section: 1 history · suresh nair, girish menon, brm rao293 section: 4 head injuries ashok kumar...
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Section: 1History
Thimmappa Hegde
1. Evolution of neurosurgical techniques .........................................................................3Thimmappa Hegde, Sarat Chandra P 3
2. History of Microneurosurgery ........................................................................................18Thimmappa Hegde, Sarat Chandra P 18
Section: 2Diagnostics
Santhosh Joseph
3. Electrodiagnosis ................................................................................................................25Manjari Tripathi, Priya Gupta, Sarat Chandra P 25
4. intracranial Pressure .........................................................................................................43Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 43
5. neuro-ophthalmology ....................................................................................................54Tandon R, Saxena R, Phuljhele S 54
6. neuro-otology ...................................................................................................................67Sathiya Murali, Srividya, Mohan Kameswaran 67
ii. cochlear and Brainstem implants .................................................................................81Mohan Kameswaran, Kiran Natarajan 81
7. neuroendocrinology ........................................................................................................91Ravi Ramamurthi, Ravindranath Kapu 91
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8. intra-operative Monitoring ............................................................................................99Babu KS, Rajasekar V 99
9. conventional radiology ................................................................................................110Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 110
10. Basics of computed tomography ................................................................................116Veena Norhona 116
11. radiology: intracranial tumours .................................................................................128Kesavdas 128
12. radiology: intracranial infections ...............................................................................147Bejoy Thomas 147
Section: 3Congenital
NK Venkatramana
13. Embryology: skull and Vertebral column ...............................................................163Muthukumar N 163
14. Embryology: Brain and spinal cord ...........................................................................172Muthukumar N 172
15. congenital Malformations of cerebrum ...................................................................183Venkatramana NK, Ravi Shankar S 183
16. Encephalocoeles ..............................................................................................................195Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 195
17. intracranial arachnoid cysts ........................................................................................208Chidambaram Balasubramaniam, Vani Santosh 208
18. craniofacial deformities (craniostenosis) ................................................................224Uday Andar, Nitin Mokal 224
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19. spinal dysraphic states .................................................................................................231Venkatramana NK 231
20. Hydrocephalus ................................................................................................................245Venkatramana NK 245
21. Endoscopic Management of Hydrocephalus .............................................................259Aaron Mohanty 259
22. normal Pressure Hydrocephalus .................................................................................269Sanjay Behari, Das NK, Vimal Kumar V 269
23. Bony anomalies of the craniovertebral Junction ....................................................285Sanjay Behari, Rabi N Sahu, Vijendra Kumar Jain 285
24. syringomyelia ..................................................................................................................293Suresh Nair, Girish Menon, BRM Rao 293
Section: 4Head Injuries
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra
25. Epidemiology of Head injury .......................................................................................309Rajkumar, Samir Kumar Kalra, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra
26. Biomechanics of Head injury .......................................................................................314Deepak Agrawal, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 314
27. Pathology ..........................................................................................................................318Sankar SK, Anita Mahadevan 318
28. concussion Brain ............................................................................................................357Sandeep Vaishya, Khan Z 357
29. cerebral contusions .......................................................................................................361Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 361
30. DiffuseAxonalInjury ....................................................................................................370Rajkumar, Vivek Kumar Vaid, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 370
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31. Fat Embolism ...................................................................................................................378Krishna Reddy A 378
32. Paediatric Head injuries ................................................................................................383Chidambaram Balasubramaniam, Ramachandran B 383
