sec on 3: mechanisms of influence: basic ecologyjhicke/courses/...climate change ecology 1 prof. j....
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 1
Sec�on 3: Mechanisms of influence: Basic ecology
A�er this sec�on, you should be able to:
understand the mechanisms by which temperature and moisture influence plants and animals
describe adaptations of plants and animals that allow them to live in suboptimal environments
Learning outcomes
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 2
Environmental Gradients Different plants have different climate factors
McKenzie et al., 2003
Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa
Pseudotsuga menziesii Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 3
Environmental Gradients Range and density
MacDonald, 2008
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 4
Temperature
Slide courtesy of C. Still
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 5
Temperature
Temperature and the saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)
Lomolino et al., 2006
More than 12 to 24 hours below freezing damages the plant
1961 1966 1979
Frost damage in 1962:
0 deg C for >24 hours
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 6
Temperature
Slide courtesy of C. Still
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 7
Temperature
Animals: Temperature effects on distributions
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 8
Temperature
Animals: Temperature adaptations to cold
Migration
www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/Avian-migration.html
North-south Higher-lower
www.oregonzoo.org/Cards/Cascades/elk.roosevelt.htm
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 9
Temperature
Animals: Temperature adaptations to cold
Physiology
Bentz and Mullins, 1999
Cold hardening of mountain pine beetle
Decrease of supercooling point as winter progresses
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 10
Temperature
Animals: Temperature adaptations to heat
Shelter
Lomolino et al. 2006
homepages.gac.edu/~cjgroh/classes/TZPictures.html
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 11
Temperature
Animals: Temperature adaptations to heat
Morphology “Cool” adaptations to hot conditions
Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Chameleons (Chamaeleo)
fohn.net/elephant-pictures-facts www.african-safari-journals.com/chameleon-pictures.html
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 12
Temperature
Bull and Vogt, 1979
Temperature affects sex ratio of turtle hatchlings
Implications of global warming?
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 13
Lomolino et al. 2006
Soil moisture controls on woody plants in desert Southwest
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 14
Moisture stress on plants: mortality
Photo by Craig Allen - USGS
Croplands Pinyon pine in SW
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 15
Barnes et al., 1998
Soil moisture controls on tree species distribution in PNW
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 16
Elmore et al., 2003
Rooting depth in arid landscape controls species distribution
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 17
Controls of soil moisture at larger scale
Friedl et al.
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 18
Controls of soil moisture at larger scale
Friedl et al.
wet
dry
dry
high
none
none
dense forest
savannas shrublands
Precip Biomass Veg type
none
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 19
Plant strategies to deal with drought: 1. Escapees
www.desertusa.com/wildflo/wildupdates.html
Perennials (dormancy) Annuals (“emphemerals”)
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 20 DeFries et al., 2000
Slide courtesy C. Still
Plant strategies to deal with drought: 2. Avoiders Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 21
Slide courtesy C. Still
Plant strategies to deal with drought: 2. Avoiders Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 22
Namib Desert beetle (Onymacris unguicularis)
Adaptations to low water availability
morphology adaptations to capture fog: bumps on back channels to mouth head down behavior
can capture 40% of body weight in one morning
www.nacoma.org.na/Pictures/Photos/Beetle.jpg
http://www.biomechanics.bio.uci.edu/_html/nh_biomech/namib/beetle.htm
Moisture
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 23
Summer temperatures
Moisture stress (high summer temps, low precip)
What factors limit white spruce at its northern and southern extent?
Multiple factors/interactions
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 24
Nemani et al., 2003
Controls on Net Primary Production
Multiple factors/interactions
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 25
soil water recharge
deficit surplus
surplus
Stephenson, 1998
PET
AET
Annual water balance and climatic water deficit
Sierra Nevada, CA: Coniferous
Water supply
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 26
soil water recharge
deficit
surplus surplus
Stephenson, 1998
PET
AET
Annual water balance and climatic water deficit Sierra Nevada, CA: Coniferous
Water supply (rain+snowmelt)
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 27
Annual water balance and climatic water deficit
Erie, PA: Deciduous
PET
AET
Water supply (rain+snowmelt)
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 28 Stephenson, 1990
Distribution of major N. America plant formations Multiple factors/interactions
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 29 Stephenson, 1990
Distribution of major N. America plant formations AET: separation of different forest types
Ene
rgy
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y
high
er g
row
th Multiple factors/interactions
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 30 Stephenson, 1990
AET: separation of different forest types
Deficit: separation of forest types from prairie
Ene
rgy
and
wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y
Moisture limitation higher growth
high
er g
row
th
Distribution of major N. America plant formations Multiple factors/interactions
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Climate Change Ecology Prof. J. Hicke 31 Stephenson, 1990
Three reasons conifers dominate over deciduous trees
energy limited: low PET => low AET/growth
water limited: low precip => low AET/growth
asynchrony in energy, water supplies => low AET/growth
PET
Precipitation
S = surplus of water (hatched) D = deficit of water (stippled)
AET
Multiple factors/interactions