seemp - semantic aspects and interoperability
TRANSCRIPT
Semantic Aspects and
Interoperability
Boris Villazón-Terrazas1, Asunción Gómez-Pérez1, Jaime Ramírez1, and Mick Kerrigan2
1 Ontology Engineering Group. Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial
Facultad de Informática Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Campus de Montegancedo sn, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
2 DERI, University of Innsbruck
Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2
o ES
EURES ES (Int)
g ES
Lombard ES (It)
q ES
r ES
p ES
a ES
c ES
i ES
n ES
e ES
h ES
l ES
f ES d
ES
m ES
Wallonia ES (Be)
b ES
J K
K L Private ES (Int)
Catalonia ES (Es)
Scenario
ES
LEGENDA
CandCand..CandCand..
VacanVacan..VacanVacan..
VacanVacan..VacanVacan.. CandCand..CandCand..
VacanVacan..VacanVacan..
CandCand..CandCand..VacanVacan..VacanVacan..
CandCand..CandCand..
VacanVacan..VacanVacan..
CandCand..CandCand..
Employment Service
Job Seeker’s Candidacy
Employer Job Vacancy
3
Table of Contents 1. Reference Ontology
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES ES
ES
Reference Ontology
?
2. Local Ontologies
3. Mappings Local Ontologies - ES Data Sources
4. Mappings Reference Ontology - Local Ontologies
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
MM
M
M
MM
M
4
ISCO-88 (COM), ONET,
EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
ES Data Sources
Building Reference Ontology
Reference Ontology
Building Local
Ontologies
Local Ontologies
Building Mappings L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Mappings L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Building Mappings R.O. - L.O.
Mappings R.O. - L.O.
5
Methodology
Prune
Extend
Specialize
Conceptualize Evaluate Implement
WSML
RDF(S)
OWL
Integrate Use
Knowledge Acquisition
Import
Evaluate ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET, EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
Building Reference Ontology
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
Selection
Import
Specify
6
Specification of the Reference Ontology 60 Competency questions grouped into 5 categories n Job Seeker (12) n Job Offer (12) n Time and date management (7) n Currencies (4) n General (25)
Reference Ontology Construction
Given the job offer profile (job, contract type, salary, work condition) and the required profile to seek (required education level, required work
experience, required knowledge, required skills), what job seekers are the most appropriate?
Classes: Contract Type, Compensation, Work Condition, Job Seeker, Job Offer … Relations: has job category, has compensation, requires work experience … Attributes: Name, date of birth, email …
Each organization has job offers for job seekers
Vocabulary: Questions: contract type, salary, work condition, job seeker, job offer, … Answers: autonomous, 3000 euro, holliday job, …
7
Methodology
Prune
Extend
Specialize
Conceptualize Evaluate Implement
WSML
RDF(S)
OWL
Integrate Use
Knowledge Acquisition
Import
Evaluate ISCO-88 (COM),
ONET, EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
Building Reference Ontology
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
Import
Specify
Selection
8
Standards and Taxonomies Selection n We select the most appropriate standards and taxonomies for:
n Occupation Classification ISCO-88 (COM), SOC, ISCO-88, ONET,Eures Taxonomy
n Classification of Economic Activities ISIC Rev. 3.1, NACE Rev. 1.1, NAICS
n Apprenticeship classifications ISCED 97, FOET
n Currency Classification ISO 4217
n Geography Classification ISO 3166
n Language Classification ISO 6392
n Driving License Classification European Legislation
n Skill Classification Eures Taxonomy
n Contract Types Classification LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification
n Work Condition Classification LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification
n The IDABC1 identifies as one of the successsful factors at facilitating the development of pan-European interoperable information systems:
n “Identify, reuse and extend existing assets (taxonomies, thesauri, etc.)”
Reference Ontology Construction
(1) -> IDABC Content Interoperability Strategy. Working paper. Sep 2005. pag 6
9
Methodology
Prune
Extend
Specialize
Conceptualize Evaluate Implement
WSML
RDF(S)
OWL
Integrate Use
Knowledge Acquisition
Import
ISCO-88 (COM), ONET,
EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
Building Reference Ontology
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
Import
Specify
Selection Evaluate
10
Evaluating Time Ontologies Building Reference Ontology
1. Using the competency questions, we have identified temporal properties n When the job seeker completed his/her first degree? n Is the job seeker older than 30 years? n How much time did the job seeker spend completing his/her first degree? n How long is the duration of the contract? n Which job offers were posted in last 24 hours? n Which job offers were posted in last 7 days? n Which job offers were posted in last month?
