section 7.1 summary – pages 171-174 the cell theory before microscopes were invented, people...
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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
• Before microscopes were invented, people believed that diseases were caused by curses and supernatural spirits.
• Microscopes enabled scientists to view and study cells, the basic units of living organisms.
• As scientists began using microscopes, they quickly realized they were entering a new world–one of microorganisms.
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• Robert Hooke was an English scientist who lived at the same time as van Leeuwenhock (the first person to use a microscope).
• Hooke used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead part of oak tree bark.
• Hooke named the compartments he saw in the cork “cells.” He and some other scientists concluded that cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
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3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of organization
of organisms.
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
Remember, no spontaneous generation!
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Cells that do not contain internal membrane-bound structures are called
prokaryotic cells.
The cells of most unicellular organisms such as bacteria do not have membrane
bound structures and are therefore called prokaryotes.
Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types
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Most of the multi-cellular plants and animals we know are made up of cells containing membrane-bound structures
and are therefore called eukaryotes.
Cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotic cells.
Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types
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The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells are called organelles.
Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.
Two Basic Cell TypesTwo Basic Cell Types
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All living cells must maintain a balance regardless of internal and external conditions.
This balance is Homeostasis.
Survival depends on the cell’s ability to maintain the proper conditions within itself.
Plasma Membrane :
aka “The Cell Membrane”
Plasma Membrane :
aka “The Cell Membrane”
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The plasma membrane is the boundary between the cell and its environment.
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
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• allows waste and other products to leave the cell.
• removes excess amounts of these nutrients when levels get so high that they are harmful.
• allows a steady supply of glucose, amino acids, and lipids to come into the cell no matter
what the external conditions are.
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
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By controlling what goes in and out of the cell, the plasma membrane maintains homeostasis.
The plasma membrane is able to maintain homeostasis because it is selectively permeable, it only allows specific molecules in and out.
Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane
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Water
Plasma Membrane
Nutrients
Waste Waste
Nutrients
Nutrients
OOPS! Can’t go
in!
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The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids back-to-back (or lipid-to-lipid).
Phospholipids are lipids with a phosphate attached to them.
Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane
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The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a flexible boundary of a cell. The phospholipids move within the membrane.
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
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Transport proteins allow needed substances or waste materials to move through the plasma membrane.
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
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The cell wall is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection.
The Cell Wall:
Aka “The Cell Wall”
The Cell Wall:
Aka “The Cell Wall”
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Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
The Nucleus:
Aka “The Boss”
The Nucleus:
Aka “The Boss”
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is suspended in the cytoplasm and is the site of cellular chemical reactions.
Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
ER + Ribosomes = Rough ER
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Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi Apparatus: aka “The Golgi Body”The Golgi Apparatus: aka “The Golgi Body”
The Golgi packages cellular products into a vesicle and sends them out of the cell.
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Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials. Notice the difference between vacuoles in plant and animal cells.
Vacuole
AnimalCell
PlantCell
VacuolesVacuoles
Regular closet Garage
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Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
LysosomesLysosomes
Lyse = to break apart
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Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time.
ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Chloroplasts
The chloroplasts belongs to a group of plant organelles called plastids, which are used for storage.Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.
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Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.
MitochondriaMitochondria
A mitochondria has a highly folded inner membrane. Energy storing molecules (ATP) are produced on inner folds. Inner membrane
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Cells have a support structure called the cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules are thin, hollow cylinders made of protein and microfilaments are thin solid protein fibers.
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
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Some cell surfaces have cilia and flagella, which are structures that aid in locomotion
or feeding.
Cilia and flagella can be distinguished by their structure and by the nature of their
action.
Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella
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Cilia are short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion.
CiliaCilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella
Flagella are long projections that move in a whip-like motion.
Flagella and cilia are the major means of locomotion in unicellular organisms.
Flagella
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SummarySummary
The Cell Theory (this is important):
1.All living things are composed of at least one cell
2. Cells are the basic unit of organization.
3. All cells come from other living cells.
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SummarySummary
Cells work like little factories: they are full of membrane-bound structures, called organelles that do a variety of different jobs. Each organelle has a specific job to do, just like little factory workers…or machines.
THE END…Almost
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Cell Membrane
RibosomesNuclear Envelope
NucleolusChromatin
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi
Vacuole
MitochondriaCytoplasm
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Cell WallCell Membrane
RibosomesNuclear Envelope
NucleolusChromatin
Smooth ERRough ER
GolgiVacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm