sencity-pilotingintelligentlightinganduser-oriented...

SenCity - Piloting Intelligent Lighting and User-OrientedServices in Complex Smart City Environments

Henrika Pihlajaniemi1, Eveliina Juntunen2, Anna Luusua3,Mirva Tarkka-Salin4, Johan Juntunen51,3,4Oulu School of Architecture, University of Oulu 2,5VTT Technical ResearchCenter of Finland1,3,4{henrika.pihlajaniemi|anna.luusua|mirva.tarkka-salin}@oulu.fi2,5{eveliina.juntunen|johan.juntunen}@vtt.fi

New operation frameworks and user-oriented design methods are needed to makebetter use of new innovative technologies within smart city contexts. This paperaddresses the design and research of intelligent lighting and user-orientedservices for smart city environments. It presents the problem setting and researchand development methods of the SenCity project. The project will pilot smartlighting solutions in six Finnish cities in different kinds of urban environments. Inthe pilots, the target is to employ lighting infrastructure as a service platform - anInternet of Things backbone - in the intelligent city. Together, separate pilots indifferent cities around Finland will create a living lab ecosystem for developingand testing innovative solutions. The specific objective of this paper is to presentthe concept of a platform as defined and applied in SenCity project. Thepresented framework forms an operational model for creating intelligent lightingand digital services in smart cities by integrating relevant technologies, users'needs, and business into an interactive system. In the paper, the framework isapplied to a selection of pilot cases with specific themes to introduce its usabilityin real world implementations.

Keywords: smart city, sensing, intelligent lighting, smart lighting, user-orienteddesign

INTRODUCTIONThe world-wide interest to smart city developmentas well as impetus to implement intelligent lightingsolutions for energy savings is opening up new col-laboration patterns betweenurbandevelopment, re-search and business. New operational frameworksand user-oriented design methods are needed tomakebetter use of new innovative technologies. This

paper addresses the design and research of intel-ligent lighting and user-oriented services for smartcity environments. It presents the problem state-ment and research and development methods ofthe project "SenCity - Intelligent lighting as a Ser-vice Platform for Innovative Cities". The project pilotssmart lighting solutions in six Finnish cities in differ-ent kinds of urban environments. The research has

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three focus areas: 1) to study users' needs and expe-riences of intelligent lighting, 2) to develop and testsensoring, data analysis and communication meth-ods and technologies needed for the user-centric de-signs, and 3) to generate business opportunities forsmart, data-based services. In the pilots, the aim isto employ lighting infrastructure as a service plat-form - an Internet of Things backbone - in an intelli-gent city. Together, separate pilots in different citiesaround Finland will also create a living lab ecosys-tem for developing and testing innovative solutionsin the future. The SenCity project group consistingof research institutions, cities, and companies is pre-sented in Figure 1.

Figure 1SenCity projectpilots intelligentlighting and smartservices in differentkinds of urbancontexts.

Intelligent lightingIntelligent lighting, or smart lighting, can be definedas a lighting system which gains real-time informa-tion of its environment and users through sensors,and adapts its behavior accordingly. The informationis analysed and processed in the system into lightingcontrol commands based onpre-definedparametresand rules (Guo 2008). The principle in itself is sim-ple but the complex real world setting, i.e. the citywith its inhabitants, renders the design task highly

complex. Thus, it is important to reflect upon whatthe users' needs are in different kinds of environ-ments, what kind of information is relevant for theusers' needs, how the information can be analysedand how lighting should behave to best serve users'needs. In order for lighting to be truly intelligent, notonly the system should be smart but the overall de-sign should be smart as well: Intelligent lighting can,besides energy savings, offer added value for urbanenvironments on various levels of experience. (Pih-lajaniemi 2016.) However, even though almost ev-erything is possible with new technology, it is chal-lenging to find technologically reliable and econom-ically feasible means to operate in complex environ-ments which have many changing factors. How canwe strike a balance between the desired simplicity ofa system and the complexity of the design task?

Technologically, intelligent lighting can be seenas part of a larger Internet of Things (IoT) develop-ment. IoT can be defined as an intelligent and inter-operable node interconnected in a dynamic globalinfrastructure network. IoT means connecting every-thing around us, such as household devices, mobilephones, cars, even cities and roads, to the Internetand/or to each other. As such, IoT seeks to imple-ment the connectivity concept of anything from any-where at any time (Ali et al. 2015). This leads us to ourbroader research context: smart cities.