33. clinical assessment of a Head injured Patient ........................................................406Rajkumar, Samir Kumar Kalra, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 406
34. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance in Head injury ..........................................................411Sharma RR 411
35. scalp injuries ...................................................................................................................422Krishna Reddy A 422
36. acute subdural Haematomas .......................................................................................432Sanjay Behari, Anuj Chaitley, Manish Singh Sharma, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 432
37. ExtraduralHaematomas .................................................................................................440Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Vivek Kumar Vaid, Rajkumar 440
38. traumatic intracerebral Haematomas .........................................................................446Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 446
39. traumatic Brainstem Haematomas ..............................................................................453Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Deepak Agrawal 453
40. complications and sequelae of Head injuries .........................................................458Khosla VK, Gupta SK, Mukherjee KK, Chhabra R 458
41. cranioplasty .....................................................................................................................471Ramesh Kumar Sharma, Mathuriya SN 471
42. MaxillofacialInjuries .....................................................................................................481Arun Kumar Singh, Upadhyay DN 481
43. traumatic csF Fistulae ..................................................................................................487Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 487
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44. Missile injuries of the Brain .........................................................................................493Harjinder S Bhatoe 493
45. Endocrine abnormalities following traumatic Brain injuries ..............................502Deepak Kumar Gupta, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 502
46. optic nerve injury ..........................................................................................................513Ashok Kumar Mahapatra, Deepak Kumar Gupta 513
Section: 5Spinal Injuries
Ravi Ramamurthi
47. assessment and Emergency Management of acute spinal injuries ....................533Anil Pande, Pradeep Kumar Jain N 533
48. Biomechanics of the spine ............................................................................................550Anil Pande, Goutham Cugati 550
49. injuries of the craniovertebral Junction and Upper cervical spine ....................567Sarat Chandra P, Vamsi Yerramani 567
50. InjuriesoftheSubaxialCervicalSpine ......................................................................579Anil Pande, Ravindranath Kapu 579
51. Whiplash injury ..............................................................................................................598Harjinder S Bhatoe 598
52. thoracic and thoracolumbar injuries ........................................................................601Ramakrishna Easwaran 601
53. lumbar and lumbosacral injuries ..............................................................................622Ramakrishna Easwaran 622
54. Penetrating injuries of the spine .................................................................................625Harjinder S Bhatoe 625
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Peripheral NerveVS Mehta
55. anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral nerve ..................................................639Sharma M, Gupta A, VS Mehta 639
56. General Principles of Management of Peripheral nerve injuries ........................644David A Omahen, Hazem Eltahawy, Abhit Guha 644
57. SurgicalAnatomyandManagementofBrachialPlexusInjuries .........................652Venkataswami R, Purushothaman V 652
58. ManagementofInjuriestoSpecificPeripheralNerve ............................................671Gupta A, Ahmad FU, VS Mehta 671
59. Entrapment syndromes .................................................................................................679Sarat Chandra P, VS Mehta 679
Section: 7Infections
AK Singh
60. Brain abscess ...................................................................................................................695Dharkar SR, Sardana VR, Purohit D 695
61. scalp and skull infections ............................................................................................708Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 708
62. subdural Empyema ........................................................................................................713Mathuriya SN, Pathak A, Khandelwal N 713
63. spinal Epidural and intramedullary abscess ...........................................................718Ashish Suri, Shashwat Mishra, Ajay Garg 718
64. tuberculosis of the central nervous system ............................................................725PN Tandon, Anil Pande 725
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65. tuberculous Meningitis ................................................................................................742PN Tandon, Anil Pande 742
66. tuberculosis of the spine ..............................................................................................753Sridhar K 753
67. surgery for leprosy ........................................................................................................772Sridhar K 772
