seacase international workshop 2010

02 03

TIME TUESDAY, JANUARY 19

19h00 WELCOME DRINK

TIME WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20

09h00 – 09h50 OPENING

09h50 – 12h00 SESSION I: SEMI-EXTENSIVE NURSERIES

11h10 – 11h40 COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION

12h00 – 15h10 SESSION II: EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS IN PONDS AND LAGOONS

13h20 – 14h50 LUNCH

15h10 – 16h10 SESSION III: SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS

16h10 – 17h40 SESSION IV: INTEGRATED SYSTEMS


17h40 – 19h00 SESSION V: TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS

TIME THURSDAY, JANUARY 21

09h00 – 10h40 SESSION VI: PRODUCT QUALITY


11h10 – 12h10 SESSION VII: CERTIFICATION

12h10 – 15h40 SESSION VIII: CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND

SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE

13h10 – 14h40 LUNCH

15h40 – 17h50 SESSION IX: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF

NON-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS


17h50 FINAL REMARKS & CLOSING

SEACASE Project Partners:

Sponsored by:

Supported by:

04 05

Scientific Committee:

Maria Teresa Dinis Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)

Luís Conceição Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)

Jérôme Hussenot Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Denis Bally Centre de Droit et d’Economie de la Mer, Université de Bretagne

Occidentale (CEDEM-UBO)

Giovanna Marino Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA)

Stefano Cataudella Università degli Studi di Roma 'Tor Vergata' (UTV)

Pavlos Makridis Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR)

Manuel Yúfera Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC)

Paulo Vaz-Pires Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental,

Laboratório Associado (CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA)

Organizing Committee:

Maria Teresa Dinis

Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR)Luís Conceição

Ana Ramalho

Ana Jesus

WELCOME TO THE SEACASE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the International Workshop onExtensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture Production in Southern Europe, heldin Tavira, Portugal, from 20 to 21 January 2009. This Workshop is organized withinthe scope of European funded project SEACASE – Sustainable Extensive andSemi-intensive Coastal Aquaculture in Southern Europe.

Extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are traditional activities foundin many coastal areas of Southern Europe, with significant socio-economic impact.Nevertheless, these activities are being challenged by nowadays high labour andland-use costs, and their sustainability is threatened by the low productivity of thesystems, as well as the market competition, due to lower price products fromintensive aquaculture. In addition, these systems are under pressure by increasedcompetition for coastal areas by other candidate users such as tourism, agricultureand industry.

During this Workshop we expect to create a large debate between stakeholdersin order to discuss the problems and possible solutions of sustainable coastalnon-intensive systems, as well as to present the latest scientific results obtainedwithin the scientific community. We believe this is also an opportunity to promoteand disseminate these production systems.

We hope you will have a technically rewarding experience, and use this occasionto meet old friends and make many new ones. Do not miss the opportunity toexplore Tavira and the beautiful region of Algarve.

This workshop could not have taken place without the contributions of many.Special thanks to the scientific committee and all SEACASE partners involved ineach session. Acknowledgements also go to other key organizing committeemembers for their excellent team contributions: CCMAR administrative andfinance staff and Aquaculture Research Group for their precious help and availability.Enjoy the venue and your stay in Portugal!

SEACASE workshop Chair

Maria Teresa Dinis

WORKSHOP PROGRAMME

TUESDAY, JANUARY 19

19h00 Welcome drink

WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 20

09h00 Welcome by Maria Teresa Dinis, Chair of the SEACASE Steering Committee

09h30 How does EU support the sustainable development of European aquaculture through research related initiatives?Stamatios Varsamos, European Commission

SESSION I: SEMI-EXTENSIVE NURSERIESChaired by Pavlos Makridis and Emília Cunha

09h50 Semi-intensive nurseries in ponds and Lagoons, a mesocosm systemPavlos Makridis, HCMR

10h10 Effect of vertical surfaces (AquaMats®) on the enhancement of planktonproductivity in semi-extensive Sparus aurata larval rearingEmília Cunha, INRB

10h30 Extensive fish nurseries based on marine periphytonMarion Richard, IFREMER

10h50 Mesocosm nursery systems: is large beautiful?Carlos Andrade, Centro de Maricultura da Calheta

