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Secondary Aluminum Production Waste Disposal Issues
Countywide RDF site overview (Kurt)
Ohio EPA response (Pam)
Federal involvement (Paul)
Countywide RDFOperating Subtitle D Landfill
Permitted ‘91• First completely BAT facility in Ohio• 88 acre facility (Cells 1-6)
• 13m yd3 air space• 2003: 170 acre expansion
• (Cells 7-16)
Regulatory Players• Ohio EPA Solid Waste Permitting\Operation
• Stark County Health Department (SCHD) Licensing\Operations
• Canton City Health Department (CCHD) Air Permitting\Title V
• USEPA CERCLA\RCRA
Normal operating landfill until late 2005Unusual conditions in late 2005
• Increase in odors / complaints• Increase in gas generation• Increase in leachate generation• Increased landfill temperatures Submitted NSPS HOV requests
• Unusual settlement• Slope stability issues• Change in leachate and gas composition
312,000 tons of aluminum dross from removal in Uhrichsville, OH (‘93-’97)• Primarily in cells 1, 3, 4A, 4B, 6A
250,000 tons of additional aluminum production waste (‘91- ‘06)
Liquids introduced• Solidification• Leachate re-circulation
Late 2005 to present• Not typical landfill Working face Landfill Gas
•Reaction Gas• Jan-Aug 2006 over 660 odor complaints
December 2005 at 1800 cfmLANDGEM predicted 2200 to 3250 cfmAugust 2006 over 5000 cfmPresently at 5639 cfm
Impacts• Unusual pressures in the landfill Pressure 200.5” water Much of impacted area under positive pressure
• Slope stability concerns• Leachate outbreaks• Condensate management issues• Impacts on gas system components
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Probes
Subsurface temperature monitoring
2004 3.2m gal2005 12.1m gal2006 28.7m gal 2007 42.9m gal / 34.3m gal (88 acres)2008 42.5m gal / 33.1m gal (88 acres)2009 estimate 26m gal (88 acres)
Cumulative settlement since 4/06 = 1.6 m yd3
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50’ settlement
Significant H2 concentrations in gas• Some wells greater than 50% H2
High concentrations of VOCsVery corrosive to gas system componentsLittle to no CH4 in some wellsHigh TDS, BOD, COD in leachate
• Taken to 5 different POTWs
Ohio EPA DFFOs• September 2006• March 2007• December 2007
US EPA AOC• April 2008
Control escape of gas, odor & liquid
Reduce infiltration of O2 & H2O
Stabilize reaction area
Odor surveillance plan• Level of intensity
0 – A concentration that produces no sensation1 – Concentration which is barely detectable2 – A distinct and definite odor whose characteristic is clearly
detectable3 – An odor strong enough to cause a person to avoid it
completely4 – An odor so strong as to be overpowering and intolerable
for any length of time
Ohio EPA Surveillance Map
Required through Orders• Sampling every 6 days• 4 community locations• VOCs, dioxins, furans
No exceedances of any regulatory or health based standards for target parameters
Bolivar, OH
Pop = 5400
I-77
Akron - 25mi
Columbus
120 mi
Countywide Recycling &
Disposal Facility
Air Monitoring Location
N
US ACE
Bolivar Dam
27
TAGA Bus• Mobile, real time monitoring in community
UV DOAS• Real time monitoring on landfill
30
Emitter
Receiver
UV light beam
Administrative Settlement Agreement and Order on Consent (AOC)• Enhanced vapor extraction/temp. monitoring near “Fire
Break”• Development/installation long-term cap (Cells 1-6)• Placing FML with sub-cap drainage Placing composite cap
• Re-grading and filling, positive drainage• Enhanced gas and leachate collection
32
34
Sub-cap drains & gas collectors
Increased leachate storage capacity
Increased SW run-off capacity
Increased flaring capacity
36
AERIAL VIEW
Cell 7
Cells 1-6
N
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Barrier
&
Monitor
Zones
Cell 7
Cell 5High
Temps
Cell 7 Cell 5
~ 380k yd3 waste excavated Projection of heat, gases and settlement from dross reaction/fire
Isolation Break Excavation Work Plan• Concurrence with Director of Ohio EPA• Approved in November ‘08• GOAL = complete separation and containment• 5A/5B/4B - 7• Considered “additional work” under AOC
• V-shaped trench in 5/7 area• 75’ deep x
470’ wide x 1000’ long
• 400,000 yds3
Two excavators8 layers, ~10’ eachDisposed in Cell 7~45 “working days”
Air Monitoring Zones1. Personnel2. 300’ downwind3. Four perimeter stations, one mobile4. Community monitors5. Nasal Ranger
