Section II: Louis XIV Rules Section II: Louis XIV Rules FranceFrance

(Pages 392-396)(Pages 392-396)

Section II: Louis XIV Rules Section II: Louis XIV Rules FranceFrance

(Pages 392-396)(Pages 392-396) This section is about:This section is about: The conflicts over The conflicts over

religion during the religion during the sixteenth century as sixteenth century as well as the negotiations well as the negotiations that helped resolve the that helped resolve the conflicts.conflicts.

The reign of Louis XIV The reign of Louis XIV and his influence on and his influence on French culture, and his French culture, and his interactions with and interactions with and influences on foreign influences on foreign nations.nations.

This section is mostly This section is mostly about one person: we about one person: we havenhaven’’t had that too much.t had that too much.

Look at the Main Ideas on Look at the Main Ideas on 392.392.

We should also look at the We should also look at the top right of 392: Active top right of 392: Active Reading: Summarize.Reading: Summarize.

This section starts with This section starts with something wesomething we’’re familiar re familiar with: Protestants – but in with: Protestants – but in France the Calvinist France the Calvinist Protestants were called Protestants were called Huguenots.Huguenots.

The Eight Beatitudes

Religious ConflictReligious Conflict In the 1500In the 1500’’s, many French s, many French

nobles were Protestant nobles were Protestant Huguenots (more than 1/3). Huguenots (more than 1/3).

Many of the French monarchs Many of the French monarchs (King Francis I and King Henry (King Francis I and King Henry II) were Roman Catholics – and II) were Roman Catholics – and they would sometimes burn the they would sometimes burn the Protestants at the stake (for Protestants at the stake (for heresy).heresy).

From 1560-1600, there were 9 From 1560-1600, there were 9 civil wars in France over which civil wars in France over which would be more powerful.would be more powerful.

At one point, Henry II and At one point, Henry II and Charles IX ordered a massacre Charles IX ordered a massacre (of thousands) of Huguenots.(of thousands) of Huguenots.

This is known as “the Saint This is known as “the Saint Bartholomew'sBartholomew's’’ day Massacre” day Massacre” after the day it started. after the day it started.

One of the main Huguenot One of the main Huguenot leaders (Henry of Navarre) only leaders (Henry of Navarre) only survived by renouncing his survived by renouncing his protestant religion.protestant religion.

Catherine de' Medici is shown emerging from the Château du Lou

(Mother of King Charles)

Admiral Coligny's body hanging out of a window

(Huguenot Leader)

Henry IV and Cardinal Henry IV and Cardinal Richelieu Richelieu

This all led to even more This all led to even more war.war.

The Spanish came to help The Spanish came to help the Roman Catholics.the Roman Catholics.

This bothered many small This bothered many small Protestant towns.Protestant towns.

Both sides eventually Both sides eventually realized they should get realized they should get along and they stopped along and they stopped fighting.fighting.

Their new leader was Henry Their new leader was Henry of Navarre – who became a of Navarre – who became a Protestant again.Protestant again.

When Henry III was When Henry III was assassinated, Henry of assassinated, Henry of Navarre became the next Navarre became the next king of France (as Henry IV).king of France (as Henry IV).

………………………………………………

Henry IV was going to re-unify Henry IV was going to re-unify the country (even though it the country (even though it was about 1/3 Huguenot and was about 1/3 Huguenot and 2/3 Roman Catholic).2/3 Roman Catholic).

He rejected his Protestant faith He rejected his Protestant faith (yes, again), became Roman (yes, again), became Roman Catholic, and begged the Pope Catholic, and begged the Pope for forgiveness.for forgiveness.

He issued the Edict of Nantes – He issued the Edict of Nantes – which encouraged religious which encouraged religious tolerance in France. tolerance in France.

In 1619, he was succeeded by In 1619, he was succeeded by his son.his son.

But because his son (Louis XIII) But because his son (Louis XIII) was just 9 years old, the chief was just 9 years old, the chief minister of France (Cardinal minister of France (Cardinal Richelieu) managed the Richelieu) managed the country for a while.country for a while.

Since he was Roman Catholic, Since he was Roman Catholic, he changed the Edict of he changed the Edict of Nantes.Nantes.

He also put the power of He also put the power of France back into the hands of France back into the hands of a single person – a a single person – a monarchmonarch (the King).(the King).

