seminar pppl, 26 january 2011 association euratom-cea 1 interplay between neoclassical and turbulent...
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Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20111
AssociationEuratom-Cea
Interplay between neoclassical and turbulent transport
on Tore Supra
Acknowledgements: J. Abiteboul, F. Clairet, C. Fenzi, S. Futatani1, V. Grandgirard, R. Guirlet, O. Gürcan2, P. Hennequin2,
S. Heuraux3, H. Lütjens4, R. Sabot, Y. Sarazin, E. Trier2, L. Vermare2, D. Villegas, and the Tore Supra Team
X. Garbet
IRFM, CEA Cadarache
1Iter Organisation, 2LPP Ecole Polytechnique, 3IJL Nancy, 4CPhT Ecole Polytechnique
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20112
AssociationEuratom-Cea
Motivation and outline
• Usual statement : perpendicular transport is turbulent, parallel dynamics is collisional – in practice, a competition.
• When axisymmetry is lost, competition between turbulence and collisional processes is exacerbated.
Outline• Large scale flows : competition between turbulence
Reynolds stress and viscous damping• Particle transport : competition between Ware and
turbulent pinch velocities – Perp. diffusion is enhanced in presence of helical perturbations.
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20113
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Turbulence diagnostics and codes on Tore Supra
Casati 09• 2 Doppler and 2 fast sweeping reflectometers: profile of turbulence intensity, frequency and wavenumber spectra
• Numerical tools: global (GYSELA) local (GYRO, GENE) gyrokinetic codes, integrated modelling (CRONOS)
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20114
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Large scale flows : interplay between turbulence generation
and collisional damping
• Tore Supra: large (7%) magnetic field ripple
• Leads to magnetic braking in toroidal direction – controls radial electric field.
• Competes with turbulence Reynolds stress
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20115
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Flow dynamics
• Radial force balance equation
• Reynolds stress + collisional viscous damping (w/o MHD , fast ion losses) Diamond 05
determine V , V , et Er
neoneot~~ VVVVV
Reynolds stress
Viscous damping
0ne
pBVBVE r
r
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20116
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Rotation measurements
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.21.81.6Z
(m
)
R (m)
CXRS
Doppler reflectometry
phr
lab VBE
V
• Scan in ripple : plasma size
• Doppler reflectometry
Assumption : Vph « -Er/B - supported by simulations direct measurement of Er
• CXRS: measurements of V
Hennequin 09
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20117
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Radial electric field
• Radial electric field is negative : controlled by thermal ripple losses
• Local trapping krip=3.37 Connor 73 . Ripple-plateau krip=1.5 Boozer 80,
Kovrizhnykh 99
Trier 08
drTdT
kdrn
dneT
Ei
irip
i
iir
r/a=0.6
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20118
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Intrinsic toroidal rotationFenzi 10
ripple
VC
o-ro
tatio
nC
ntr
• Consistent with competition between ripple friction and turbulent Reynolds stress Hahm 07, Peeters 07, Gurcan 08, Diamond 09, …
neoneoVV
• Counter-rotation in Ohmic plasmas for large ripple
• Co-rotation with smaller ripple.
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 20119
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Neoclassical viscous damping
• Strong collisional friction at the passing/trapped boundary
• Poloidal flow scales with T:
eBT
kV irneo
[Kim '91]
Dif-Pradalier 08
Collisionality
kneo
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201110
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Poloidal rotation agrees with neoclassical theory in global
simulations• Consistent with
poloidal viscous damping
• However: large corrugations due to turbulent Reynolds stress. v
Total
vNeo
Dif-Pradalier 09
neoneoVV
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201111
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Reynolds stress important for shear flow
• VVneo, but velocity shear is different
• ExB shear
not the same with or w/o turbulence
Sarazin 10
BE
drd r
E
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201112
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Is the poloidal rotation neoclassical on Tore Supra?
• Doppler reflectometry Er always agrees with ripple=0 in the core
• CXRS V changes from cntr to co-rotation when ripple becomes weaker
• Radial force balance equation VVneo at low ripple
• Not impossible (e.g. JET Crombé 06, DIII-D Kim 94 TFTR transient Bell 98 ) but surprising : turbulence simulations find VVneo + turbulence corrugations
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201113
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Particle and impurity transport in the plasma core (q<1)
• Usual form of particle transport =-Dn+Vn
• Usually D,V >> Dneo,Vneo
• Not always true in the core, where values get closer to neoclassical (“neoclassical” here means axisymmetric value)
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201114
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Modelling of transient confirm the diffusion/convection model
Futatani 10V
nn
Dn
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201115
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Particle pinch is usually turbulent on Tore Supra
• Long pulses (6mn) with LHCD Eind 0 Ware pinch=0
• Ionization source localised in the edge, pinch due to waves is small.
V (electrons) is turbulent
Hoang 04
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Normalized radius
V(m/s)
D(m2/s)
Vneo (m/s)
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201116
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Transport during sawtoothing ohmic plasmas
• Pinch velocity close to Ware value, diffusion is not neoclassical
Guirlet 08
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201117
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Fluctuation level is low inside q=1Dturb is small
%nn
R
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201118
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6-6
-4
-2
0
2
r/a
Vtrans+stat
0 0.2 0.4 0.60
0.5
1
1.5 Dtrans+stat
Guirlet 08What about impurities?
• Supersonic gas injection or laser blow-off.
• Both transient and steady profiles are used to assess fluxes =-Dn+Vn
• Allows to reduce error bars on D and V by a large factor.
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201119
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Guirlet 10
D and V for electrons and Nickel vs neoclassical
Impurities are neoclassical in the core, electrons are not
• Vnickel and Dnickel are neoclassical
• How is it possible to get
De>>DNiDNi,neo >>De,neo
• Simplest theory
c,Ni<< c,e ???
c2
Eturb v~D
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201120
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• m=1,n=1 activity part of the time
• Estimation of magnetic field amplitude
a few 10-3
Is the internal kink mode responsible for high De?
Sabot 10
p
//LB
B
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201121
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Orders of magnitude
exp,Ni123
TZ
2DZ
2
2
RP,Ni Dsm10v
Rvq1
1D
exp,e122
e
2e,D
2
BD,e Dsm10.2v
6.6D
• Ellectrons: banana-drift regime
• Nickel: ripple-plateau regime
• In summary:
- Collisional electron transport is enhanced–still off by a factor 3-5
- Ni neoclassical transport is unchanged
Seminar PPPL, 26 January 201122
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Conclusions
• GK simulations show that VVneo but radial corrugations due to turbulence are not negligible.
• Er and V agree with neoclassical theory in ohmic plasmas, with strong ripple. Situation at low ripple is unclear: looks like V departs from Vneo.
• Some evidence that in the core, collisional transport due to n=1,m=1 helical perturbation can matter