68. cysticercosis .....................................................................................................................778BS Sharma, Sarat Chandra P 778
69. Hydatid disease ..............................................................................................................794Dharkar SR, Vikram M 794
70. other Parasitic infestations of the Brain ....................................................................800Sridhar K, Vikram M 800
71. spinal Hydatidosis .........................................................................................................810Harjinder S Bhatoe 810
72. Fungal infections ............................................................................................................815Anil Pande 815
73. Viral infections ................................................................................................................830Ravi Ramamurthi, Ramamurthi B, Ravindranath Kapu 830
74. aids and the neurosurgeon ........................................................................................838Sarat Chandra P, Vivek Tandon 838
Section: 8Vascular Disorders
SN Mathuriya
75. subarachnoid Haemorrhage .........................................................................................849Chandramouli BA, Arivazhagan A 849
76. General Principles of Management of intracranial aneurysms ............................858Mathuriya SN 858
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77. Vasospasm and its Management ..................................................................................886Anil Pande, Ravi Ramamurthi 886
78. cerebral Protection .........................................................................................................919Ravikant Palur, Ganesh K Murthy 919
79. Paraclinoid aneurysms ..................................................................................................931Vijendra Kumar Jain, Sanjay Behari, Bernard Lyngdoh 931
80. internal carotid Bifurcation aneurysms ...................................................................946Mathuriya SN 946
81. anterior communicating artery aneurysms ............................................................958RP Sengupta, Anil Pande 958
82. distal anterior cerebral artery aneurysm ...............................................................977Ravi Ramamurthi, Shivaram Bojja 977
83. Middle cerebral artery aneurysms ...........................................................................979Mathuriya SN, Pathak A, Gupta Vivek, Grover VK 979
84. Posterior circulation aneurysms ................................................................................996Ashish Suri, Sachin A Borkar, Nalin K Mishra 996
85. Giant aneurysms ..........................................................................................................1008Sanjay Behari, Rabi Narayan Sahu, Rupant K Das, Vijendra Kumar Jain 1008
86. incidental intracranial aneurysms ............................................................................1016Suresh Nair, A Mathew, G Menon 1016
87. Multiple intracranial aneurysms ..............................................................................1024Mahmoud Rashidi, Anthony Sin, Anil Nanada 1024
88. infectious intracranial aneurysms ............................................................................1030Sanjay Behari, Vivek Vaid, Awadhesh K Jaiswal, Vijendra Kumar Jain 1030
89. intracavernous aneurysms .........................................................................................1036BS Sharma, VS Mehta 1036
90. contemporary Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms ..................1045Uday Limaye, Anand S 1045
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91. Vascular Malformations of the Brain ........................................................................1052Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1052
92. surgical Management of cerebral aVMs ................................................................1065Ravi Ramamurthi, Ravindranath Kapu 1065
93. Embolisation of intracranial Vascular Malformation ............................................1075Anil Karapurkar, Nishant Aditya 1075
94. stereotactic radiosurgery for cerebral aVMs .......................................................1090Ganapathy K 1090
95. Vein of Galen Malformations .....................................................................................1105Anil Nanada 1105
96. cavernomas of the Brain .............................................................................................1109CE Deopujari 1109
97. other Vascular Malformations of the Brain ............................................................1116Ravi Ramamurthi, Harinivas 1116
98. carotid cavernous Fistula ...........................................................................................1119Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1119
99. dural arteriovenous Malformations ........................................................................1125Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1125
100. Embolisation of spinal Vascular Malformation .....................................................1129Anil Karapurkar, Nishant Aditya 1129
101. spontaneous intracerebral Haemorrhage ................................................................1139Ajaya Nand Jha, Vipul Gupta 1139
102. surgery for stroke .........................................................................................................1147Vincent Thamburaj A 1147
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Tumours of the Spine and Spinal CordRavi Ramamurthi
103. clinical Features and diagnosis ................................................................................1181Ravi Ramamurthi, Santhosh Mohan Rao K 1181
