sean o’malley director sales and marketing
TRANSCRIPT
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New Generation Refrigeration
Lubricants Optimized for
Energy Efficiency
Sean O’MalleyDirector Sales and MarketingXaerus Performance Fluids Int’l
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True Sustainable Refrigerants
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Carbon Dioxide (R-744) A1 GWP = 1 High pressure is a safety concern in some applications. Great for low temp, OK for certain medium temp and heat pump Efficiency drops off in high ambient conditions.
Ammonia (R-717) B2(B2L) (toxic) (applications limited to secondary expansion and chillers) GWP = 0
Hydrocarbons (R-600a, R-290, R-1270) GWP < 3 A3 (flammable) (charge restricted in most common applications)
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True Sustainable Refrigerants
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Ultra Low GWP HFOs (R-1234yf, R-1234ze, R-1233zd, R-514A (blend)) GWP < 1-2 A2L (mildly flammable) or B1 (R-514A) Generally not well suited for high pressure applications on their own
Difluoromethane (R-32) GWP= 675 A2L, mildly flammable Best overall performance/cost alternative to R-410A for high pressure
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Effects of Refrigeration Lubricants in System Energy Efficiency
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HFC, HCFC, HFO, Hydrocarbons, Carbon Dioxide
• System designed for oil to be Fully Miscible with refrigerant gas
• System efficiencies rely on:• Good oil return from evaporator• Oil retaining viscosity for adequate compressor bearing
lubrication• Oil maintaining properties as lubricant and sealing fluid for
screw compressors
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Roles of Refrigeration Lubricants in System Energy Efficiency
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Ammonia
• System designed for oil to be Fully Immiscible with Ammonia gas
• System efficiency rely on:• Good oil separation• Oil remaining chemically stable with Ammonia• Oil return properties
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Energy Efficient POE Refrigeration
Lubricants for:
- CO2 (R744)- HFO- R-32
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R-744 (Carbon Dioxide)
Problems:• Smaller volume systems, higher pressure resulting in higher loads. • Solvency of carbon dioxide • Gas bubble nucleation (outgassing) on bearing surfaces destroys
lubricant film
Effects on energy efficiency:• Insufficient hydrodynamic lubrication• High mechanical wear and tear• High energy loss
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Limitations with Current POE Refrigerant Lubricants
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R-32Problem:• Low miscibility of conventional POE with R-32 • Excessive oil dilution by R-32 relative to R-410A
Impact on system efficiency:• Decreased miscibility could impact oil return and reduce system efficiency• High dilution leads to poor lubrication of compressor high wear and tear and high
energy consumption
R-1234zeProblem:• High solubility and excessive oil dilution relative to R-134a
Impact• Lost of lubricant viscosity, poor compression, poor cooling efficiency
Limitations with Current POE Refrigerant Lubricants
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Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Lubricants
CO2 Compressor Lubricants Properties
PAO Type Oil return problem for transcritical system
First Generation POE Average miscibility and load carrying
properties
Second Generation POE Superior load carrying for commercial/
industrial sub‐ and trans‐critical refrigeration
and heat pump.
Development of Carbon Dioxide Refrigerant Lubricants
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Load Carrying CapabilityFalex Pin and Vee Block TestASTM D 3233, Method A
Product Second Gen POE First Gen POE
Viscosity at 40 C 80 69
Falex Pin and Vee BlockTest Result
1000 900
Development of Carbon Dioxide Refrigerant Lubricants
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Lubricant Miscibility in R‐744First Generation POE
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Concentration (wt% Lube in R-744)
Immiscible Region
Miscible Region
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Lubricant Miscibility in R‐744Second Generation POE
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Concentration (wt% Lube in R-744)
Immiscible Region
Miscible Region
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HFO Refrigeration Lubricants
HFO Type Refrigeration Lubricants
R‐1234yf √ Conventional POE : OK
R‐1234zd √ Conventional POE : OK
R‐1234ze
X Conventional POE : Highly soluble in R‐1234ze Loss of
lubrication and compression, high energy wastage
√ New Generation POE for R‐1234ze: Designed to retain
viscosity, miscibility and load carrying with R‐1234ze
HFO Refrigerant Lubricants
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Traditional 220 ISO POE with R‐1234ze
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Traditional POE Dilute Too Much with R‐1234zeNew Generation POE Solves this Problem
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Refrigeration Lubricants Properties
Conventional POE X Poor miscibility with R‐32
New Generation POE for R‐32 √ Good miscibility with R‐32
R‐32 Refrigerant Lubricants
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Major R‐32 Miscibility Gap of Traditional POE
R‐32 Refrigerant Lubricants
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New Generation POE for R‐32: No Miscibility Gap
R‐32 Refrigerant Lubricants
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration
Lubricants for:
- Hydrocarbons(e.g. Propane R290)
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Refrigerant Gas Naphthenic Mineral Refrigeration Oil
HCFC (R‐22) √ Good miscibility and lubricating
properties with R‐22
Propane (R‐290) X High dilution by propane gas, loss of
lubricant viscosity High wear and tear
due to insufficient lubrication,
compressor failure
Retrofitting HCFC System to Hydrocarbon Refrigerant (e.g. propane)
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Dilution Effect of Propane in Various Oil
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Refrigerant Gas Refrigeration Oil
HCFC (R‐22)√ Mineral Naphthenic Mineral
Refrigeration Oil
Propane (R‐290) √ Synthetic PAG Refrigeration Oil
Retrofitting HCFC System to Hydrocarbon Refrigerant (e.g. Propane)
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Energy Efficient Refrigeration
Lubricants for:
- Ammonia(R717)
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Energy Efficient Ammonia Refrigeration Lubricants
• Good Oil Return:• Low Pour Point of Lubricants
• Good Oil Separation and Low Oil Carry Over:• Oil with Low Ammonia Solubility• Good Thermal Stability
• System cleanliness:• Oil remains Chemically stable with Ammonia and non‐reactive (low sludge formation)
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SOLUBILITY WITH AMMONIA (1550F / 460)C)
Optimized Paraffinic Group II
4.03.53.02.52.01.51.00.5
0PAO Paraffinic Naphthenic
Weight % Solubility in Ammonia
Ammonia Refrigeration Lubricant ‐ Solubility
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Paraffinic Naphthenic
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
EVAPORATION LOSS ASTM D972 – 22 Hours @ 100⁰C
Weight % Evaporation Loss
Optimized Paraffinic Group II
Ammonia Refrigeration Lubricant – Thermal Stability
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Ammonia Refrigeration Lubricant – Chemical Stability Oil Type Reactivity with Ammonia Energy
Efficiency
Naphthenic Oil UNSTABLE‐ Reacts with Ammonia to form nitrogen compounds (Sludge)
Poor
AlkylBenzene Oil UNSTABLE‐ Reacts with Ammonia to form nitrogen compounds (Sludge)
Poor
Paraffinic Group II Oil with high impurity
UNSTABLE‐ Reacts with Ammonia to form sludge
Poor
Paraffinic Group II oil with high purity, pour point optimized
STABLE Good
Synthetic PolyAlphaOlefins STABLE Good
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Ammonia Refrigeration Lubricant – Chemical StabilityCompatibility Results 120°C, 4 Weeks
Alkyl Benzene Napthenic Mineral Oil
Group II High ImpuritiesGroup II High Purity
PolyAlphaOlefin
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THANK YOU