1. 1. The Revolution: Second Phase
2. 2. Aguinaldo deposited P400,000 he received from Primo Rivera in two Hongkong banks. This amount is used for the expenses of the exiles. Aguinaldo, with two companions went to Singapore where the American Consul E. Spencer Pratt conferred with him. War was declared between the United States and Spain, and Dewey promptly sank the Spanish warships. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines on board an American ship and soon after raised the standard of revolt against Spain. Governor General Basilio Augustin made desperate attempts to win over the Filipinos to the Spanish side, but it was too late; Fighting on practically all fronts
3. 3. The Relief on Primo de Rivera Whatever good intentions Primo de Rivera had with regard to the solution if the Philippine problem were frustrated when the Conservative Party of Spain was succeeded by one to which the governor-general did not belong. The succeeding Liberal Party sent General Basilio Augustin to the Philippines as Primo de Riveras successor. Rumors were afloat that the serious Spanish- American relations might degenerate into a shooting war. It was not wise to send a new governor-general to the Philippines On April 9, 1898 General Augustin arrived in Manila and the following day Primo de Rivera turned over the reins of the Philippine Government
4. 4. American Designs on the Philippines The Spanish-American relations were turning for the worse. The Cuban revolution has drawn the United States to the side of the Cuban rebels. Theodore Roosevelt Sr.- wished that the war between Spain and the United States should break out in order to expand the navy. When he became the Assistant Secretary of the navy in 1897 he conceived the idea of attacking Manila in the event that war should break out between the United States and Spain. On February 25, 1898 Roosevelt cabled Dewey to make Hongkong his base of operation.
5. 5. At the same time, he instructed Dewey to take offensive action against the Spanish flotilla based in Manila in case of a war with Spain. When the war finally broke out Dewey was in position to rush immediately to Manila to destroy the Spanish warships. The coming of Americans, therefore was not a mere accident but a planned action.
6. 6. The Spanish-American War In the face of the Philippine and Cuban revolutions, Spain could not antagonize the United States. Spain tried to heal the rift in order not to draw her into a fatal war with a rising powerful nation(United States). Dupuy de Lome- Spain ambassador to the United States, wrote a friend in Havana Cuba in January 1898, stating that President William McKinley was a weakling and a low politician. This letter was published in a New York periodical. The result of the publication was that the Americans who had been roused to anger by the stories if the alleged Spanish brutalities and mistreatment of American citizens in Cuba, demanded war against Spain.
7. 7. The relief of the Spanish Ambassador did not lessen the anger of the American public. On February 15, 1898 the American warship Maine was blown up at Havana Harbor, resulting in the death of 246 men. The Maine was sunk by an act of treachery on the part of the Spaniards. A little past noon at April 25, Dewey received a cable from the Secretary of the Navy saying: War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture vessels or destroy. Use utmost endeavor Therefore the declaration of war was on April 25.
8. 8. The battle of Manila Bay With the receipt of Secretary Longs cable announcing the declaration of war with Spain, Dewey sailed from Mirs Bay, near Hongkong, for the Philippines with seven(7) heavily armed ships. May 1 1898- the fleet entered Manila Bay almost undected by the Spanish shore batteries on the Corregidor and Bataan. Dewey sailed straight toward the Manila Bay shore in the hope that he would find Admiral Patricio Montojos fleet there and give battle immediately. Dewey saw the outlines of the Spanish ships far to his back and immediately ordered his men to turn back in the direction of Sangley Point.
9. 9. On the bridge of his flagship Olympia, Dewey calmly estimated the distance between the two fleets and when he thought that his guns could hit the enemy ships effectively. The naval battle that followed was one-sided; in fact it was a massacre. It was true that the Spanish ships outnumbered the Americans but most of them were poorly armed. At 12:30 P.M, the destruction of Montojos fleet was complete, the Spaniards was in the face of absolute defeat. They hoisted the white flag in Cavite in token of surrender. News of Victory of Dewey in Manila Bay electrified the Americans.
10. 10. Aguinaldo in Singapore As early as the middle of April 1898, rumors that the Spanish-American war was a matter of days or perhaps a few weeks away. Many of the rebel leaders stopped their revolutionary activities pending the determination of the truth of the rumor. In Hongkong, Aguinaldo and his companions were following the trend of events on the other side of the Pacific, to them it was the opportunity to oust the Spaniards from the Philippines. But there was a division in ranks for the exiles, for Isabelo Artacho wanted the P400,000 given to Aguinaldo divided among them. Aguinaldo refused and Artacho sued Aguinaldo in the Hongkong
11. 11. To avoid in appearing in court, Aguinaldo accompanied by Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba secretely left for Saigon where he took another ship to Singapore. E. Spencer Pratt wanted to have an interview with Aguinaldo. Pratt persuaded Aguinaldo to cast his lot with the Americans. You need not have any worry about America. The American Congress and President have just made a solemn declaration disclaiming any desire to possess Cuba and promising to leave the country to the Cubans after having driven away the Spaniards and pacified the country. Cuba is at our door and Philippines is 10000 miles away!