11H10 COFFEE- BREAK AND POSTER SESSION

11h40 Mesocosms as nurseries for rearing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)and sole (Solea senegalensis): SEACASE trials in PortugalEmília Cunha, INRB

06 07

SESSION II: EXTENSIVE SYSTEMS IN PONDS AND LAGOONSChaired by Clara Boglione and Philippe Blachier

12h00 Improved farming protocols for VallicultureClara Boglione, UTV

12h20 Molecular approach to the identification of wild and hatchery seabream within a Valliculture case studySabina De Innocentiis, ISPRA

12h40 Traditional extensive fish polyculture in earthen ponds – EsterosManuel Yúfera, CSIC

13h00 Monitoring and integrated management for the preservation of eel (Anguilla anguilla) resources in diked saltmarshesPhilippe Blachier, CREAA

13H20 LUNCH

14h50 Integrated modelling for management and development of sustainable shellfish aquacultureCamille Saurel, IMAR-DCEA

SESSION III: SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS Chaired by Manuel Yúfera and Luis Conceição

15h10 Semi-intensive polyculture of seabream and sole in earth pondsHugo Ferreira, INRB

15h30 Management techniques for fish production in brackish water ponds: Nile delta, EgyptSherif Sadek, ACO

15h50 Grow-out of white seabream (Diplodus sargus), zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) and common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) in polyculturePedro Pousão-Ferreira, INRB

SESSION IV: INTEGRATED SYSTEMSChaired by Jérôme Hussenot and Clara Boglione

16h10 Integrated system versus lagoon/pond treatment as effluent purification process in a land-based marine fish hatcheryJérôme Hussenot, IFREMER


17h00 The Zeeland Sole Project: integrating sole (Solea solea), ragworm (Nereis virens) and shellfish cultureJan Ketelaars, Wageningen University

17h20 Sustainable, integrated semi-intensive aquaculture of seaweeds and fish in southern EuropeRui Santos, CCMAR

SESSION V: TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTSChaired by Giovanna Marino and Luisa Valente

17h40 Diet formulation for sustainable fish farming in ponds/lagoonsJorge Dias, CCMAR

18h00 Slaughtering procedures: fish from extensive and semi-intensive productionPaulo Vaz-Pires, CIIMAR

18h20 Investigating stress response and adaptability to low temperature in the gilthead seabream through a physiological approachGiovanna Marino, ISPRA

18h40 Investigating stress response and adaptability to low temperature in the gilthead seabream through a functional genomic approachTomaso Patarnello, UNIPD

19h00 End of the day

08 09

THURSDAY, JANUARY 21

SESSION VI: PRODUCT QUALITYChaired by Mireille Cardinal and Jorge Dias

09h00 Juvenile’s quality on Aquaculture systemsClara Boglione, UTV

09h20 Product quality according to the rearing system: intensive / semi-intensive / extensive / integrated system. Model species: seabream (Sparus aurata) Mireille Cardinal, IFREMER

09h40 Best indicators for seabream (Sparus aurata) quality from extensive and semi-intensive systemsLuisa Valente, CIIMAR

10h00 Farming practices of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in semi-intensive earth ponds: effects on the flesh qualityElisabete Matos, CCMAR

10h20 Effect of diet with low fish-derived protein and oil on the sensory properties and nutritional value of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)Amparo Gonçalves, INRB


SESSION VII: CERTIFICATIONChaired by Paulo Vaz-Pires and Florbela Soares

11h10 Codes of conduct and certification on semi-intensive and extensive systemsPaulo Vaz-Pires, CIIMAR

11h30 New EU organic aquaculture rulesRichard Bates, DG MARE (EU)

11h50 Organic aquaculture: a strategy for valorisation of semi-intensive aquaculture?Laura Ribeiro, INRB

SESSION VIII: CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTUREChaired by Loïc Anras and Maria Teresa Dinis

12h10 Current status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices in Southern EuropeLoïc Anras, FMA

12h30 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in PortugalAntónio Vieira, ANAQUA

12h50 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in SpainIgnacio de la Rosa, CTAQUA

13H10 LUNCH

14h40 Current Status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture practices in France Loïc Anras, FMA

15h00 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in ItalyAndrea Fabris, API

15h20 Status and challenges of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in GreeceAkis Ventiris, FGM

