seaweed community from intertidal area of satang

SEAWEED COMMUNITY FROM INTERTIDAL AREA OF SATANG BESAR ISLAND SARA WAK

Nur Iliyana Binti Mohd Jusoh

QH 957 N974

Bachelor of Science with Honours 2012 (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

2012

=-- - --~~--

PUlat Khldmlt Maklum t Akademik UNlVERsm MALAVSIA SARAWAK

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADIMIK

111111111 1011111111111 1000235664

Faculty ofResource Science and Technology

Seaweed Community from Intertidal Area of Satang Besar Island Sarawak

Nur Iliyana Bt Mohd Jusoh (24594)

Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

2012

~I L

Acknowledgments

Alhamdullilah I would like to express my highest gratitude to Allah for His grace A

million thanks to my supervisor Mr Mohd Nasarudin Harith whom never give up in

providing guidance to me from the very start till the very end I really appreciate it To

my family I would like to express my love and appreciation for providing me with

limitless moral and fmancial support Thank you very much to all FRST staffs that

involved directly or indirectly in this study Not forgetting my thanks to Forest

Department Sarawak - Permit No NCCD90744(Jld 7)- 119 (Park Permit No

742012) Last but not least my thanks to all ofmy friends who have been kind enough

to lend a helping hand

I

Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik UNIVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

IITable of Contents

List of Figures and Tables IV

Abstract

l0 Introduction 2

20 Literature Review 5

21 Seaweeds ecology and physiology 5

22 Seaweed classifications 8

23 Growth and tolerance ofintertida1 seaweeds 9

24 Importance ofseaweeds 10

30 Materials and Methods 12

31 Locationofsamplingstations 12

32 Physicochemical parameters and water samples collection 13

33 Transect Quadrat Method ~ 14

34 Seaweeds specimens collection 15

35 Preservation ofseaweeds and water samples 16

36 Seaweeds identification 16

37 Nutrient analysis 17

38 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BODs) 18

39 Quantitative Assessment ofAbundance 18

40 Results and discussion 21

41 Species composition 21

42 Quantitative assessment of abundance 30

II

43 Nutrient analyses 40

44 Physicochemical parameters 42

45 Correlation analysis between seaweed diversity and environmental parameters 47

50 Conclusion 49

60 References 50

70 Appendices 56

III

List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1 Distribution of seaweeds along seashore 5

Figure 2 Parts of a thallus 6

Figure 3 Location of study site 12

Figure 4 Illustration of transect and quadrat placement 15

Figure 5 Percentage of seaweed division from this study based on 22 total species number

Figure 6 Genera from division Chlorophyta namely (a) Halimeda 25 (b) Bryopsis and (c) Avrainvillea found in this study

Figure 7 Genera from division Phaeophyta namely (a) Padina and 26 (b) Sargassum found in this study

Figure 8 Genera from division Rhodophyta namely (a) Halymenia 27 (b) Acanthophora (c) Graciaria and (d) Polysiphonia found in this study

Figure 9 Variation in number of species of seaweed in all 29 sampling stations

Figure 10 Variation in species density in all sampling stations 31

Figure 11 Frequency of all seaweed species in this study ~ 32

Figure 12 Species richness value in aU stations 35

Figure 13 Species diversity value in all stations 37

Figure 14 Species evenness value in all stations 39

Figure 15 Nitrate reading variations in all stations 40

Figure 16 Orthophosphate reading variation in all stations 41

Figure 17 Water temperature reading variation in all stations 43

Figure 18 pH reading variation in all stations 44

Figure 19 Salinity reading variations in all stations 45

IV

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _

Figure 20 DO reading variation in all stations 46

Table I Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates and brief description of sampling stations 14

Table 2 Table of nutrient analysis and method used 17

Table 3 Presence of species and total number of species per sampling 23 stations

Table 4 Correlation anaiysis (r) between species diversity with nutrients 48 and physicochemical parameters