Smart City development - From technologytowards better urban livingAccording to the large number of varying definitionsfound in literature, a smart city is a combination ofmodern ICT technology, economic ambitions, andsocial and communal objectives in urban environ-ments. Due to increasing environmental awarenessand economic and social importance of cities, moreand more focus has shifted from technology to peo-ple and community. Besides conserving natural re-sources, the opportunities for increasing the qualityof urban living, regarding city administration, educa-tion, healthcare, public safety, real estate, or trans-portation for example, have been recognized. Also,

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sustainable economic growth more related to mod-ern technology and services is considered importantin the current smart city environment. (Albino et al.2015.)

The interest on smart city development is global.For example, India has a grand project of develop-ing 100 smart cities, whileMasdar City in United ArabEmirates and Songdo in South Korea have launchedprojects of their own. Also, South Africa has a smartcity project in Modderfontein. In Europe, the de-velopment towards smart cities is active, and sev-eral European cities, like Amsterdam in Netherlands,Santander in Spain, Lyon in France, and Morgen-stadt in Germany are investing to develop into smartcities. (Frost & Sullivan 2015) Amsterdamwithdozensof smart city related projects is an interesting ex-ample of European activities. Somewhat similar toour project, in Amsterdam, smart lighting is imple-mented with sensors to control street lighting andthe lighting infrastructure is also used for services be-yond the lighting functionality. For example, trafficflows are controlledwith help of coloured lighting. Inaddition, a smart lamp post has been sketched withfunctions like sensing variousdata suchaspedestriancount or environmental data, communication, assist-ing in navigation, and delivering notifications, alertsand advertising. [1] An energy provider, Alliander,has an "Open Smart Grid Platform" which allows us-ing and managing of different objects independentof the different suppliers. The Alliander's system hasbeen employed on lighting control in Amsterdam.[2], [3] Also in Santander, there are over 25,000 wire-less devices over the town monitoring the environ-ment. The sensors help in lighting control, planningof garbage collection, tracking traffic, and monitor-ing air quality [4]. The project has reduced energycosts by 25% and garbage pickup costs 20% [5].

The smart city development already carried outaround the world sets good reference to our ob-jectives in the SenCity project. In addition to thesmart city definitions and actual implementationsdiscussed above, there is also a literature which ex-amines smart cities in a more critical light. When ex-

amining this literature, the crux of the issue seemsto be the lack of participation and democracy inthe field of smart city development, both on thelevel of viewpoints and practices. (Kitchin 2014,Hollands 2008) To surmount these issues, the op-erational framework that is utilized in the SenCityproject, is introduced.

OBJECTIVES ANDMETHODSThegeneral objective of the SenCity project is to pilotintelligent lighting solutions and to employ lightinginfrastructure as a platform for user-oriented servicesin different kinds of smart city environments. The pi-lots vary in complexity level concerning both designand research targets. The specificobjectiveof this pa-per is to present the concept of a platform as definedand applied in the SenCity project. The presentedframework forms an operational model for creatingintelligent lighting and digital services in smart citiesby integrating relevant technologies, users' needs,stakeholders, and business into an interactive sys-tem. In the article, the general framework of the plat-form is presented. In addition, the framework is ap-plied to a selection of pilot caseswith specific themesto introduce its usability in real world implementa-tions.

The pilot cases are presented discussing designand research aims and methods to be applied. Therelevant users' needs and users' experience aspects,technological needs, stakeholders and service re-lated business potential are presented. The pilotprojectswill be realized and evaluatedbetween sum-mer 2016 and autumn 2017. Those results will bepublished in the future.

Methodologically, the basis of our research canbe found in traditions of research-by-design, quali-tative research and technological research. Our re-search can be defined as transdisciplinary research,referring to Gibbons et al. (1994). The research sub-ject concerns various research disciplines such as re-search of lighting design and experience, architec-tural research, engineering and HCI. Typical to allof these disciplines is that their research problems


are not usually set within a one singular disciplinaryframework. In addition, the research problem andknowledge production operates within a context ofpractice. In the research process, the framework ofmethods is being developed and modified through-out the process to respond to the needs of researchand to the clarified research questions. The researchfollows a mixed-method or combined strategies ap-proach, where multiple methods from diverse tra-ditions are applied in a single research endeavour.This approach is suitable for researching complexphenomena, as in this case intelligent lighting so-lutions and digital services in smart city contexts.Each method brings with its particular strengths andweaknesses and "combining methods provides ap-propriate checks against the weak points in each,while simultaneously enabling the benefits to com-plement each other." (Groat and Wang 2013)

