second intermediate report - european …...case study – salzburg (at) this study was carried out...

Call for tender by open procedure no. 2007.CE.16.0.AT.032 for the ex post evaluation of cohesion policy programmes 2000-2006 co-financed by the European

Fund for Regional Development (Objectives 1 and 2)

Work package 7: “Effectiveness of the Cohesion Policy: Gender Equality and

Demographic Change”

SECOND INTERMEDIATE REPORT: Regional Case Studies

SALZBURG (AT)

IRS, Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale CSIL, Centre for Industrial Studies Prepared for: European Commission

DIRECTORATE GENERAL REGIONAL POLICY Policy Development Evaluation Unit

Case Study – Salzburg (AT)

This study was carried out by a team selected by the Evaluation Unit, DG Regional Policy, European Commission, through a call for tenders by open procedure no. 2007.CE.16.0.AT.032. The consortium selected comprised IRS - Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale (lead partner) and CSIL, Centre for Industrial Studies. The Core Team included: - Manuela Samek Lodovici, Project Director; - Flavia Pesce, Project Coordinator; - Scientific Advisors: Charlotte Höhn (Federal Institute for Population Research); Gianfranco Viesti (University of Bari); Silvia Vignetti; Paola Villa (University of Trento). - Senior experts: Ivana Fellini (University of Milan), Julie Pellegrin; Maria Letizia Tanturri (University of Pavia); Alessandro Valenza; Giancarlo Vecchi (University of Parma). - Research assistants: Silvia Beltrametti; Julien Bollati; Jessica Catalano; Valentina Patrini; Monica Patrizio. A network of country experts provided geographical coverage for the field analysis. The case study presented in this report was carried out by Sandra Naaf (IRS). The authors are grateful for the very helpful comments from the EC staff and particularly to Veronica Gaffey, Kai Stryczynski and José-Luís Calvo de Celis. They also wish to thank the stakeholders and beneficiaries who were available for interviews and data collection for the field analysis. The authors are fully responsible for any errors or omissions. Quotation is authorised as long as the source is acknowledged.

Work Package 7: “Effectiveness of the Cohesion Policy: Gender Equality and Demographic Change”

III

TABLE OF CONTENTS SALZBURG 1

Introduction and main findings .................................................................................................................................... 1

Methodology overview ................................................................................................................................................... 3

1. Salzburg – Regional context ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Salzburg – General economic and social context .................................................................................................. 6

1.2. Salzburg – Overview of demographic change ...................................................................................................... 8

1.3. Salzburg – Overview of gender equality ............................................................................................................. 11

1.4. Salzburg – Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 15

2. Salzburg – Analysis of the ERDF regional strategy and implementation procedures in relation to demographic change and gender equality .................................................................................... 17

2.1. Salzburg – Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 17

2.2. Salzburg – Analysis of the regional strategy and implementation procedure regarding demographic change ............................................................................................................................................................................. 17

2.3. Salzburg – Analysis of the regional strategy and implementation procedure regarding gender equality . 20

2.4. Salzburg – Selected measures for the case studies ............................................................................................. 22

3. Salzburg – Direct and indirect effects of ERDF interventions in enabling adaptation to demographic change ............................................................................................................................. 25

3.1. Salzburg – Outputs of measures concerning demographic change ................................................................. 25

3.2. Salzburg – Results and impacts of measures concerning demographic change ............................................ 27

3.3. Salzburg – Complementarity of ERDF interventions, identified for demographic change, with ESF, LEADER and INTERREG III ........................................................................................................................................ 29

3.4. Salzburg – Sustainability of measures concerning demographic change ....................................................... 30

3.5. Salzburg – Overall assessment of adaptation to demographic change ........................................................... 32

3.6. Salzburg – Lessons learnt and policy implications for demographic change ................................................. 33

4. Salzburg – Direct and indirect effects of ERDF interventions on gender equality: results, direct and indirect effects ................................................................................................................................ 35

4.1. Salzburg – Outputs of measures concerning gender equality .......................................................................... 35

4.2. Salzburg – Results and impacts of measures concerning gender equality ..................................................... 38

4.3. Salzburg – Complementarity of ERDF interventions, identified for gender issue, with ESF, EAGGF and INTERREG ..................................................................................................................................................................... 42

4.4. Salzburg – Sustainability of the measures concerning gender equality .......................................................... 43

4.5. Salzburg – Overall assessment of gender equality ............................................................................................. 44

4.6. Salzburg – Lessons learnt and policy implications for gender issues .............................................................. 46

Annex – Sources of information for Salzburg ............................................................................................. 47


IV

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Salzburg – Key socio-economic figures 6

Table 2: Salzburg – Key figures on demographic change 8

Table 3: Salzburg – Policy interventions in the field of demographic change for the period 2000-2006 10

Table 4: Salzburg – Key facts on equality condition 11

Table 5: Salzburg – Policy interventions in the field of gender equality for the period 2000-2006 14

Table 6: Salzburg – Analysis of the strategy regarding demographic change 17

Table 7: Salzburg – Analysis of the implementation of demographic change 19

Table 8: Salzburg – Analysis of the strategy regarding gender equality 20

Table 9: Salzburg – Analysis of the implementation of gender equality 21

Table 10: Salzburg – Selected measures in relation to demographic change and gender equality for the period 2000-2006 23

Table 11: Salzburg – Performance of the measures adapting to demographic change 26

Table 12: Salzburg – Effectiveness of the measures adapting to demographic change 27

Table 13: Salzburg – Complementary of ERDF interventions, identified for demographic change, with ESF, LEADER+, and Interreg III 29

Table 14: Salzburg – Sustainability of the measures concerning demographic change 30

Table 15: Salzburg – Performance of the measures impacting on gender issues 36

Table 16: Salzburg – Effectiveness of the measures impacting on gender issues 39

Table 17: Salzburg – Complementary of ERDF interventions, identified for gender issue, with ESF, EAGGF, INTERREG 42

Table 18: Salzburg – Sustainability of the measures concerning gender equality 43


V

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Salzburg – Map of the region 5

Figure 2: Salzburg – Annual average rate of GDP growth 2000-2005 (%) 7

Figure 3: Salzburg – Population and working age population by gender 7

Figure 4: Salzburg – Total fertility rate, 2000 9

Figure 5: Salzburg – Employment and unemployment rates by gender 12

Figure 6: Salzburg – Share of women in regional assemblies, 2006 13


VI

Abbreviations

ASVG Allgemeines Sozialversicherungsgesetz (National Insurance Act)

BMS Berufsbildende mittlere Schule (Vocational School)

DG REGIO Directorate General for Regional Policy

EAGGF European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund

EC European Commission

ERDF European Regional Development Fund

ESF European Social Fund

EU European Union

FIFG Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance

GIA Gender Impact Assessment

GDP Gross Domestic Product

ICT Information and Communication Technology

LFS Labour Force Survey

MA Managing Authorities

MTE Mid-Term Evaluation

NAP National Action Plan for Employment

NGO Non governmental organisation

NTI New Technologies of Information

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OP Operational Programme

R&D Research and Development

ROP Regional Operational Programme

SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

SPD Single Programming Document

WP Work Package


1

SALZBURG

Introduction and main findings

The Regional State of Salzburg represents 8.5% of the Austrian territory. It can be divided into two areas: the dynamic urban region in the northern part, including the capital Salzburg, with a high concentration of the economic activities and population; and the southern part, dominated by rural areas. Within the rural area 24 municipalities are in the Objective-2 area and 26 municipalities in the Phasing-out area.1 The economic structure in the rural areas is characterized by small and medium-size enterprises, mainly in the tourism and tourism related sector as well as in the construction and manufacturing sector.

The following analysis aims to assess the performance of the ERDF interventions in the Salzburg Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas with respect to gender equality and adaptation to demographic change.

The analysis of the Single Programming Document and the Programme Complement reveals that the demographic issues, such as depopulation due to out-migration and long-distance commuting have been indirectly tackled through measures supporting the key economic sectors tourism and manufacturing by investments supporting the economic development of peripherical rural areas which might be relevant for the creation of new employment opportunities.

The present case study considers the following working hypotheses as described in the Intermediate Report:

− ERDF interventions may have a potentially medium/high indirect impact on the adaptation to demographic changes regarding rural depopulation and long-distance commuting.

− ERDF interventions may have a potentially medium/high indirect impact on gender equality by providing education facilities.

− ERDF interventions may have a potentially medium/high indirect impact on gender equality, increasing and supporting reconciliation of family and working life and improving the quality of life for both women and men.

The main conclusions are:

1. Measures supporting tourism and manufacturing received the largest ERDF amount and were considerered a priority. Activities in these areas might have a medium indirect impact on demographic change, by creating new job opportunities and reducing long-distance commuting and out-migration. The impact on the local economy is however limited due to the relatively small Programme budget. Indirect impacts in terms of adaptation to demographic change might also be relevant for interventions aimed at improving the attractiveness of the region, which is however difficult to measure.

1 Land Salzburg (1999), Einheitliches Programmplanungsdokument, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Nr. 1260/99, Salzburg.


2

2. Investments in the key employment sectors tourism and manufacturing increase employment possibilities in peripheral rural areas, by stimulating further private and public investments. The stimulation of new areas of employment, such as R&D, helped to diversify employment opportunities.

3. Investments in social infrastructure, such as in educational facilities, are relevant both for the young and elderly generation, as well as for women and men, by improving for example vocational training, which are important activities to reduce educational commuting and out-migration of the working population, and especially the young and female population, by improving their skills for a better labour market integration.

4. The gender equality issue was considered at the Programme design level, but was explicitly recalled in two measures. The creation of two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity shows an attention to gender mainstreaming which might be relevant in a medium-long term. The local Project managers for Equal Opportunity, supporting activities for the sensitization on women’s issues, and the four full-time company child care facilities, which were designed as pilot projects, can be all considered “good practice”.

5. The gender related projects show direct and indirect effects on the employment integration of women and are important for the rural economy, where out-migration of women reduces the number of the available workforce. The reconciliation of work and family life are especially supported by full-time child care facilities. This is relevant both for the gender issue and demographic change, by reducing out-migration and commuting of women.

6. The integration of gender-related activities has been successfull, even if it was limited to two single measures. In order to strengthen gender mainstreaming during programme implementation gender-relevant issues have to be already implemented both in the programme design phase and implementation. For this it is necessary to involve and support the authorities at local and regional levels in all Programme stages.


3

Methodology overview

The following analysis aims to assess the performance of the ERDF interventions in the Salzburg Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas with respect to gender equality and adaptation to demographic change. The desk research was carried out from October to December 2008, based on the analysis of the SPD and the Supplementary Programme Document which consider both Obj. 2 and Phasing-out, and is related to the ERDF Programme period 2000-2006 and 2000-2005 respectively. The research included further analysis of the Mid-Term and the Update Evaluation reports as well as of statistical data.

The field research included a site-visit in Salzburg, where four projects sites were visited and interviews with project managers, heads of the Regional Managements and the Project Manager for Equal Opportunity in Lungau were carried out. Additionally, semi-structured telephone interviews were carried out with managers of the Salzburg Managing Authority2, the Monitoring Administration and the Technical Assistance Administration and telephone interviews with the Pinzgau Project Manager for Equal Opportunity and the Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg, Annual Implementation Report, as well as with project managers.

The analysis was carried out in three successive steps:

− First, a description of the main issues characterising the regional situation with respect to gender equality and adaptation to demographic change, using statistical indicators available from Eurostat and from regional and municipal data sources, was compiled;

− Second, the analysis of the strategy designed in the SPD with respect to gender equality and demographic change, and the implementation and monitoring arrangements adopted according the Supplementary Document and the yearly Monitoring report was performed;

− Finally, an assessment of the selected measures and interventions and their possible effects on gender quality and adaptation to demographic change, and the available monitoring data and the outputs, results and impacts of the interventions according to the documents and interviews was carried out.

2 The Managing Authority of Salzburg is the Government Office of the Land Salzburg, Department No.15 – Economy, Tourism and Energy, Unit Regional Development and EU-Regional Policy.


4


5

1. SALZBURG – REGIONAL CONTEXT

The Regional State of Salzburg (hereafter Salzburg) is a relatively small region representing 8.5% of Austria. It can be divided into two areas: the dynamic urban region in the northern part, including the capital Salzburg, with a high concentration of the economic activities and population; and the southern part, dominated by rural areas. The rural area includes 71 municipalities, of which 24 are in the Objective 2 area (including municipalities in the county of Lungau and the western part of Pinzgau) and 26 in the Phasing-out area (covering some municipalities in Pongau and Tennengau, and Pinzgau).3

Figure 1: Salzburg – Map of the region

Source: DG Regio.

The rural area is characterized by alpine Highlands and divided in four main valleys, where most of the villages are situated. There are only a few cities in the rural area: three in Pinzgau (Obj.2) and three in Pongau and one in Tennengau (Phasing-out), while in Lungau are none. The rural area has a low population density (33 inhabitants/km2), as only 37% of the total population of Salzburg lives

3 Land Salzburg (1999), Einheitliches Programmplanungsdokument, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Nr. 1260/99, Salzburg.


6

in these areas. The area is accessible by good infrastructures (public buses) connecting the valleys to the capital of Salzburg (it is approximately a one-hour drive to Salzburg from the larger rural centres), while from remote rural villages it takes more than 30 minutes to reach the next larger rural settlement.

