seed production of native grasses and herbs in austria
TRANSCRIPT
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Ecological Restoration and Sustainable Development
Establishing Links Across Frontiers
7th SER European Conference on Ecological Restoration
Avignon, 23-27 August 2010
Seed production of native grasses and herbs
in Austria
B. Krautzer & A. BlaschkaAgricultural Research and Education Centre
Raumberg-Gumpenstein, Austria
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
The Austrian seed market
Grassland, forage
(approx. 86 000 ha/year)
Landscaping
(approx. 25 000 ha/year)
Intertillage, catch crops,
fallow, othersapprox. 110 000 ha/year)
6 832 t1 783 t5 049 t2003 - 2007
totallegumesgrassesdemand / year
Source: Statistik Austria, AGES, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Turf
(approx. 11 500 ha/year)
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
The Austrian seed market - Landscaping
2 50013500total
1 2006 000Infrastructure (e.g. road construction, railway embankments, pipelines, cables etc.)
9004 500Landscaping (e.g. public green, flood retention)
4003 000High altitude restoration (ski runs, lifts, snowing equipment, risk prevention)
tonshaPotential annual areas and quantities
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Seed production of
Leontodon hispidus and Dianthus cartusianorum
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Harvest of tufted hairgrass (Avenella flexuosa)
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
GrassesAgrostis capillaris
Anthoxanthum odoratumAvenella flexuosa
Bellardiochloa variegataBriza media
Bromus inermisDeschampsia cespitosa ssp. alpina
Festuca nigrescensFestuca picturata
Festuca pseudoduraFestuca supinaKoeleria pyramidata
Phleum hirsutumPhleum rhaeticum
Poa alpina
LegumesAnthyllis vulneraria ssp. alpestris
Trifolium badiumTrifolium nivale
ForbsAchillea millefoliumDianthus superbus
Leontodon hispidusSilene dioica
Silene nutansSilene vulgaris
Site specific species for ecological restoration at the sub-alpine and alpine vegetation belt
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Site specific species for ecological restoration of semi-natural grassland
ForbsAgrimonia eupatoria
Buphthalmum salicifoliumCampanula patula
Centaurea jaceaCentaurea scabiosa
Daucus carotaDianthus carthusianorum
Dianthus deltoidesGalium verum
Helianthemum nummulariumHieracium pilosellaHypericum perforatum
Knautia arvensisLeontodon hispidus
Leucanthemum vulgareLychnis viscaria
Prunella grandifloraSalvia pratensis
Scabiosa columbariaSilene vulgaris
Thymus pulegioidesVeronica teucrium
GrassesAgrostis ssp.
Anthoxanthum odoratumArrhenaterum elatius
Brachypodium pinnatumBriza media
Bromus erectusFestuca nigrescens
Festuca rupicolaHelictotrichon pubescens
Koeleria pyramidataPoa angustifolia
LegumesAnthyllis vulnerariaMedicago lupulinaTrifolium dubium
Trifolium campestreTrifolium arvense
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Seed production areaand number of propagated species
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1992 1996 2003 2008 2010
pro
duction a
rea h
a-1
Herbs
Grasses
2
5
12
39
51
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Seed production area (ha-1) in Austria
3
12
92 90
18
24,4
82
2
0
40
80
120
1992 1996 2003 2008 2010
Herbs
Grasses
1017,3
4,5
18,3
0
40
80
120
1992 1996 2003 2008 2010
Species for high altitude
restoration
Species for restoration of
semi-natural grassland
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bio-geographical regions in Austria
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Important characteristics of chosen species
seed row spacing weed yield TSW GC purity
specie rate cm control* kg ha-1 g % %
Avenella flexuosa 10-12 12-15 3 100-300 0,75 86 97
Deschampsia alpina 6-8 15-20 2 150-400 0,26 85 99
Festuca nigrescens 6-8 20-25 1 600-1300 1,25 86 95
Festuca pseudodura 8-10 20 1 300-800 0,95 82 95
Festuca supina 6-8 15-20 1 200-500 0,52 82 97
Phleum alpinum 8-12 20-25 2 180-350 0,50 75 91
Phleum hirsutum 8-10 15-20 2-3 150-500 0,30 70 99
Poa alpina 6-8 15-20 2 300-700 0,35 78 90
Poa violacea 8-10 15-20 3 150-500 0,35 75 95
Anthyllis alpestris 8-10 20-45 2-3 80-370 3,34 92 96
Anthyllis vulneraria 8-10 20-45 2 120-400 3,28 94 97
Trifolium badium 10-12 15-20 3 150-250 1,00 84 98
Trifolium nivale 8-12 20-25 2 200-400 1,60 85 98
Leontodon hispidus 10-12 15-20 2-3 60-180** 1,35 73 96
* 1 = easy, 2 = difficult, 3 = very difficult ** harvests per year
seed row spacing weed yield TSW GC purity
specie rate cm control* kg ha-1 g % %
Avenella flexuosa 10-12 12-15 3 100-300 0,75 86 97
Deschampsia alpina 6-8 15-20 2 150-400 0,26 85 99
Festuca nigrescens 6-8 20-25 1 600-1300 1,25 86 95
Festuca pseudodura 8-10 20 1 300-800 0,95 82 95
Festuca supina 6-8 15-20 1 200-500 0,52 82 97
Phleum alpinum 8-12 20-25 2 180-350 0,50 75 91
Phleum hirsutum 8-10 15-20 2-3 150-500 0,30 70 99
Poa alpina 6-8 15-20 2 300-700 0,35 78 90
Poa violacea 8-10 15-20 3 150-500 0,35 75 95
Anthyllis alpestris 8-10 20-45 2-3 80-370 3,34 92 96
Anthyllis vulneraria 8-10 20-45 2 120-400 3,28 94 97
Trifolium badium 10-12 15-20 3 150-250 1,00 84 98
Trifolium nivale 8-12 20-25 2 200-400 1,60 85 98
Leontodon hispidus 10-12 15-20 2-3 60-180** 1,35 73 96
* 1 = easy, 2 = difficult, 3 = very difficult ** harvests per year
seed row spacing weed yield TSW GC purity
specie rate cm control* kg ha-1 g % %
Avenella flexuosa 10-12 12-15 3 100-300 0,75 86 97
Deschampsia alpina 6-8 15-20 2 150-400 0,26 85 99
Festuca nigrescens 6-8 20-25 1 600-1300 1,25 86 95
Festuca pseudodura 8-10 20 1 300-800 0,95 82 95
Festuca supina 6-8 15-20 1 200-500 0,52 82 97
Phleum alpinum 8-12 20-25 2 180-350 0,50 75 91
Phleum hirsutum 8-10 15-20 2-3 150-500 0,30 70 99
Poa alpina 6-8 15-20 2 300-700 0,35 78 90
Poa violacea 8-10 15-20 3 150-500 0,35 75 95
Anthyllis alpestris 8-10 20-45 2-3 80-370 3,34 92 96
Anthyllis vulneraria 8-10 20-45 2 120-400 3,28 94 97
Trifolium badium 10-12 15-20 3 150-250 1,00 84 98
Trifolium nivale 8-12 20-25 2 200-400 1,60 85 98
Leontodon hispidus 10-12 15-20 2-3 60-180** 1,35 73 96
* 1 = easy, 2 = difficult, 3 = very difficult ** harvests per year
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Development of yield (kg ha-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Festuca
nigrescens
Poa alpina Trifolium
badium
200
600
350380
720
600600
1350
890
50
250
80100
600
200210
1150
370
10
8070
40
14070
170
350
235
1994 2002 2008 1994 2002 2008 1999 2004 2008
Festuca nigrescens Poa alpina Trifolium badium
kg/h
a
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Thresholdsfor germinative capacity, purity and weeds
Latin Name German Name Germinative Capacity Purity Weeds
(%) (%) (%)
Grasses
Anthoxanthum odoratum Gew. Ruchgras 70 90 3
Arrhenatherum elatius Glatthafer 75 90 3
Avenella pubescens Flaumhafer 70 90 2
Briza media Zittergras 70 90 2
Bromus erectus Aufrechte Trespe 75 90 1,5
Festuca amethystina Amethyst-Schwingel 70 90 1,5
Festuca rupicola Furchenschwingel 70 90 1,5
Festuca rubra comm. Rossschwingel 80 90 1,5
Koeleria pyramidata Wiesen-Kammschmiele 70 90 1,5
Herbs German Name Germinative Capacity Purity Weeds
Agrimonia eupatoria Echter Odermennig 60 95 2
Anthyllis vulneraria Wundklee 70 97 1,5
Buphthalmum salicifolium Rindsauge 60 95 2
Centaurea jacea Wiesen-Flockenblume 70 95 2
Centaurea scabiosa Skabiosen-Flockenblume 70 95 2
Galium verum Gelb-Labkraut 60 95 2
Helianthemum nummularium Zweifarben-Sonnenröschen 60 95 2
Hieracium pilosella Kleines Habichtskraut 60 95 2
Hypericum sp. Johanniskraut 60 95 2
Hypericum maculatum Flecken-Johanniskraut 60 95 2
Leontodon hispidus Wiesen-Löwenzahn 60 95 2
Leucanthemum vulgare agg. Wiesen-Margerite 70 97 1,5
Lychnis viscaria Gewöhnliche Pechnelke 70 95 2
Prunella grandiflora Großblütige Brunelle 60 95 2
Rhinanthus minor Kleiner Klappertopf 60 95 2
Salvia pratensis Wiesen-Salbei 60 95 2
Scabiosa columbaria Tauben-Skabiose 60 95 2
Thymus pulegioides Arznei-Quendel 60 95 2
Veronica teucrium Groß-Ehrenpreis 60 95 2
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Conclusions
Farmers need a lot of special know how, experience and support from experts
A learning process of several years is a precondition for successful seed production
Provided that average yields are reached, seed multiplication of site-specific species is highly profitable in most cases, but
Variation in yield is high, therefore: seed multiplication of site-specific species is risky
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Conclusions
seed production has to go hand in hand with the development (creation) of the market
expansion of production area as well as improved production techniques let prices drop
close co-operations with research institutions are important for further development
steady consultation and contact to users and administrative bodies are a precondition for broad acceptance of such a high price product
Bernhard Krautzer & Albin Blaschka, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein
Thank you
for your attention!