Personnel monitoring
Waste monitoring
Large excavators
Odor control strategies
4 perimeter1 portable
Onsite Network
U.S. EPA
N
Continuous, real-time monitors installed • VOC readings every 20 sec Can trigger 15 min SUMMA canister Collects sample if elevated level of VOC for > 5min
• On-site computer tracking• Met data at each station
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Completed on time in 6/09No evidence of fire\reaction in Cell 7Impacted area isolated and contained in 88 acre
“Remediation Area”
Consent OrderOM&M Plan for 88 acre remediation area
• Covers all pertinent aspects of controls Leachate, gas, liner, surface water controls
Team Countywide meetings – monthly• Feds, state, county, city
Dedicated on-site staff Remediation area manager Technicians (gas, leachate, construction)
Issue Advisory Letters
Convene Secondary Aluminum Production Waste (SA waste) Workgroup
Conduct Generator Site Visits
Convene HOV workgroup
Coordinate w/ other states
Involve US EPA
Require PTI before landfill can accept SA waste
Revise daily log form
Prohibit leachate recirculation
Urge federal leaders to convene the stakeholders
Continue participating in the US EPA SA waste research project
Evaluate the recycling and by-product synergy issues
Change Ohio law to prohibit co-disposal of SA waste with MSW
Require SA waste to be pre-treated prior to disposal
Include SA waste as a type of “Restricted Waste” in the State Solid Waste Plan
Identify SA waste as hazardous waste
Develop HOV and Alternative Timelines Guidance and change internal operating procedures
Prohibit leachate recirculation
Develop strategy for monitoring and evaluating landfills without NSPS systems
“Decision Tree” - problem Subtitle D sites Limited authority, no inspectors or permits
Assign priority based on: Address persistent waste management issuesH2S, fires, AL dross Build state capacity, expertise Address state/industry/citizen/congressional concerns Demonstration project to learn from
Inventory of problem sites Resource bibliography Guidance letter to IN, OH Assist states, industry address problem sites Initiate research project Develop and share best practices
Regional Applied Research Effort (RARE)
SA waste characterization and interactions Metals concentrations in SA waste samples Chemical changes over time with exposure to water, leachate,
other solid wastes
Develop Solution (s) Safe methods for handling SA wastes Technique for appropriate disposal
Evaluate Data Mechanism to evaluate chemical data generated at affected
landfills on an ongoing basis
Step 1: Extensive literature review
Step 2: Representative sample collection
Step 3: Characterization of various SA waste
Step 4: Evaluate solid waste / SA waste interactionsStep 5: Reagent analysis for fire controlStep 6: Reagent analysis to stabilize materialStep 7: Data validation (field)Step 8: Development of BMP
Sample collection Types of SAP waste Location Number of samples
Sample Characterization Elemental composition Metal oxide phase Surface characteristics
SAP waste interaction with water Simulate LF conditions (varying conditions) Analyze gasCH4, CO, CO2, O2, N2, H2, etc.
Monitor temperatures Propagation of reaction/fire in simulated MSW
landfill conditions
Exothermic hydrolysis process
2Al + 6H2O → 3H2 + 2Al(OH)3 Al4C3 + 12H2O → 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 AlN + 2H2O → NH3 + 2AlOOH
- Hydrogen, methane and ammonia from metallic aluminum, aluminum carbides and aluminum nitrides
- Extreme heat induces pyrolysis of surrounding waste
Fire Control Apply suspensions to simulated fires Determine optimal application conditions Analyze effluent gas
Material Stabilization Prevent or slow rate of reaction (+ ignition) Coat and simulate LF conditions Analyze headspace gas to measure effectiveness New technology for in-situ treatment ?
Safer management of SA waste Data Knowledge Recommended practices Products and technologies to address sites
Final report Recommended Management Practices
U.S. EPA Office of Research & Development
U.S. EPA Region 5
Partners Ohio EPA, Indiana DEM Industry (NSWMA - EREF, AA) Academia CRADA mechanism
Other site experiences to share ?
Any existing information, data, lab/research, references ?
Ideas, suggestions, concerns
Interest in sharing information, coordination