SENCITY PLATFORM: GENERAL FAME-WORK FOR USER EXPERIENCES, INNOVA-TIONS AND BUSINESSIn the cityscape, lighting is always utilized alongroutes, where people move, and within areas, wherepeople spend time and act. With intelligent lightingthis will mean that, in the cities, a relatively evenlydistributed network of electricity supply as well ascommunication exists near people. These networkscan be employed for integrating different kinds ofsensors which gain and analyze data in real-time forsmart city services. This forms the starting point forthe SenCity project and the technological core of theplatform concept (see Figure 2). The Technologynode of the framework consists of both the hard-ware and software, which form the smart infrastruc-ture of the cities, enabling lighting control, gather-ing sensor and other type of data, communication aswell as data analysis and fusion. This infrastructureis partly lighting control related, but can serve otherpurposes, too.

Smart technology offers endless potential. How-ever, it is useless if it does not meet users' needs.Thus, in the framework,wehave situatedusers' needs

and experiences as a User node parallel to Technol-ogy node. The pilots are designed applying user-oriented and participatory design methods, such asscenario working, workshops with users, and culturalprobes. Networking with relevant stakeholders aswell as communication are part of understanding theusers' needs and anticipated users' experiences of pi-loted lighting and services. Evaluation of users' expe-riences of each pilot is a central part of our process, asit provides feedback applicable in further design iter-ations and has value as such from research perspec-tives.

A deep understanding of users' needs helpscompanies develop smart technology to serve cities'aims about better urban living and sustainable ser-vice and maintenance processes. Boosting economyin the pilot regions by providing new types of busi-ness opportunities based on data is one of the fo-cus areas in piloting, thus forming the third node,i.e. Business, in the framework. The methods forthis are connecting developers with their customers,supporting development projects and providing testand piloting opportunities for new products and ser-vices, arranging innovation competitions, and gener-ating data for data-based business opportunities.

In the framework, the SenCity group with itspartner cities, companies, and research units, con-nect three focus nodeswith interactive collaboration,creating new links between technology, users, andbusiness. Theproject collaborateswith other relatingresearch projects and negotiates with relevant stake-holders, for example, city and business organizationsand communities. Contextual factors of each pilotareas, such as environmental conditions, regulationsand social and cultural patterns, set requirements forpilots as well as offer possibilities.

PILOTING IN SMART CITY CONTEXTSIn the SenCity project, each pilot project has a fo-cus on a different theme or application context. Thethemes and contexts include: presence-based bi-cycle route lighting, traffic safety of pedestrians incrossings and housing areas, data harvesting and ap-


Figure 2General frameworkof the SenCityplatform concept.

plication, educational outdoor environment, as wellas guiding and informative route lighting. The pilotsvary in complexity level concerning both design andresearch targets. In this section, three pilot contextsare scrutinized through the aforementioned frame-work. The themes are Traffic environment and safety,Big data in road environments, and Smart lightingand services for educational outdoor environment.

Case 1: Smart applications for safe trafficenvironmentThis case presentation (see Figure 3) combines fea-tures of three pilot projects, which will be conductedin different kinds of traffic environments in threecities. From a users' experience perspective, the fo-cus in all the pilots is enhancing traffic safety and en-abling safe and comfortable moving by foot or by


Figure 3Framework ofSenCity platformapplication with theCase 1: Safety intrafficenvironments.

bike. At the moment, energy savings are sought inoutdoor lighting by intelligent control and presence-sensing and this should not affect safety or sense ofsecurity negatively.

A pilot in Helsinki will approach intelligent light-ing on the simplest level, setting a singular researchor development target: What kind of a detailed light-ing behavior is suitable for presence-based lighting

on bicycle routes? The aim is to design and testoptimal lighting behavior which saves substantialamounts of energy without lessening cycling safetyor the sense of security of the route users during thedark. Two well-designed lighting behaviors will betested: the one will be perceptible by route usersand the other imperceptible. Feedback of the realworld pilot will be collected from cyclists and walk-


ers as well as from people living near-by with inter-views and questionnaires. Technically, the pilot willdevelop and test the ability to detect direction of themovement. Otherwise, already existing lighting con-trol products and technology will be applied.

Another pilot, in the city of Salo, will be carriedout on a collector road of a housing area. In thiscase, presence data will not be used to adjust illumi-nation for every road user individually. However, thepresence data will be averaged over a certain time-slot and used to dynamically control illumination in-stead of a fixed dimming schedule currently appliedin Finnish cities. Similar to previous example, feed-back will be collected from the area inhabitants andthe technical implementation will be based on com-mercially available components.