12. 12. Aguinaldo expressed his eagerness to return to the Philippines to lead once more the Filipinos in the fight against the Spaniards. Dewey on the other hand said that Tell Aguinaldo to come as soon as possible April 26, Aguinaldo and his two companions sailed for Hongkong, however Dewey had already sailed for Manila Bay when Aguinaldo arrived.
13. 13. Aguinaldo and Consul Wildman Aguinaldo was naturally disappointed upon finding that Dewey had already sailed for Manila. Rounseville Wildman, the American Consul at Hongkong told Aguinaldo that he was intructed by Dewey to make arrangements for the return of Aguinaldo to the Philippines. Wildman suggested that upon returning to the Philippines, Aguinaldo should establish a dictatorial government which was necessary in the prosecution of the war against Spain. However Wildman said to him after the war, after the peace has been restored, Aguinaldo should establish a government similar to that of the United States
14. 14. Before returning to the Philippines, Aguinaldo purchased some arms and ammunition for the Filipinos. P50,000 for 2000 rifles and 200,000 rounds of ammunition. Before his departure, he gave Wildman P67,000 for another shipment of arms. The first arms shipment was consummated but the second shipment was never realized and the sad fact is that Wildman did nor return the large amount that Aguinaldo gave to him.
15. 15. Aguinaldo and the Hongkong Junta In the wake of Deweys victory, the Filipinos who composed the Hongkong Junta men on May 4 to discuss the steps to be taken in the face of the new developments. Present during the deliberations were Felipe Agoncillo, Doroteo Lopez, Teodoro Sandico, Anastacio Francisco, Mariano Llanera, Miguel Malvar, Andres Garchitorena, Severo Buenaventura, Maximo Kabigting, Faustino Lichauco and Antonio Montenegro Aguinaldo related his dealings with Pratt and Wildman. The Junta unanimously decided that Aguinaldo should return to the Philippines to lead the Filipinos against the Spaniards.
16. 16. Aguinaldo Returns On May 7, the Revenue cutter McCulloch arrived in Hongkong. Aguinaldo was notified that Dewey had given instructions to the captain to have Aguinaldo return on board the McCulloch. The McCulloch left Hongkong at eleven in the morning on May 17 and arrived at Cavite on May 19.
17. 17. Renewal of the Struggle As soon as Aguinaldo had landed the war materials he had brought from Hongkong, rebels from Bataan came to see him. Aguinaldo handed them copies of his proclamations urging the people to rally once more to the Filipino flag in the struggle against the Spaniards. On May 21 Aguinaldo assured that his people would not desert him, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation saying: Everything appears to be favorable for attaining Independence
18. 18. Spanish Attempts to Win Over the Filipinos Governor-General Basilio Augustin found himself betrayed by the Filipino soldiers who volunteered to the Spanish army. Viva la Autonomia-salvation of the unity of the Islands, the unity of its liberties, and the unity of its local and central government. Pedro A. Paterno, the negotiator of the Truce of the Biyak-na-bato was behind the circular, for he confessed at the time that he still loved Spain and was hostile to the United States. May 28- General Augustin called the first and only Consultative Assembly, the purpose of this Assembly is to win over to his side the mestizos to make it appear that he had the welfare of Filipino at heart.
19. 19. The Siege of Manila What was then known as the City of Manila was the Walled City or Intramuros. The districts outside the City were called arrabales or suburbs. After the destruction of the Spanish navy, Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent Spanish ships from entering or leaving the bay. The Filipino forces under Aguinaldo besieged the city in an attempt to starve out the enemy within its walls. Aguinaldo cut off the citys food and water supply, the strategy was so effective that the people inside, Spaniards, Filipinos and Aliens suffered from hunger and thirst. It was a matter of weeks before the Spaniards surrendered to Aguinaldo.
20. 20. The Spanish-American Secret Agreement Dewey made use of his inborn diplomatic skill. He thought that the surrender of Manila could be effected without the use of arms, consequently he started negotiations with Augustin, through the Belgian consul, Andre, regarding the surrender of Manila. When the Peninsular Government heard of Augustins plan to surrender, it relieved him as governor and appointed General Fermin Jaudenes. Dewey went so far the promise to hold back the Filipino troops while the mock battle was being enacted. This agreement was so secret that no one else in either camp knows its existence.
21. 21. Beginnings of the Filipino-American Rift Aguinaldo and his forces were laying siege to Manila. This situation was favourable to the Americans, for they did not have to be on the lookout for any hostile Spanish maneuver since the job of watchdog was being done by the Filipino allies. The continuous stream of American reinforcements worried Aguinaldo no end. His suspicions of Ultimate American intentions, however he kept to himself. It seemed that the Americans want to fool us
22. 22. Terms of Capitulation Upon seeing the white flag the Americans made their move. Admiral Dewey sent his flat lieutenant, Brumby, as his representative to the surrender of Manila. It was five in the afternoon when the terms of capi.tulation were agreed upon by the both sides
23. 23. Protocol of Peace Before the mock assault on Manila, Spain and the United States were negotiating for the cessation of hostiles. Spain agreed to sign the terms and conditions. August 12- President McKinley cabled Admiral Dewey in Manila but since Dewey cut the communications during the war, it was delayed until August 16. Thus the mock of battle of Manila would not have been fought and Spanish honor would have been saved if Dewey had not cut the cable earlier.