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Flying amphibious cars

Department of mechanical engineering

INTRODUCTION

Traffic jams are the bane of any commuter. Many of us spend an hour or so

stuck in traffic every week. The growing population is partly to blame for our

congested roads, but the main problem is that we are not expanding our

transportation systems fast enough to meet ever increasing demands. One

solution is to create a new type of transportation that doesn't rely on roads,

which could one day make traffic jams a 20th century relic. To do this, we

must look to the sky and water.

WHY WE NEED A FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CAR

1. CARS

Although a little is needed to talk about the turbo engine cars. Even layman

has knowledge about the car market, their development, history and evolving

technology. People are having car craze nowadays. Car luxary, mileage, safety

and costs are always hot topics. But still it has got limited field of use

land cars

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DISADVANTAGES

We cant travel faster than a speed limit

It gets busted in traffic jam

2. FLYING CARS:

Twenty years ago, the former engineering professor from the University

of California at Davis created Moller International to make flying cars. Moller's

latest design, the Skycar M400, is designed to take off and land vertically, like

a Harrier Jet, in small spaces. It can reach speeds of 400 mph (644 kph), but

will cruise at around 350 mph (563 kph), and it has a range of 900 miles

(1449 km). Gasoline, diesel, alcohol, kerosene and propane can be used to fuel

the Skycar, and its fuel mileage will be comparable to that of a medium-sized

car, getting 20 miles (32.2 km) to the gallon. The initial cost of a Skycar will be

about $1 million, but once it begins to be mass produced that price could come

down to as low as $60,000.

The four-seat Skycar is powered by eight rotary engines that are housed

inside four metal housings, called nacelles, on the side of the vehicle. There

are two engines in each nacelle so that if one of the engines in one of the

nacelle fails, the other engine can sustain flight. The engines lift the craft with

720 horsepower, and then thrust the craft forward. The Wankel engine

replaces pistons of a conventional engine with a single triangular rotor

spinning inside an oval-shaped chamber, which creates compression and

expansion as the rotor turns. There are three combustion chambers in the

Wankel, with a crankshaft between them.

To make the Skycar safe and available to the general public, it will be

completely controlled by computers using Global Positioning System (GPS)

satellites, which Moller calls a fly-by-wire system. In case of an accident, the

vehicle will release a parachute and airbags, internally and externally, to



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cushion the impact of the crash.

sky car

types of sky cars

DISADVANTAGES

These vehicles are yet to be in production

They can only fly, that means they can�t be economical to travel

always

There is still lots of research needed in this field because these type

of flying cars are facing lots of mechanical problems



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3. AMBHIBIOUS CARS

Amphibious literally means thing that can survive on land and even in

water. Amphibious cars mean those cars who can travel on land and even run

in water surfaces.

Until the late 1920s the efforts to unify a boat and an automobile mostly came

down to simply putting wheels and axles on a boat hull, or getting a rolling

chassis to float by blending a boat-like hull with the car's frame. One of the

first reasonably well documented cases was the 1905 amphibious petrol-

powered carriage of T. Richmond (Jessup, Iowa, USA). Just like the world's

first petrol-powered automobile (1885, Carl Benz) it was a three-wheeler. The

single front wheel provided direction, both on land and in the water. A three-

cylinder petrol combustion-engine powered the oversized rear wheels. In

order to get the wheels to provide propulsion in the water, fins or buckets

would be attached to the rear wheel spokes. Remarkably the boat-like hull

was one of the first integral bodies ever used on a car.

Since the 1920s many diverse amphibious vehicles designs have been created

for a broad range of applications, including recreation, expeditions, search &

rescue, and military, leading to a myriad of concepts and variants. In some of

them the amphibious capabilities are central to their purpose, whereas in

others they are only an expansion to what has remained primarily a

watercraft or a land vehicle. The design that came together with all the

features needed for a practical all terrain amphibious vehicle was by Peter

Prell of New Jersey. His design, unlike others, could operate not only on rivers

and lakes but the sea and did not require firm ground to enter or exit the

water. It combined a boat-like hull with tank-like tracks. In 1931 he tested a

scaled down version of his invention.

Recently, Gibbs Amphibians has developed a new type of amphibian, one

capable of high speeds on both land and water. The vehicles use a patented

hydraulic system to raise the wheels into the wheel wells, allowing the

vehicles to plane on water. The vehicles can transition between land and



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water modes in about five seconds. The first Gibbs fast amphibian is the

Quadski, introduced in October 2012. It went on sale in January 2013.

amphibious car design

amphibious car

DISADVANTAGES

Although it is having advantage of being amphibious over the

simple car. But still it is not the best solution.

These cars need plain shores to enter in water. These cannot

enter from the hilly shores. So it has got specific points of entry

into water bodies



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FUTURE CARS : FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CARS

INTRODUCTION OF FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CARS

The flying car projects which are in progress of their development are likely

to be fictious cars till present. Many researchers and engineers have suggested

the possible date for this project available for public service, by 2050. That

means there are still three decades wait for these cars to be in market. So we

have to wait till 2050, but, we all know the rapid speed of evolving technology

so there can be some evolution in the present car system which will meet the

requirements of the day of evolution.