Due to several recent accidents, the issue of traf-fic safety inpedestrian crossings is unfortunately verytopical in Finland at the moment. Alerting lightingbehavior could be used to enhance safety in cross-roads or in housing areas with lots of kids playing inthe neighbourhood. This requires that the lightingsystem recognizes the presence of pedestrians andeven profiles the risk group - young children. In thepilot implementation in Raahe, we will study differ-ent scenarios of intelligent lighting behavior in suchcontext. Even though in our research, the focus isin real world testing, in this case, virtual modellingcould be applied for safety reasons in researchingusers' experiences of different kind of alerting light-ing behavior. Traffic environment has many brightobjects, illuminated elements, and signal lights al-ready presently. Thus, it is important to study thevisual load and legibility of this kind of a new infor-mative lighting layer. In real world implementation,the research will focus on technical aspect of how toidentify different road users, vehicles, and pedestri-ans for example.

Case 2: Big data in road environmentThere is already lots of information available aboutFinnish cities. For example, traffic lights in city cen-ters are known to adapt based on traffic conditions

and emergency vehicles. Buses communicate theirlocation through GPS and their routes can be fol-lowed in screens and by mobile devices. [6] Be-sides that, buses can be attached with different kindof sensors, thus, creating a mobile sensoring net-work system of real-time environmental data in dif-ferent districts of the city [7]. Beyond the transportexamples, also environmental information, such asopen weather data, is already available [8]. In our pi-lots, combining this information to intelligent light-ing control is studied. In practice this requires collect-ing and combining available data, and transformingit as a lighting control message. In Finland, roads canbe very slippery atwinter time causing significant riskof accidents for both the vehicles and pedestrians.So, an interesting case example is to combine slipper-iness data from the bus and/or weather service andto utilize lighting infrastructure to deliver warning toroadusers. The research combines twoaspects: tech-nical aspect of collecting and delivering the data tothe correct location in the city, and the user aspecthow to communicate the information with accept-able and understandable way.

Today, the typical approach is to monitor inroad environments, for example, traffic density, withrather expensive and extensive computing demand-ing camera or radar based solutions, which are in-stalled only in critical locations of the road network.In our project, the research objective is to study theubiquitous sensing as an alternative to these kindsof solutions. Sensors will be integrated with the lu-minaires and use the lighting control system as theircommunication network. The approach is to use sim-ple, low cost sensors and wide geographical cover-age over the pilot installation. In practice, this meansthat a sensing device will locate at every lamp post,and the data that a single sensor generates is sim-ple enough to be delivered through the lighting con-trol system's communicationmethod. As a result, theinstallations will generate local data in the road en-vironment to be transferred to the cloud for furtheranalysis and fusion with other information available.The research approach is not to pre-define specific


events or circumstances, such as accident, snow, ora traffic density, to be detected. Instead, the pilot in-stallations are designed to sense road environmentwith versatility, and the generated data is analyzed tostudywhich kinds of events can be identified. The pi-lot implementations will follow this approach in sev-eral locations, for example, in Tampere and Salo, andthe research serves to communicate the benefits andopportunities of constantly increasing IoT solutionsto different stakeholders in road lighting communitywith concrete examples.

Besides generating data for the research, theubiquitous sensing will be used to deliver energysavings to the cities and new services to the endusers. The presence data will be used to implementpresence-based lighting as described above. Also, itis anticipated that collecteddatawill beuseful for cityoperations, for example, for road maintenance. As apart of our research, we will carry out a survey in cityorganizations in order to discover needs and identifymost potential utilizers of the smart city data that isavailable with the ubiquitous IoT approach. Findingpotential use cases and needs will help to generatenew data-based business. The framework of this pi-lot case concerning big data in road environments ispresented in Figure 4.

Case 3: Smart lighting and services for edu-cational outdoor environmentIn the city of Oulu, our pilot will concern the outdoorarea for Educational, leisure and culture centre in theMetsokangas area. The community centre consists ofseveral buildings containing mainly educational fa-cilities for primary and secondary schools and willeventually host 1500 pupils with all its extensions.Other services, which are located in the buildings, arekindergarten and communal and sports facilities.

The FinnishNational Board of Education has con-firmed the new core curriculum for basic educationand it will be introduced in schools in August 2016.The new core curriculumemphasizes the joy of learn-ingand thepupils´ active role [9]. Smart city solutionscan bring sensor data to digital learning environ-

ments and school yards can become active learningenvironments during school days and leisure time.