The economic structure in the rural areas is characterized by small and medium-size enterprises. In these areas, the economy is highly dependent on tourism and tourist related services, as well as on construction and manufacturing.

The primary sector, including agriculture (mainly grassland cultivation and animal husbandry) and forestry, has been in decline since the 1950s, and its contribution to the GDP and employment is relatively small (around 4% and 5% respectively).4

The industrial sector, mainly based on small or medium-sized enterprises, covers about one third of the total employment, mainly in the forestry industry (wood), furniture, construction and related services like trade and transport. Activities in R&D are underdeveloped.5

The most relevant economic activities are in the tertiary sector, concentrating nearly 70% of the employment, with high rates of employment in the catering and hotel business.6 This is especially the case in the rural areas, where nearly 50% of the population works in the tourism sector. The dependency on tourism and tourist related services is relatively high, influenced by the high seasonal fluctuation of employment opportunities. Compared to the national level, activities in trade, commerce and manufacturing-related services are lower than average.

1.1. Salzburg – General economic and social context

Table 1: Salzburg – Key socio-economic figures

Indicator Regional level National level EU25 level

2000 2006 ∆ 2000 2006 ∆ 2000 2006 ∆

GDP per capita (in PPS EU27=100) 149.8 142.7* -7.1 133. 5 127.4 -6.1 105.0 103.9 -1.1

Total Employment rate (15 years and over, %)

60.7 60.6 -0.1 56.4 57.3 0.9 51.1 52.9 1.8

Total Unemployment rate (15 years and over, %)

2.3 3.1 0.8 3.5 4.7 1.2 9.2 8.2 -1.0

Population (thousands)

517** 527* 2.0% 8,012 8,282 3.4% 452,658 464,765 2.7%

Working age Population (15 -64 years, thousands)

352 362* 2.9% 5,410 5,582 3.2% 303,701 312,014 2.7%

Source: CSIL and IRS processing on Eurostat data. * Data at 2005; ** Data at 2001.

4 Land Salzburg (1999) 5 Salzburg Statistics (2008), Salzburg, Österreich, EU, Ein Vergleich statistischer Daten. 6 Salzburg Statistics (2008)


7

According to the Eurostat data, in 2005, the Salzburg GDP per capita (142.7) was well above the national (127.4) and EU25 (103.9) level, but has declined by 7.1% since 2000, a drop greater than the national economic trend, where the decline was 6.1%. Between 2000 and 2006, the GDP annual average growth rate was lower (2.8%) than on the national (3.1%) and EU25 levels (3.7%) (See Figure 2).7

Figure 2: Salzburg – Annual average rate of GDP growth 2000-2005 (%)

2.8%3.1%

3.7%

0.0%

1.0%

2.0%

3.0%

4.0%

5.0%

SALZBURG AUSTRIA EU25

Source: CSIL and IRS processing on Eurostat data, on the base of a GDP at current prices (in millions of euro).

The employment rate in Salzburg (60.6%), both for 2000 and 2006, was above the national (57.3%) and EU25 (52.9%) levels, and the unemployment rate was much lower in Salzburg (3.1%) with respect to the national level (4.7%), indicating a high level of employment. The increase in unemployment during the programme period (2000-2006) in Salzburg (+0.8%) remained well below the national level (1.2%), but affected population groups to a different extent.

The total Salzburg population was 527,000 inhabitants (2006), of which approximately 37% live in the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas. The population increased during the programme period by 2.0%, due to a positive birth rate (though with rates below preservation, with actually 1.4 children per women) and a small positive migration rate. Despite this, the total population growth rate is lower than at the national (3.4%) and EU25 (2.7%) level.

Figure 3: Salzburg – Population and working age population by gender

51.7%48.3%

51.5% 48.5%

51.6%48.4% 51.4% 48.6%

51.3% 48.7% 51.2% 48.8%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

F M F M

2000 2006

% of Total PopulationSALZBURGAUSTRIAEU25

50.6% 49.4% 50.6% 49.4%

49.9% 50.1% 49.9% 50.1%

50.0% 50.0% 49.9% 50.1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

F M F M

2000 2006

% of Total Working age PopulationSALZBURGAUSTRIAEU25

Source: CSIL and IRS processing on Eurostat data. Data at 2001 and 2005 for Salzburg Total Population by gender; Data at 2005 for Salzburg and Austria Working age Population by gender.

7 The Eurostat data presented in the tables refers to Regional State of Salzburg, including the capital Salzburg and municipalities which are not part of the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas. Differences in the economic performance might therefore be relevant for the peripheral rural areas, such as the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out area, which tend to be economically less productive and show less diversification in economic activities.


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1.2. Salzburg – Overview of demographic change

1.2.1. The regional situation of demographic change

In 2006, the crude rate of the natural population increase in Salzburg was 2.1%, more than fivefold that at the national level (0.4%). Nonetheless, compared to the year 2000, it has diminished by -0.2%, while the national average increased by 0.2%. The positive net migration increased slightly (by 0.8%) to 2.3%, even if it remains below the national level, which increased by 1.3 %.

However, population growth rates vary from region to region. Population growth can be found mainly in the economic centres, while rural areas have a slightly lower increase, due to higher out-migration rates. During the 1990s, of the 71 rural municipalities, 29 registered a negative out-migration, of which 12 were in Obj.2 and 14 in the Phasing-out region.8 Within the Obj.2 and Phasing-out areas, long-distance commuting and out-migration remain an important challenge. The main reason is the lack of jobs and seasonal fluctuations, given the regional economic structure: while tourism dominates in the winter, offering more jobs for women, during the summer more jobs are offered in the wood and construction industry for men. High-level job opportunities are relatively scarce, leading to a brain-drain of more educated (young) persons to the cities (Salzburg, Graz, and Vienna).

Table 2: Salzburg – Key figures on demographic change


2000 2005 ∆ 2000 2006 ∆ 2000 2006 ∆

Crude rate of population natural increase (%)

2.3 2.1 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8 1.2 0.4

Crude rate of net migration (%)

1.6 2.3 0.8 2.2 3.5 1.3 1.6 3.5 1.9

Old age dependency ratio (%)

19.6 21.1 1.5 22.9 24.4 1.5 23.4 25.1 1.7

Source: CSIL and IRS processing on Eurostat data.

According to the Salzburg Statistics, between 2001 and 2006, the age composition of the population changed, with an increasing old-age dependency ratio: the number of people above 60 years old increased by 11%, the number of young people aged 15 and below declined by 5%. During the same period, the 15 to 60 year old group increased by 1.9%.9 The fertility rate in 1999 was below replacement level (1.4 children per women in 1999).10

8 Land Salzburg (1999), Einheitliches Programmplanungsdokument, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Genehmigte Version gem. VO (EG) Nr. 1260/99, Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2sbg-eppdversion20070301.pdf 9 Salzburg Statistics (2008), Bevölkerung. 10 Salzburg Statistics (2008), Bevölkerung.


9

Figure 4: Salzburg – Total fertility rate, 2000

1.4 1.41.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0


Source: ESPON for the Regional total fertility rate, data available at 1999. Eurostat for the National and European total fertility rate.

In Salzburg, the positive net migration has mainly been influenced by international migration, while the net migration of nationals has been negative during the last years (see Table 2). Currently, 12.3% of the total population in Salzburg are foreigners, remaining at a comparable level to 2001 (+0.4%), mainly due to the naturalization of foreigners. Despite this, the total net migration has declined notably since 2003, due to a decline of international migration and an increase of out-migration from nationals. This might be somehow influenced by the adaptation of national legislation towards EU legislation during recent years, as well as by the economic transformation of the Eastern European countries.

1.2.2. The regional policy context in relation to demographic change

In Austria, no specific policy framework tackles demographic change directly but the issue is considered indirectly. Austria has an articulated social care system, which is related to different social issues covering all population groups. The Federally-based social insurance scheme and the social assistance system (Sozialhilfe) guarantee minimum social protection such as sickness, maternity, work, injury, unemployment, and retirement, which are particularly relevant for demographics.

The Austrian National Action Plan for Employment (NAP) focus on the creation of employment and general benefit measures for population groups which tend to be excluded from the labour market. To reach this aim, several initiatives and labour market measures have been implemented on the national and regional levels in order to increase employment, integrate young people, the long-term unemployed, the disabled, women and migrants into the labour market, and increase the employment rate of older workers and the low qualified.

The pension system reform concerns the issue of aging population, which has only recently become an important political target. Adapting the care system has therefore become necessary and was carried out during the 2000-2006 Programme Period. The reforms of the laws pertaining to foreigners were carried out both at national and regional levels, in light of changing migration patterns and the need to regulate the in-migration of foreigners.


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Table 3: Salzburg – Policy interventions in the field of demographic change for the period 2000-2006

Name and year of the intervention

Main category of intervention

Brief description Level of

government Resources allocation

Foreigner Law 1997, BGBl. 1, No. 75. modified by BGBl. I No. 69/2002

Reform on Foreigner law

Modification of the national law for immigration.

National n.a.

Territorial Employment Pact (TEPs 2000-2006) Business support

Initiatives for the improvement of the economic and employment situation

National and Regional

n.a.

National Insurance Act (ASVG), 2003

Pension reform Modification of the pension system National n.a.

Note: ranked in a chronological order with thematic separation.

Territorial Employment Pact

At the national and regional levels, several initiatives were implemented during the Programme period to stimulate the labour market and increase employment. The main programme in this area was the Territorial Employment Pact11, implemented in 1996. The Pact was based on regional partnerships in order to stimulate the employment situation at the regional and local levels. The main task was to prepare working programmes and coordinate the different policy fields (employment and labour market policies, economic and infrastructural policies, policies for women and families, etc.) in order to increase the use of resources and coordinate labour market policies with social and economic policies. This Pact also aimed at the inclusion of disadvantaged population groups and gender mainstreaming was considered an important aspect. Activities to this end included consultation on legislation, guidance and information, as well as support to credit and finance access, tax reductions and reductions of registration and credit fees.

Other important initiatives were in the field of education, for example through education vouchers and counselling services targeted at specific groups (women, young people, the elderly and the disabled), in order to increase their skills and facilitate their integration into the labour market.

Laws regarding Foreigners

The national Foreigner law of 1997 (Fremdengesetz) was modified by the law BGBl. I No. 69 in 2002. The modification of the law, referring to third-country nationals who have resided in Austria since 1 January 1998 or with residence permission since 1 January 2003 has lead to a general restriction for foreigners due to the implementation of an “Integration package”. Foreigners living in Austria since 1998 have to fulfil a 100 hour language course, with financial sanctions for those who do not pass the exam. In case of non-fulfilment of the requirement, after four years, foreigners can be expelled. Restrictions also concern labour migration as work permits are valid for one year, except for those persons who work in particular key areas with an income of more than 1,962 €. The introduction of admission quotas has lead to a decline in migration inflows.

11 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/innovation/innovating/pacts/down/pdf/guideat_de.pdf


11

National Insurance Act

On the 11 June 2003, the Parliament implemented several modifications to the National Insurance Act (Allgemeines Sozialversicherungsgesetz – ASVG), regulating pensions. The modifications were related to the increase in retirement age from current 56.5 years for women (born after October 1957) and 61.5 years for men (born after October 1952) to 60 years (women) and 65 years (men), the adaptation of the pension entitlement, and the reduction of the recognition of the child-care period for women from 24 months to 18 months. Other modifications were related to long-term unemployed older people, who can no longer go into early retirement. The reform was necessary in order to adapt the national insurance system to the changing population composition, especially due to the aging population and the longer life-expectancy.

1.3. Salzburg – Overview of gender equality

1.3.1. The regional situation of Gender Equality

Table 4: Salzburg – Key facts on equality condition


2000 2006 ∆ 2000 2006 ∆ 2000 2006 ∆

Gender gap in employment rate* (%)

17.2 15.1 -2.1 19.5 15.1 -4.4 18.1 15.5 -2.6

Gender gap in unemployment rate** (%) -0.5 -0.9 -0.4 -0.5 -0.9 -0.4 -2.6 -0.7 1.9

Source: CSIL and IRS processing on Eurostat data. * Difference between the male and the female employment rates. ** Difference between the male and the female unemployment rates.

During the programming period, the female employment rate in Salzburg increased by 0.7%, while at the national level it increased by 3% (see figure 5).

The regional gender gap, which was lower than the national average in the year 2000, declined in 2006 by -4.4% at the national level. Due to this, the gender gap at regional and national levels reached the same level (15.1%). Differences in women’s employment rates can be found within the region: while in Salzburg 76.1% of the females are employed, in the Obj. 2 area the rate is much lower.12 In Salzburg, the employment rate of foreign women (66.1% in 2005) is lower than that of foreign men (85.9%), and lower than the employment rates of national women.13

12 The rate is 67.3% (men 89%) in Pinzgau and 63.4% (men 87.7%) in Lungau, while in the Phasing-out areas it is 71.2% (men 89.1%) in Pongau, and 72.6% (men 88.0%) in Tennengau (2004). According to the Salzburg Statistics, 40% of women work in part-time jobs (compared to 19% of men) or in marginal employment, while only 40% work full-time. http://www.salzburg.gv.at. 13 http://salzburg.spoe.at/land/content/view/full/13774/


12

Gender segregation14 by sector is also relevant: 64% of women work in the tourism, health and educational sector, while only 17% work in male-dominated sectors, such as construction, manufacturing or transport. In the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out rural areas, the tourism sector is the most important employer for women, while men mainly work in the manufacturing and construction sectors.15

In Salzburg and at the national level, the female unemployment rate (3.6%) in 2006 was slightly higher than that of the male unemployment rate (2.7%). Differences are however relevant within the region: in the rural areas, with seasonal employment opportunity variations the tourism sector (mainly for women), and in the manufacturing and construction sector (for men), this rate can vary strongly according to the seasonal period, and is lower for women than for men both in the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out area.