v


Nur Iliyana Bt Mohd Jusoh

Aquatic Resource and Management Programme Faculty of Science and Technology

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

ABSTRACT

An assessment of seaweed composItion in intertidal zones of Satang Besar Island was done to address the inadequate information of seaweeds for this island Seaweed samples were collected from 10 stations around the island Nine genera namely Halimeda Blyopsis Avrainvillea Padina Sargassum Halymenia Acanthophora Gracilaria and Polysiphonia were identified on the basis of morphological characters Based on the total number of species Chlorophyta division showed the highest percentage during the entire period of study Physicochemical data were carried out and measured from 10 stations at the intertidal zones from Satang Besar Island The water temperature ranged from 301 degC to 338 0c pH ranged from 712 to 108 and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 621 to 818 mgL All the physicochemical parameters were at suitable level to support seaweed growth Nutrients like nitrate and orthophosphate varied from 002 to 047 mgL and 011 to 035 mglL respectively The highest species diversity (H == 1020) value was found in station 10 comprising of both rocky shore and sandy beach Correlation of salinity and pH showed positive relation to species diversity which indicated as important factors for seaweed growth The distinction in total species number from all stations suggested that different locations and type ofsubstratum may lead to disparity in composition of seaweeds

Key words species composition morphological characters physicochemical parameters nutrient analysis

ABSTRAK

Satu penilaian komposisi nlmpai laut dalam zan pasang surut Pulau Satang lJesqr telah dilakukan untuk menangaJh maklumat yang tidak mencukupi tentang rumpai laut untuk pulau ini Sampel rnmpai laut dikumpulkan daripada 10 stesen di sekeliling pulau 9 genera iaitu Halimeda Bryopsis Avrainvillea Padina Sargassum Halymenia Acanthophora Gracilaria dan Polysiphonia telah dikenal pasti berdasarkan dasar ciri-ciri mOlfologi Berdasarkan jllmlah bilangan spesies bahagian Chlorophyta telah menunjukkan peratusan tertinggi sepanjang tempoh kajian Datafzsikokimia telah dijalankan dan diukur daripada 10 stesen di zan pasang surut dari Pulau Satang Besar Suhu air adalah dari 301 deg C hingga 338 deg C pH adalah 712-108 dan oksigen terlarut (DO) adalah dari 621-818 mg L Semua parameter fizikokimia berada di tahap yang sesuai untuk menyokong pertumbuhan rumpai laut Nutrien eperti nitrat dan ortofo~rat berbeza dari 002- 047 mg L dan 011 -035 mg L masing-masing Nilai kepelbagaian

spesies tertinggi (H = 1020) didapati di stesen 10 yang terdiri daripada kedua-dua pantai berbatu dan pantai berpasir Korelasi saliniti dan pH menunjukkan hubungan yang positij dengan kepelbagaian spesis menggambman ia merupakan faktor penting bagi pertumbuhan I1lmpai laut Perbezaan dalam jumlah bilangan spesies dari semua stesen mencadangkan bahawa lokasi yang berbeza dan jenis substrata boleh membawa kepada perbezaan komposisi rumpai laut

Kata kunci komposisi spesies ciri moifologi parameterfizikokimia analisis nutrien

1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction

Sarawak covers an area of 124 450 km2 located on the western region of Borneo

Island it is the largest state in Malaysia (Osman 2009) According to Saadon et al

(1 998) climate along Sarawak coast is characterized by high temperature high humidity

and heavy seasonal rainfall Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) (1998) claimed that the

temperature range for Sarawak coast is 22 degC to 31 degc Tidal range of Sarawak coasts are

generally large with up to 6 meters The coastal waters are enhanced with nutrients from

the land and support a highly diverse flora and fauna Example of floras in the coastal

environment is the seaweeds (FRI 1998)

Seaweeds can be defmed as macroscopic algae that can be found attached to the

floor of reasonably shallow coastal waters (Ananthamaran amp Kannan 2009) According

to Lobban amp Harrison (1994) the term seaweeds traditionally includes only

macroscopic multicellular marine red green and brown algae However each of these

groups has microscopic representatives (Ahmad 1995) bull

According to Channel Island National Marine Sanctuary (CINMS) (2002) the

intertidal zone is the area of seashore between the highest high tide and the lowest low

tide which can be rocky shore sandy beach or mudflat To be able to survive within the

intertidal zone of marine environment organisms may have to withstand the exposure to

desiccation temperature stress osmotic stress and UV radiation (Rawlings 1999) These

factors made organisms living in intertidal area to be unique

2

- --_

According to Lian et al (2008) Sarawak contains the lowest distribution of

seaweed This statement is based on the research of spatial patterns of seaweed

distribution in Malaysia using Geographic Information Studies (GIS) He also suggested

that more research should be done in Sarawak because until 2008 data in Sarawak are

only available from eight sampling sites with 25 records

By far the latest study of seaweeds in Satang Besar Island was carried out by

Nurridan (2007) She focuses on seaweed composition by collection and identification of

seaweed samples If one wishes to conduct a study on seaweed diversity and abundance

ofSatang Besar Island one may say that information is very limited

Satang Besar Island is a tourism attraction where it has been the sanctuary for sea

turtles (Mohamad 2011) The underwater landscape around this island is fascinating with

various types of corals and enchanting varieties of fishes and other life forms (Joseph