In the piloting (see Figure 5), understanding theusers' needs has had a major role, and during thewinter 2015-2016, a participatory design process hasbeen carried out. The phases of the process havebeen cultural probe tasks (Gaver et al. 1999) for bothpersonnel and pupils, interviews, scenario working(Rosson and Carrol 2002) and an on-line question-naire. The cultural probes and interviews providedus with teachers' and pupils' analysis of the currentsituation and activities in the yard and its lightingconditions and development ideas. The scenarioswere based on that material, as well as on state-of-the-art research. They describe with short storiesand comic strips different ways to implement smartoutdoor lighting and digital services as part of theevery-day life of the school. In the scenarios, intel-ligent lighting applications had several motivationsin school yards. Besides energy savings, lighting canorchestrate children's actions in the school yard, forexample, inform pupils of right routes, game areas,passing of time, and attract them to physical exer-cise. Lighting connected with digital services canextend educational environment from classroom tothe yard and digitally augment the familiar outdoorspace adding new educational contents there. Chil-dren and teachers can interact with light as well asplay and create with coloured light. In addition, thescenarios coveredalso ideasofdigital services relatednot to lighting but to, for example, maintenance andspace management, enhancing security and virtualeducation. Finally, with the help of on-line question-naire, we got feedback about the scenarios from par-ents, teachers, and pupils, which will helps us to de-velop further the designs for piloting. The participa-tion process will still continue. After realization of thepilot in the summer 2017, wewill evaluate the resultswith qualitative methods to gain feedback from ex-periences.

Technologically, the pilot implementation re-quires producing intelligently controlled generallighting and effect lighting using RGBW spotlights.


Figure 4Framework ofSenCity platformapplication with theCase 2: Big data inroad environments.

Also, there is an interest on testing the pilot imple-mentation infrastructure as an installation site for fastdata communication and computing for future digi-tal services, for example, a virtual reality learning aid,which will have many users at the same time. Othertechnological research aspects, such as user recog-nition, presence monitoring, and needed IoT cloudsolutions, will be clarified during the continuation of

the pilot design.To generate business and interest on smart ser-

vices development beyond our own project activi-ties, we will arrange an innovation competition forOulu area ICT start-ups. This is a method to boost lo-cal business activity with long tradition in ICT field.The competition will be arranged in collaborationwith another project 6Aika which aims at develop-


Figure 5Framework ofSenCity platformapplication with theCase 3: Educationaloutdoorenvironment.

ing an open innovation platform for smart city oper-ations and business. The same approach was takenalso in Tampere and Lahti, where our project has al-ready organized similar events with local actors withgood results.

DISCUSSIONIn general, the SenCity framework of a three nodeplatform has so far proved to be useful and effectivein creating collaboration between partners in orderto develop intelligent lighting solutions and smartcity services and we will expect interesting resultsfrom the pilots. The project is challenging, as it hasmany participating cities and companies with vary-


ing interests. Our method in addressing this com-plexity - theplethoraof diverse startingpoints and in-terests - has been choosingdifferent focus themes forthe pilot areas, which will complement each other inthe end. This living lab environment, the testing plat-form which combines the results of each pilot case,will eventually serve all participating cities and com-panies and build a coherent picture of a smart city.

Answering to the former critique against smartcity concept (Kitchin 2014, Hollands 2008), we haveemphasized users' role in the piloting processes andin the platform framework. Understanding the users'needs and experiences forms one of the three nodesin thepilotingprocesses, interactingwith technologyand business, which are the other two focus areas.With participatory designmethods, we have broughtthe users into the design processes as our partners.Metsokangas school pilot in Oulu is a good exampleof that kind of process. The community has activelyparticipated in all the phases and is waiting the re-alization with great expectations. The process hasprovided us with many good ideas as well as criti-cal viewpoints to be taken care of in further develop-ment, concerning, for example, privacy issues. Bothindustry and city partners are keenonunderstandingusers' experiences and finding ways to serve users'needs.

From our processes so far, we can indicate thatthe business aspect in relation to genuine user needsis quite crucial in developing smart city solutions. Ithas partly been challenging to find motivations forinvesting in smart infrastructure, which goes beyondalready used lighting control technologies, due totypically higher purchase costs and lack of practicaluse cases of smart data-based services. Changing toLED lightingwith time-related dimming or presence-sensing, is already saving substantial amount of en-ergy and costs. These functionalities, which are eas-ily justified with energy savings, do not in itself needgreat capacities of local data communication andcomputing, which many more developed IoT solu-tions and smart city applications demand. In our pi-lot contexts, the critical point seems to be finding

those service concepts and business actors which re-ally would find the users, develop scalable and suc-cessful business, and pay cities back for building andmaintaining the infrastructure - sensor networks andfast communication - necessary for the services.