Figure 5: Salzburg – Employment and unemployment rates by gender

52.6

69.8

53.3

68.4

47.1

66.6

50.1

65.2

42.4

60.5

45.4

60.9

01020304050607080

F M F M

2000 2006

Employment rate by gender SALZBURG

AUSTRIA

EU25

2.6 2.13.6

2.73.8 3.3

5.24.3

10.7

8.19.0

8.3

0

3

6

9

12

15

F M F M

2000 2006

Unemployment rate by genderSALZBURGAUSTRIAEU25

Source: CSIL and IRS processing on Eurostat data. Data refer to the population aged 15 and over.

Gender gaps are however relevant in income levels: the average income of women tends to be 40% lower than income for men. According to the “Report on Poverty among Women”16, the average income (in 2000) in rural areas both for men and women was below the Salzburg average and lower for women. Income differences are also influenced by the type of employment: in Salzburg, the gender gap in income is lower for public employees, while it is more relevant for employees in the private market. These disparities can be also explained by the higher number of part-time female employees and the high number of women working in family businesses.

Women have lower education levels than men, also related to the structural disadvantages in the rural areas where society tends to be more traditional with few educational facilities.17. More women finish a vocational school (Berufsbildende mittlere Schule – BMS) than men (around 14%), while men mostly carried out apprenticeships (50-53%). The educational gap in the rural areas is also related to the age composition of the female population, with more than 36% of 60 years or older.

14 Gender segregation in the labour market refers to the concentration of women and men in different sectors and in different jobs: women are usually overrepresented in the health and education sector and in public administration. Women usually predominate in lower valued and lower paid occupations, while are under-represented in managerial and senior positions. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=682&langId=en 15 In Lungau (in 2004) 19.2% of the female jobs are in tourism, while in Pongau it is 27.1% and in Pinzgau nearly 30%, and in Pongau 21.7% of the male population, 20.9% in Pinzgau and 23.9% in Lungau work in the construction sector. 16 Land Salzburg (2002), Frauenarmut Bericht 2002, Salzburg. 17 Salzburg Statistics (2004), Frauenzahlen 2004 – for Pinzgau, Lungau, Pongau and Tennengau. http://www.salzburg.gv.at


13

Figure 6: Salzburg – Share of women in regional assemblies, 2006

31.0 30.0 30.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0


Source: DG Employment for the share of women in regional assemblies, data available at 2006.

In 2006, the share of women in regional assemblies in Salzburg was 31%, and therefore slightly above the national and EU levels at 30%. Differences are present at the regional level, especially in rural areas. The representation of women remains lower in the rural areas of Salzburg, where traditional social structures dominate.18

1.3.2. The regional policy context in relation to gender equality

Since 1979 Austria has implemented Equality Legislation, mainly aimed at regulating equality between men and women in the labour market sector. Gender Equality was fostered by the Ministry for Womenʹs Affairs, created in 1991. Since then, women´s issues have been included in the Federal political agenda. The EU accession process in the 1990s lead to the implementation of the Equal Treatment Framework, also at the provincial government level, based on models set by the Federal Legislation.

In 1993, the Federal Equal Treatment Act for Civil Servants and Employees was passed, which dealt with work contracts conditions for Federal employees. This law provided the legal basis for the integration of gender aspects within Federal administration. Each governmental Ministry department established an Equal Treatment Commissioner, which are members of the Equal Treatment Boards of the Ministries. The Equal Treatment Board, established in 1993, is responsible for equality legislation. Since 2003, the Federal Ministry for Health and Women’s Affairs is above all responsible for women´s affairs. In addition, two inter-ministerial working groups were established at the governmental level: the working group for Gender Equality makes proposals and gives advice on matters concerning equal treatment and career advancement for women in Federal public service, the second working group deals with matters concerning Gender mainstreaming and developing strategies and methods at the ministerial level.

Several legislations have tackled issues affecting women. Besides the Legislation on Equal Opportunity, targeting both women and other disadvantaged groups (like the disabled and migrants), the legislation for child-care services also targets women indirectly, due to the fact that they have been traditionally responsible for the care of children. Another important and relatively

18 Land Salzburg (1999), Einheitliches Programmplanungsdokument, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Genehmigte Version gem. VO (EG) Nr. 1260/99, Salzburg, and Salzburg Statistics (2004), Frauenzahlen 2004.


14

young piece of legislation it the Act against Violence, first established in 1997, which aims to protect women from domestic violence. This legislation is considered good practice on the European level.

Table 5: Salzburg – Policy interventions in the field of gender equality for the period 2000-2006

Name and year of the intervention

Main category of intervention

Brief description Level of

government Resources Allocation

Act on Protection against Domestic Violence, 1997

Other (Protection against domestic violence)

Provision of support for people affected by violence in the domestic sphere. Installation of “intervention centres”.

Regional n.a.

Legislation on Equal Opportunity LGBI no. 46/2001

Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in public and governmental institutions.

Regional n.a.

Regulation on child-care services LGBl. No. 47/2002

Social Services Comprehensive child-care services. Regional € 21,7 M19

Note: ranked in a chronological order with thematic separation.

Protection against Domestic Violence Act

The first Protection against Domestic Violence Act went into force on 1 May 1997 and was twice amended, on 1 January 2000 and in 2004. This act provides protection for the victims of family violence, i.e. mainly women and children, but also for people living together independently of their relationship and is therefore extended also to unmarried cohabitating partners or to other persons living together. The relatively wide extension of protection, based on a combination of legal and social measures, is also extended to migrants, the disabled and mentally ill, men and children. The act, which is regarded as a ʺbest practice modelʺ throughout Europe, provides protection to the victim from an offender in the living environment and is extended to the social surroundings. Police are entitled to deliver evictions and barring orders on perpetrators.

There are newly established “intervention centres” in each of the nine Austrian Regional States, which provide counselling, housing and support to people affected by domestic violence.20 The “intervention centres” are non-governmental organizations, subsidized by the Ministries of the Interior and the Ministry responsible for women (currently the Ministry for social security and generations which work closely together with the police, youth welfare institutions and family court.

Legislation on Equal Opportunity

In Salzburg, Equal Opportunity legislation was implemented (LGBI no. 30/1996) in 1996, with an amendment in 2001 by LGBI no. 46/2001. The aim of the L-GBG was to combat discrimination and to strengthen the integration of women. It aimed at improving equal opportunity through the integration of special measures on regional and municipal levels to reach this goal.

19 http://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/fileadmin/downloads/Teilberichte/Salzburg/Salzburg_2007_01/Salzburg_2007_01_2.pdf 20 Haller, B. (2005), The Austrian Legislation against Domestic Violence, Report for CAHRV – Coordination Action against Human Rights Violations.


15

The legislation provided a general framework for the protection of women against any form of discrimination due to gender, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation and disability, as a private person or as a public employee. The legislation also provided for particular measures for the encouragement of women on federal and local levels, in order to achieve de facto equal opportunity between women and men.

Two decrees were implemented in order to improve the women’s integration.21 Several measures were also set out for career advancement, work life balance, gender divided statistics gathering in public institutions.22 On 1 February 2006 the Federal legislation was amended (LGBI, No.31/2003).23

Legislation on child-care services

The legislation on child-care services at the regional level (Salzburger Kinderbetreuungsgesetz LGBI (No. 47/2002), has been in force since March 2002 and aims at guaranteeing each child adequate care, following different models according to age group.

The most common child-care facility is the Kindergarten, which provides social care for 3-6 year-old children, while there are also services for both older and younger children, although facilities are fewer. Nearly one third of the facilities in Salzburg are private institutions.24

Municipalities have to offer adequate services to each child, also to children with special needs (for instance, due to disability or children of foreigners with little language knowledge). Each child has a right to max. 20 hours of care per week. The costs of public child-care facilities are covered by a municipal contribution (ca. 80%) and the parent fees (ca. 17%).25

The territorial coverage varies, and rural areas especially have a lower number of facilities. Kindergarten only accepts children from 3-6 years, while children from 1 to 3 years are accepted in crawling groups which are not offered by all municipalities, and especially in rural areas.

1.4. Salzburg – Conclusion

1. Although in Salzburg the population is increasing, the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas are highly affected by out-migration and long-term commuting of the active age population. Depopulation is the most important challenge for the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas, while the changing composition of the population (especially due to aging) was not relevant in the programming period 2000 to 2006.

2. Although in Salzburg unemployment is low, it is higher in the rural areas due to seasonal occupational fluctuations, affecting women and men differently: while employment

21 On 1 April 2000, the Decree for the support of female employees in public hospitals (Frauenförderplan für die Landeskliniken) was implemented, which meets the particular needs of employed women. This included the adaptation of working times and the improvement of working conditions. On May 2004, a second decree to support female employees in Federal institutions (Frauenförderplan für den Landesdienst) was introduced. 22 http://www.salzburg.gv.at/pdf-if-3-04_sbg.pdf 23 Salzburger Gleichbehandlungsgesetz, http://www.salzburg.gv.at/themen/gv/frauen/chancengleichheit.htm 24 Rechnungshof (2007), Wirkungsbereich des Landes Salzburg, Kinderbetreuung, Wien. 25 The fee for parents varies, according to the region and the type of child-care facility, and also according to the parents’ income.


16

opportunities in the tourism sector are high for women in the winter season, it is better during the summer time for men, who mainly work in the wood and construction industry.

3. These areas are further characterized by gender disparities in employment and income, related, on the one hand, to the economic structure, and on the other, to the low provision of social care infrastructures in the remote rural areas, like child-care facilities, thus hampering women’s access to labour and education. The traditional division of gender roles persist in rural areas, influencing the acceptance of the reconciliation between employment and family duties. Even if the gender gap in the employment rate has declined over the programming period by more than 2%, income differences between men and women are still relevant, reflecting the lower female participation in the labour market.

4. The share of women in regional assemblies is slightly above the national level, but in the rural areas there still persists weak representation of women in the municipalities, also due to traditional gender roles.

5. At the national as well as the regional state levels, different policies have been adopted to face demographic changes and to support gender equality. Social cohesion is a priority of the national policy, guaranteed by widespread social security support measures provided for by the National Insurance Act. At the regional level, the regional development legislation (Regional Planning Act) gives great responsibility to the municipalities and regions in adapting the regional development strategies. The implementation of the Gender Equality legislation at the regional level was initiated in 2001 and it is an important and necessary step in adjusting balanced development and fostering the women’s participation. The regional legislation on child-care facilities is advanced, but despite this, differences exist according to regional coverage, which is lower in rural areas, and the opening hours of public facilities are not organized to meet women’s needs.

6. Activities supported by the ERDF for Salzburg are carried out in the southern rural areas (both Obj. 2 and Phasing-out), where the economic development is lower compared to the regional average.


17

2. SALZBURG – ANALYSIS OF THE ERDF REGIONAL STRATEGY AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURES IN RELATION TO DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND GENDER EQUALITY

2.1. Salzburg – Introduction

In Salzburg, the SPD and the Supplementary Programme Document includes both the Obj. 2 and the Phasing-out areas. The total ERDF budget is € 18.5 M, of which 74% was spent in the Obj. 2 area during the years 2000 to 2006 and 26% in the Phasing-out municipalities during the years 2000 to 2005.26 This chapter will provide an overview of the general and priority objectives of the SPD, which are the same for Obj. 2 and the Phasing-out areas, with the exception of two measures.

2.2. Salzburg – Analysis of the regional strategy and implementation procedure regarding demographic change

The main focus of the SPD is related to the structural adjustment in the peripheral rural districts, concentrating on the tourism and manufacturing sector and on regional development. The SPD tackles three relevant demographic aspects: unemployment, long-distance commuting and out-migration, by focusing on the improvement of economic conditions in the rural area. There have been no activities directly implemented for population groups like the elderly or the young, as this was not intended by the Programme design. These groups are supposed to be targeted by other EU programmes, such as the ESF or LEADER+. However, some interventions implemented did target these groups indirectly.

Table 6: Salzburg – Analysis of the strategy regarding demographic change

General objective

- Improvement of the competitiveness of enterprises by innovation in the tourism and manufacturing sector, in order to improve productivity considering the advantage of location and the regional economical structure;

- Reduction of unemployment, out-migration and long-distance commuting, with special attention on women and young people;

- Support to regional competitiveness, protection of natural resources and of the cultural landscape.

Priority objectives

Priority I “Tourism and Leisure” is aimed at the improvement of the quality of tourism infrastructure and services including the modernisation and development of new tourist services. Through this investments employment opportunities will be stimulated.

Priority II “Manufacturing and Producer Services” is aimed at the development of the manufacturing sector, through the creation of clusters of important regional economical sectors (such as wood industry) and stimulation of R&D projects. This will improve the competiveness and stimulate economic development by creating new jobs less affected by seasonal fluctuation and secure long-term employment.

Priority III “Cross-sectoral Regional Development” focuses on the cross-target issues “Equal Opportunity”, “Environmental Protection”, “Regional Management” and “Regional Cooperation”. This includes activities for supporting cooperation among regional players and the improvement of environmental quality.

