selection of teeth for esthetics -revclass / orthodontic courses by indian dental academy
TRANSCRIPT
SELECTION OF TEETH FOR ESTHETICS AND FUNCTION
Teeth selection is not simply a mechanical procedure, but requires
dexterity and knowledge of biology.
Selection of teeth forms an important step before teeth arrangement.
Objective of teeth selection
It is to create a dentofacial harmony.
Methods of anterior teeth selection
I] Pre extraction records
a. Diagnostric casts : of patients natural teeth or restored teeth prior to
extraction of remaining teeth.
b. Recent photographs : They will often provide general information
about the width of the teeth and possibly their outline form that is
more accurate than information from any other source.
c. Radiograps of teeth : Radiographs made before the natural teeth
were lost can supply information about the size and form of the
teeth to be replaced.
Radiographic images are however always enlarged and may be
distorted because of divergence of the x-ray.
II] Post-extraction examination
1. Size and form of edentulous foundation.
2. Matching teeth to faceforms and arch forms.
1
3. If patient is already a denture wearer, mouth should be
examined with the dentures in the mouth giving importance
to physiological and esthetic aspects.
Selection of anterior teeth
- Size.
- Form
- Shape.
- Colour
Factors influencing size and form of anterior teeth:
1. Size of face.
2. Amount of available interarch space.
3. Measured distance between distal of right and left maxillary
cuspids.
4. Length of lips.
5. Size and relation of arches.
6. Sex of the patient.
1) Size of anterior teeth - Length
- Width
Length
- Normally necks of anterior teeth overlap the anterior
ridge by 2-3mm cervically and incisal edges will
show below the relaxed lip.
- 3mm – in young patients
- Half of it – in old patient.
2
Width
Bizygomatic width = estimated width of maxillary central incisors.
16
Bizygomatic width = approximate width of six anterior teeth
3.3
1. Measuring width of anterior teeth
2. Mark corners of the mouth on the occlusal rim in the mouth and the
distal surface of the upper canines can be indicated by marks made
on the upper rim at the corners of the mouth. Then the distance
between the marks is measured around the labial surface of the
occlusal rim and anterior teeth of this width are arranged as
indicated by the occlusal rim.
Variations depends upon:
Length of upper lip
Mobility of upper lip.
Vertical height of occlusion.
Vertical overlap.
3
2) Form of anterior teeth
a. Based on face form:
Classification of face form by Leon Williams:
- It consists of two imaginary lines passing about
2.5cm infront of the tragus of the ear and through the
angle of the jaw.
- Lines almost parallel – square.
- Lines diverging at the chin-ovoid.
- Lines converging at the chin-tapering.
b. Based on arch form
4
c. Based on profile of the face
The labial surface of the tooth viewed from the mesial aspects
should show a contour similar to that when viewed in profile.
The labial surface of the tooth viewed from the incisal aspect should
show a convexity or flatness similar to that seen when the face is viewed
from under the chin or from the top of the head.
d. Relationship of upper arch and upper incisors
V shaped arch – teeth narrower at the neck than the incisal edge.
Rounded arch – ovoid teeth.
Squarish arch – parallel sided incisors.
5
3) Colour of teeth : A knowledge of physics, physiology, psychology of
colour is valuable in the selection of teeth colour.
Hue.
Saturation.
Colour of Teeth
Brilliance.
Translucency
Factors influencing Hue and Brilliance
Age
Habits
Completion
Colour of eyes
Hue : It is the specific colour produced by a specific wavelength of light
acting on the retina.
The hue of teeth must be in harmony with the colour of patients
face.
Saturation : It is the amount of colour per unit area of an object.
Brilliance : It is the lightness or darkness of an object.
People with fair complexion generally have teeth with less colour
and the colours are less saturated.
Thus, the teeth are lighter and in harmony with the colours of the
face.
6
- People with dark complexions generally have darker
teeth that are in harmony with the colour of the face.
Characteristics of natural teeth:
- Neck of tooth has more pronounced colour than
incisal edge.
- The incisal edge, if unworn is more translucent than
the body of the tooth.
- Maxillary central incisors are lightest teeth in the
mouth, maxillary latrerals and mandibular incisors are slightly
darker. Canines are still darker.
- Posterior teeth are usually uniform in colour and
slightly lighter than canines.
- Teeth darken with age.
Translucency : It is the property of an object that permits the passage of
light through it but does not give any distinguishable image.
Suggestions for selecting the teeth:
1. Always moisten the shade guide because when in mouth, the teeth
are always moist and this has an effect on the reflection and
refraction of light and hence the colour.
2. Always place the teeth in the shade of the upper lip in position they
are to occupy.
They will appear darker in this position than in hand.
7
3. Select teeth under natural light.
4. Attempts to look at the face as a whole rather than focus on teeth.
Selection of posterior teeth:
The cuspal inclines for posterior teeth depend on the plan / scheme
of occlusion selected by the dentist.
Commonly used posterior cuspal inclinations are 33°, 20° and 0°.
The inclination is measured as the angle formed by the mesiobuccal
cusp of lower molar with the horizontal.
33° teeth –
- They provide maximum opportunity for a fully
balanced occlusion.
However the final effective height of the cusp for a given patient
depends the way the teeth are tipped and on the interrelation of the other
factors of occlusion.
20° teeth
- They are semianatomic in form.
- They are wider buccolingually than corresponding
33° teeth.
- They provide less cusp height with which to develop
balancing contacts in eccentric jaw positions than 33° teeth do.
8
0° teeth –
They are non anatomic teeth.
They are advisable when only a centric relation record is being
transferred from the patient to the articulator and no effort is directed to
establishing a cross arch balanced occlusion.
Selection of posterior teeth:
Selection includes
- Shade
- Size
1. Buccolingual width
2. Mesiodistal length.
3. Vertical length.
- Number
- Form
Shade:
- It should harmonize with the shade of the anterior
teeth.
- Bulk influence the shade of the teeth and for this
reason it is advisable to select a slightly lighter shade for the
bicuspids if they are to be arranged for esthetics. They may be
slightly lighter than the other posterior teeth but not lighter than
anterior teeth.
9
Size and member of posterior teeth
- The size and number of posterior teeth are closely
related to usage. These characteristics are dictated by the
anatomy of the surrounding oral environment and physiologic
acceptance of supporting tissues. The posterior teeth must
support the cheeks and tongue and function in harmony with the
musculature in swallowing and speaking as well as in
mastication.
Buccolingual width of posterior teeth
- The buccolingual width of artificial teeth should be
greatly reduced from the width of natural teeth they replace.
- Artificial teeth that are narrow in buccolingual
direction enhance the development of the correct form of the
polished surfaces of the denture by allowing the buccal and
lingual denture flanges to slope away from the occlusal surfaces.
This occlusal form permits forces from the cheeks and tongue to
maintain the dentures in position on the residual ridges.
- Narrow occlusal surfaces with proper escapeways
for food also reduce the amount of stress applied on food during
mastication to the supporting tissues of the basal seat on the
other hand the posterior teeth should have sufficient width to act
as table upon which to hold food during trituration.
Mesiodistal width of posterior teeth:
10
The mesiodistal width of posterior teeth are determined by the
edentulous area between the distal of the mandibular cuspids and the
ascending area of the mandible. After the six mandibular anterior teeth
have been placed in their final position a point is marked on the crest of the
mandibular ridge at the anterior border of the retromolar pad. This is the
maximum extent posteriorly of any artificial teeth on the mandibular ridge.
In well formed ridge the apex of the retromolar pad is taken as posterior
level and is resorbed ridges the point where retromolar pad turns upward.
Vertical length of buccal surface of posterior teeth
- It is best to select posterior teeth corresponding to
the interarch space and to the length of the anterior teeth. The
length of the maxillary first premolars should be comparable to
that of the maxillary canines to have the proper esthetic effect.
Type of teeth according to materials
- Most artificial teeth are made of air fired / vacuum
fired porcelain, acrylic resin or a combination of acrylic resin
and metal occlusals.
Porcelain Teeth
In anterior teeth metal pins are embedded into porcelain for
mechanical retention in denture base.