2011) However tourism activities might have some adverse impact on marme

environment According to Rossi et al (2007) outdool leisure activities on marin~

beaches and intertidal habitats can have a strong impact on the ecology ofthese habitats

A relatively recent research has demonstrated that trampling can be harmful for

seaweeds which might causes changes in population and biodiversity of its community

(Rossi et al 2007) which is also supported by Schiel amp Taylor (1999) Therefore this

research might be useful in the future to study the trend of biodiversity and population of

seaweed in Satang Besar Island from the impact of tourism activities

3

The structure and dynamics of a desired study site can be assessed through the

quantitative assessment of abundance (Dhargalkar amp Kalvekar 2004) The assessments

include the statistical consideration which gives a more realistic picture of structure and

dynamics of seaweed This involves the calculation for density frequency species

richness and species diversity

Objectives of this study

1 To assess seaweeds composition and diversity in Satang Besar Island intertidal zones

2 To evaluate the quantitative assessment of abundance of seaweeds from Satang Besar

Island intertidal zone

3 To document the selected physicochemical parameters from seaweed habitat in Satang

Besar Island

4

Pusat Kbidmat MakJumat Akademik UNIVERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

20 Literature Review

21 Seaweeds ecology and physiology

According to Phang et ai (2008) seaweeds form an important component of the

coastal and marine ecosystems by providing feeding breeding and nursery ground for

some of marine life Seaweeds together with the microalgae (phytoplankton) and

seagrasses serve as the main producers in the ocean (Phang 2006)

According to Mine (2008) seaweeds require an environment where water is

present at all times so they can live up as far as the splash zone in the seashore and

down to about 30 m deep in the sea where they can get enough light for photosynthesis

(Figure 1) The diversity distribution and abundance of seaweeds are influenced by

environmental factors such as exposure to desiccation rainfall salinity pH disso lved

oxygen and nutrients - nitrate nitrite phosphate silicate (Nedumaran amp Perumal 2009)

~ atmosphere

Supralittoral (Splash) zone High tide

Low tide

land Subtidal zone -30m

Seawater

Figure I Distribution of seaweeds along seashore (Adapted from Mine 2008)

5

--- --- - -

According to Ananthamaran amp Kannan (2009) some of the major environmental

factors affecting seaweeds growth are light temperature salinity water motion predation

and nutrient availability Seaweeds also show biological interactions with the epiphytic

bacteria fungi algae and sessile animals (Lobban amp Harrison 1994)

Seaweeds are similar in form with the higher vascular plants but the structure and

function of the parts in seaweeds are different from the higher plants (Ahmad 1995)

According to Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar (2004) seaweeds do not have true roots stem or

leaves Whole body of the algae is called thallus that consists of the holdfast stipe and

blade (Figure 2) A thallus is the undifferentiated tissue Blade contains photosynthetic

pigment a stipe provides structural support and holdfast anchors the organism to the sea

floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast

Figure 2 Parts ofa thallus (Adapted from Dhargalkar amp Kalvekar 2004)

6

Green algae or the chlorophytes are ranging from unicellular to muhi-ceHular

microscopic to macroscopic forms According to Wells (20 I 0) the green algae tend to be

delicate in its morphology and the turn brown when decomposition takes place Their

thalli may be fairly or highly calcified appearing in diverse fonns - fan shaped segments

feather like or star-shaped branches (Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar 2004) According to

Lobban amp Harrison (1994) many siphonous green algae are fonned by connection of

numerous filaments

The phaeophytes or brown algae are fully marine forms They show a complex

morphology compared to other algae (Morris 1988) They have diverse forms from

simple freely branched filaments to highly differentiated forms These algae comprise

many of the large cartilaginous fonns in which they can cover a big portion of area of the

shore (Wells 2010) According to Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar (2004) many species have

large massive thalli with special air bladder vesicles or float to make them buoyant

Rhodophytes are mainly marine that are very sensitive to light (Ahmad 1995)

