section name date 4.1 the function of the nucleus within · 2019. 2. 27. · the nucleus is the...

56 MHR • Section 4.1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Name DateSection

4.1SummaryThe Function of the Nucleus within

the CellTextbook pages 122–135

Before You ReadWhich parts of the cell bring in food and get rid of waste? Which parts of a cell control its ability to grow, develop, and make new cells? Record your ideas on the lines below.

Close-up viewof the nucleus

A typicalanimal cell

ribosomes

nucleolus

nucleus

What does the cell nucleus do?

The nucleus is the control centre of the cell. This means that the nucleus directs and controls all of the cell’s activities. These activities include the ability of the cell to grow, develop, and replicate (make copies of itself).

How does the nucleus perform its job?

In the nucleus, the instructions for how to perform all cell activities are carried in molecules of DNA. DNA is a long, two-stranded molecule with a shape like a ladder that has been twisted into a spiral. DNA stores instructions for how to form cells, for the chemicals and structures that cells must make, and for everything that the cell does. DNA also stores genetic material—information that is passed on from one generation to another when organisms reproduce. ●✔

●✔ Reading Check

1. What are the functions of DNA?


1. What are the functions of DNA?

Create an Outline

Make an outline of the information in this section. Use the headings in the reading and the labels in the diagrams to help you. Include the boldface terms and any other terms that you think are important.

Name Date

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 4.1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell • MHR 57

continued

Section

4.1Summary

How is DNA related to chromosomes and genes?

Strands of DNA are packaged tightly into structures called chromosomes. Each type of organism has a specific number of chromosomes. For example, humans have 46 chromosomes that are arranged in 23 pairs. One of these pairs helps determine if a person will be born as a male or a female. Genes are found at specific places on a chromosome. Genes are small segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins. Proteins are molecules that all the cells of the body need in order to work properly. Some proteins carry out cell functions. Other proteins are parts of cell structures. There are as many as 100 000 proteins in the human body. ●✔

Where are proteins made?

Proteins are made in the cell by ribosomes. Ribosomes are made by a large structure in the nucleus called the nucleolus.

tightly packagedstrands of DNA

chromosome

nucleus

cell

DNA

gene (segment withinformation tomake a protein)

This illustration shows DNA packaged in a chromosome, and the chromosome in the nucleus.


2. Why are proteins important to cells?


2. Why are proteins important to cells?

Name Date


Use with textbook pages 123–129.

Inside the nucleusVocabulary

2346chromosomesDNAgenesgeneticmolecule

nucleolusnucleusnumberproteinsribosomestype

Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. Each term may be used more than once. You will not need to use every term.

1. The directs and controls the ability of the cell

to grow, develop, and replicate (make copies of itself).

2. The instructions for how to carry out all cell activities are carried in

, which is a long, two-stranded

with a shape like a ladder that has been twisted into a spiral shape.

3. stores instructions for everything that the cell does. It also

stores material—information that is passed on from one

generation to another when organisms reproduce.

4. Strands of DNA are packaged tightly into structures called .

5. Each type of organism has a specific of chromosomes.

6. Humans have chromosomes that are arranged in

pairs. One of these pairs helps determine if a person will be

born as a male or a female.

7. are small segments of DNA that carry instructions

for making proteins. They are found at specific places on .

8. Proteins are a type of that all the cells of the body need in

order to work properly.

9. Proteins are made in the cell by , which are made

by a large structure in the nucleus called the .

Cloze Activity

Section 4.1

Name Date



The control centre of the cellUse the diagram to help you answer question 1.

1. Describe the structure of DNA.

Fill in the blanks with the correct terms. Then use your answers to questions 2–5 to label the diagram below.

2. The control centre of the cell

3. Molecule containing instructions for everything the cell does

4. Tightly packaged structures of DNA

5. Segment with information to make a protein

(a)

(b)

(d)

(c)

Interpreting IllustrationsSection 4.1

Name Date



True or false?Read the statements given below. If the statement is true, write “T” on the line in front of the statement. If it is false, write “F” and rewrite the statement to make it true.

1. The nucleolus directs and controls all of the cell’s activities.

2. Instructions for how to carry out all cell activities are carried in molecules of DNA.

3. DNA stores information that is passed on from one generation to another when organisms reproduce.

4. Humans have 46 pairs of chromosomes.

5. One pair of ribosomes helps determine if a person will be born as a male or female.

6. The nucleolus makes ribosomes.

7. Ribosomes make proteins.

8. Genes make chromosomes.

ComprehensionSection 4.1

Name Date


AssessmentSection 4.1


The function of the nucleus within the cell

Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be

used only once.

Term Descriptor

1. chromosome

2. DNA

3. gene

4. nucleolus

5. nucleus

6. proteins

A. segment of DNA located at a specific place on a chromosome

B. controls all the activities within a cell

C. a molecule found in the cell nucleus that carries genetic information

D. essential materials needed to carry out cell activities

E. makes proteinsF. makes ribosomesG. tightly packed structure

of DNA

Circle the letter of the best answer.