Specific Objectives (measure)

Measures with a high potential to influence the adoption to demographic change are: - Priority I, Measure 1 “Improvement of tourist facilities through enterprise investments

and cooperation” foresees investments in tourism enterprises for the improvement of

26 Data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg (Department No.15 – Economy, Toruism and Energy, Unit Regional Development and EU-Regional Policy). This data refers to the total accumulated expenditure up to 17.11.2008.


18

the tourism infrastructure and service quality. This might stimulate the tourism sector and help to secure and stimulate jobs.

- Priority I, Measure 2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attraction” supports the tourism sector by creating and diversifying the supra-entrepreneurial tourist infrastructure as in the cultural, sport or health sector.

- Priority II, Measure 1 “Innovative Research & Development projects” supports R&D projects, in order to stimulate the production of innovative products. This is supposed to create employment for the highly-qualified.

- Priority II, Measure 2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises, maintaining existent companies and attracting SME” promotes the start-up of enterprises and the attraction of new investments in the production sector for the creation of high-quality jobs in the research & development sector.

- Priority III, Measure 3 “Regional Management” is aimed at strengthening regional structures through cooperation within the rural region and increasing regional potential by supporting regional players.

- Priority III, Measure 4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities” provides educational facilities. This might reduce the number of “educational commuters” and improve the educational skills for better labour market integration.

Context analysis

Context analysis includes an analysis of several demographic indicators. The development of the total population due to migration or aging, as well as educational level. Socio-economic data on employment and unemployment and on the income situation are also considered. While data is provided for the rural areas, special attention is given to data on the Obj.2 and Phasing-out areas.

Involvement of the stake holder in the design phase

There were no Stakeholders involved regarding the demographic issues.

The Programme Priorities I, II and III are related to structural adjustments and regional development in the peripheral rural districts through investments in the tourism and manufacturing sectors. The indirect effects are supposed to be the reduction of out-migration and long-distance commuting through the provision of new employment possibilities in the main economic sectors and of highly-qualified jobs in R&D. Another aspect of the implemented measures is related to the improvement of the quality of life, through new infrastructural facilities, which might also indirectly stimulate the tourism or education sectors.

The relevant measures27 indirectly tackling demographic change are:

• Measure I.1 “Improvement of tourist services through enterprise investments and cooperation”: this measure supported enterprises in tourist services and investments of new infrastructures creating new employment opportunities.

• Measure I.2 “Infrastructure improvement and destination attraction”: investments in the cultural, sport and health sector might improve the life-quality of the local population and strengthen the region as a tourist destination, stimulating the creation of new employment.

• Measure II.1 “Innovative Research & Development projects”: this measure supports R&D projects for the implementation of new products and the creation of new highly qualified jobs. This might reduce out-migration and help to diversify the regional labour market.

27 Of the 13 initially implemented Measures, three have been integrated into other Measures: Measure I.2: “Counselling and Qualifications for enterprises and cooperation”, Measure I.3 “Start-up and young employers”, and Measure II.5 “Improvement of the infrastructural and organisational framework in the manufacturing sector”.


19

• Measure II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises maintain existent companies and attract SME”: the financial support to SMEs in the manufacturing sector may stimulate the growth of the enterprises and may help to create new employment opportunities, including high-quality jobs. This is especially relevant for the rural region, as this sector is less affected by seasonal variations than, for example, the tourism sector.

• Measure III.3 “Regional Management”: the main aim of this measure is to strengthen regional structures through cooperation within the region and the improvement of regional potentials. Regional Management aims to motivate regional players to participate in projects and also support the integration of women.

• Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”: the support and provision of educational facilities, especially in rural areas with a low density of educational facilities, might influence the number of educational commuters and support social cohesion by upgrading the population educational level (in the case of young people), and support life-long learning and reduce social exclusion (of elder people).

Table 7: Salzburg – Analysis of the implementation of demographic change

Monitoring arrangements specific for demographic change

For some measures, the monitoring system provides the impact indicator: “number of jobs created”: for Measure I.1; Measure I.3; Measure II.1; Measure II.2; Measure II.3.

Stake-holder participation to the Monitoring Committee

No stake-holders in the field of demographic change have been involved in the Monitoring Committee.

Stake-holders participation to the evaluation activities/process

No stake-holders in the field of demographic change were included in the evaluation activities.

Design and effectiveness of the project selection criteria regarding demographic change

The project selection criteria considered demographic change through the selection of projects which were expected to have

an important effect on the employment situation, indirect effects on economic and regional development.

The monitoring indicators are not related directly to demographic change issues, but indirect effects can be considered through the impact-indicator on the “number of new jobs created”, as positive effects on area depopulation due to long-distance commuting are indirectly expected by the creation of new jobs.

Other indicators useful for assessing effects on demographic issues are those regarding the number of participants within the educational facilities divided by gender, adopted for the Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”.

Other output-indicators are: the number of projects supported the type of enterprises involved (organized according to size and period of set-up), project type and category, and the number of projects within the rural or urban area. According to the last indicator, all initiatives were adopted in rural areas.


20

2.3. Salzburg – Analysis of the regional strategy and implementation procedure regarding gender equality

Table 8: Salzburg – Analysis of the strategy regarding gender equality

General objective

Within the SPD “Gender mainstreaming” is considered a cross-cutting principle. The general objective is to reduce unemployment, out-migration and long-distance commuting. Women are considered to be a particular target group.

Axis objectives

One priority is directly related to the gender equality issue: Priority III “Cross-Sectoral Regional Development” aims to stimulate regional development by strengthening regional structures, supporting environmental protection and gender mainstreaming.

Specific Objective (measure)

Two measures are directly oriented towards gender-specific issues: - Priority III, Measure 3 “Regional Management”: Creation of two Project Managers for

Equal Opportunity for developing gender-related projects and sensitise project executives, organisations and the population regarding gender equality issues.

- Priority III, Measure 4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”: Improvement the labour market participation of women and mothers, by supporting the creation of company child-care facilities and vocational and educational training facilities.

Measures which might target gender equality issues indirectly are: - Priority I, Measure 1 “Improvement of tourist facilities through enterprise investments

and cooperation”: Focusing on tourist enterprises, which are an important job giver for women.

- Priority I, Measure 2 “Improvement of the infrastructure and destination attraction”: through investments in tourist related fields (for example health, culture etc.), positive effects on employment and life-quality are expected to be relevant for women.

Context analysis

The SPD includes gender-related data and a specific chapter on women, considering socio-economic data on employment and unemployment, income and education, and data on their representation in regional assemblies.

Involvement of the stake holder in the design phase

The Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg was involved as a Committee Member.

The Salzburg Commissioner for Gender Equality was involved in the Committee during the design phase of the Programme, in order to guarantee the integration of the gender aspect within the Programme implementation. Two measures have been identified as gender-specific, both included in Priority III “Cross-Regional development”.

• Measure III.3 “Regional Management”: Upon the initiative of the Regional Equal Opportunity Commissioner, two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity have been employed within two Regional Managements (both Obj.2), in order to support gender-specific projects.28 This measure, the first pilot project in Austria, was an important step in promoting gender mainstreaming and is considered a “Good practice” for gender mainstreaming in ERDF programmes, although their work was limited, as they did not have their own budget available, due to the time limits (part-time position) and due to the learning process of the involved

28 At regional level, each county has its own government, which works independently. There is each one Regional Management for Pinzgau, Lungau and Pongau, tree areas, which are also separated geographically (see map in the introduction).


21

groups. The activities include the support of the building up of women networks and workshops and seminars as well as presentations on women’s issues.29

• Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities by the creation and the extension of adult education and child-care facilities”: this measure aimed to improve the labour market participation of women and mothers through two activities: the setting-up of company child-care facilities, and the building of an educational facility to improve their educational skills.30

Within Priority I and II, no relevant measures were implemented that directly consider gender equality or as a cross-cutting issue. However indirect effects on gender equality can be assumed in the Measures I.1 and I.2 which both target the tourism sector, an important sector for the employment of women. The gender mainstreaming approach was therefore not included in all measures.

Table 9: Salzburg – Analysis of the implementation of gender equality

Monitoring arrangements specific for gender issues

Measure 3 “Regional Management”: Impact indicators: Number of projects promoting equal opportunity/ number of projects mainly oriented to equal opportunity/ number of projects neutral to equal opportunity. Measure 4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities” Output indicators: Number of company child-care facilities, number of training and educational facilities Impact indicators: Number of participants in training courses; number of projects promoting equal opportunity, number of projects mainly oriented to equal opportunity, number of projects neutral to equal opportunity.

Stake-holder participation to the Monitoring Committee

The Equal Opportunity Commissioner of the Region Salzburg (Frauenbeauftragte) was involved in the Monitoring Committee.

Stake-holders participation to the evaluation activities/process

The external Evaluators were involved in a workshop on gender-issues.31

Design and effectiveness of the projects selection criteria used for gender mainstreaming

The gender aspect has only been considered in the project selection within the two gender-specific measures. For the other measures (within Priority I and II), gender aspects were not considered in the project selection.

The monitoring system includes an impact indicator related to gender equality. This indicator classifies projects in relation to their capacity to promote equal opportunity: as “promoting equal opportunities/mainly oriented to equal opportunities/neutral to equal opportunities”.

This classification was carried out by the administration unit (Förderstelle) responsible for the project selection, without having received any indication or recommendation on how to consider and measure the gender aspect in the projects. A gender-project-guide was elaborated only in 2005 by the Project Manager of Pinzgau in cooperation with the Office for Women´s Affairs and Gender Equality of the Salzburg region in order to guide project developers to consider gender aspects in

29 The budget for these activities was provided by Measure III.4, public funds and/or the Salzburg Office for Women´s Affairs and Gender Equality 30 This facility offers also courses attended by elderly people (see chapter on demography). 31 To support gender mainstreaming in the evaluation process, a workshop on gender mainstreaming was organised in 2003 by the Coordination and Working Platform Evaluation (KAP-EVA), implemented in 2002 on the initiative of the Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning, to support the Evaluators of the Structural Fund Programmes. In: Strohmeier, G., Holzinger, E. (2004). The mid-term evaluation included a specific chapter on the evaluation of gender-mainstreaming in the Programme, based on the data from the monitoring system.


22

the project design.32 The gender-project-guide has not been considered much at local level, either because not known, due to its late introduction, or as not accepted by project applicants or by the Regional Management.33 During project selection, the consideration of gender-related issues was not required and no sanction was foreseen when gender-issues were not included.

Within the monitoring system, only in Measure III.4 provided gender disaggregated data regarding the number of female participants in training facilities. Apart from this, no further gender-disaggregated data is available, neither the number of jobs created for women and men.34

2.4. Salzburg – Selected measures for the case studies

The measures selected for further analysis in relation to adaptation to demographic change and gender equality are outlined in Table 10. The selection was based on interviews with the Managing Authority, the Regional Management and the analysis of documents and project reports.

Considering that demographic change in rural areas is related to commuting and the out-migration of the active age population, measures have been selected which show high numbers of new jobs created. Indirect employment effects were also considered. Also measures were considered which might be related to the improvement of life-quality and the attractiveness of the region, for example through the setting-up of facilities in the sports, health, or education sector.

Measures were selected regarding gender issues, which had a direct effect on women or indirectly considered them, such as care-services and education facilities. Also, employment effects on women will be considered.

The measures selected which indirectly concern demographic change, while improving employment opportunities and life quality, are:

• Measure I.1 “Improvement of tourist facilities through enterprise investments and cooperation”: this measure received the largest amount of ERDF-funding and is second according to the number of direct jobs created. It has a high–medium potential to influence decrease out-migration and long-distance commuting.

• Measure I.2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attractions”: no information was provided by the monitoring system regarding new jobs created. But due to the development of the tourism sector, activities might have indirect effects on the development of the region and for employment. This measure is the second largest in terms of funding received by the ERDF.

• Measure II.2: “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises maintain existent companies and attract SME”: investments in the manufacturing sector for the renewal of enterprises. According to the number of direct new jobs created, this was the most effective measure.

32 While the guide-line was financed by INTERREG III A, the implementation of the Project Manager for Equal Opportunities in Pinzgau, which supported the elaboration of the guide, was an initiative financed by the ERDF. 33 According to interviews with the Project Managers of Lungau and Pinzgau and Mr. Dr. Holzrichter from the Regional Management Lungau, as well as according to interviews with some project managers. 34 The data provided in chapter chapter 1.4 has been gathered by interviews with the project applicants or with the Project Managers for Equal Opportunity.


23

Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”: the support and implementation of educational facilities may reduce educational commuting, especially for young people. Also, the improvement of life-long learning for elderly people may influence social cohesion. The provision of child-care facilities might have an impact on commuting of the female population, and influence indirectly the fertility rates by the women remaining in the region.

Table 10: Salzburg – Selected measures in relation to demographic change and gender equality for the period 2000-2006

Measure Main

category of intervention

Brief description Beneficiaries Focus

Resources allocationin absolute value (€

M) and % of total ERDF resources*

I.1 “Improvement of tourist facilities through enterprise investments and cooperation”

Business Support

Promoting modernisation investments and cooperation of tourism enterprises.

SME, Entrepreneurs, and large enterprises in Lungau

D 2,2

(12.4)

I.2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attraction”

Support for the Regional development

Development of infrastructure and supplementary services for the tourism sector, related to cultural projects, sport and leisure projects. Linking-up regional tourism associations for regional marketing cooperation.