They have various sizes and shapes (Lobban amp Harrison 1994) They are either

epiphytes that grows as crust on the rocks or shells as a large fleshy branched or blade

like thalli which is basically filamentous simple or branched (Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar

2004) Wells (2010) stated that rhodophytes could be found commonly on the mid and

lower shore

7

22 Seaweeds classification

According to Abbott amp Dawson (1978) green algae (Chlorophyta) brown algae

(Phaeophyta) and the red algae (Rhodophyta) are the three groups of algae which make

up the vast majority of seaweeds are named because of the main colors which their

members commonly assume and are technically distinguished by the chemistry of their

pigments This statement is also supported by Littler et al (1989) which stated that the

green red and brown algae are named after the color of the dominant photosynthetic

pigments

The Chlorophyta or green algae almost always appear green in color Members of

this division are found in vast habitats including terrestrial freshwater and marine (Teo amp

Wee 1983) According to Ahmad (1995) chiorophytes contain pigments of chlorophyll

a chlorophyll b xanthophylls Division Chlorophyta is represented by 11 orders that

consist of 9 families (Luning 1990) Starch is their ehQtosynthetic product and the

reproduction for this group is both sexual and asexual (Trono 1997)

Phaeophyta or the brown algae are conspicuously brown in color due to the

presence of fucoxanthin protein masking the chlorophylls a (Teo amp Wee 1983)

Phaeophytes contain pigments of chlorophyll a chlorophyll c ~ carotene xanthophylls

and fucoxanthin (Ahmad 1995) According to Luning (1990) the division Phaeophyta is

represented by 16 orders that consist of 26 families The photosynthetic products for this

group are laminarin and mannitol (Trono 1997)

8

middot - ----------

Rhodophyta or the red algae have distinct redness as a result of phycoerythrins

and pbycocyanins that mask the chlorophyll a and carotenoids (Teo amp Wee 1983)

However recognition for red algae during in field can be a problem because many of

them are not really red in color but green brown purple or even black in nature (Abbott

amp Dawson 1978) These plants are mainly marine species with few freshwater species

(Lobban amp Harrison 1994) They inhabit intertidal to subtidal to deeper waters

(Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar 2004) According to Luning (1990) the division Rhodophyta

has 11 orders with 37 families These plants have pigments of chlorophyll a chlorophyll

b chlorophyll c phycoerythrins phycocyanins (l amp Bcarotene (Ahmad 1995) The food

reserve for this group is floridean starch (Trono 1997)

23 Growth and tolerance in intertidal seaweeds

Intertidal organisms are relatively simple assemblages that exist in a habitat where

a steep gradient of environmental variation occur (Dvison amp Pearson 1996) Many

intertidal organisms are structurally flexible however the effect of the mechanical forces

they experience is poorly understood (Wolcott 2007)

Water movement in the intertidal zone has intense influence on the ecology and

physiology of seaweeds (Barr et ai 2008) The negative effects of extreme water

movement can be seen in the detachment or destruction of seaweeds (Lobban amp Harrison

1994) However low levels of water movement can limit growth by restriction of supply

of macro nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen (Hurd 2000) Intertidal seaweeds

9

tend to inhabit environment where there is less water movement over a significant period

of time (Pearson et ai 1998)

Many intertidal seaweeds show a gradient form of upright thallus and lateral

branches to improve photosynthesis performance (Taylor amp Hay 1984) Seaweeds occur

in lower intertidal zone which inhabits in a more or less shaded area has high growth

performance in low photon irradiance (Hardy amp Guiry 2003) Like other plants and

animals living in intertidal zone seaweeds from intertidal area have adaptations to

physical stresses because to survive within the zone organisms have to withstand

exposure to desiccation osmotic stress temperature stress and UV radiation (Rawlings

1999)

Organisms that inhabit intertidal zone of rocky shores are usually dominated by

high density ofmacro algae that show distinctive patterns ofvertical distribution (Davison

amp Pearson 1996) In addition organisms in the rocky ~ore are generally much smaller I

than those in subtidal and terrestrial habitats (Wolcott2007) This may be the result

because large individuals are more likely to become damaged by wave action

24 Importance of seaweeds

Seaweeds have various uses especially for human and animals food soil fertilizer

colloid production cosmetics and pharmaceuticals (Krishnaiah et ai 2008) Examples

of colloid are like agar alginates and carrageenan Edible seaweeds have many

10

nutrit ional values According to Dhargalkar amp Velvecar (2008) edible seaweeds

contained low calorie and lipid but high in concentration of proteins minerals and

vitamins Edible seaweeds usually are from red and brown algae (Dawczynski et al

2006)

Besides as food seaweeds are used or designated as biomonitors to study the

environmental contamination (Caliceti et al 2002) Biosorption using seaweeds for

agricultural and fishery industry have shown a remarkable potential to be used as

treatment for wastewater treatment contaminated with heavy metal (G him ire et at 2007)

Brown seaweeds have the potential to be used as heavy metal biosorption because the

brown seaweeds contained polysaccharide that has excellent binding metal capacity

(Senthilkumar et al 2007)

Seaweeds also can be used as an alternative biofilters for maintenance of water

quality in land based mariculture (Neori et al 1996) ~eaweed filtration improved the ~ - efficiency and productivity of aquaculture by enhancing cUlture conditions (Cahill ei ai

2010) The study by Neori et al (1996) proved that metabolically dependent water

quality parameters (dissolved oxygen pH oxidized - N and phosphate) remained stable

and within safe limits for fish culture

11

30 Materials and Methods

31 Location of sampling stations

The study was conducted at the Satang Besar Island (Figure 3) Satang Besar

Island is located in Sarawak 30 minutes boat ride from Telaga Air fishermen village

Satang Besar is one of the national park that forms the Talang Satang national park which

is Sarawaks first marine protected area - first marine national park Established as a

protected park in 1999 it covers a total of 19414 hectares (Joseph 2011) The island is a

private property owned by the descendents of Datu Patinggi Abang Hj Abdillah

(Mohamad 2011)

Figure 3 Location of study site and stations (Google Maps 2011)

12

32 Physicochemical parameters and water samples collection

Measurements of physicochemical parameters and water samples collection were done

one or two hours before the time of low tide as in the tide tables (Ahmad 1995) This

gave more time for observation of the seaweeds in its natural habitat (Dhargalkar amp

Kavlekar 2004) Physicochemical parameters namely temperature turbidity pH and

initial (dissolved oxygen) DO were measured using Horiba water quality control (Model

W2030) Salinity was measured using hand refractometer (Model Atago S-IO)Water

samples were taken for nutrient analyses namely nitrate and orthophosphate The

measurements were done in triplicates

13

Table I Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates and brief description of sampling stations

Station GPS coordinate Location description 1 N 01deg46820 Sandy beach with intertidal zone of 20 m

E 110deg09908

2 N 01deg46772 Sandy beach with intertidal zone of 30 m E 110deg09895

3 N 01 deg46740 Sandy beach and rocky shore with intertidal zone E 110deg09822 of more than 100 m

4 N 01deg46796 Rocky shore with intertidal zone of 50 m E 110deg09667

5 N 01deg46796 Rocky shore with intertidal zone of 50 m E 1l0009501

6 N 01deg47060 Rocky shore (very sharp and steep rocks) very E 110deg09507 strong wave action intertidal zone less than I middotm

7 N 01deg47242 Rocky shore with intertidal zone of 15 m EII0009562


9 NO I deg47259 Sandy beach and rocky shore with intertidal zone E 110deg 10185 of 18 m

10 N 01deg47085 Sandy beach and rocky shore with intertidal zone E 110deg10134 of20 m

33 Transect Quadrat Method

There were 10 stations selected (Table 1) for this project in which 3 transects line

was laid for each station A combination of transect and quadrate method was carried out

as suggested by Uddin et al (2007) 50 cm X 50 cm quadrats were used The quadrats

were divided into 25 small quadrats with the size of 10 cm X 10 em each (Uddin et al

2007)

14

bullbull

At each site the lines were laid perpendicular to the shoreline In every five

meters of the line four quadrats were placed randomly where the vegetation was

discontinuous and it occured in patches (Ananthamaran amp Kannan 2009) as shown in

Figure 4 5 stations were covered during first sampling in September 2011 and another

five were covered during second sampling in March 2011 Sampling points were chose

based on - there was a good chance of every species being selected at the study site

(Dhargalkar amp Kalvekar 2004) The data obtained were used for quantitative assessment

ofabundance

Legend 5m Seaweed patch bull

[] ~ Quadrat (50cm200 Transect line

~ ~ Shoreline~

Figure 4 Illustration of transect and quadrat placement

34 Seaweed specimens collection

Collections of data on seaweeds were carried out during the low tide at the

intertidal area Knife or scalpels were used for collecting the samples from within station

