semester 1 final review before attempting this review, please make sure you have followed all the...
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SEMESTER 1Final Review
Before attempting this review, please make sure you have followed all the steps on “1.0 Preparing for the First Semester Exam”
This should be your final study session before the test.
When using this review, keep track of the questions you struggle with.
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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Unit Target: Develop a common language that can be applied to human anatomy and physiology.
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Which of the following is the best definition for anatomy?
a. The study of body structures and their functionsb. The study of body structuresc. The study of body shapesd. The interaction of body parts with each other
Answer: b
1
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The study of how the body functions is known as _____________________.
Physiology
2
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of humans:
a. Made of cellsb. Require energyc. Maintain homeostasisd. Are autotrophs
Answer: d
Make sure you know the characteristics of humans not listed.
3
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Which of the following is not a requirement of humans?
A. Nutrients
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Water
D. Proper Pressure levels
B.Carbon dioxide
Make sure you know the requirements of humans not listed.
4
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5-10. Identify each level of organization.
chemicalcellular
tissue
organorgan system
organism
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Which statement best explains how form and function are related?
A.The cell is elongated
B.Cells carry out cellular respiration
C.Tendrils on cells send messages
D.Human cells all have a cell membrane
C. Tendrils (form) send messages (function)
11
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Label the directional terms
Is this person in the correct anatomical position?
Yes- Why?
1
1
2
3
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17-19
Label the body planes.
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1
2
3
4
5
67
8
20-27
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41. Which of the following is not true about homeostasis?
A.Humans can not survive without it
B.Body parts function only when the concentrations of water, nutrients and oxygen remain within certain limits
C.Defined as a condition of a stable external environment
D.Controlled by negative and positive feedback
C. Stable internal environment
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Maintaining homeostasis
What is the set point for sugar?
A. 102
B. 190
A.
What stimulus caused a change away from the set point?
Eating a Snickers bar
The pancreas is a gland that secretes insulin to maintain blood glucose levels. What is the name given to the muscle or gland that responds to the stimulus?A.Effector C. ResponderB.The brain D. The control center
A.
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BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELLS
• Unit Target: Apply chemistry and cellular biology concepts to human anatomy and physiology.
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1-3. Match each inorganic substance with the reason it is important to humans.
H2O
(pick 2)
O2
Ca
Required for cellular respiration
Transports heat throughout the body
Bone strength and muscle contractions
As a solvent provides an environment for metabolic reactions
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Ca is a (an)
a.Ion
b.Nucleic acid
c.Carbohydrate
d.Lipid
a. Ion
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4. True or False:
The 4 organic molecules that make up a cell are salt, nitrogen, carbohydrates and proteins.
False: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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5- 10. Identify each organic molecule.(Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid, Nucleic Acid)
1. Carbohydrate (glucose)
2. Nucleic acid (DNA) 3. Protein (muscle)
4. Lipid (ear wax) 5. Protein (enzyme)
6. Lipid (cell membrane)
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Analyze information regarding the chemical requirements of humans
Most of the calories from this food come from
a.Carbs
b.Proteins
c. Lipids
Is this a heart healthy food?
No- Saturated fats clog arteries
11-12
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1
2
3 4 56
7 8
9
10
1112
13-24
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Cytosol contains the chromatin
Lysosome selectively permeable to control
what enters and leaves the cell
Mitochondria jelly-like, contains organelles
Nucleus RNA containing structure
Ribosome contains digestive enzymes
Cell membrane produces energy for the cell
25-30
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31. Which of the following best explains why a cell is the structural and functional
unit of all living things?
a. A cell has all the structures of a living thing but it cannot function on its own
b. A cell is the smallest living thing that can function on its own
c. A cell’s function is to make non-living structures
b.
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32-34. How do the various cell shapes allow for their functions?
Flat and layered for protection
Tendrils transmit messages
Biconcave increases surface area for transporting oxygen
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35-38. Match the ways substances move across a cell membrane with the correct definition
Diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Movement of water across a cell membrane
Energy is used when a particle is engulfed by the cell membrane
Movement of substances from high to low concentrations
Cellular secretion
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Truth or Baloney?
Passive transport requires energy.
Baloney. Active transport requires energy.
An example of active transport is diffusion.
Baloney. Diffusion is the passive transport of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
39-40
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In the picture, which type of transport across the cell membrane requires energy?
Active transport.
Which type of transport moves molecules across their concentration gradient? (from low to high concentrations)
Active transport
Which of the following is NOT an example of facilitated diffusion?a.Carrier molecules in the cell membrane move large glucose molecules from outside the cell where there is a high concentration to inside the cell where there is a low concentration.b.Channel proteins in the cell membrane open and let smaller molecules such as Na, K, and Ca to cross the cell membrane.c.Water molecules move freely across the cell membrane.
c. This is an example of osmosis
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If you eat salty foods, what would be the condition of your intercellular solution?