Different temporal granularities
Concatenation of intervals
Explicit modeling of proper intervals
Distinction between open and closed intervals
Convex and non convex intervals
Relations between time intervals
Absolute and Relative Time
Time Interval
Time Points
2. Result : DAML Time Ontology Cyc’s Upper
Ontology
Unrestricted Time
Ontology
Simple Time
Ontology
Reusable Time
Ontology
Kestrel Time
Ontology
SRI’s Time
Ontology
SUMO Time Ontology
DAML Time Ontology
AKT Time Ontology
Time Points
Time Interval
Absolute and Relative Time
Relations between time intervals
Convex and non convex intervals
Distinction between open and closed intervals
Explicit modeling of proper intervals
Concatenation of intervals
Different temporal granularities
Provides axioms
11
Methodology
Prune
Extend
Specialize
Evaluate Implement
WSML
RDF(S)
OWL
Integrate Use
Knowledge Acquisition
Import
ISCO-88 (COM), ONET,
EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
Building Reference Ontology
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
Import
Specify
Selection Evaluate
Conceptualize
12
Reference Ontology
Labour
Regulatory Ontology
Skill Ontology
Language Ontology
Occupation Ontology
Geography Ontology
Time
Ontology
Education Ontology
Driving License
Ontology
Compensation Ontology
Economic Activity
Ontology
Job Offer Ontology
Job Seeker Ontology
has work condition / is associated with
has contract type / is associated with is located in /
has activity sector /
is associated with
has nationality from / is nation of
resides in / is residence of
has salary /
has contract type / is associated to
has work condition / is associated to
has location / is associated with
has
activ
ity s
ecto
r /
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
has
activ
ity s
ecto
r /
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith
LE FOREM + BLL + EURES
EURES
ISO 6392
CEF ISCO-88 COM
ONET
EURES
ISO 3166
EURES
DAML Time Ontology
FOET
ISCED97
NACE Rev. 1.1
European Legislation
ISO 4217
Ad hoc wrapper
External Sources
is associated with
is associated to has date of birth / is date of birth of
has begin date /
is begin date of
Competence Ontology
subClass-Of
subClass-Of
requires competence /
is associated with
Building Reference Ontology
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Job Seeker and Job Offer
Candidacy
Offered Work Experience
Objective
ICT Objective
Job Seeker
Vacancy
Organization
Requested Work Experience
ICT Vacancy
Job Vacancy
Competence
Education
Language
Contract Type
Compensation
Work Condition
Occupation
Sector
Location
Country
Computing Professionals
has candidacy/ belongs to
has objective / belongs to
subClass-Of
has job category
is associated with
subClass-Of
has nationality from / is nation of
resides in / is residence of
has mother language / is mother tongue of
speaks / is spoken by
has competence / is competence of
has education / is education of
has work experience / belongs to
has
wor
k co
nditi
on /
is
ass
ocia
ted
to
Building Reference Ontology
has
cont
ract
typ
e /
is a
ssoc
iate
d to
ha
s co
mpe
nsat
ion
/ is
ass
ocia
ted
to
is a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith /
ha
s lo
catio
n
has activity sector / is associated with
has activity sector / is associated with
has job category /
is associated with
has job category /
is associated with
has job vacancy/ belongs to
has location / is location of
has vacancy/ belongs to
subClass-Of
has job category / is associated with
is associated with / requires work experience
has activity sector / is associated with
has job category/ is associated with
requires education / is associated with
requires competence / is associated with
has work condition / is associated with
has contract type / is associated with has compensation /
is associated with
is located in / is associated with
has job category/ is associated with
has activity sector / is associated with
Job Offer Ontology
Job Seeker Ontology
Occupation Ontology
Language Ontology
Education Ontology
Competence Ontology
Labour Regulatory Ontology
Compensation Ontology
Geography Ontology
Economic Activity
Ontology
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Conceptualization
Representation Ontology: WSML
General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language
Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence
Application Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer
-
+
Reusability
-
+ Usability
Modular approach for ontology construction
Building Reference Ontology
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Semiautomatic Ontology Construction
Oracle DB HTML MS Access ISCO-88 (COM) EURES Taxonomy ONET
Prune
Integrate
Occupation Ontology
Building Reference Ontology
Ad hoc wrapper
WSML exporter
Extend
Specialize
16
ISCO-88 (COM), ONET,
EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
ES Data Sources
Building Reference Ontology
Reference Ontology
Building Local
Ontologies
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Local Ontologies Building Process n Option 1:Building Local Ontologies from the Reference Ontology.