104. Vertebral tumours ........................................................................................................1191Deepu Banerji, Pallav Garg, Manoj Jain, Sanjay Behari 1191
105. spinal schwannomas and Meningiomas .................................................................1202Trimurti D Nadkarni 1202
106. intramedullary tumours .............................................................................................1210Bhawani S Sharma, Manish S Sharma 1210
107. congenital tumours of the spine ..............................................................................1219CE Deopujari, AB Kakani 1219
108. Paediatric spinal tumours ..........................................................................................1227Venkatramana NK 1227
Section: 10Disc Disease and other Spinal Pathologies
Ravi Ramamurthi
109. Pathophysiology of disc degeneration ....................................................................1239Ramakrishna Easwaran 1239
110. cervical disc disease and spondylosis—clinical Features and diagnosis .....1248CE Deopujari, Rajiv Kumar 1248
111. cervical disc disease and spondylosis Management ..........................................1252CE Deopujari, Rajiv Kumar, Rajan Shah 1252
112. CervicalOssificationofPosteriorLongitudinalLigament ...................................1262Anil Pande, M Vikram, Ravi Ramamurthi 1262
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113. thoracic disc Prolapse .................................................................................................1275Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1275
114. lumbar disc disease ....................................................................................................1280Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Rajesh Reddy S 1280
115. lumbar canal stenosis ................................................................................................1290Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Debabrat Biswal 1290
116. spondylolisthesis ..........................................................................................................1297Ramakrishna Easwaran 1297
117. skeletal Fluorosis ..........................................................................................................1312Raja Reddy D, Srikanth R Deme 1312
118. osteoporosis ..................................................................................................................1333Ramakrishna Easwaran, S Sundarrajan 1333
Section: 11Pathology of Intracranial Tumours
Sankar
119. ClassificationofTumoursoftheNervousSystem .................................................1347Vani Santhosh 1347
120. Pathogenesis of tumours of the nervous system ..................................................1366Radhakrishnan VV 1366
121. Germ cell tumours of the central nervous system .............................................1377Vani Santhosh 1377
122. Embryonal tumours of the central nervous system ............................................1380Chitra Sarkar, Sharma MC 1380
123. tumours of Meninges ..................................................................................................1391Sundaram C, Shantveer G Uppin 1391
124. Pituitary tumours, sellar and suprasellar lesions ................................................1404Geeta Chacko 1404
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125. lymphomas and Metastatic tumours of nervous system ...................................1418Sundaram C, T Roshni Paul 1418
126. cerebral oedema in relation to neoplasias of nervous system ........................1428Shankar SK 1428
127. tumour Markers in tumours of nervous system ..................................................1439Chitra Sarkar, Vaishali Suri, MC Sharma 1439
128. tumours of cranial and Peripheral nerves .............................................................1446Sundaram C, Anita Mahadevan 1446
129. TumoursoftheChoroidPlexus .................................................................................1453Yasha TC 1453
130. Pineal Parenchymal tumours .....................................................................................1458Vani Santhosh 1458
131. NeuronalandMixedNeuronalGlialTumours ......................................................1461Sharma MC, Chitra Sarkar 1461
Section: 12ACranial and Intracranial Tumours
Ravi Ramamurthi
132. clinical Features of intracranial tumours ...............................................................1477Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 1477
133. supratentorial astrocytomas ......................................................................................1495Ramakrishna Easwaran 1495
134. cerebellar astrocytomas .............................................................................................1528Ramakrishna Easwaran 1528
135. Brainstem Gliomas .......................................................................................................1536Sarat Chandra P, VS Mehta 1536
136. Hypothalamic-optic nerve Gliomas ........................................................................1546Ramakrishna Easwaran 1546
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137. oligodendrogliomas ....................................................................................................1554Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1554
138. Ependymomas ...............................................................................................................1562Harjinder S Bhatoe 1562
139. Medulloblastomas ........................................................................................................1570BS Sharma 1570
140. Metastatic Brain tumours ...........................................................................................1577Ravi Ramamurthi, Harinivas 1577