In this context there is a suggestion of new evolved car concept �flying

amphibious cars�. These are the cars suggested from the existing technology

to meet the future requirements. And they will act as linkage between the

existing technology and the future technology

future car



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ARCHITECT AND DESIGN

The machine is simply a four wheel car with a turbo engine, to drive the car

on roads. In addition to that we do make a special aerodynamic design of the

body having two collapsible airfoil wings, which are meant for helping in flight

of car, and two high power turbine engines which provide necessary thrust

for the car to make it fly. In addition to all of these it has a hydraulically

operated expandable and collapsible stand which has got water skates

mounted on it , so as to provide the necessary buoyant force while travelling

through water. Even in water, thrust provided to our car is by the turbine

engines

design of flying amphibious car



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PRINCIPLE OF CAR

1) FLOATING PRINCIPLE

Floating of our car simply derived from the archimede�s principle of

buoyancy which states that the body immersed in a fluid is buoyed or

lifted up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the

body. The body apparently loses as much of its weight as the weight of

fluid displaced by it. A floating body of fluid just sufficient to balance its

weight.

2) PRINCIPLE OF FLIGHT

The principle of flight is simpler but little bit complex to

understand than floating principle. The principle of flight can

be explained by two ways

Newton�s third law of motion

Bernoulli�s principle

NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION:

It states �to every action there is equal and opposite reaction�.

Aerodynamics engineers and researchers have observed

experimentally that the wings do make a downward movement of

air, thus putting a downward thrust. So according to the newton�s

third law of motion there must be a opposite thrust in upward

direction, which would result in uplift of car , this is the same case as

happens in lifting of chopper. Experiments of proof for this

explaination have been done in wind tunnels. Although there have



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been many questions against this very explaination because it is

having very less mathematical proof.

airfoil and movement of air

BERNOULLI�S PRINCIPLE:

Bernoulli�s principle state that potential energy, kinetic

energy and energy due to pressure of a moving fluid is constant,

unless it is added some energy externally.

+ ℎ + =

If the datum reference is taken as zero, we can reduce the above

equation to



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+ = +

It also can be summed as

= −

Where

ῤ= density of working fluid

p₁ and p₂= pressure on either sides of airfoil

v₁ and v₂ = velocities of working fluid on either sides of airfoil

g = acceleration due to gravity

V = volume

C= constant



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lift of body 1

- is called the lift, and it does depend upon the difference of the squares

of velocities. Velocities above and down the airfoil are treated as different and

there is some difference between the velocities. This principle is called as

�principle of equal transit times� , which state that the velocity above the wing

pane is greater than velocity down pane because the distance travelled by the

air above the pane is greater than the down velocity and to meet again at

equal transit time at the trailing end, velocities need to be different.

Bernoulli�s principle is treated as the major principle in system of flight. It is

being taught as the primary principle responsible for uplift of flying machine.

Although principle of equal transit times gets violated in case of gliders which

have flat wing panes.



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THEORY OF FLIGHT

There are four types of forces that are responsible for the bodies to fly in air

Weight

Lift

Thrust

Drag

When lift exceeds weight, flying body gets flight in air and vice versa

When thrust exceeds drag flying body propels and vice versa

1) WEIGHT :

it simply refers the weight of body which poses a downward thrust or

force

2) LIFT:

It is one of the remarkable force in aerospace science. Engineers are

mainly dealing with it i.e, how to generate a lift agianst nature�s force of

gravity. It is a controllable force which makes the course of flight possible

and that too under our control and according to our wish.Numerically we

can calculate the lift required by the following equation



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= ∗ 2 ∗ ∗

Where

Cl = lift coefficient

V = velocity

A = area of wings

ῤ = density of air

lift coefficient Cl is being determined experimentally in the wind tunnel

test of flying machine and for low speeds it is usually neglected.

3) THRUST:

Thrust is a force created by a power source which gives forward motion.

Thrust is a force generated so as to overcome the drag force acting on

plane. Usually in flying machines and aeroplanes, thrust is primarily

provided by turbine engines because of their high power to weight ratio

property over turbo engines.

4) DRAG:

Drag is a counter force of thrust, which resists the forward motion of

flying machine. This is actually resultant of frictional force and thrust

posed by air having high kinetic energy. Drag can be reduced to very

large extent by modifying the design of flying vehicle. It is designed in

such a manner so that the air flowing around the vehicle moves in a

streamlined fashion and that results in reducing the drag on the flying

vehicle

Mathematically drag is given by the following relation

= ∗ ∗ 2 ∗

Where

Cd is known as drag coefficient and is being determined experimentally



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Here are typical values of Cd for few shapes

Air foil 0.45

Bullet 0.295

Sphere 0.07 to0 .5

WORKING

The flying amphibious car is a multi state car which can run on roads, it

can fly and even swim in water. Actually it is a hybrid of a car, aeroplane and a

ship, which delivers upto the mark in the time of evolving technology. A car

gets started simply by ignition of the turbo, powerful and high power to

weight ratio engine. It can even fly at appropriate place, this can be done by

expanding the collapsible wings which are hydraulically operated. For higher

acceleration we switch on two high power turbine engine which accelerates it

to the appropriate velocity at which it can fly. Later then it acts a normal

aeroplane, it can land on simple road or runway and also in any large water

body by expanding the water skates. To stop it in very less distance we can

use parachute which de-accelerates it rapidly. If it can lead in water body then

it must also take off from water body. The cabin of car is water tight and it can

swim like a common amphibious car.

design of flying amphibious car



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DESIGN OF FLYING AMPHIBIOUS CAR

Here calculations made are not 100% sure. These are just to

present the feasibility of the project

MATERIALS USED :

We do use the material which is light weight but having high strength

e.g, materials used in fabrication of Boeing A380

CALCULATIONS:

CALCULATION OF WORKING VELOCIT

There are few assumptions for this test type of flying amphibious car and

we will use simpler equation of bernoulli�s principle Weight of car is

restricted to 600 kg, the dimensions of car are 2.5 meters in length and 1.5

meters wide . the wings are of 0.75 area each with 2 meter span and 0.75

meter base and triangular in shape.

Thus

Approximate area of car along with wings = 5.25

Pressure exerted by car p₁ = 114.28 pascal

Assume the difference between the speeds above the air foil and below

the air foil is mere 5% that means v₁ is 1.05 times v₂

⇒ − = . −

⇒ − = . ∗

⇒ v₂ = � ∗ ∗∗ .

Let us assume pressure difference is 40 pascal then

v₂ = 79 m/s with density of air as 1.24 kg/



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⇒v₂ = 284.4 km/hour

And v₁ = 300 km/hour

Speed of design is 300km/hour or 84 m/s

CALCULATION OF DRAG

We know

= ∗ ∗ ∗

And take

Cd = 0.45

ῤ = 1.24 kg/

v = 84 m/s

assume area of drag to be the maximum values, although it can be

reduced by laminar flow design of vehicle so A = 5.25 then

Drag =22KN

Therefore thrust needed shall be more than 22 KN. So we need to have

a thrust providing engines which can give thrust of more than 22 KN.

Let us take it as 50% more as factor of safety then thrust needed shall be

33KN which equals to 45 HP. Thus two turbine engines of 22.5 HP is

needed .

CALCULATION OF SKATE DIMENSIONS

We know weight of car = buoyant force

=weight of volume of water displaced by

immersed portion of skates

Thus

600 N = specific weight of water * volume displaced

Take specific weight of water = 10 KN/

⇒ 600 N = 10 * volume

⇒ volume displaced = 0.06



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We can generate the dimensions according to this volume, so I

suggest

20 cm as height of skates

1 meter as length of skates

And 30 cm as breadth of skates

SAFETY MEASURES

Airbags for road, sky and water safety

A big parachute for emergency landing in case of any

mechanical or electronic failure of car in air

Car will be air tight to avoid any accident in air or water

Case hardened body for cabin safety

shock proof cabin, which absorbs mechanical shock either by

springs or viscious dampers , so that shock might not get

transferred to the driver cum pilot cum sailor

ADVANTAGES

it is a three in one inbuilt car. Thus it would be quite

economical than the three different separate set ups

it can take off and land within little distance

it is air to land, air to water, water to air, water to land, land to

air and land to water. Thus highest degrees of freedom of

movement.

The two turbine engines add up the acceleration property. We

can use the engines even on land to travel fastest



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FIELDS OF APPLICTION

it is an emergency car, most appropriate job for this car will be

as �ambulance�

it can be used as a personal car

it would be used in light combat operations

it would be a good police car.

Even in field of sports, this car will get proved as best

It would be also used in transport of goods

It would be used as emergency car in case of any natural

calamity

It could be quite luxurious car in initial stages

It would be quite economical than other future cars. Thus a

bright future in market

It can be used as a pure road car, or pure plane or just mere a

boat



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CONCLUSION

In the era of technology and expanding economies, we need to have

the faster means of transport and the best fastest means of

transport is the need of hour. The flying amphibious car is the best

option available to us. It has got the highest degrees of freedom of

movement, as it can move in water and sky and also on land. this car

is quite safe and easy to operate that is one of the main reason why

this car should be the next possible future car. These cars have not

got only future of being as cars but it will also move in other

locomotive versions like trucks and buses. Although it would be

quite bulky and huge but these will get evolved with course of time.



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BIBILOGRAPHY

⦋1⦌ [email protected]

⦋2⦌ http://www.grc.nasa.gov

⦋3⦌ www.tajamul.blog.com



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