Reference Ontology
Specialize
Extend
Resultant Local Ontology
Building Local Ontologies
Prune
n Option 2:Building Local Ontologies as a reverse engineering process from ES Data Sources.
ES Data Sources
Reverse Engineering
Resultant Local Ontology
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Comparison between the options Option 1: Building Local Ontologies from the Reference Ontology.
Option 2: Building Local Ontologies as a reverse engineering process from ES Data Sources.
Mappings between Local Ontologies and Reference Ontology
Mappings are not complex. They use the same terms.
Complex mappings due to terminology heterogeneity.
Mappings between Local Ontologies and ES schema sources
Complex mappings due to terminology and structural heterogeneity.
Mappings are not complex. They use the same terms.
Building process Structured/guided by the architecture of the Reference Ontology and scoped with applications needs.
Requires more sophistication of knowledge engineering and good acquaintance of all the data and their structures of the application.
Building Local Ontologies
Changes in the Reference Ontology
Imply changes in · the mappings between local and reference ontologies. · the mappings between the local ontologies and the ES schema sources. · the Local Ontology.
Imply changes in · the mappings between Local Ontologies and the Reference Ontology.
Changes in the ES schema sources
Imply changes in · its Local Ontology (probably the part that is not a mirror of the Reference Ontology). · the mappings between Local Ontologies and ES schema sources. · in the mappings between Local Ontology and the Reference Ontology.
Imply changes in · the Local Ontologies. · in mappings between ES sources and Local Ontologies. · mappings between local and the Reference Ontology.
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Approach followed by SEEMP for building Local Ontologies
A hybrid approach
Building Local Ontologies
Reference Ontology
Job Offer
Job Seeker Ontology
Reverse Engineering
Skill Education
Economic Activity
Occupation Ontology
Local Ontology
ES Occupation Taxonomy
Integrate
n Option 1 for Job Seeker and Job Offer Ontologies
n Option 2 for Occupation, Education, etc.
20
ISCO-88 (COM), ONET,
EURES taxonomy, FOET, ISCED97, NACE, ISO 4217,
ISO 3166, ISO 6392, HR-XML, …
RDF(S) OWL
Repositories & libraries
ES Data Sources
Building Reference Ontology
Reference Ontology
Building Local
Ontologies
Local Ontologies
Building Mappings L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Mappings L.O. - ES
Data Sources
Building Mappings R.O. - L.O.
Mappings R.O. - L.O.
21
SEEMP Connector Architecture
PES Exposed PES Web Services
XML
Exposed Connector Web Services
XML
WSML (Local Ontology)
WSML (Reference Ontology)
Exposed Connector Web Services
EMPAM Exposed EMPAM Web Services
WSML (Reference Ontology)
Data Mediator
XML to WSML Converter
Mediation Mappings Mappings
WSMT
X2O Mappings
Mappings
XMapster Mapping Editor
Building Mappings Local Ontologies – Reference Ontology
Reference Ontology
Local Ontology
22
Tools for Creating and Testing Mappings Building Mappings Local Ontologies – Reference Ontology
23
1. Reference Ontology
ES
2. Local Ontologies
3. Mappings Local Ontologies - ES Data Sources
4. Mappings Reference Ontology - Local Ontologies
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES ES
ES
Reference Ontology
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
Data Sources
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
MM
M
M
MM
M
Semantic Aspects and
Interoperability
Boris Villazón-Terrazas1, Asunción Gómez-Pérez1, Jaime Ramírez1, and Mick Kerrigan2
1 Ontology Engineering Group. Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial
Facultad de Informática Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Campus de Montegancedo sn, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
2 DERI, University of Innsbruck
Technikerstraße 21a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria