Section 5 vocabulary: Directions1. Ultra-beyond

2. Medio-middle

3. Intra- within

4. Gyro- Circular

5. Trans- across

6. Proximo- nearest

7. Per- through

8. Opistho- behind

9. En- in

10.Leve- left

11.Ex- out from

12.Endo- within

13.Ecto- on the outer side

14.Contra- against

15.Dia- through

16.Dextro- right

17.Dis- apart from

18.Cycl- circular

19.Amphi- on both sides

20.Ad- toward

21.Ab- away

Good afternoon class!!!!

AXIAL SKELETON

Skull • Cranium - 8 bones (frontal, 2 parietal, 2

temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid)

• Facial Bones - 14 bones (2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 nasal, 1 mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer)

Temporal Bone• Temple and temporal came about because gray

hairs a sign of time’s passing, usually appear first in the temple areas.

• Four major regions– Squamous– Tympanic– Mastoid– Petrous

Sphenoid bone• Butterfly-shaped and spans the width of the middle

cranial fossa• articulates with all the other cranial bones

Ethmoid Bone

• Found between the sphenoid and nasal bones and is the most deeply situated bone in the skull

• Forms most of the bony area between the nasal cavity and the orbits

Facial Bones

• 14 bones of which only the mandible and vomer bone are unpaired

• Facial skeleton of a male is more elongated then a female as a rule

Mandible• Largest and strongest

bone of the face• The anterior coronoid

process is an insertion point for the large temporalis muscle that elevates the lower jaw

• The posterior mandibular condyle articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone: temperomandibular joint

Hyoid Bone• The hyoid bone is

unique in that it  is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone. 

• Instead, it is suspended above the larynx where it is anchored by ligaments to the styloid processes of the temporal bones of the skull. 

Skull-Vertebral Column• Pages 215-224• Cervical: 1st 7 vertebrae

– Atlas- C1; 1st vertebrae -- it lacks body and spinous process but it does have superior articular facets for occipital condyles

– Axis- C2; odontoid process ( AKA dens) allows for pivoting

• Thoracic: Next 12 vertebrae; attach with transverse process to pairs of ribs

• Lumbar: Next 5 vertebrae; strong• Sacrum: Next 5 1 fused vertebra• Coccyx :Last 3-5 1 fused vertebra; tailbone

Vertebral Column ( Spine)

• 5 Major divisions: – 7 AM cervical – 12 noon thoracic – 5 PM lumbar – sacrum articulates

with the hip bones of the pelvis

– coccygeal – 26 irregular bones all

together

Parts of the vertebra1. Body- flat, round, large

2. Spinous process- projects inferiorly, on back

3. Transverse process- projects laterally, on sides

4. Superior articular facet- attaches with vertebrae above

5. Inferior articular facet- attaches with vertebrae below

6. Vertebral foramen- Hole for spinal cord

Compare cervical, thoracic, lumbar

The Bony Thorax

The Bony Thorax• Sternum- AKA breastbone; in thoracic

region; contains one bone of the manubrium, body, & xiphoid process; surrounded by costal cartilage

• Ribs- AKA thoracic cage or thorax; connects with transverse process of vertebrae; 12 pairs – [1st 7-true; last 5- false (do not attach directly

with sternum- use cartilage)- – last 2 pairs are floating ribs b/c do not attach to

sternum at all, no cartilage]

Parts of a Rib

• Head of rib- attaches to vertebrae transverse process

• Angle- curved part

• Body- shaft or straighter part of; attaches to sternum

Ribs [head, neck, tubercle, body]

• True ribs (1-7)- costal cartilage attaches to sternum– False ribs (8,9 & 10)- lack direct attachment to

sternum – Floating ribs (11 & 12)- no attachment to sternum