In posterior teeth diatric holes are present in the ridge lap, that when
filled with denture base resin retain teeth in denture base.
Advantages:- Wear is clinically insignificant.
11
- Maintain comminuting efficiency for years.
- Better retention of surface polish and finishing.
Disadvantages:
- Cause dangerous abrasion to opposing gold crowns
and natural teeth.
- Have sharp impact sound.
- Potential for marginal staining due to capillary
leakage.
- Chipping of teeth.
- Difficulty in restoring surface polish after grinding.
- Cannot be used in cases where available space is
minimal.
RESIN TEETH
Advantages:
1. Natural appearance and sound.
2. Ease of adjustment.
3. Break and chip resistance.
4. Capability to bond to most denture base resins.
Disadvantages:
1. Less wear resistance.
2. Tendency to dull in appearance during use as a result of loss of
surface luster.
12
3. Care should be taken when polishing the denture to prevent
undesirable modifications in tooth contour.
METAL INSERT TEETH:
Advantages:
1. Improved wear resistance.
2. Improved masticatory efficiency.
3. Not as sound producing as porcelain teeth.
Disadvantages:
1. Increased cost.
2. Not as esthetically accepted as other teeth.
TEETH ARRANGEMENT
Definition
In prosthodontics the term “arrangement” would refer to a procedure
of locating, tilting, rotating and spacing an artificial tooth/teeth in relation
to the plane of reference and to each other with the object of creating a
natural appeal and based on biomechanical requirements of complete
denture treatment.
1. General position of each of the tooth is such that the imaginary root
passes through restored ridge contour of maxillary foundation.
2. Relation of tooth to the frontal plane:
a. Maxillary labial incisor.
- Slight labial inclination.
b. Lateral incisors
13
- Reveals a little more / relatively more labial
inclination compared to central incisor revealed by
cervical depression of the tooth.
c. Canine
- Located in upright manner – cervical portion of the
tooth should be revealed in bold manner.
3. Relation of tooth to clinical midline
a. Central incisors.
- Reveals very slight mesial inclination.
b. Lateral incisors
- Shows relatively more mesial inclination than central incisor.
c. Maxillary canine
- Is placed in a upright manner.
4. Relation of incisal edge to midsagittal plane (rotation).
a. Central incisor
- Reveals an angle a little less than 90° to the sagittal
plane.
b. Lateral incisor
- Reveals an angle of 30° to sagittal plane.
c. Canine
- Reveals an angle of 45° to sagittal plane.
5. Relation of incisal edge to occlusal plane.
a. Central incisor
14
- Is in contact with occlusal plane.
b. Lateral incisor
- Remains ½ - 1mm away from the occlusal plane.
c. Canine
- Canine tip remains in contact with the occlusal
plane.
Advantages of cusp posterior teeth
1. They are considered more efficient in cutting of
food, thereby reducing the forces that are directed at the support
during masticatory movements.
2. They can be arranged in balanced occlusion in
the eccentric jaw positions.
3. When the cusps are making contact in the
fossae at the correct vertical dimension of occlusion with the
jaws in vertical dimension, the position is comfortable. This
position is a definite point of return, as through proprioception
the jaws will return to this position.
4. They look more like natural teeth and therefore
are acceptable esthetically.
5. The contours are more like natural teeth,
therefore they will be more compatible with the surrounding oral
environment.
15
6. An attempted occlusion without cusps is
disorganized because occlusion has depth, it is not a sudden
closure of flat surfaces.
Arrangement of mandibular anterior teeth
- Lower central and lower anterior teeth are placed
upright.
- Lower canines are mesially tilted –sleeping canines.
- The lower anterior teeth are placed in a mesial
relation to the upper anterior teeth.
- There is horizontal overlap of about 2-3mm.
- There is a vertical overlap of about 1-2mm.
ARRANGEMENT OF POSTERIOR TEETH
Relationship of teeth to cast:
- In mandible bone loss occurs from both buccal and
lingual sides in downward direction, since natural posterior teeth
are lingually inclined, the artificial teeth can be set right over the
lower ridge without encroaching on the space occupied by the
cheek / tongue.
- In maxillae, the loss is entirely from buccal and
labial surfaces and hence the residual ridge lies slightly more
palatally all round.