Associations, regional corporations

D 3,1

(17.5)

II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises, maintained existent companies and attract SME”

Business support

Support of enterprises in the manufacturing sector though investments for modernisation and the implementation of innovative products.

Enterprises in the industrial/ commercial sector with a focus on innovative services

D 1,9

(10.7)

III.3 “Regional Management”

Support of regional

development

Strengthening regional structures and cooperation of regional entities.

Regional entities (municipalities and municipal associations)

G 1,0 (5.7)

III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”

Social Infrastructure

Improvement of equal opportunities through the creation of company child-care facilities and educational infrastructure.

Enterprises, associations and educational institutions, municipalities, NGO

G/D 1,0

(5.8)

Note: focus may be G=gender; D=demographic; GD=both. * Data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg. Resource allocation refers to the ERDF expenditures up to 3.11.2008.


24

Two measures have been selected, which directly affect equal opportunity or are gender-oriented:

• Measure III.3 “Regional Management”, the two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity responsible for projects with a gender-orientation coordinated the gender-related projects, promoted gender issues and supported the creation of local networks of women. They could have had a high potential to implement gender-mainstreaming throughout the Programme measures, but their activities were mainly limited to the Measure III.4.

• Measure III.4: “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of places in child-care”: projects which were highly relevant for gender equality are: the creation of social-care infrastructures for children, associated with companies employing female workers; the creation of an educational facility offering vocational training to women; and activities of Project Managers, supporting studies and workshops concerning special needs of women.

Within Priority I and II no interventions were identified which were intended to be particularly oriented towards women or included the gender aspect in the design phase. However, within the monitoring system, three activities were classified as gender-oriented, but the impacts on women were relatively small in comparison to the activities in Measure III.3 and III.4 (see chapter 1.4).


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3. SALZBURG – DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ERDF INTERVENTIONS IN ENABLING ADAPTATION TO DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

3.1. Salzburg – Outputs of measures concerning demographic change

The total ERDF funds in the Obj. 2 area (2000-2006) and the Phasing-out area (2000-2005) totalled 18.5 M €. At the end of 2008, nearly 96% (or ca. 18 M €) of the payments had been concluded, distributed between Obj. 2 (74%) and Phasing out (26%).

The total investment, including ERDF and co-financed project costs, amounted to 143.66 M € (102.57 M € in Obj.2). 35

According to the distribution of the Programme budget, the first priority received nearly 50% (or 8.9 M €) of the total ERDF budget, while Priority II received 28% (or 5 M €) and Priority III 22% (3.9 M €).36

Measure I.1 “Improvement of tourist services through enterprise investments and cooperation” received 20% of ERDF funds (of which 14% in Obj.2), more than initially planned (12% of the total planned ERDF amount), due to the higher number of projects realized (25, expected 19). Outputs are the upgrading of 1,153 hotel beds from 3 Star to 4/5 Star37, a new wellness area in a hotel, the enlargement of a hotel with family-oriented apartments for families, the building of a new campground and a ski lift.

The Measure I.2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attractions” received 17.3% of the ERDF budget (of which 12.5% in Obj.2). 17 projects have been realized (initially planned: 10). Outputs were the construction of a new Wellness and Health Centre, the extension of a new cycling path, cooperation agreements between local museums, and a mountain bike path, in order to improve the area’s attractiveness in the summer season.

In Measure II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises maintain existent companies and attract SME” received 16% of the ERDF budget (initially planned: 11%). This measure was in line with the initial target of 22 projects. This included activities oriented towards investments in existing enterprises, e.g. new production halls or supporting the acquisition of new machinery for new products or the implementation of new services.38

35 Land Salzburg (2007), Jährlicher Durchführungsbericht über das EPPD für Ziel 2, Salzburg.; and data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg. The data on actual expenditure refers to 3.11.2008. 36 Including Measures not analyzed within this Report. 37 Data refers to December 2004 .Wagner, P., Kaufmann, A. (2005), Aktualisierung der Halbzeitbewertung des Ziel-2 Programms Salzburg 2000-2006. Seibersdorf research Report, ARC, Seibersdorf. 38 Website of the Polytechnical school, http://www.pts-tamsweg.salzburg.at/


26

Table 11: Salzburg – Performance of the measures adapting to demographic change

Measure

Expected direct/indirect* effects

Fields of intervention Outputs

Budget (€ M)

% of total program

me budget

Actual expenditure (€ M

)*

% of total program

me expenditure

Equal access to the labour m

arket

Improvem

ent of working

conditions

Improvem

ent of entre preneurial capacities

Urban concentration / R

ural de population

Quality of life of elderly

population

Other

Description

Quantification


I x x

Number of projects Target:

25 19

2.2 12.4

3.67 Obj.2: 2.45

Phasing-out: 1.22

20.4 Obj.2: 13.6

Phasing-out: 6.8

Camping place 1

New quality beds 12/200439

1,153

Ski-lift 1

I.2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attractions”

I x x x

No. of projects Target:

17 10

3.1 17.5

3.1 Obj. 2: 2.25 Phasing-out:

0.86

17.3 Obj. 2:

12.5 Phasing-out:

4.8

New cycle track – km Target:

5.36 5.00

mountain bike track*

1

Wellness-centre* 1 Construction within Castle *

1

No. of museum coop.*

5

II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises”

I x x Total number of projects financed Target:

22 22

1.9 10.7


0.567


3.1

III.4** “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”

D x x x

Number of vocational centres supported*

2

1 5.8

0.5 Obj. 2:0.50

Phasing-out: -

2.8 Obj. 2: 2.8

Phasing-out: -

Number of training machinery for vocational school *

2

Source: Land Salzburg (2000), Ergänzung zur Programmplanung, Salzburg, and data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg. The data on actual expenditure refer to the 3.11.2008. Further sources: Interviews with the Regional Managements and Project managers. * No target foreseen ** in Measure III.4, no funds were provided in the Phasing-out region.

Measure III. 4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”: of 9 activities, two were related to a vocational school40, and the other was to

39 Data from the Mid-Term Evaluation, December 2004. In: Wagner, P., Kaufmann, A. (2005), Aktualisierung der Halbzeitbewertung des Ziel-2 Programms Salzburg 2000-2006. Seibersdorf research Report, ARC, Seibersdorf.


27

support a training unit (“Additional and higher qualification for the continuing education for employment”), which received approximately 0.2% of the ERDF fund. A third activity was the creation of an educational centre (mainly oriented to women), where courses also attended by elderly people were offered (analyzed within chapter 1.4).

3.2. Salzburg – Results and impacts of measures concerning demographic change

Table 12: Salzburg – Effectiveness of the measures adapting to demographic change

Measure


Fields of intervention Results

(direct/indirect)*

Impact (direct/indirect) (expected)


arket

Improvem

ent of working

conditions

Improvem

ent of entrepreneurial capacities

Urban concentration / R

ural D

epopulation

Quality of life of elderly

population

Other

Description

Quantification


I x x x Number of gross new jobs created*

69

Lower outmigration due to the safeguard of existing jobs in the tourism sector by diversification of new tourist products and services.


I x x x

Number of gross new jobs created in the Wellness and Health centre*

15

Increase of the area’s attractiveness by offering tourism related services and improvement of the promotion of the region through coordinated activities.

II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-up´s and established enterprises”

I x Number of gross new jobs created*

97

Strengthening of the economic position of local areas by supporting local enterprises.


D x x x

Number of young people placed in apprenticeship jobs**

100

Reduction of the out-migration of young people through enterprise-oriented apprenticeships, with job placement for young people.

No. IT-courses for elder people

2 Support of vocational

education and life-long learning for the population of rural areas.

Yearly average no. of participants (+60) **

100

Source: Land Salzburg (2008), Annual implementation report 2007. Salzburg. * No target foreseen. ** Interview with Mr. Franz Doppler (Mayor of Mariapfarr), Mr. Dr. Peter Jäger and Ms Mobarak

40 Lungauer Kompetenzzentrum/Polytechnische Schule, for students between the ages of 15 and 20 one was the creation of a “Mechatroniker Cluster” where no ERDF funds were spent until 2008. The „Mechatronic cluster“was implemented as a “reserve“ project, which could eventually receive funds not used in other projects. Until 2008, no ERDF funds were used for this project.


28

The results and impacts of the Programme are illustrated and evaluated on the basis of information gathered in interviews with the Regional Management authorities and project managers, and the analysis of documented material and monitoring data.

The Measure I.1, “Improvement of tourist facilities through enterprise investments and cooperation” performed very well: 69 direct jobs had been created by the end of 2007, while the initial target was 21, in the upgrading of amenities, which might be relevant for safeguarding existing jobs in the tourist industry.41

In Measure I.2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attractions”: indirect employment effects might be relevant, which were not recorded by the monitoring system42. Activities for the development of tourist-related activities may have some long-term results on demographic change. For example, the creation of a Wellness and Health centre (15 new jobs) or the stimulation of cultural cooperation projects for museums and the extension of a castle, have increased the quality of life in rural areas, but these effects are somehow difficult to measure (in the scope of this report).

The most relevant measure, in terms of new jobs stimulation was Measure II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises, maintain existent companies and attract SME” with a total number of 97 new jobs in the manufacturing sector, which is less affected by seasonal fluctuations and might reduce the out-migration.

Within Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”, one educational school was supported targeting the young population by offering vocational training in technical skills. A second educational facility (mainly oriented towards women) offers some courses which are also attended by the elderly. These activities might reduce educational commuting, on the one hand, and support the labour market integration especially of young people, on the other.

The first school supported was the “Lungauer Kompetenzzentrum”, a vocational centre for apprenticeship, and consisted in the creation of a “Mechatroniker Cluster” for vocational training in technical fields in close cooperation with local enterprises, especially in the high-tech industry43. Through cooperation with local enterprises, each graduate is guaranteed a job. Approximately 100 young people participate every year in the programme44. Another activity was an “educational unit for vocational training and education” (“Zusatz- und Höherqualifikation für die berufliche Fort- und Weiterbildung”) for young people. The setting up of a high-quality education and vocational centre in the rural area might influence the number of the educational commuters among young people.45

Another activity within Measure III.4 was the construction of a training centre, where a large variety of courses could be offered, coordinated by the “Lungauer Bildungsverbund”, a consortium of training institutions (financed by the ESF and TEP). Although the courses are mainly oriented

41 Source: Wagner, P., Kaufmann, A. (2005), Aktualisierung der Halbzeitbewertung es Ziel-2 Programms Salzburg 2000-2006. Seibersdorf research Report, ARC, Seibersdorf. 42 No data on the number of created jobs has been provided by the monitoring system. 43 The ERDF contribution to this was the financiation of a machine, which was used for training purpose within the “Mechatronic Cluster”. 44 Interview with the Director, estimations of the Director of the Facility, Mr. Jäger. 45 Source: Interview with Mr. Jäger, Director of the Lungauer Kompetenzzentrum/Polytechnische Schule. http://www.pts-tamsweg.salzburg.at/polytechnische_schule.html


29

towards women46, some courses were attended by the elder population.47Although the elder participants (over 60 years old) were 10% of the total yearly participants, it should be considered that access to the educational facility is relatively difficult for them, due to scarce public transport facilities and to the relative long distances in the rural area, which might influence participation. The courses were a contribution to improving the quality of life.

3.3. Salzburg – Complementarity of ERDF interventions, identified for demographic change, with ESF, LEADER and INTERREG III

Table 13: Salzburg – Complementary of ERDF interventions, identified for demographic change, with ESF, LEADER+, and Interreg III

Measure* Synergy with ESF

Synergy with LEADER+

Synergy with INTERREG III


N H H


N H H

II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises, maintain existent companies and attract (SME”

N N H


H M N

Note: synergy may be H (high), M (medium), L (low), N (null).

At the local level, the implemented measures are highly complementary with the EU funds LEADER+ and INTERREG III, which support the regional development of rural areas and cross-border cooperation, both relevant for the rural Salzburg area of Obj.2 and Phasing-out.

Regarding complementary with the ESF, activities carried out in Priority I and II are not complementary, as they are mainly related to investments in tourism or productive enterprise infrastructures. Not any training financed by ESF was related to these investments. Only Measure III.4 activities, which are related to educational centres, especially within the “Lungauer Bildungsverbund” (also analysed in Chapter 1.4), are complementary to the ESF. 48

Several LEADER+ projects were highly complementary with the ERDF Measures I. 1-3, and for Measure III.4, concerning the tourism infrastructure and tourist related services as well as educational aspects. Activities of the LEADER+ included health related projects (“Region of Health in Pinzgau”, “Vitalakademie”), summer tourism activities as thematic walking paths (“Super Wandern”),

46 This will also be analysed in chapter 1.4. 47 One example was IT courses, where they learn how to chat, and use online-banking or online-shopping. This is especially useful for those who live in remote areas, where several services are less available. Other courses attended by the elderly were English or courses on alternative medicine. 48 The educational infrastructure was financed by the ERDF, while women employed in the facility were financed by the ESF.