141. radiation therapy for Malignant Brain tumours .................................................1587Julka PK, Haresh KP, Rath GK 1587
142. adjuvant therapies for Malignant Brain tumours ...............................................1596Raj Kumar R, Ashok Kumar Mahapatra 1596
143. colloid cyst ...................................................................................................................1601Nigel Peter Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi 1601
144. ChoroidPlexusTumours .............................................................................................1608Vasudevan MC 1608
145. Pineal region tumours: clinical Features and Management ..............................1612Ramakrishna Easwaran 1612
146. Pituitary tumours overview ......................................................................................1634Ravi Ramamurthi 1634
147. Prolactinomas ................................................................................................................1641Ravi Ramamurthi, Prasad AN 1641
148. Growth Hormone secreting adenomas ...................................................................1646Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1646
159. cushing’s disease and syndrome .............................................................................1653Deepu Banerji, Sanjay Behari 1653
150. other secreting adenomas of the Pituitary .............................................................1663Deepu Banerji, Archana Juneja 1663
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151. non-Functioning Pituitary adenomas .....................................................................1667Manas Kumar Panigrahi, Naveen Mehrotra, Amit Kumar T 1667
152. PituitaryApoplexy ........................................................................................................1675Ravi Ramamurthi, Vikram M, Goutham Cugati 1675
153. Giant invasive Pituitary adenomas ..........................................................................1680Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 1680
154. Perioperative Endocrine Management .....................................................................1685Murthy S 1685
155. Empty sella syndrome ................................................................................................1692Ravi Ramamurthi, Murali Mohan S 1692
156. diencephalic syndrome ..............................................................................................1698Anil Pande, Murali Mohan S 1698
157. other tumours of the sellar region .........................................................................1702Sanjay Behari, Anooj Chatley, Abrar Ahad Wani, Manoj Jain 1702
158. craniopharyngioma ......................................................................................................1716SN Bhagwathi, Suresh Sankhla 1716
Section: 12BCranial and Intracranial Tumours
CE Deopujari
159. dermoids and Epidermoids ........................................................................................1747Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1747
160. teratomas ........................................................................................................................1757Ravi Ramamurthi, Amit Kapoor 1757
161. acoustic schwannomas ...............................................................................................1761Ravi Ramamurthi, Murali Mohan S 1761
162. trigeminal schwannomas ...........................................................................................1792BS Sharma, Ramdurg S, Sarat Chandra P 1792
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163. Jugular Foramen lesions .............................................................................................1797Siddhartha Ghosh 1797
164. other intracranial schwannomas ..............................................................................1811Ashish Suri, Shashwat Mishra, Ajay Garg 1811
165. Phakomatoses ................................................................................................................1819Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1819
166. ConvexityMeningiomas .............................................................................................1826Vasudevan MC 1826
167. ParasagittalandFalxMeningiomas ..........................................................................1833Vasudevan MC 1833
168. olfactory Groove Meningioma ..................................................................................1838Ravi Ramamurthi, Nigel Peter Symss 1838
169. sphenoidal Wing Meningiomas ................................................................................1847Trimurti D Nadkarni 1847
170. tentorial Meningiomas ................................................................................................1854Vijendra Kumar Jain, Sanjay Behari, Pramod Giri 1854
171. Posterior Fossa Meningiomas .....................................................................................1864Amitabha Chanda, Abhijit Guha 1864
172. Petroclival Meningiomas .............................................................................................1885Trimurti D Nadkarni 1885
173. Foramen Magnum Meningiomas ..............................................................................1891Shrivastava RK, Chandranath Sen 1891
174. intraventricular Meningiomas ...................................................................................1899Harjinder S Bhatoe, Prakash Singh, Vibha Dutta 1899
175. Haemangioblastomas ...................................................................................................1903Ravi Ramamurthi 1903
176. Primary central nervous system lymphomas .......................................................1910Sanjay Behari, Punita Lal, Samir Kalra, Manoj Jain 1910
