seminar silicon photonics presentation

8/6/2019 SEMINAR Silicon Photonics Presentation

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ARAVIND SURESH(Roll no:09)

S7A EC


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OVERVIEW Introduction

Optoelectronics at present WDM

AWG and WDM

Siliconize photonic

Stimulated Raman Amplification

The Raman effect Laser

Silicon laser

Modulator

Coding of optical data

Photodetector

Interface

The silicon challenges

Applications

Futurescope & Conclusion

ReferenceCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHENGANNUR

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SILICON PHOTONICS


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INTRODUCTION Moores Law(1962)

Presently 1.7billion transistors

More transistors more information can process

Copper wires are used to communicate betweenperipheral

devices

Wires close to each other can induce currents in one

another

Increased resistance=increased heat =decay of data Microscopic imperfection, Skin effect, Proxmity effect

Data speed > 10Gbps not achieved

Replace copper with optical fiber and electron withphoton

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHENGANNUR

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SILICON PHOTONICS


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OPTOELECTRONICS AT PRESENT

A single fiber strand can now carry up to 14Tbps

Send pulses of light instead ofpulses of electron current in guided

medium

Fibre Optics immune to attenuation-

repeaters atover100 Kms

Pack dozens of channels by separating channel by wave length-WDM

Wave length division multiplexing

Use lasers to shoot light pulses through glass fibers

Need of coherent light


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WDM

The wavelength division multiplexing

Multiplexing upto 160 channels

Bandwidth in the range : 1260-1675 nm

Single Mode Fibre core diameter only- 9 micrometer Channel separation as low as 0.8 nm

Most commonly used is: C-band transmission window

: 1530-1565 nm

Uses AWG (de)multiplexer

SILICON PHOTONICS


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AWG and WDM


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SILICON PHOTONICS

Array of waveguides with constant length increment

Diffraction and Interferenceplay the role

Advantages-low loss,low cost,ease of network

upgrading

Precision Temperature control: +/-2 Degree C


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SILICONIZE PHOTONICS Means all components are integrated on the silicon chip

To siliconizephotonic

A integrated light source Device that split, route and direct light on silicon chip

Modulator to encode data into optical signal

Photo detector to convert the optical signal back to

electrical bits Low cost high volume assembly methods

Supporting electronic for intelligence and photonic

control


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MILESTONES

All-Silicon Laser-

Silicon is an indirectbandgap material

Need an external source for initial light Problem ofmisalignmentof external laser

Raman effect 10,000 times stronger in silicon.

STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING (SRS) AMPLIFICATION

Intel disclosed development of first continuous wave all-siliconlaser(2005)

SILICON PHOTONICS

To be continued


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SRS

Stimulated Raman Scattering

SILICON PHOTONICS

Pump Laser-500 mW,980nm

Weak Data beam-1550nm(C-band)

Data beam energy passed to molecular vibration Pumpphoton absorption

High energyphoton emission and wavelength shift

Scattering reduced in C-band

Advantage


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The Raman effect LASER


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Silicon laser

Need wave guide for light beam

Twophotons absorption

Silicon to absorb pump beams photon and release free electrons

Electron cloud reduce amplification

P-I-N diode in silicon laser

Dielectric mirrors in silicon laser


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SILICON PHOTONICS


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Silicon laser

SILICON PHOTONICS


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Modulator

` Modulation switching one state to another state(on and off)

` Two types of modulation

Direct modulation

-direct switching of source(on-off)-limit 10Gbps~12km

External modulation-used for 10Gbps~100km+

` Each time laser turn on it chirps-un desired shift in

wavelength-data distortion

` Use external modulator chirp free-use lithium nobate-strong electro opticeffect

` External Phase modulation of light without disturbing source


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Modulation


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Encoding optical data(ASK-digital modulation)

Split the laser into two

Apply electric field to one beam

Speed changes and out ofphase

When recombine- result cancel out

No electric field apply -No speed variation and

samephase When recombine beam encoded with 1s and 0s


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SILICON PHOTONICS

The MachZehnder interferometer


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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHENGANNUR 17

MILESTONEScontinued

SILICON PHOTONICS

Silicon Modulator in GHz range

Early injection current modulator- diode switching

Free carrierplasma dispertion effect.

Difficulty to extract carriers out of the path..

20MHz limit for silicon modulator-a limit for silicon photonics

Intel demonstrated the first GHz silicon modulator(2005)

Speed upto 10 Gbps demonstrated with transistor like device to inject as well as

pull out carriers

Speed upto 18Gbps demonstrated with optical ring modulator

Disclosed the development of 40Gbps silicon modulator


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Photo detector/Demodulation

Collect the photons and convert into electrical signal

Semiconductor diode detectors-the frontrunners

-The PIN diode detector

-The Avalanche Photodiode detector

InGaAs-least bandgap

Avalanche detectors with built in amplification due to intense

electric field

Noise, dark current and photocurrent fluctuations

Response time-0.5ns typical

SILICON PHOTONICS


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Demodulation & Detection

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INTERFACE

SILICON PHOTONICS

The construct-Silicon on insulator

Connecting an optic fibre

Silicon chip-optic fibre interconnection


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SILICON CHALLENGES

SILICON PHOTONICS

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Kerr Nonlinearity effectRefractive index variesproportional to square of electric field

intensity

` Four wave mixing

Three waves scatter at a point to produce fourth wavelength


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APPLICATIONS

Integrating into a Tera-scale system

Shrinking electronic/medical equipments

3D ICs


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SILICON PHOTONICS

Anartistic view


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FUTURESCOPE & CONCLUSION

Intel moving on steps towards 50Gbps optical link

Optical Revolution in:-

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEEERING


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REFERENCES

www.ieeexplore.ieee.org-

Lipson, M.; Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers

Conference, 2008.;PublicationYear: 2008 , Page(s): 1 - 3

techresearch.intel.com

domino.research.ibm.com

en.wikipedia.org

Ebook on Silicon Photonics Mario Paniccia(Intel Director, Photonics Lab)

Fibre Optic Communication Harold Kolimbiris,Scenior


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SILICON PHOTONICS

seminar silicon photonics presentation

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