Louis XIVLouis XIV: The Sun : The Sun KingKing

The Great MonarchThe Great Monarch When Louis XIII died, his son was When Louis XIII died, his son was

just 5.just 5. Same thing again: a Cardinal Same thing again: a Cardinal

took over for a while, but when he took over for a while, but when he died, Louis XIV did take over (at died, Louis XIV did take over (at 23).23).

Just like his grandfather (Henry Just like his grandfather (Henry IV), he believed in absolute IV), he believed in absolute monarchy (all power comes from monarchy (all power comes from God and Kings are GodGod and Kings are God’’s s representatives on earth).representatives on earth).

Louis XIV believed in Louis XIV believed in ““peace at home and war abroadpeace at home and war abroad”” – – quadrupling the size of his army quadrupling the size of his army (which cost a lot of money).(which cost a lot of money).

Louis XIV also cancelled the Edict Louis XIV also cancelled the Edict of Nantes – and many Protestants of Nantes – and many Protestants left the country so they wouldnleft the country so they wouldn ’’t t have to become Catholics.have to become Catholics.

A Grand PalaceA Grand Palace

Louis XIV built a new palace – at Louis XIV built a new palace – at Versailles (about 10 miles Versailles (about 10 miles outside Paris).outside Paris).

Versailles had hundreds of Versailles had hundreds of rooms filled with tapestries, rooms filled with tapestries, chandeliers, dazzling mirrors, chandeliers, dazzling mirrors, gardens, fountains, elaborate gardens, fountains, elaborate landscaping, marble statues, landscaping, marble statues, etc…etc…

This was more than a residence This was more than a residence – it was a symbol of the – it was a symbol of the monarchy of France.monarchy of France.

Louis XIV was even described as Louis XIV was even described as ““the Sun King.the Sun King.””

Another part of Versailles: Another part of Versailles: everything was done with great everything was done with great ceremony (as in the ceremony (as in the ““ ““ on page on page 394).394).

Arts and Culture Under Louis Arts and Culture Under Louis XIVXIV

The The art styleart style of the times and of of the times and of Louis XIV is called the Baroque Louis XIV is called the Baroque style (ornate decoration). style (ornate decoration).

The The literature and paintingliterature and painting of of the time are called neo-classical the time are called neo-classical (after the Greeks and Romans).(after the Greeks and Romans).

Writing (literature and dramaWriting (literature and drama): ): Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, and Jean Baptiste Poquelin and Jean Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere).(Moliere).

Science and PhilosophyScience and Philosophy: : Descartes (mathematics) and Descartes (mathematics) and Blaise Pascal (science and Blaise Pascal (science and religion). These ideas were religion). These ideas were based on skepticism: doubting based on skepticism: doubting and/or challenging knowledge.and/or challenging knowledge.

France and the Rest of France and the Rest of EuropeEurope

The greatest significance The greatest significance of this time period: things of this time period: things that had to do with power that had to do with power and the balance of power.and the balance of power.

Everyone wanted power, Everyone wanted power, without letting any one without letting any one state get too much of it state get too much of it and taking over a region.and taking over a region.

Louis XIVLouis XIV’’s s Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

At home: Louis XIV wanted At home: Louis XIV wanted peace.peace.

Away from home: almost Away from home: almost constant wars.constant wars.

He didnHe didn’’t want he Hapsburgs t want he Hapsburgs too have any more power too have any more power (they were close to (they were close to surrounding France).surrounding France).

When King Charles II of Spain When King Charles II of Spain died, he gave all his lands to died, he gave all his lands to Louis XIVLouis XIV’’s grandson.s grandson.

England didnEngland didn’’t want them to t want them to have all that land, so they have all that land, so they fought for it.fought for it.

England won and the England won and the agreement was that Spain and agreement was that Spain and FranceFrance’’s thrones would never s thrones would never be united.be united.

The Legacy of Louis XIVThe Legacy of Louis XIV

Louis XIV unified France.Louis XIV unified France. He made France a great He made France a great

power.power. He expanded French culture He expanded French culture

even beyond Europe.even beyond Europe. His projects (Versailles) and His projects (Versailles) and

his wars cost a lot of money.his wars cost a lot of money. This money came from This money came from

taxpayers, who were taxpayers, who were becoming very poor – and becoming very poor – and angry (often on the edge of angry (often on the edge of starvation).starvation).

He was King of France for 72 He was King of France for 72 years – so long that when he years – so long that when he died, his great grandson (5 died, his great grandson (5 years old though) inherited years old though) inherited the throne (longest reigning the throne (longest reigning monarch in European monarch in European history).history).

The Carriages of Versailles