Hypertonic
What would happen to your cells?
Water would move out. Dehydration.
41-42
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43. Truth or Baloney?
Metabolism is defined as: The chemical process that take place within a cell in order to maintain life.
Truth
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44-46. Place the phrase in the correct box.
ANABOLISM CATABOLISM
1. Breaking down of large molecules Into smaller molecules
2. Requires energy
3. A muscle cell generating new protein fibers from amino acids
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Interpret the diagrams of cellular respiration on the next 3 pages.
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
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What reactant is entering glycolysis?Glucose
What is the product of glycolysis?Pyruvic acid
How many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis?2
47-49
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Where does the citric acid cycle take place?In the mitochondria of the cell
What waste product is produced during this step?CO2
50-51
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Is oxygen required by the electron transport chain?Yes
Is carbon dioxide a product of the ETC?No- ATP and water are products.
52-53
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54. True or false:
During anaerobic respiration in humans the muscle cells produce amino acid which may cause muscle cramps.
False: Lactic acid
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Interphase nuclear division
Mitosis death
Cytokinesis growth
Cell differentiation Cytoplasmic division
Apoptosis specialization
55 – 59. Describe the cell cycle.
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65. Could this situation injure human cells?
Taking more than the recommended amount of aspirin in a day.
Yes
66. What type of injury would this be classified as?
a.insufficient quantities of nutrients
b.Exposure to toxins
c.Trauma
Exposure to toxins
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67. What is the definition of cancer?
a. Uncontrolled cell division
b. Death of a cell
c. Metastasis into other tissue
d. The series of changes a cell undergoes
a.
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68- 72. Match the stage of cancer with its description
Hyperplasia
Dedifferentiation
Invasiveness
Angiogenesis
Metastasis
Cells lose specialized functions
Cancer cells spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body
Uncontrolled cell division
Cancer cells break through regional tissue boundaries
Blood vessels generated around cancer cells, depriving healthy cells of nutrients
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73.There are 2 types of stem cells: embryonic and adult (somatic). Which type is being described?
Can become any type of cell in the body
Embryonic
True or False: Embryonic stem cells arise when the sperm and egg unite.
True
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True or False: Adult stem cells replace injured and worn out cells.
True
An example of adult stem cells at work would be
a.Repair of skin tissue after a cut
b.Replacement of cells lining the stomach wall
c.Regeneration of blood vessels
d.All of the above
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TISSUE
Unit Target: Identify and state the function of the various types of tissue that make up the human body.
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1. True or False?
Each type of tissue is composed of similar cells specialized to carry on a particular function.
True
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2-5. Name each type of tissue being described
Contractile, elongated _____________MuscleTendrils transmit messages ___________NervousDensely packed cells _______________EpithelialAbundance of intercellular matrix ________Connective
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Functions of tissue
Truth or Baloney?
6. Stratified epithelial tissue is good for protecting underlying layers of tissue.
True
7. Some epithelial tissue is specialized to secrete substances such as sebum.
True
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8. Which type of connective tissue can store energy?
A.Blood
B.Adipose
C.Dense Irregular
D.Cartilage
B.
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Name that tissue
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle or Nervous?Specific type?
Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
9-10
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Connective
Blood
11-12
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Nervous
13-14
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Connective
Hyaline cartilage
15-16
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Epithelial
Simple cuboidal
17-18
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Epithelial
Simple Columnar
19-20
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ConnectiveBone
21-22
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Muscle
Smooth
23-24
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Connective
Adipose
25-26
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Epithelial
Stratified Squamous Keratinized
27-28
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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Unit Target: Explain how the structures of the integumentary system serve as a barrier between the outside environment and our internal environment.
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Skin warmth and protection
Hair secretion of water and oil
Glands prevents dehydration
Nails picking up small objects
1-4.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1011
5-15
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16. Name the layer of the integumentary system being described.
The layer below the skin consisting of adipose tissue which serves to insulate the body.
Subcutaneous layer
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17-18. Choose the best answer.
Skin color is determined by the pigment
( melanin / chlorophyll )
Melanin protects the cells in the
(epidermis / dermis )
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19. Which diagram represents feeling hot?
Feeling HotFeeling Cold
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20. Which of the following will keep your skin healthy?
• Extreme tanning
• Eating healthy
• Taking lots of vitamins
• Exercise
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Truth or Baloney:
21. The type of cell that forms a clot at the site of a cut is called a white blood cell.
Baloney: Platelet
22. The cell that engulfs bacteria at the site of a cut is called a macrophage.
True
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Which of the following is an example of how the skin acts as a barrier to the outside environment?
A.On a hot day I sweat to keep cool.
B.On a cold day, I shiver.
C.The salt in my sweat creates an inhospitable environment for bacteria.
D.Some people have overactive sweat glands.
C.