16
The maxillary posteriors are placed slightly lateral to the crest. In
order to reduce the tipping forces on the lower denture, a compromise is
done by not placing the upper teeth on the crest of the ridge which would
otherwise result in discrepancy in occlusion.
DENTOGENICS
Sex Factor
Expression of feminine characteristics
“From her finger tips to her smile -----A woman is feminine.
An excellent beginning is to select initially a mold which express
soften anatomics characteristics or one which is highly adaptable to being
shaped and formed into a dictate type of tooth by certain grinding
procedures.
- The interpretation of feminity will keep to the
spherical form instead of circular so as to identify the third
dimension.
- The basic feminine form should however be
harmonized with the individual patient.
- The individual is accomplished by definite grinding
procedures where the incisal edges must follow a curve rather
than a straight line.
Expression of masculine characteristics:
- From his fists to his mouth. A man is masculine.
17
- A basic tooth form which expresses masculine
characteristics shows vigor, boldness and hardness.
Personality
He should be concerned with the personality of a patient when
constructing a denture because this is our best measure of his priceless
individuality and the most reliable source of knowledge by which we may
express his dignity through prosthodontic methods. The comprehensive use
of personality depends upon our manipulation of tooth shapes (molds),
tooth colors, tooth posterior and the matrix (visible denture base) of these
teeth.
Age factors
There is beauty in age as well as in youth, but in fact age has the
edge.
- It is routine first to consider light shades for young
people and darker shades for older ones.
- Age in the artificial tooth must also be accompanied
by mold refinement.
- In the artificial tooth, we may reflect the appropriate
age effects by such means as grinding the incisal edges and
removing the incisal enamel at such an inclination and to such
depth as to convey reality to the composition.
18
- The sharp tip of cuspid suggests youth and as age
increases it should be judiciously shaped, not abruptly ground so
as it imply abrasion against opposing teeth.
- The erosion imparted to artificial teeth by careful
grinding and polishing very efficiently conveys the illusion of
vigour and advanced age.
Advantages of Monoplane teeth
1. When teeth are contacting in non masticatory
movements as in brusixm, the flat polished surfaces offer less
resistance, therefore less force is directed to the support.
2. When monoplane teeth are arranged to provide
balanced contacting bilaterally with the vertical dimension of
jaw separation in harmony with the jaws in centric relation, this
position is comfortable.
3. In cases of resorbed ridges dislodgement by
horizontal / torquing forces can occur. Monoplane teeth offer
less resistance to these forces.
4. These teeth will allow a greater range of
movement which is necessary in patients with increased jaws.
5. Where neuromusculature controls are
uncoordinated that jaw relation records are not repeatable and
cusp tooth cannot be balanced.
19
6. in case of diabetic patients where underlying
bone is vulnerable to damage.
Problems with anatomic tooth forms
1. The use of an adjustable articulator is mandatory.
2. Mesiodistal interlocking will not permit settling of the base without
horizontal forces developing.
3. Harmonious balanced occlusion is lost when settling occurs.
4. The bases need prompt and frequent relining to keep the occlusion
stable and balanced.
5. The presence of cusps generates more horizontal force during
function.
Problems with non-anatomic teeth
1. They occlude in only two dimensions (length and width) but the
mandible has an accurate three dimensional movement due to its
condylar behavior.
2. The vertical component present in mastication and non-functional
movements is not provided for so that this from loses shearing
efficiency.
3. Bilateral and protrusive balance is not possible with a purely flat
occlusion. Non anatomic teeth set on inclines for balance require as
much concern as anatomic for jaw movements.
20
4. The flat teeth do not function efficiently unless the occlusal surface
provides cutting ridges and generous spillways.
5. They cannot be corrected by much occlusal grinding without
impairing their efficiency.
6. Non-anatomic teeth appear dull and unnatural to some patients
which may create a psychological problem concerning function.
Conclusion
There are no definite guidelines for selection of posterior teeth. But
it mainly depends on the type of patient and the condition of the supporting
tissues. And hence, the selection of teeth is the responsibility of the dentist
which he acquires through knowledge and experience.
21