30

or the revitalization of traditions and cultural activities (“Unternehmerinnen-Netzwerk” a network of female handicraft enterprises) supporting the regional marketing of local attractions. 49

The INTERREG IIIA Programme was oriented towards sustainable regional development, considering environmental protection and the extension of cross-border cooperation. It was also oriented towards economic cooperation in the tourism sector and in the industrial sector, with high synergies in Priority I (especially Measure I.1), and in Measure II.2. INTERREG III might strengthen the development of the rural area though the inclusion of aspects not considered within the SPD, like for the improvement of the transport infrastructure (for instance the Project EU-RISS) or the infrastructure for cross-border telecommunication.50 Synergy effects were also relevant for Priority II, related to the wood industries, supported by both ERDF and the INTERREG III Programme. The “Salzburg Wood-cluster” is one important example with this aim.

3.4. Salzburg – Sustainability of measures concerning demographic change

Table 14: Salzburg – Sustainability of the measures concerning demographic change

Measure

Field of intervention

Sustainability


arket

Improvem

ent of w

orking conditions

Improvem

ent of entrepreneurial capacities

Urban concentration /

Rural D

epopulation

Quality of life of the

elderly population

Other


x x x M


x x x M

II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises, maintain existent companies and attract SME”

x x H

III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”*

x x x H

* The sustainability was considered for two activities within one educational facility. Note: sustainability may be H (high), M (medium), L (low), N (null).

49 The LEADER+ Programme was often preferred by project promoters due to the simpler application procedures and the lower administration costs compared to those of the ERDF Programme. 50 However, in Pongau, no projects were supported by INTERREG in the economic field. http://www.leader.pongau.org


31

Most of the activities implemented within the selected measures can be considered sustainable51, as most of the investments are related to new infrastructures in the tourism sector and in the manufacturing sector as well as the improvement of quality services (in the tourism sector), which have a medium and long-term scope. According to the monitoring system, more than 200 jobs were created, while the infrastructural investments further aimed to secure existing jobs. However, the activities implemented are expected to have an impact on commuting and out-migration, reducing the commuting rate by 1% from 2001 to 2006 and the net migration by 0.5% from 1999 to 2006.52

Measure I.1 “Improvement of tourist facilities through enterprise investments and cooperation”: the investments in the tourism industry provided new jobs, and might have stimulated the tourism sector, further increasing employment in this sector or at least maintaining the actual numbers. No data is available on tourist bookings and no relevant increase has been attested by the persons and authorities interviewed. Investments in the tourism sector are expected to have effects on commuting in the medium and long-term, due to the increase of tourism activities in the future, expected to generate employment and secure existing jobs.

Measure I.2 “Improvement of infrastructure and destination attractions”: Cultural projects (museum cooperation), the cycling path or the Wellness Centre have improved the infrastructure for leisure activities and the health sector. However, the initially planned stimulation of a Wellness and Health Cluster has not been realized yet, due to missing investment partners. The capacity utilisation of the realised Wellness and Health Centre (“Vital- und Wellness centre Samsunn”) did not reach the expected target of visitor numbers and the financial loss had to be covered by the municipality which is the owner of the centre.

Measure II.2 “Innovative investments for Start-ups and established enterprises maintain existent companies and attract SME”: can be considered highly sustainable and concerns the infrastructure for enterprises as well as the creation of employment opportunities.

Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities”: the acquisition of new training machines for the vocational school (“Lungauer Kompetenzzentrum”) has improved the educational quality of young people in rural areas. Considering the number of young people attending the vocational school (approx. 100 per year) and their integration into the labour market, this activity can be considered as highly sustainable. Also, the courses offered by the second educational facility (“Lungauer Bildungsverbund”) were successful and it still offers courses for the elderly.

51 Activities have been considered to be highly sustainable if activities are going on after ERDF financing, medium sustainable if the activities are partly going on and non, if activities would have had non or a negative effect. 52 Land Salzburg (2007), Ergänzung zur Programmplanung, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, aktualisierte Fassung 5.12.2006, EK-Annahme am 21.3.2007, Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2sbg-ezpversion20070321.pdf


32

3.5. Salzburg – Overall assessment of adaptation to demographic change

Key findings

1. The adaptation to demographic change is one important challenge within the Obj. 2 and the Phasing-out areas, especially in relation to, on the one hand, the long-distance commuting of the working age population, leading to the depopulation of the remote rural areas, and, on the other hand, to the ageing process, due to declining birth rates, sinking positive net migration rates and longer life-expectancy.

2. Even if the Programming document includes an analysis of demographic aspects, demographic change was not considered a priority and no measures were explicitly designed to face demographic changes. This was also due to the fact that it was not considered a priority for the ERDF programming period 2000-2006. However demographic issues have been targeted indirectly through the implemented measures, aiming at:

− the creation of employment, which can be considered important for facing depopulation trends;

− supporting regional development to improve the quality of life;

− supporting vocational training for the young and elderly population.

3. Most of the activities, especially in Priority I and II, were related to economic stimulation and the creation of employment. The majority of the measures implemented have performed well and can be considered to be sustainable, though indirect effects on demographic adaptation are more on the medium and long-term. However, the impacts are expected to be limited, also due to the relatively small programme budget. The selected interventions, relevant to demographic adaptation, received more than 12 M €, or 65% of the total ERDF budget. The total invested through co-financing (including ERDF funds) amounts to more than 82 M € in Obj.2 and 24 M € in Phasing-out.

4. Within the Monitoring system, only the indicator “number of new jobs” can be considered relevant for demographic change, but some initiatives have indirectly supported the creation and the maintenance of jobs, which was not reflected in the monitoring system. According to the monitoring data, 203 jobs were created directly, although this indicator is not available for all measures.

5. The interventions are in line with the Regional State policies, aiming to support job creation through the Territorial Employment Pact, while also sustaining balanced development in the rural areas, as was implemented through the Regional Planning Act.

6. Important synergy effects with other EU Programmes are relevant for measures implemented within the Priority I, II and III, mainly with the INTERREG III and LEADER+, while they are limited with the ESF with only one measure (Measure III.4), related to educational activities, showing complementarities.


33

Conclusions

1. Interviews with different local actors show that stimulation of local development and the creation of jobs were the main instruments to face problems related to the depopulation of the rural areas and the out-migration of the active age population in the Obj. 2 and Phasing-out areas.

2. The most successful measures where those supporting tourism and manufacturing, which tackle the demographic changes indirectly, by:

• developing the rural region´s economy;

• creating new jobs;

• improving the attractiveness of the region.

3.6. Salzburg – Lessons learnt and policy implications for demographic change

The main policy lessons learnt are:

1. Even if the ERDF programme budget is comparably small, public and private investments could be stimulated, supporting the local key economic sectors and stimulating job creation in economically weak rural areas. Effects are also important for indirect job creation, especially through investments in the tourism sector, which have been embedded in a general regional development strategy for the stimulation of the area as a tourist destination. The interventions adopted in Priority I and II might support this strategy, even if significant the effects on out-migration and long-distance commuting may only be expected in the medium-long run.

2. While the main activities concentrated on the key economic sectors, the interventions also supported the diversification of the local economy through investments in R&D, which stimulated the creation of high-qualified jobs. This is especially important in remote rural areas, where these employment possibilities are scarce and R&D is underrepresented. Besides, R&D helps to create jobs which are less affected by seasonal fluctuation, one of the reasons behind long-distance commuting and out-migration.

3. The support to vocational training for the young population in rural areas, where education facilities are underrepresented, is important in reducing educational commuting. Cooperation with local enterprises also increases employment opportunities for young people, which may be induced to remain in the rural areas in the long-term.

4. The provision of an educational facility was also relevant for the older population. By providing IT courses meeting their particular needs, often related to difficulties in accessing services or to their isolation, the elderly can profit from this specific intervention, especially in rural areas.

These lessons provide useful guidance in terms of policies. In particular, the combination of interventions in the economic field, supporting already developed economic sectors and new fields (such as R&D), is a useful approach for the development and the diversification of the rural


34

economy. The focus on supporting economic sectors should, however, be completed with investments in social infrastructures, in order to reach more population groups and improve the quality of life.

In order stimulate the development of the rural areas, different economic sectors should be stimulated besides the key economic areas. For this, it is necessary to identify possible intervention fields, stimulating local enterprises to invest by providing both financial and assistance services. The training of the regional authorities to this aim and the simplification of the administrative procedures would facilitate access to financial support also for smaller enterprises.


35

4. SALZBURG – DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF ERDF INTERVENTIONS ON GENDER EQUALITY: RESULTS, DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS

4.1. Salzburg – Outputs of measures concerning gender equality

Within the programming document gender-specific projects were implemented only within two measures (Priority III.3 and III.4). The impact indicators in the Monitoring System identified 9 gender-specific (Priority III) and 9 gender-oriented projects (Priority I, II and III).

The activities considered gender-oriented or gender-relevant (in Priority I and II) but did not target women or had a gender-oriented project design. Nonetheless, some activities in these priorities might affect women indirectly, as having an impact on the employment opportunities for women.53 One activity included the support to an enterprise employing mainly women, the second activity includes renovation investments in a castle, where cultural and children´s activities are offered. The third activity included the construction of a Wellness and Health centre. In this case, women profited from this intervention, as ten women and five men were employed by this facility. According to the interviews, in none of these activities gender issues were considered in the planning phase.54 These three gender classified projects represent 2.2% of all activities implemented within Priority I and II.

In Priority III.4, two measures classified as gender specific were not gender oriented: two activities carried out by the “Lungauer Kompetenzzentrum” targeted the young population (analysed in the chapter 1.3), while women or girls were not particularly considered.

The total ERDF expenditure for the two gender specific measures (III.3 and III.4) was relatively small, utilising 6.7% of the total ERDF budget, an amount lower than the initially planned budget of approximately 1 M € (5.7%) for Measure III.3 and 1 M € (5.8%) for Measure III.4.55

The low performance of these measures due to a late start up of the projects in the first half of the Programme period caused a reduction in the ERDF financial resources: -7.8% for III.3 and -16.7% for III.4.56 By the end of the Programme, the total ERDF budget allocation for Measure III.3 was 0.7 M € (3.9%, of which 2.8% in Obj. 2), while for Measure III.4 it was 0.5 M € (or 2.8%, only in Obj.2). At the end of 2008, the disbursement for Measure III.3 arrived at nearly 100% of the planned funds, while for Measure III.4 it arrived at 100.8%.57

53 The monitoring data does not provide information on the number of jobs created for women. 54 According to the Mayor of Mariapfarr, Mr. Franz Doppler and Mr. Dr. Holzrichter from the Regional Management of Lungau, no specific attention was given to gender issues within this or other projects implemented within Priority I and II. 55 Data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg. This data refers to the total accumulated expenditure up to 17.11.2008. 56 According to the Mid-Term Evaluation. Wagner, P., Kaufmann, A. (2003), Halbzeitbewertung des Ziel 2-Programms Salzburg 2000-2006. Seibersdorf research Report, ARC, Seibersdorf. 57 Data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg. This data refers to the total accumulated expenditure up to 17.11.2008.


36

Table 15: Salzburg – Performance of the measures impacting on gender issues

Measure


Fields of intervention Outputs

Budget (€ M)

% of the total program

me budget

Expenditure (€ M)

% of the total program

me expenditure

Equal access to the labour market

Improvem

ent of wom

en’s working

conditions

Improvem

ent of wom

en’s entre preneurial capacities

Care-w

ork reconciliation

Quality of life

Other

Description

Quantification


D x x x x x x

Project Managers for Equal Opportunity no initial Target

2 Total: 1.02

Obj.2: 0.7 PO: 0.3

5.7

Total: 0.7

Obj. 2: 0.5 PO: 0.45

3.9 Number of gender oriented projects 4

III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunity through further education and provision of child-care facilities”

D x x x x

Number of company child-care facilities Target:

41

Total: 1.03

Obj.2: 0.89 PO: 0.15

5.8

Total:0.5

Obj. 2: 0.5PO: 0

2.8

Number of new educational facilities58 Target:

13

Study on child-care facilities 1Workshops for the re-integration of women into the labour market 1Training unit for Equal opportunity oriented human resource development 1Summer vacation child-care service 1

Source: Land Salzburg (2000), and data provided by the Managing Authority of Salzburg. The data on actual expenditure refer to the 3.11.2008. Interviews with the Project Managers for Equal Opportunity.

In Measure III.3, Regional Management, two projects were classified as gender specific and four as gender oriented, while eight were considered gender neutral. The two gender specific projects were the two Project Managers established within the “Regional Management” of Lungau and Pinzgau.59 The gender oriented projects include a training unit on Policy education for women and three seminars. One part of the budget within Measure III.3 was used to finance the salaries of the two part-time positions of both Project Managers, financed by ERDF resources (50% in Lungau, 32% in

58 The initial target has been reached. Two of the projects are analysed within the demographic chapter. 59 The Regional Managements have existed since 1992. The Management received 1.3 M € from the ERDF budget for the implementation of several activities, of which one was the appointing of the Project Manager for Equal Opportunity. In the Regional Management of the Phasing-out area (Pongau and Tennengau), no Project Manager for Equal Opportunities was appointed.


37

Pinzgau), the Office for Women´s Affairs and Gender Equality of the Salzburg region (40%) and by the provinces (10% in Lungau, and ca. 30% in Pinzgau).60

BOX 1 – Good practice example for equal opportunities: two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity in the Regional Managements of Pinzgau and Lungau

For the first time in Austria, the local Regional Management authority implemented, upon the initiative of the Regional Equal Opportunity Commissioner, two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity. Their role was to support gender oriented projects within Measure III.4, to accompany the project application process, to sensitize regional actors regarding gender issues and public relations in the regional context. The first activity of the Project Manager of Lungau was the organization of the study on “Regional Analysis of the Child-care facilities in Lungau”61 (financed by Measure III.4), which helped to identify women´s needs revealing the high need of all-day child-care facilities and to develop specific projects to be implemented during the Programme period. The activities of the two Project Managers (one for each region) include the support of the building up of women networks and workshops and seminars as well as presentations on women’s issues.