Reflecting the three case studies presented it canbenoted that even though there is always interactionbetween all the nodes of the framework, there canbeseen differentmain drivers for the pilot development(see the dark grey arrows in Figures 3, 4, and 5). Inthe case 1, the clear initiator is found in users' needs,which in the selected pilot contexts, obviously are re-lated to safety issues. The framing of the researchquestion as well as methods has been kept relativelysimple. The piloting in those sites aims at testing andfinding suitable and reliable solutions to support ex-periences of safety in traffic environments, and thetechnological research and development clearly fol-low that driver. Then, the case 2, which concernsbig data in road environments, can be considered astechnology-driven. Technologically, the complexitylevel is in that case higher, and that will eventuallylead to a bunch of user and business related researchquestions. However, in that case the main methodis to start with implementing a wide range of sen-sor and data fusion technology to see what new ap-plications and use cases will emerge from analysesof the complex data. The process will be supportedwith stakeholder interviews to find potential applica-tion areas. Thinking about user aspects in the case 3,the context of the case - an educational and commu-nity centre - could almost be compared in complexitylevel to a small scale "smart village" with its function-alities and user groups. Thus, here themain driver fordevelopmentwas chosen to be the understanding ofthe variety of users' needs whereas technology andbusiness development goals are subordinate to thatanalysis.

Although the business aspect may seem to lackattention in defining the drivers in our research, it iswell understood that in the end the success in busi-ness, or in economy in general, is a relevant point ofview. After the finalized pilot implementations and


evaluation processes, we will be able to analyse theresults and reflect the success of chosendrivers for pi-loting. This will presumably complement the generalframework with new clarifying, context-related inter-action factors between the three nodes: technology,user and business.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSSenCity project is funded by TEKES The Finnish Fund-ing Agency for Innovation and by participating cities,companies and research institutions (see Figure 1).

REFERENCESAlbino, V, Berardi, U and Dancelico, RM 2015, 'Smart

cities: definitions, dimensions, and performance',Journal of Urban Technology, 22(1), pp. 3-21

Ali, ZH, Ali, HA and Badawy, MM2015, 'Internet of Things(IoT): Definitions, Challenges and Recent ResearchDirections', International Journal of Computer Appli-cations, 128(1), pp. 37-47

Gaver, W, Dunne, T and Pacenti, E 1999, 'Cultural probes',Interactions, 6(1), pp. 21-29

Guo, L 2008, Intelligent road lighting control sys-tems—Experiences, measurements, and lighting con-trol strategies, Ph.D. Thesis, Report 51. Helsinki Uni-versity of Technology, Department of Electronics,Lighting Unit, Espoo, Finland.

Hollands, RG 2008, 'Will the real smart city please standup? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial?',City, 12(3), pp. 303-320

Kitchin, R 2015, 'Making sense of smart cities: address-ing present shortcomings', Cambridge Journal of Re-gions, Economy and Society, 8(1), pp. 131-136

Pihlajaniemi, H 2016, Designing and experiencing adap-tive lighting. Case studieswith adaptation, interactionand participation, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oulu,Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, H3 Architectonica

Rosson, MB and Carrol, JM 2002, 'Scenario-Based De-sign', in Jacko, J and Sears, A (eds) 2002, TheHuman-Computer InteractionHandbook: Fundamen-tals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applica-tions, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 1032-1050

Frost & Sullivan, Inc. 2015, Analysis of the Global Sensorsin InfrastructureMonitoring and Smart BuildingsMar-ket, Frost & Sullivan

[1] http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/93/slug/smart-light

[2] http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/projects/detail/id/62/slug/flexible-street-lighting

[3] https://www.alliander.com/en/our-activities/start-ups/open-smart-grid-platform

[4] http://www.digitalmanifesto.telefonica.com/manifesto/big_picture/santander-project/

[5] http://www.governing.com/topics/urban/gov-santander-spain-smart-city.html

[6] http://developer.reittiopas.fi/pages/en/home.php

[7] http://www.vtt.fi/sites/livinglabbus/[8] http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data-manual[9] http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Verkkouutiset/2015/03/

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