The whole thallus was taken out from substrate for identification All relevant

observations on the nature of the habitat size and aspect of the various dominant species

15

the major associations and type of substrate were recorded (Abbott amp Dawson 1978)

Specimen were sorted out species-wise in polyethylene bags as were easier for

identification in laboratory after sampling (Ananthamaran amp Kannan 2009)

35 Preservation of seaweeds and water samples

Specimens were preserved in 4 formalin solution that was poured into the

polyethylene bags (Ananthamaran amp Kannan 2009) The fume from formaldehyde

helped to fix and preserved the seaweed material (Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar 2004) For dry

specimens seaweeds were kept in polyethylene bags containing seawater so that it stayed

as fresh specimen (Ahmad 1995) Data of the location and date were recorded Label on

the polyethylene bags contained date locality and sample code Filtered water samples

were kept at -20degC and thawed to room temperature when analyzed For BODs bottles

the samples were stored at room temperature for 5 days

36 Seaweeds identification

Identification of the specimens obtained were carried out using keys from Teo amp

Wee (1983) Littler et at (1989) Ahmad (1995) Dhargalkar amp Kavlekar (2004)

Nurridan (2007) and Wells (2010) According to Uddin et al (2007) the significant

characters for identification are based on the morpho logy of size form branch of thallus

and type of hold fast Ahmad (1995) stated that one of the characteristics for identification

is flagella (number type and insertion)

16

Wells (2010) stated that one of the identification key for Chlorophyta is that the

color is generally grass green Phaeophytes tend to be in color of olive-green to various

shades of brown and Rhodophytes exhibit a range of colors from dark red or black to

pink purple and brown Therefore it is very important to use fresh samples to support the

frrst line taxonomic classification (color)

37 Nutrient analysis

According to Barr et al (2008) macronutrients such as phosphafe and

nitrogen affect seaweed growth Therefore nutrient analyses were carried out in

laboratory to understand the effect of level of these nutrients in seawater and the relation

with diversity distribution and abundance of seaweeds Seaweeds take nutrient in the

form of nitrate and orthophosphate (Lobban amp Harrison 1994) The nutrients that were

analyzed were nitrate and orthophosphate The methods were as provided in manual by

Hach Company (2000)

Table 2 Table of nutrient analysis and method used

Analysis Method Number Method Name

Nitrate Method 8039 Cadmium Reduction Method

Orthophosphate Method 8048 PhosVer 3 (Ascorbic Acid) Method

17

=-- - --~~--

PUlat Khldmlt Maklum t Akademik UNlVERsm MALAVSIA SARAWAK

PKHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADIMIK

111111111 1011111111111 1000235664

Faculty ofResource Science and Technology


Nur Iliyana Bt Mohd Jusoh (24594)

Bachelor of Science with Honours (Aquatic Resource Science and Management)

2012

~I L

Acknowledgments










I


Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

IITable of Contents


Abstract

l0 Introduction 2



















II




50 Conclusion 49

60 References 50

70 Appendices 56

III





















IV

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _






v





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

Acknowledgments










I


Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

IITable of Contents


Abstract

l0 Introduction 2



















II




50 Conclusion 49

60 References 50

70 Appendices 56

III





















IV

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _






v





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17


Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

IITable of Contents


Abstract

l0 Introduction 2



















II




50 Conclusion 49

60 References 50

70 Appendices 56

III





















IV

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _






v





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17




50 Conclusion 49

60 References 50

70 Appendices 56

III





















IV

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _






v





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17





















IV

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _






v





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

~ ~ _ 1 ____ _






v





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17





ABSTRACT



ABSTRAK




1

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

-- - ~- -~-

10 Introduction




















2

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

- --_





















3











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17











Besar Island

4














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17














~ atmosphere


Low tide


Seawater


5

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

--- --- - -











floor (Wells 2010)

I~p----- Blade

Stipe

Holdfast


6







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17







numerous filaments












lower shore

7








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17








pigments













8

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

middot - ----------





















9










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17










1999)










10




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17




2006)













11









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17









(Mohamad 2011)


12










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17










13



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17



E 110deg09908















2007)

14

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17

bullbull








ofabundance



~ ~ Shoreline~







15




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17




















16













Hach Company (2000)





17













Hach Company (2000)





17

seaweed community from intertidal area of satang

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