In 2001, in the rural district of Pinzgau, the Project Manager organized a project aimed at the re-integration of women into the labour market (ʺFaire Chancen – zukunftsorientierte Einstellungen“), (financed in Measure III.4), including the training of women and municipal employers to include the gender aspect, for example, in the human resource selection or the language of brochures/publications.

Most of the activities carried out by the Project Managers were financed not only by the ERDF but also by other sources, such as the ESF, LEADER+, regional or municipal funds.

The appointment of the Project Managers is considered a “best practice”, because their initiatives, such as the creation of new gender Networks or the organisation of workshops on gender relevant issues, may have important effects in promoting gender mainstreaming at the local level and sensitizing project promoters and the Regional Management regarding gender issues.

Source: Interview with the Project Managers and Aufhauser (2007).

The second measure, Measure III.4 “Improvement of equal opportunity by the creation and the extension of adult education and child-care facilities” aimed to facilitate the labour market integration of mothers, either employed or returning to the labour market. Two main fields of activities were carried out within this measure.

The first was the establishment of four company child-care facilities (all in the Obj. 2 area). These activities absorbed 1.2% of the total budget. The child-care facilities provide full-time care services for children aged 1.5 to 14 years, and were associated with or set up by companies in the tourism and manufacturing sectors. They are mainly aimed at improving the reconciliation between labour and family, but might further have effects on the demographic adaptation, as through the labour

60 The annual salary costs were approximately 36.000 € for each part-time position (25 hours/week). Source: estimation based on informal information, for 24 hours/week in both areas. The remaining budget was used for other activities, which were classified to be gender oriented or gender neutral. 61 „Regionale Bedarfsanalyse zur Kinderbetreuung im Lungau“


38

market of women commuting might be reduced, affecting indirectly also the fertility rates by women remaining in the region.

The second activity was the construction of a facility for adult education, which received 1.3% of the total budget or 45% of the total budget of Measure III.4. Within this facility the “Lungauer Bildungsverbund” consortium, which coordinates the seminars, courses and training units for seven adult training institutions, was established.62 Within this infrastructural facility, rooms were offered for the institutions which provided different educational courses, mainly oriented towards women.63 The courses offered, for example, were in language, accounting, modern management, IT, etc.

Besides, other gender equality activities were organized and supported by the Project Managers for Equal Opportunity financed also by Measure III.4: the study on child-care facilities (see above), the workshops “Regional concept for the re-integration of women into the labour market” (in Pinzgau), based on a survey and two Pilot workshops with women and development methodologies for their integration into the labour market, and one Pilot project on labour market integration (ʺFaire Chancen – zukunftsorientierte Einstellungen” see above).

4.2. Salzburg – Results and impacts of measures concerning gender equality

The Project Managers for Equal Opportunity started their work in January 2001 in Pinzgau and in April 2002 in Lungau. All gender oriented projects were implemented after the two Equal Opportunity Commissioners were designated and performed better in the second half of the programme period.

The creation of the two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity can be considered highly relevant for gender mainstreaming within the Regional Management, but their activities were limited to projects implemented and financed in Measure III.4.

The late start of the projects was also influenced by the learning processes that the two Project Managers and the Municipal authorities had to go through in order to implement gender oriented projects. The implementation of gender specific aspects within the Programme and within the design of projects was difficult to include, though it improved slightly at the end of the Programme period, also thanks to the support of the Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg.64

62 The insitutions are: Educational Counselling (BiBer), Association on Employment (BFI), KBW, SBW, the Adult Education Centre (VHS), WIFI, and the Regional Management of Lungau. The rooms were also used by the Project Manager of Lungau for the presentation of reports or courses organized by her. 63 In Measure III.4 only three activities of the Project managers were financed: of the workshops were financed the educational infrastructure and employers of the consortium. 64 On the Monitoring Committee, the full members were the Regional Ministers, the Administration Units (Förderstellen), representatives of the Employees, Unions, Chamber of Workers, Chamber of Commerce (Social partners), and the Equal Opportunity Commissioner. Also one NGO supporting gender issues was involved, but no NGO for environmental issues participated.


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Table 16: Salzburg – Effectiveness of the measures impacting on gender issues

Measure


Fields of intervention Results (direct/indirect)* Impacts

(direct/indirect)*


arket

Improvem

ent of wom

en’s w

orkin g conditions

Improvem

ent of wom

en’s entrepreneurial capacities

Care-w

ork reconciliation

Quality of life

Other

Description

Quantification

Description


D x x

Building up women’s networks

2

Implementation of gender-oriented projects and activities, Gender mainstreaming at the local level

Sensitisation regarding gender issues through the organisation of workshops and meetings, presentations of the Poverty Report, activities on the International Day of Women and Girls Day

Support to gender oriented projects (included in Meas. 4)

n.a.*


D x x x x

Total number of new female jobs in child-care facilities

15

Increase of the women’s employment rate in the rural area.

Total number of female jobs in the education centre

3

Total number of new female jobs in a manufacturing enterprise

24

No. of child-care places in full-time childcare facilities

106

Increase of the participation and employment rates of women in the rural area through the provision of full-time child-care places.

Annual courses in the educational centre (approx.)

100 The coordination of courses improved the efficiency and utilization of the courses and increased the skill of the local population.

Annual no. of participants at educational centres **

820-1000 (73%

female) * No precise data on the number of workshops and activities is available for the programme period, as it was not monitored by the Project Managers, but is estimated to be approximately 10 activities per year. ** Data provided by Ms. Mobarak of the Lungauer Bildungsverbund. Source: Interviews with the Project Managers for Equal Opportunity, with the Project managers of the child-care facilities and of the Lungauer Bildungsverbund.


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Measure III.3: Regional Management

Within Measure III.3, the main result was related to the implementation of two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity at the local level, which supported the gender oriented projects within Measure III.4.

The two Project Managers did not work together on common projects, but their work was similar: they organized local networks of women65, workshops and presentations on gender issues. In Lugau, a “Report on Poverty among women” was presented, and a childcare service was organized during the summer vacations.66 In Pinzgau, several activities for the integration of women into the labour market were organized. One was a pilot project for the training of municipal employees on “Equal opportunity in human development”. Also, a seminar for women supporting women’s labour market integration was activated. 67

Measure III.4. Improvement of equal opportunities through further education and provision of child-care facilities

Eight gender related projects could be identified, of which 4 were gender specific and 4 gender oriented.68 This measure received 2.8% of the ERDF funds, with important effects on the improvement of women’s employment conditions. 69

The first area of activity was the provision of four full-time child care facilities for the labour market integration of mothers.70 The company child care facilities serving companies in the manufacturing and tourism sector. The ERDF fund provided financial aid for the construction of the infrastructures, while the teachers were paid by the parents’ and municipal contributions. In total, 15 women were employed in the child care facilities, attended by approximately 106 children.

65 in Lungau (Lungauer Frauennetzwerk, financed by LEADER+) and Pinzgau (Frauennetzwerk Pinzgau) (both supported by the Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg. 66 http://www.salzburg.gv.at/pdf-frauenarmutsbericht-teil1.pdf 67 Although the number of participants is not available, the Project Manager estimated that approximately 90% could be integrated into the labour market. 68 Two other activities in Measure III.4 were classified “gender related” by the outcome indicator of the Managing Authority, but are related to training activities for young people and did not consider girls or women in particular (see chapter on demographic change): a training machine could be acquired by the vocational school, which provides corses for young people, mainly boys and young men, for technical areas (as wood, metal working and electronic engeneering). 69 Only in the Obj.2 area, as no funding was foreseen in the Phasing-out area. 70 These child care facilities are only in part financed by the ERDF fund. Besides the private investments, economic aid is also provided by the Regional Government.


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BOX 2 - All day child-care facilities

- The Hapimag company (Lungau) in the tourism sector, employing approximately 90% women, created the first company child care facility in 2004. Three female teachers care for 20-25 children (aged 2-14), all of them are children of company employees. The facility is open during holidays, when employment and working hours in the tourism sector are higher.

- The Pagitsch company (Lungau) is specialized in construction and construction-design and has approximately 180 employees. A company child care facility was created in 2006. While in 2003 only 3 women were employed in the company, by 2008 the Pagitsch company employed 27 female employees, mostly in technical jobs. Four female teachers care for approximately 30 children (aged 2-14 years) until evening. Three are children of employees, while 27 are non-company children.

- Two child care facilities for children aged 1.5-14 years were created by the Pfifferlingplatzl Association (Pinzgau). These facilities serve two companies (one tourism and one textile company) and accept both the children of employees and external children (20%). Eight female teachers care for approximately 50 children. There is the possibility for one flexible child care place in the afternoon, were one child can be looked after for a small fee (3 €/hour), to be reserved the day before. Opening times are related to the company opening times (until 18:00), but might be extended due to the great demand for evening child care services. The facility is open all year, except during general holidays.

Source: Interviews with the manager of the child care facilities (see contact list at the end of the report)

The implementation of four full-time child care facilities in the Obj. 2 areas increased the number of places available: 2 facilities in Lungau (where until 2003/2004 there were available 18 facilities) and 2 in Pinzgau (with before 47 child care facilities).71 In 2003/04, 33.5% of the children (or 190 of 567 children) attended full-time in Lungau, as opposed to 20.3% (or 437 of 2,158 children) in Pinzgau. Further 15 additional jobs for women were created, while they also indirectly facilitated women’s participation in the labour market.

Secondly, an educational infrastructure was build, where different educational associations were established in 2001, coordinated by the newly founded consortium (“Lungauer Bildungsverbund”).72 Three women are employed, coordinating up to 100 seminars a year with approximately 820-1m000 participants (of which 73% are women).73 The courses aim to improve their employment skills and facilitate their labour market integration, such as for rural tourism, language or IT courses. The creation of a consolidated educational centre in the rural area has had a positive effect on female education, due to better coordination of courses times, flexible adaptation of participants’ needs and the centralized structure in a single centre.

71 According to the Salzburg Statistical Institute71, the number of child care facilities increased by 10% from 2001/02 to 2006/07, and especially for age extended groups (1.5-14 years), with a 57% increase of new facilities in Salzburg. 72 While the educational infrastructure was financed by the ERDF, the salaries of the employees were financed at the beginning by the ESF, and since 2002 by the Territorial Employment Pact and since 2003 by the Regional Government. 73 According to estimations of the head of the secretariat, nearly 90% of the participants are employed (mainly between 35-45 years old) and 10% are elderly (65-70 years). See also chapter on demography, where the impact on the elderly population is analysed.


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The third intervention area consisted in the implementation of career development plans for employed women and the active integration of women into the labour market through two training seminars and one workshop in cooperation with enterprises. These activities were organized by the Project manager for Equal Opportunity of Pinzgau.

4.3. Salzburg – Complementarity of ERDF interventions, identified for gender issue, with ESF, EAGGF and INTERREG

Table 17: Salzburg – Complementary of ERDF interventions, identified for gender issue, with ESF, EAGGF, INTERREG

Measure Synergy with ESF Synergy with EAGGF

(LEADER+)

Synergy with

INTERREG III


H H H


H H H

Note: synergy may be H (high), M (medium), L (low), N (null).

Complementarities between the ERDF gender related measures with other European Funds could be identified, especially where priorities related to gender, social cohesion and the promotion of equal opportunities. Complementary effects can be observed, especially with the ESF:

• Measure III.3: the Project Managers have been involved in ESF activities and were partners in the Equal project (Flu Equal) including (foreign) females.74 Several ESF initiatives, such as workshops or seminars, aimed at labour market integration of women were also supported by both Project Managers.

• Measure III.4 also shows high synergy effects with the ESF by supporting the integration of disadvantaged groups into labour and initiatives strengthening the skills. Synergies were relevant for the training units and workshops for the labour market integration of women, and especially in the educational centre built with ERDF funds, while the three female employees of the “Lungauer Bildungsverbund” were financed for two years by the ESF.75

• There is complementary between Measure III.3 and the EAGGF (namely LEADER+), targeting rural areas and focusing on partnerships and networks, such as the “Women´s Network”, supported by the Project Managers. LEADER+ Projects supported by the Project mangers included: policy education for Women, a home-page course, several working groups76, workshop on “Lone women”, “Lungauer women meet Migrants”, “Start up support for

74 “Computer training for female farmers with special attention to the regional and direct marketing of agricultural products”, financed bz the Equal project for rural women 75 After they ran out of ESF support, the employees were paid by the Territorial Employment Pact. 76 For example “The Lungau on the way to becoming a Biosphere park” (Receiving a UNESCO title) or “A Herbs school at a Farm”.


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Women”, gender related discussions, or intercultural exchange for women employed in the care services for the elderly.

• High complementarity has also been found between Measure III.3 and III.4 for INTERREG III, especially in the cross-border activities of women´s associations and gender related regional planning, in INTERREG III gender specific projects, for example, the “GenderAlp - Spatial Development for Women and Men” (Interreg IIIB) and WomenALPnet (Alpine Space-Interreg IIIB). Both projects were oriented towards promoting and supporting gender related regional development activities.77 The Project Managers have been involved in several meetings.

