section 1_ecology of individual

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Temperature RelationsTemperature RelationsChapter 4Chapter 4

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OutlineOutline MicroclimatesMicroclimatesAquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures

Temperature and Animal PerformanceTemperature and Animal Performance Extreme Temperature and PhotosynthesisExtreme Temperature and Photosynthesis

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Balancing eat !ain Against eat "ossBalancing eat !ain Against eat "oss

Body Temperature #egulationBody Temperature #egulation PlantsPlants Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals

Endothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals


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MicroclimatesMicroclimates MacroclimateMacroclimate$ "arge scale %eather$ "arge scale %eather

variation&variation&

MicroclimateMicroclimate$ 'mall scale %eather variation($ 'mall scale %eather variation(usually measured over shorter time period&usually measured over shorter time period&

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u eu e igher altitudeigher altitude )) lo%er temperature&lo%er temperature&

AspectAspect

*ffers contrasting environments&*ffers contrasting environments&+egetation+egetation Ecologically importantEcologically important

microclimates&microclimates&


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MicroclimatesMicroclimates !round Color!round Color

,ar-er colors absorb more visible light&,ar-er colors absorb more visible light& Boulders . Burro%sBoulders . Burro%s Create shaded( coolerCreate shaded( cooler

environments&environments&

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Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures 'pecific eat'pecific eat

Absorbs heat %ithout changing temperature&Absorbs heat %ithout changing temperature& / cal energy to heat / cm/ cal energy to heat / cm00 of %ater /of %ater /oo C&C&

AirAir )) &1110 cal&1110 cal

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a en ea o vapora ona en ea o vapora on / cal can cool 231 g of %ater&/ cal can cool 231 g of %ater&

"atent eat of usion"atent eat of usion

/ g of %ater gives off 31 cal as it free5es&/ g of %ater gives off 31 cal as it free5es&

#iparian Areas#iparian Areas


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Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures #iparian vegetation influences stream#iparian vegetation influences streamtemperature by providing shade&temperature by providing shade&

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Temperature and AnimalTemperature and AnimalPerformancePerformance

BioBio))molecular "evelmolecular "evel Most en5ymes have rigid( predictableMost en5ymes have rigid( predictable

shape at lo% temperaturesshape at lo% temperatures

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"o% temperatures cause o% reaction rates("o% temperatures cause o% reaction rates(%hile excessively high temperatures destroy%hile excessively high temperatures destroythe shape&the shape& Bald%in and ochach-a studied the influence ofBald%in and ochach-a studied the influence of

temperature on performance oftemperature on performance ofacetylcholinesterase in rainbo% troutacetylcholinesterase in rainbo% trout66*ncorhynchus my-iss*ncorhynchus my-iss7&7&


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Extreme Temperatures andExtreme Temperatures and

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

8C*8C*99 : /9: /999** CC88/9/9**88 : 8*: 8*99 : 8: 89911

Extreme temperatures usually reduce rateExtreme temperatures usually reduce rate

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o p o osyn es s&o p o osyn es s& ,ifferent plants have different optimal,ifferent plants have different optimal

temperatures&temperatures&

Acclimation$ Physiological changes inAcclimation$ Physiological changes inresponse to temperature&response to temperature&

Acclimati5ationAcclimati5ation


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Optimal PhotosyntheticOptimal Photosynthetic

TemperaturesTemperatures

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Temperature and MicrobialTemperature and Microbial

ActivityActivity Morita studied the effect of temperature onMorita studied the effect of temperature on

population gro%th amongpopulation gro%th among psychrophilicpsychrophilicmarine bacteria around Antarctica&marine bacteria around Antarctica&

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&&

'ome gro%th recorded in temperatures as cold'ome gro%th recorded in temperatures as coldasas )) 2&22&2oo C&C&

'ome'ome thermophilicthermophilic microbes have beenmicrobes have beenfound to gro% best in temperatures as hotfound to gro% best in temperatures as hotas //1as //1oo C&C&


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Optimal Growth TemperaturesOptimal Growth Temperatures

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Balancing Heat Gain AgainstBalancing Heat Gain Against

Heat LossHeat Loss

'' ; ; mm : : cdcd : : cvcv : : rr )) ee

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'' ; Total heat stored in an organism; Total heat stored in an organism mm ; !ained via; !ained via metabolismmetabolism

cdcd ; !ained . lost via; !ained . lost via conductionconduction

cvcv ; !ained . lost via; !ained . lost via convectionconvection

rr ; !ained . lost via electromag&; !ained . lost via electromag& radiationradiation

ee ; "ost via; "ost via evaporationevaporation


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Heat Exchange PathwaysHeat Exchange Pathways

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Body Temperature RegulationBody Temperature Regulation Poi-ilothermsPoi-ilotherms

Body temperature varies directly %ithBody temperature varies directly %ithenvironmental temperature&environmental temperature&

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#ely mainly on external energy sourcesely mainly on external energy sources&

EndothermsEndotherms

#ely heavily on metabolic energyely heavily on metabolic energy& omeothermsomeotherms maintain a relatively constantmaintain a relatively constant

internal environment&internal environment&


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Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation by

PlantsPlants ,esert Plants$ Must reduce heat storage&,esert Plants$ Must reduce heat storage&

ss ; ; cdcd : : cvcv : : rr To avoid heating( plants have 607 options$To avoid heating( plants have 607 options$

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cdcd &&


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Temperature Regulation by PlantsTemperature Regulation by Plants

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Temperature Regulation by PlantsTemperature Regulation by Plants

Arctic and Alpine PlantsArctic and Alpine Plants

T%o main options to stay %arm$T%o main options to stay %arm$


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Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals "iolaemus "i5ards"iolaemus "i5ards

Thrive in cold environments&Thrive in cold environments& Burro%sBurro%s

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'un Bas-ing'un Bas-ing

!rasshoppers!rasshoppers

'ome species can ad=ust for radiative heating'ome species can ad=ust for radiative heatingby varying intensity of pigmentation duringby varying intensity of pigmentation duringdevelopment&development&


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Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation byEndothermic AnimalsEndothermic Animals

Thermal neutral 5oneThermal neutral 5one is the range ofis the range ofenvironmental temperatures over %hichenvironmental temperatures over %hichthe metabolic rate of a homeothermicthe metabolic rate of a homeothermic

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animal does not change&animal does not change& Breadth varies among endothermic species&Breadth varies among endothermic species&


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Thermal Neutral ZonesThermal Neutral Zones

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'%imming Muscles of "arge Marine ish'%imming Muscles of "arge Marine ish

"ateral s%imming muscles of many fish"ateral s%imming muscles of many fish6Mac-erel( 'har-s( Tuna7 are %ell supplied6Mac-erel( 'har-s( Tuna7 are %ell supplied

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countercurrent heatcountercurrent heat))exchangersexchangers&&

>eep body temperature above that of surrounding>eep body temperature above that of surrounding%ater&%ater&


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Countercurrent Heat ExchangeCountercurrent Heat Exchange

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?arming


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Moth Circulation and ThermoregulationMoth Circulation and Thermoregulation

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Temperature Regulation byTemperature Regulation byThermogenic PlantsThermogenic Plants

Almost all plants are poi-ilothermicAlmost all plants are poi-ilothermicectotherms&ectotherms&

Plants in family Araceae use metabolic energyPlants in family Araceae use metabolic energy

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to heat flo%ers&to heat flo%ers& '-un- Cabbage 6'-un- Cabbage 6'ymplocarpus foetidus'ymplocarpus foetidus77

stores large quantities of starch in large root(stores large quantities of starch in large root(

and then translocate it to the inflorescenceand then translocate it to the inflorescence%here it is metaboli5ed thus generating heat&%here it is metaboli5ed thus generating heat&


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Eastern Skunk CabbageEastern Skunk Cabbage

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Surviving ExtremeSurviving ExtremeTemperaturesTemperatures


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ReviewReview MicroclimatesMicroclimates

Aquatic TemperaturesAquatic Temperatures Temperature and Animal PerformanceTemperature and Animal Performance

Extreme Temperature and PhotosynthesisExtreme Temperature and Photosynthesis

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Temperature and Microbial ActivityTemperature and Microbial Activity Balancing eat !ain Against eat "ossBalancing eat !ain Against eat "oss

Body Temperature #egulationBody Temperature #egulation PlantsPlants Ectothermic AnimalsEctothermic Animals



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0n the net0n the net Biological structure and functionBiological structure and function

Temperature regulationTemperature regulation

Thermal relationsThermal relations

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section 1_ecology of individual

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