7. Proteins are made by

A. the ribosomes

B. the chromosomes

C. the DNA

D. the nucleolus

8. Approximately how many proteins are in the human body?

A. 100

B. 1000

C. 10 000

D. 100 000

9. Which of the following are functions of proteins?

I. carry out cell functions

II. form parts of cell structures

III. control all of the cells functions

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II, and III

10. What instructions do genes carry?

A. to make proteins

B. to determine whether a person will be born male or female

C. to pass information from one generation to the next

D. to store genetic material

11. How many chromosomes do humans have?

A. chromosomes are too small to be counted

B. between 90 000 and 100 000

C. 92 arranged in 46 pairs

D. 46 arranged in 23 pairs

12. Which of the following best describes DNA?

I. twisted in a spiral shape

II. shaped like a ladder

III. long, two-stranded molecule

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II, and III

62 MHR • Section 4.2 Mutations © 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited

Name DateSection

4.2SummaryMutations

Textbook pages 136–145

Before You ReadWhat do you think of when you read or hear the word “mutation?” Is mutation always harmful? Is mutation always helpful? Record your thoughts on the lines below.

What is a gene mutation?

A gene mutation, or mutation for short, is a change in the genetic material (DNA) of a gene. Changes to DNA may cause proteins to be made incorrectly or with an incorrect shape. Factors in the environment, called mutagens, can cause mutations. Radiation, such as X rays and UV rays, is an example of a mutagen. Cigarette smoke and other poisonous chemicals such as pesticides are also mutagens. ●✔

Are mutations harmful?

Some mutations can be harmful to an organism. Harmful mutations are called negative mutations. For example, some people are born with a mutated gene that makes their red blood cells have a curved shape instead of the normal disc shape. The curved shape prevents the cells from carrying oxygen well and blocks blood flow in blood vessels.

In Your Own Words

Highlight the main idea in each paragraph. Stop after each paragraph and put what you just read into your own words.

◆✏ Mark the Text

In Your Own Words

Highlight the main idea in each paragraph. Stop after each paragraph and put what you just read into your own words.

◆✏ Mark the Text


1. What is a gene mutation?



A B

A mutated gene is responsible for red blood cells being curved (A) instead of disc shaped (B).

Name Date

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited Section 4.2 Mutations • MHR 63

continued

Section

4.2Summary

Some mutations can be helpful to an organism. Helpful mutations are called positive mutations. For example, some plants carry a mutated gene that protects them from certain diseases. Some people have a mutated gene that produces a special kind of protein. This protein prevents the virus called HIV from infecting the person. This type of mutation benefits an individual. Most mutations have no effect on an organism. These mutations are called neutral mutations. For example, the Spirit Bears of coastal British Columbia have a mutated gene that makes their fur white instead of black. This mutation does not affect their lives in any important way. ●✔

Can mutations be fixed?

Some mutations can be treated with drugs or surgery. New techniques for treating gene mutations are called gene therapy. In one form of gene therapy, researchers replace a mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene. The healthy gene must first attach to a chromosome within a patient’s cells. Then the gene needs to make the correct type and amount of protein. These techniques are still experimental at this time.


2. List three types of gene mutations.


2. List three types of gene mutations.

Name Date



Mutations concept mapComplete the following concept map about genetic mutations.

mutagens

white fur on SpiritBear

such as

can cause

types

exampleexample example

ApplyingKnowledgeSection 4.2

Name Date


ComprehensionSection 4.2


Gene mutationAnswer the questions below.


2. Give the three types of gene mutations.

3. What type of mutation is beneficial to an organism?

4. Give one example of a negative mutation.

5. What type of mutation appears to have no effect on an organism?

6. What are mutagens?

7. Give four examples of environmental mutagens.

8. What are researchers doing to the mutated gene when they use gene therapy?

Name Date



The effects of mutationsVocabulary

DNAgene mutationgene therapyhealthy genemutagensmutated gene

negative mutationsneutral mutationsorganism positive mutationsproteins

Use the terms in the vocabulary box to fill in the blanks. You will not need to use every term. You may use terms more than once.

1. A is a change in the genetic material of

a gene.

2. Changes to DNA may cause to be made

incorrectly or with an incorrect shape.

3. Factors in the environment, called can

cause mutations.

4. Radiation, cigarette smoke, and pesticides are examples of .

5. Mutations that are harmful to an organism are called .

6. Mutations that are helpful to an organism are called .

For instance, some plants carry a mutated gene that protects them from disease.

7. Mutations that have no effect on an organism are called .

8. New techniques for treating gene mutations are called

and may involve replacing a

with a .

ClozeActivity

Section 4.2

Name Date


AssessmentSection 4.2


MutationMatch each Term on the left with the best

Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used only once.

Term Descriptor

1. gene mutation

2. gene therapy

3. mutagens

4. negative mutation

5. neutral mutation

6. positive mutation

A. techniques developed to replace mutated genes

B. a mutation that does not affect the organism

C. a mutation that harms an organism

D. a change in the genetic material

E. a mutation that benefits an organism

F. a healthy geneG. substance or factor

that can cause mutations in DNA

Circle the letter of the best answer.

7. The coat colour of the Spirit Bear is due to

A. change of the seasons

B. global warming

C. a mutated gene

D. environmental stresses

8. Most mutations

A. are helpful to the organism

B. are harmful to the organism

C. have no effect on the organism

D. can be treated in an organism

9. Which of the following is an example of a neutral mutation?

I. white fur instead of black fur

II. a mutated gene protects a plant from a disease

III. curved red blood cells instead of disc-shaped cells

A. I

B. II

C. III

D. none of the above

10. Which type of mutation is beneficial to an organism and, therefore, aids in the organism’s ability to survive?

A. neutral

B. positive

C. negative

D. deletion

11. Errors in the DNA that appear to neither harm nor help an organism are called

A. neutral

B. positive

C. negative

D. substitutions

12. Which of the following can cause mutated genes?

I. cigarette smoke

II. radiation

III. pesticides

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II, and III

section name date 4.1 the function of the nucleus within · 2019. 2. 27. · the nucleus is the...

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