 12 6 8 8 6 115

Irrigation Economics

Prices from lowes.com and Dripworks.com

Coil Pump DesignNon electric Coil pump

Works by alternately introducing water and air Creek details

Delivery head ~ 20 ft Water depth ~ 10 in. (varies)Stream width ~ 29 ft

Major design considerations:1. Delivery head2. Pump discharge3. System economics

Photo by: Ingrd Petterson

Coil Pump: Number of Coils● Modeled as a series of manometers

○ P=γh1+γh2+...γhn

○ PTOT=γnh● Bernoulli’s analysis of pipe flow

● Frictional head loss by Darcy-Weisbach

● Number of coils○ n=26

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/moody-diagram-d_618.html

http://lurkertech.com/water/pump/belcher/fish/

Coil Pump: Pump DischargeFollowing Mortimer & Annabelle:

Qp=ωπrp2Lw.1

Lw.1=R*cos-1((R-d1)/R)Qp=16.6 gpm

BuoyancyFB=ρgVsubmerged

Percent submergence: 49.9%http://lurkertech.com/water/pump/mortimer/mortimer.pdf

Coil Pump: GearsPair of semi-spherical bevel gears

Allows gears to operate at variable angles

Where

ω = angular velocityN = number of gear teeth

http://www.google.com/patents/US5129275

Hands on: Human Rotational Speed

Photo by: Britta Huibers

● Average rotational speed was 2.0 rev/s

Lab Scale ExperimentSmaller fabrication of the coil pump to verify

equations¼ inch tubing, 7 coils, 3 inch coil

diameter, and a tubing length of 10.67 feet

Photo by: BE student

Pump Economics

Prices from lowes.com, bostongear.com, and Maxx-Flex.com

Pump Design Summary Pipe diameter: 2 inchesCoil diameter: 10 inchesNumber of Coils: 26

Length of pump: 4.3 feetDischarge: 16.6 gpm

6 minutes to fill 100 gallon tank36 minutes to fill 600 gallon

tankTotal Cost: $245.33

3D rendering by Katie Love (will be added)

Storage TankCurrently farm has 100 gallons of water

storagePurchase of a raised 600 gallon water

storage tank could accommodate the average 267 gallons needed by the garden daily

Clean out at end of each seasonExtra expenditure: $644.90

http://www.cancer.net.nz/build_your_own_tank_stand.html

Conclusions

Project Goals Reiterated Mechanical:

Design a non-electric pump and irrigation network for the ~7500 ft2 garden

Structural:Reservoir/Storage TankRoof for rain capture

Biological:Focus on sustainability in irrigation system

Mechanical: Coil Pump● 4.3 feet long● Discharge of 16.6 gpm

○ fills 600 gallon tank in 38 minutes● Hands on pumping is a teachable

element for school children● Cost: $245.33● Storage tank cost: $644.90

3D rendering by Katie Love (will be added)

Structural: Rainwater CaptureCollects 1325 gallons annually or

around 990 gallons per growing season

Supplements water needsCost: $211.95

3D rendering by Katie Love

Biological: IrrigationMaximum daily water

848 galAverage daily Water

267 galWater 6 months Costs

$617.12

Sketch by: Ingrid Petterson

Economic Summary

Questions Answered: ClientHow much will the pump cost?

○ $245.33● How often should parts be replaced?

○ Tape: 2-3 years○ Pump: upon need

● How long will the pump and irrigation system take to assemble?○ One day once parts are purchased for pump and irrigation

Questions Answered: User● When does the system need to be flushed out?

○ Storage tank and pump hose seasonally○ Drip tape seasonally

● How much water can be stored? ○ 100 or 700 gallons

● How do I operate the system? ○ Rotate crank lever for pump ○ Open valves for irrigation

Questions Answered: Designer● How much space is available for the system?

○ 7,650 ft2 garden● What water supply is available?

○ Brushy creek, shallow little slope● What is the daily water usage of the farm?

○ Average - 267 gallon ○ Maximum - 848 gal○ Minimum - 0 gal

SustainabilityEconomical

Requires no energy or water from cityEnvironmental

Maximizes water usage by dripMinimizes wasteDoes not require nonrenewable

resources such as fossil fuels for pump

SocialTeaching element for local school

children on renewable farming techniques

http://sites.psu.edu/zero/wp-content/uploads/sites/10619/2014/03/sustainability-smaller.png

Team Timeline

A special thank you to: Dr. Drapcho, Dr. Walker, Tom Jones, Dr. Owino, and Dr.

Bryant for their support and advice throughout the project

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