177. intracranial Melanomas and other tumours ..........................................................1920Bhawani S Sharma, Sumit Sinha 1920
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178. Benign intracranial tension........................................................................................1926Nigel Peter Symss, Ravi Ramamurthi 1926
179. tumours of the cranial Vault .....................................................................................1933Narayanan R, Ravi Ramamurthi 1933
Section: 13Skull Base Surgery
Deepu Banerji
180. clival chordomas .........................................................................................................1957Chandranath Sen 1957
181. Trans-facialTransmaxillaryApproachestoAnteriorSkullBase ........................1967Sojan Ipe, Bobby Jose 1967
182. approaches to the lateral skull Base .......................................................................1977Atul Goel, Muzumdar D 1977
183. transpharyngeal approach to the cranio Vertebral Junction .............................2003AH Menezes 2003
184. ReconstructionoftheSkullConvexityandBase ...................................................2011Atul Goel, Muzumdar D 2011
185. orbital tumours ............................................................................................................2026Aadil S Chagla 2026
Section: 14Stereotaxy
Ravi Ramamurthi
186. Stereotaxy:GeneralPrinciples ...................................................................................2047Ravi Ramamurthi, Vikram M 2047
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187. Stereotaxy:BrainTumours ..........................................................................................2055Murali Mohan S, Ravi Ramamurthi 2055
188. involuntary Movements: anatomy and Pathophysiology ...................................2063Srinivasan AV 2063
189. StereotaxyforParkinson’sDisease ...........................................................................2068Dilip Panicker, Paresh K Doshi 2068
190. surgery for Movement disorders ..............................................................................2077Paresh K Doshi, Animesh Upadhyay 2077
191. Gamma Knife radiosurgery .......................................................................................2087Manish Singh Sharma, BS Sharma 2087
192. Psychosurgery ................................................................................................................2102Ramamurthi B, V Balasubramaniam, Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 2102
193. neural transplantation and stem cell .....................................................................2126PN Tandon 2126
Section: 15PainAK Singh
194. Pain: anatomy and Physiology ..................................................................................2141Ravi Ramamurthi, Santosh Mohan Rao K 2141
195. surgery for intractable Pain ........................................................................................2160Nigel Peter Symss 2160
196. trigeminal neuralgia ...................................................................................................2179Ramakrishna Easwaran 2179
197. Glossopharyngeal and other cranial neuralgia ....................................................2192Ravi Ramamurthi, Goutham Cugati 2192
198. Microvascular decompression ...................................................................................2198Ravi Ramamurthi, Manish Singh 2198
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EpilepsyRavi Ramamurthi
199. Epilepsy: overview ......................................................................................................2209Dinesh Nayak S, Radhakrishnan K 2209
200. Epilepsy: Medical Management .................................................................................2223Ashalatha, Radhakrishnan K 2223
201. surgery for Epilepsy: General Principles .................................................................2229Bhaskara Rao Malla, Jayanti Mani 2229
202. surgery for temporal Epilepsy ..................................................................................2244Bhaskara Rao Malla, Jayanti Mani 2244
Section: 17Cerebral Palsy
AK Purohit
203. StereotaxyforCerebralPalsy .....................................................................................2261Kanaka TS, Balasubramaniam V, Sampathkumar M 2261
204. surgery for spasticity ...................................................................................................2271
AK Purohit, Jagan Mohan Reddy K 2271
Section: 18Miscellaneous
Sanjay Behari
205. anaesthesia for neurosurgery ....................................................................................2285Gupta D, Srivastava S 2285
206. Positioning in neurosurgery ......................................................................................2299Indira Devi, Nitin Garg N, Shukla D 2299
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207. operation theatre for neurosurgery ........................................................................2305Rahmathulla G, Ajaya Nand Jha 2305
208. Basic neurosurgical instruments ...............................................................................2317Sanjay Behari, Singh RK, Lyngdoh B, Jain S, Chhabra DK 2317
209. navigation in Brain and spinal surgery ..................................................................2332Ajaya Nand Jha, Rahmathulla G 2332
210. Endoscopy in Brain tumour surgery ........................................................................2353Manas Kumar Panigrahi 2353
211. orthotics .........................................................................................................................2371PK Sethi 2371
212. Principles of Physiotherapy ........................................................................................2385Sangeetha Ranganath 2385