semantics and pragmatics. semantics definition: the study of meaning in language. pragmatics the...
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Semantics and Pragmatics
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Semantics Definition: The study of meaning in
language.
Pragmatics The study of how context
contributes to meaning in language
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Kinds of Semantic Meaning
Referential Meaning = The labeling of objects, persons, events
Cultural Meaning = reflection of attitudes, values, shared symbols
Situational Relevance = differing forms for different social situations
Interactional Meaning = defines the social status or relationship between speakers
Affective Meaning = emotional tone of meaning
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Semantic PropertiesExample: Nouns
Semantic Features1. Count/mass
2 cats but not 2 waters
2. Specific vs. generic Ann vs. girl
4. animate vs. inanimate cow vs. rock
5. Masculine vs. feminine cow vs. bull
6. Human vs. non-human man vs. dog
7. Definite vs. indefinite the cat vs. a cat
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Semantic Roles1. Agent 6. Experiencer 2. Patient 7. Instrument3. Source 8. Cause4. Goal 9. Temporal5. Location 10. PossessorAmy sent a letter from Paris to her friend in Iowa. 1 2 3 4John’s refrigerator is leaking on the floor. 10 1 5
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Semantic Features
Verbs1. Actions Jane ran.2. Processes The wood
dried.3. Action/process Jane dried the
wood.4. State The wood is
dry.
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Semantic Concordance
1. Action verbs take agent subjects2. Process verbs take patient subjects3. Action/process verbs take agent
subject and a patient object .4. States take patient nouns.
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Reference vs. SenseReference is the direct labeling of an
object, person, event, etc.IntensionDenotative meaning
Sense is the meaning that is assumed around the reference.ExtensionConnotative meaning
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The “Nyms” Some examples:
Homonyms – flower, flourHomographs – bank, bankSynonym Antonym
relational opposite – buy, sellgradable – big, smallmarked vs. unmarked – man, womancomplementary – dead, alive
Metonyms – Rome, Catholic churchPolysemous – sound investment, sound of music
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Truth Conditions in SentencesParaphrase = two different sentences with the
same truth conditions
Thematic RolesAnomalous – deviates from the rules of sense
Metaphorical – must use imagination to interpret an anomalous sentence.
Idiom – sentence/phrase that has a semantic meaning other than the referential/sense
meaning
Ambiguous – Ex. The mother of the boy and the girl will arrive soon.
(structural)She is good at catching flies.
(Semantic)
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PragmaticsStudying Speech in Cultural Context (Ethnographic Study of
Speech)1. Speech Situation (Context)
The social setting in which speech takes place (a party, a religious ceremony, etc.)
2. Speech ActMinimal unit of speech has a specified function.
3. Speech Event A series of interrelated speech acts that comprise a unit (Conversation, lecture, joke)Presuppositions
An implied truth that is taken for granted by all parties to a speech act.