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What is the set point for core body temperature?
37 C or 98.6 F
What happens to core body temperature when the surrounding air temperature increases?
It increases.
What is the purpose of vasodilation?A . Conserve heatB.Release heat
B.
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Unit Target: Describe the living and non-living components of bone and the role bones play in carrying out life’s functions.
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1. Which letter is pointing to the lacuna?A
2. What is in the lacuna?An osteocyte
3. What is letter B pointing to?The matrix
4. What type of bone cell makes this matrix?An osteoblast
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5. Bone tissue actually serves as the site of blood cell formation.
True
6. The cells of bone tissue that help break down old or unnecessary matrix are called osteocytes.
False: osteoclasts
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
7-15
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Before you are born, much of your bone is made or
( adipose / cartilage ).
As you grow, the bone lengthens and
( decreases in diameter / increases in diameter).
The structure where growth occurs in a long bone is called the ( epiphyseal plate / spongy bone ).
Bone growth is complete ( during / after ) puberty.
18-21
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Is the bone axial or appendicular?
22. Femur
Appendicular- it is an appendage (limb) bone
23. Vertebra
Axial- It makes up the vertebral column which is considered the axis of the body
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Match each skeletal section with its function.
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Pectoral and Pelvic girdles
Protects spinal cord
Supports the limbs
Protects the lungs and heart
Protects the brain
24- 27
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Joint, Cavity, Depression or Process?
1
2
3
28-30
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Name that bone
Femur Humerus
31-32
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1
2
3
33-35
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1
2
3
4
55
6
7
8
36-43
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9
10
44-53
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12
3
4
5
54-58
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Truth or Baloney?
Articulations are places on a skeleton where bones meet.
Truth
59-60
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Name the type of joint.
A type of joint such as a suture in which the bones are joined together by fibers
Fibrous
A joint in which the bones are joined by cartilage as seen between the vertebrae
Cartilagenous
Joints with a great amount of mobilitySynovial
61-63
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Identify the joint movements.
1 2
3 4
56
7
8
9 10
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Unit Target: Discuss the contractile nature of muscle tissue and its role in moving body parts and body fluids.
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After reading the description, name the type of tissue.
Contracts slowly, has no striations and shortSmooth
Long, branching, beats in rhythmCardiac
Long, multinucleated and attached to boneSkeletal
1-3
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Label the picture
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Match each structure with its description.
Tendon
Fascia
Muscle
Fasicle
Axon
Muscle cell
Sarcolemma
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Myofibril
Filaments
• Contain the filaments• Covers the muscle• The organ of movement• Connects muscle to bone• The contractile proteins• A bundle of muscle cells• Stores calcium for contractions• Covers the muscle cell• Sends signal to contract• The basic unit of muscle tissue
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Focus on the protein filaments
Name filament 1 and 2.
The distance from one z line to the next is called a …
sarcomere
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Study the picture of the neuromuscular junction. Match the words with the correct number.
Mitochondria 11
Axon of neuron 7
Myofibril 12
Synaptic vesicles 8
Synaptic cleft 9
Site of receptors 10
The chemical that is released at a neuromuscular junction and results in a muscle contraction is called epinephrine.
False: acetylcholine
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Study this diagram and then answer the question.
If calcium is present, actin and myosin filaments will bind.
True
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Once cross bridges bind to the actin filament, the myosin filament slides. This is known as the power stroke.
False: actin
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An ADP molecule releases the cross bridge from the binding site.
False: ATP
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During a contraction, the muscle increases in ___________ and ____________ but decreases in ______________.
Increases in hardness and circumference
Decreases in length
20
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Prime mover non-movable bone
Synergist the main muscle associated with a muscle movement
Antagonist movable bone
Origin muscles that work together
Insertion muscle that result in opposing
actions
21-25
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1 Frontalis
2 Temporalis3
Orbicularis Oculi
4 Zygomaticus
5 Masseter6
Orbicularis oris7 Platysma
29-35
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1 Deltoid2 Pectoralis major
3
Biceps brachii4 Serratus anterior
5 Rectus abdominis6 External oblique
7 Sartorius
36-42
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1 Trapezius
2 Latissimus dorsi
3 Gluteus maximus
43-45
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46-52
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58-64
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53-57
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67-71
Do the muscles on the back of the hand result in flexion or extension?
Extension
Carpi refers the attachment of the tendon to…….
Carpal bones
A muscle on the thumb side often has the name ____________ in it.
Radialis
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What muscle is a synergist to the masseter?
Temporalis
What is the action of the masseter and temporalis?
Elevation (jaw)
How did the sternocleidomastoid get its name?It’s attachment points are the sternum, clavicle and mastoid process
What is the origin of the occipitalis?
Occipital bone
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Tips for success
Eat nutritious foods.
Get a good nights sleep- at least 6 hours.
Reduce stress by being prepared.