selected theories of word meaning
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Selected Theories of Word Meaning. Reference Sense Mental images Various lexical relations. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language , 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154-156. Relationships between Words (Semantic). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Reference
Sense
Mental images
Various lexical relations
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154-156.
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Synonyms Antonyms Homophones / Homonyms Hyponyms Heteronyms Polysemous words
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 156-159.
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Gradable Pairs more A means less B big/small hot/coldComplementary Pairs A = not B; B = not A alive/dead awake/asleep(Relative scale: small elephant/big
mouse)Relational Pairs If X = Y’s A, then Y = X’s B teacher/student give/receive
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leadreaddovebowrendezvous recordarticulate
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person, woman, doctor, boy, engineer, baby+human
doe, lady, sister, mare, her+female
girl, actress, woman, aunt, wife, widow+human, +female
child, baby, puppy, kitten+animate, +young
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生命 人 雄性 成年桌子 – – – – 母牛+ – – +姑娘+ + – –女人+ + – +男孩+ + + –男人+ + + +
語言學導論, George Yule 著,張文軒譯,李靜芝校訂 (The Study of Language: An Introduction) 台北市:書林出版有限公司, 1999, p. 138.
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Intended Utterance Actual Utterance (Error)bridge of the nose bridge of the neckwhen my gums bled when my tongues bledhe came too late he came too early
Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.
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Mary was young
Mary was earlylady with the dachshund lady with the Volkswagena horse of another color a horse of another racehe has to pay her alimony
he has to pay her rentFromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.
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Agent Theme (or Patient) Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 165.
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(SOME MARKERS—not all take markers)
AgentThemeLocationGoalSourceInstrumentExperiencer(Causative)(Possessor)
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(SOME MARKERS—not all take markers)
Agent 被 [Passive only]Theme 把Location 在 上 下 左 右Goal 到 給Source 從 向 跟Instrument 用 Experiencer(Causative) 讓 etc(Possessor) 的
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Semantic Ambiguity
a. bank b. kind: noun vs. adjective c. sole d. drill; boring e. deed f. ruler g. can: noun vs. modal h. shop: noun vs. verb i. a woman: same woman OR different women j. make your own bed: idiom or notk. job vs. idioml. marry; a Norwegian woman (same as i)
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Semantic Features
A. a & b +male, +animate a +human b –human
B. a & b NOUNS ?a +count (countable)b –count (non-count; mass nouns)
C. a & b NOUNS ?a +concrete b –concrete (abstract)
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Semantic Features
D. a & b +plant a trees b flowers
E. a & b ?a written things/documents b writing instruments
F. a & b motion VERBS a individual effort / without a vehicle b done with a vehicle
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Semantic Features
G. a & b speaking a no manner specified b particular manner specified
H. a & b ANTONYMS a complementary b gradable
I. a & b ADJECTIVES a “non-implicational” (Adj N may not be an
N) b “implicational” (Adj N is an N)
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Antonyms
good bad g expensive cheap g parent offspring r beautiful ugly g false true c lessor lessee r pass fail c
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Antonyms
hot cold g legal illegal c larger smaller r poor rich g fast slow g asleep awake c husband wife r rude polite g
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Hints
a. bare b. leadc. praise d. bytee. sight f. pairsg. plain h. karati. mane j. frees