4.4. Salzburg – Sustainability of the measures concerning gender equality

Measures dealing with gender equality are considered sustainable and are evaluated by considering the effects of projects implemented that are likely to persist even in the absence of ERDF financial support.

Table 18: Salzburg – Sustainability of the measures concerning gender equality

Measure

Field of intervention

Sustainability


arket

Improvem

ent of wom

en’s w

orking conditions

Improvem

ent of wom

en’s entrepreneurial capacities

Care-w

ork reconciliation

Quality of life

Other

III.3 “Regional Management” x x x x H (Lungau)

M (Pinzgau)


x x x x x H

Note: sustainability may be H (high), M (medium), L (low), N (null).

The two measures directly dealing with gender equality show positive results in terms of duration, sustainability and impact on the local level.

• Measure III.3: after the end of the ERDF programme, one Project manager was able continue her work by applying for funds from the Regional Association of Lungau78, and was therefore considered to be highly sustainable. The Project manager position in Pinzgau did not continue after the programme period but was replaced in July 2008 by the newly created “Regional Manager for Employment and Equal Opportunities”, which is financed by the Territorial

77 GenderAlp promotes the inclusion of gender aspects within regional planning, WOMEN-ALPnet is a network of local organisations and women’s centres promoting the participation of women in the sustainable development of the Alpine Region. 78 An association of the 15 municipal governments.


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Employment Pact. However, the Women´s Networks, started during the programming period by the Project manager of Pinzgau is still existent.

• Measure III.4 is highly sustainable, both in terms of the education activities and the child care facilities. All infrastructures implemented continue to exist and the company all-day child care facilities are considered “good practice”. The “Lungauer Bildungsverbund” could improve the coordination of courses. Before, the single consortiums often had difficulties in reaching the minimum number of participants, and sometimes the courses even did not start due to the low numbers of participants. Thanks to better coordination, a large number of courses can be guaranteed.

4.5. Salzburg – Overall assessment of gender equality

Key findings

1. The implementation of two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity had great positive effects, both in supporting women’s networking and gender sensitive project management and in the implementation of sustainable gender equality projects. High complementary with other activities financed by the European funds (like the ESF, LEADER+ and INTERREG III) were also evident. However, the restriction of their activities to Measures III.4 hampered the integration of gender mainstreaming throughout the other measures.

2. Both Commissioners had to deal with high resistance within their rural areas from the local Regional Management authorities, given the persisting traditional gender-roles. According to interviews, it has been difficult to communicate the need to include the gender aspect within all measures not targeting women. The Managers did not have their own funds available to implement their own projects, and were also employed part-time on one-year contracts.

3. The appointment of the Project Managers is considered “Best Practice”. Their initiatives, such as the creation of new gender Networks or the organisation of workshops on gender relevant issues, may have important effects in promoting gender mainstreaming at the local level and sensitizing project promoters and the Regional Management regarding gender issues.

4. An important intervention for gender equality is the promotion of new full-time child-care facilities supporting the labour market integration of women. This might have also an important impact on the commuting and out-migration of women, as the labour market integration might be facilitated. This might further influence indirectly the fertility rate.

5. The educational infrastructure provision, where an educational consortium was established offering training courses for women, was also an important initiative aimed at improving skills and supporting labour market integration of women.79

79 The participant number differs according to the years and can reach more than 1000. Participants in 2001 were only recorded from the second half of the year.


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Conclusions

1 The ERDF interventions may have a potentially medium/high direct and indirect impact on gender equality increasing and supporting the reconciliation of family and working life, increasing women’s employment and improving the quality of life by providing gender oriented education facilities.

2 Within projects not specifically targeting women, no specific gender related selection criteria was applied. The monitoring system provided one gender relevant indicator regarding female participants in educational facilities, while no data on the number of jobs created for women were included. This is however important to measure the effects of activities and shoud be included.

3 The involvement of the Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg in the Programme design was an important step towards the inclusion of the gender aspect in the implementation of two gender related measures. Her involvement also supported the creation of two single pilot measures designed as gender specific. First was the creation of the two Project Managers for Equal Opportunity, which may have high potential in supporting gender mainstreaming. Second, the designing of a single gender oriented measure aimed at the improvement of reconciliation of work and family and the support of skill-improvement for more effective labour market integration of women.

4 The difficult learning process for implementing gender-related projects, is influenced by traditional gender roles in the rural areas, which led to a late start of the gender related projects and a reduction of the programmed funds. 80 These negative conditions were partially offset by the high support provided by the Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg, who also financially supported the work of the two Project Managers.

5 The activities of the Project Managers were highly complementary to ESF, LEADER+ and INTERREG III activities. The integration of disadvantaged groups and initiatives for strengthening the skills were targeted by ERDF activities as well as ESF and LEADER+, and INTERREG III, which also supported gender specific projects.

80 Within the rural area of Salzburg a traditional division of gender roles persist. This is also represented in the low participation of women in municipal assemblies. The implementation of the Project Managers for Equal Opportunity has been a difficult process, as male authorities within the Regional Management did not recognize the need for the implementation of this positions. This has been attesteded in interviews. For instance, at the beginning of the implementation of the PM, they were not invited to important meetings, and they were rejected to include the gender aspect in activities carried out in Measure III.3 and 4. Further, the working contract had to be renewed every year and was often under discussion.


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4.6. Salzburg – Lessons learnt and policy implications for gender issues

The main policy lessons learnt are:

1. It is necessary to develop adequate indicators which provide information on the number of women involved in and profiting from all interventions, such as the number of jobs created by gender, in order to measure the effects of ERDF interventions on women.81

2. The provision of social infrastructures, like full-time child care facilities, is an important aspect in improving the reconciliation of family and working life. These child care services also appear to have positive effects on employment opportunities for women in male dominated enterprises (as in the case of the Pagitsch company), and they also indirectly support employment opportunities in other sectors. Child-care places were also provided for the children of women who were not employed in the associated companies.

3. The establishment of the Programme Managers for Equal Opportunity as a pilot project has shown high capacity to strengthen the integration of gender mainstreaming in project development. The activities supported by the Programme Managers may have important gender mainstreaming effects in the medium-long run, but their role has to be adequately supported by the local and regional authorities and their activities have to be extended to projects not directly oriented towards women. This can be done through information campaigns, training and guidelines, and through direct contact with project promoters.

81 Data provided in chapter 1.4 have been gathered mainly through interviews with the project responsibles.


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ANNEX – SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR SALZBURG

• Aufhauser, E. (2007), Gender Mainstreaming Regional Policy in Europe, The Austrian Case. Paper prepared for the Daegu International Symposium on Women Policy ”Setting Gender Mainstreaming Policy at a Local Level” South Korea, 30th May 2007. Vienna. http://www.genderalp.at/wDeutsch/aktuelles/Paper_Daegu_30052007.pdf

• Land Salzburg (1999), Einheitliches Programmplanungsdokument, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Genehmigte Version gem. VO (EG) Nr. 1260/99, Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2sbg-eppdversion20070301.pdf

• Land Salzburg (2000), Ergänzung zur Programmplanung, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Fassung vom 16. April 2000, EK-Annahme 16. März 2001. Salzburg.

• Land Salzburg (2002), Frauenarmut Bericht 2002, Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/pdf-frauenarmutsbericht-teil1.pdf

• Land Salzburg (2004), Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Bilanz zur Halbzeit der Programmumsetzung, Abteilung 15 – Wirtschaft, Tourismus, Energie. Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2-halbzeitbilanz.pdf

• Land Salzburg (2004), Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, Innovationsorientierte Regionalpolitik im ländlichen Raum Programm-Maßnahmen, Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2massnahmen1004.pdf

• Land Salzburg (2007), Ergänzung zur Programmplanung, Ziel 2 Salzburg 2000-2006, aktualisierte Fassung 5.12.2006, EK-Annahme am 21.3.2007, Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2sbg-ezpversion20070321.pdf

• Land Salzburg (2007), Innovationsorientierte Regionalentwicklung, Bilanz. Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/ziel2-bilanz2006.pdf

• Land Salzburg (2007), Jährlicher Durchführungsbericht über das EPPD für Ziel 2 – Salzburg. Programmplanungsperiode 2000-2006. Berichtzeitraum 01.01.2007-31.12.2007. Abt. 15 Wirtschaft, Tourismus und Energie. Salzburg.

• Land Salzburg (2008), Frauenzahlen 2007. Salzburg. http://www.salzburg.gv.at/pdf-frauenzahlen_2007.pdf

• Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (2004), EU-Regionalpolitik und Gender Mainstreaming in Österreich. Anwendung und Entwicklungsansätze im Rahmen der regionalen Zielprogramme. Schriftenreihe Nr. 165. Wien

• Rechnungshof (2007), Wirkungsbereich des Landes Salzburg, Kinderbetreuung, Wien. http://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/fileadmin/downloads/Teilberichte/Salzburg/Salzburg_2007_01/Salzburg_2007_01_2.pdf

• Strohmeier, G., Holzinger, E. (2004), KAP-EVA Koordinations- und Arbeitsplattform Evaluierung, Bilanzbericht, Wien


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• Wagner, P., Kaufmann, A. (2003), Halbzeitbewertung des Ziel 2-Programms Salzburg 2000-2006. Seibersdorf research Report, ARC, Seibersdorf. http://www.oerok.gv.at/fileadmin/Bilder/3.Reiter-Regionalpolitik/3.EU-SF_in_OE_00-06/3.7_Evaluierung/MTE-Berichte/HZB_Ziel2_Salzburg_endg_20031216.pdf

• Wagner, P., Kaufmann, A. (2005), Aktualisierung der Halbzeitbewertung des Ziel-2 Programms Salzburg 2000-2006. Seibersdorf research Report, ARC, Seibersdorf. http://www.oerok.gv.at/fileadmin/Bilder/3.Reiter-Regionalpolitik/3.EU-SF_in_OE_00-06/3.7_Evaluierung/MTE-Aktualisierungen/Z2Salzburg-MTE-update_endg.pdf

Statistical data

Land Salzburg, Statistical data on

• Population: http://www.salzburg.gv.at/zsp08_druck_bevoelk.pdf

• Education: http://www.salzburg.gv.at/zsp08_druck_bildung.pdf

• Women:

· Frauenzahlen 2004 – Pinzgau (pol. Bezirk Zell am See) http://www.salzburg.gv.at/fz_pinzgau.pdf

· Frauenzahlen 2004 – Lungau (pol. Bezirk Tamsweg) http://www.salzburg.gv.at/fz_lungau.pdf

· Frauenzahlen 2004 – Pongau (pol. Bezirk St. Johann im Pongau) http://www.salzburg.gv.at/fz_pongau.pdf

· Frauenzahlen 2004 – Tennengau (pol. Bezirk Hallein) http://www.salzburg.gv.at/fz_hallein.pdf

List of interviews/visits

Association ʺPfifferlingsplatzl - flexible Kinderbetreuung in Wald/Pinzgauʺ - Ms. Brigitte Nindl - (Telephone interview November 2008)

Austria Wirtschaftsservice | ERP-FONDS - Ms. Mag. Elfriede Kober (Executive Director Department of EU-Affairs) - (Telephone interview, October 2008)

Austria Wirtschaftsservice Gesellschaft m.B.H. - Mr. Mag. Kurt Leutgeb (Telephone interview, November 2008)

Digital Elektronik GmbH - Ms. Auer - (Telephone interview, December 2008)

Hapimag - Ms. Helga Weger (Managing Director) - (site visit, 13.11.2008)

Lungauer Bildungsverbund - Ms. Monika Mobarak (site visit, 13.11.2008)

Lungauer Kompetenzzentrum / Polytechnische Schule - Mr. Dr. Peter Jäger - (Telefone Interview Decembre 2008)


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Office for Women´s Affairs and Gender Equality - Ms. Romana Rotschopf (Equal Opportunity Commissioner of Salzburg) - (Telephone interview, November 2008)

ÖROK – Austrian Conference on Spatial Planning - Mr. Markus Seidl (executive director), Mr. Mag. Herr Andreas Maier (face-to-face interview, 28/10/2008)

Österreichische Hotel- und Tourismusbank GmbH - Mr. Prok. Ing. Mag. Martin Hofstetter (Telephone interview, November 2008)

Pagitsch Design GmbH - Mr. Rupert Pagitsch (site visit, 13.11.2008)

Regional Government of Salzburg - Department of Economy, Tourism and Energy - Ms. Mag. Maria Rettenbacher (Telephone interview, October 2008)

Regional Management Lungau- Mr. Dr. Bernhard Holzrichter, Ms. Mag. Andrea Schindler-Perner (Project Manager for Equal Opportunities) (face-to-face Interview, 13/11/2008)

Regional Management Pinzgau - Mr. Michael Payer (face-to-face Interview, 12/11/2008)

Regional Management Pinzgau - Ms. Andrea Schindler-Perner (Project Manager for Equal Opportunity for Lungau) - (face-to-face interview, 12/11/2008)

Regional Management Pongau - Mr. Mag. Stephan Maurer (face-to-face Interview, 14/11/2008)

Vital- & Wellnesscentre Samsunn - Mr. Franz Doppler (Mayor of Mariapfarr) (Site visit 13.11.2008)

(previously) Regional Management Pinzgau - Ms. Barbara Huber-Jeblinger (Project Manager for Equal Opportunity for Pinzgau) - (telephone interview, December 2008)

second intermediate report - european …...case study – salzburg (at) this study was carried out...

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