SESSION IX: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NON-INTENSIVE SYSTEMSChaired by Denis Bailly and Pascal Raux

15h40 Sustainable coastal aquaculture: an oxymoron?Manuel Sant’Ana, IBMC


16h30 Aquaculture in transition spaces: the economic viability in questionPascal Raux, UBO

16h50 Socio-economic assessment of national case-studiesPascal Raux, UBO

10 11

17h10 The patrimonial audit: a tool to promote sustainable aquacultureDenis Bally, UBO

17h30 Ecological-economic assessment of sustainable aquaculture options: integrated systems Vs monocultureAna Nobre, IMAR

17H50 FINAL REMARKS & CLOSING

LIST OF ORAL COMMUNICATIONS

HHooww ddooeess EEUU ssuuppppoorrtt tthhee ssuussttaaiinnaabbllee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff EEuurrooppeeaann aaqquuaaccuullttuurreetthhrroouugghh rreesseeaarrcchh rreellaatteedd iinniittiiaattiivveess??S. Varsamos 20

Session I: Semi-extensive Nurseries

SSeemmii--iinntteennssiivvee nnuurrsseerriieess iinn ppoonnddss aanndd LLaaggoooonnss,, aa mmeessooccoossmm ssyysstteemmP. Makridis, P. Divanach 21

EEffffeecctt ooff vveerrttiiccaall ssuurrffaacceess ((AAqquuaaMMaattss®®)) oonn tthhee eennhhaanncceemmeenntt ooff ppllaannkkttoonn pprroodduuccttiivviittyy iinn sseemmii--eexxtteennssiivvee SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa llaarrvvaall rreeaarriinnggM.E. Cunha, H.Q. Ferreira, A. Barradas, M. Falcão, P. Pousão-Ferreira 22

EExxtteennssiivvee ffiisshh nnuurrsseerriieess bbaasseedd oonn mmaarriinnee ppeerriipphhyyttoonnM. Richard, A. Anginot, J.T. Maurice, F. Paticat, L. Pavie, C. Trottier, M. Verdegem,J. Hussenot 23

MMeessooccoossmm nnuurrsseerryy ssyysstteemmss:: iiss llaarrggee bbeeaauuttiiffuull??C. Andrade, N. Nogueira, P. Silva 25

MMeessooccoossmmss aass nnuurrsseerriieess ffoorr rreeaarriinngg ggiilltthheeaadd sseeaabbrreeaamm ((SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa)) aanndd ssoollee((SSoolleeaa sseenneeggaalleennssiiss)):: SSEEAACCAASSEE ttrriiaallss iinn PPoorrttuuggaallH.Q. Ferreira, M.E. Cunha, A. Barradas, P. Pousão-Ferreira 26

Session II: Extensive Systems in Ponds and Lagoons

IImmpprroovveedd ffaarrmmiinngg pprroottooccoollss ffoorr VVaalllliiccuullttuurreeC. Boglione 27

MMoolleeccuullaarr aapppprrooaacchh ttoo tthhee iiddeennttiiffiiccaattiioonn ooff wwiilldd aanndd hhaattcchheerryy sseeaabbrreeaamm wwiitthhiinn aaVVaalllliiccuullttuurree ccaassee ssttuuddyyS. De Innocentiis, S. Livi, P. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Longobardi, V. Donadelli, G.Marino 28

TTrraaddiittiioonnaall eexxtteennssiivvee ffiisshh ppoollyyccuullttuurree iinn eeaarrtthheenn ppoonnddss -- EEsstteerroossM. Yúfera, A.M. Arias 29

12 13

MMoonniittoorriinngg aanndd iinntteeggrraatteedd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ffoorr tthhee pprreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff eeeell ((AAnngguuiillllaaaanngguuiillllaa)) rreessoouurrcceess iinn ddiikkeedd ssaallttmmaarrsshheessE. Buard, P. Blachier, C. Rigaud, T. Gaillard, T. Le Berre, V. Machault 30

IInntteeggrraatteedd mmooddeelllliinngg ffoorr mmaannaaggeemmeenntt aanndd ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff ssuussttaaiinnaabbllee sshheellllffiisshhaaqquuaaccuullttuurree C. Saurel, J.G. Ferreira, J.K. Petersen 31

Session III: Semi-intensive Systems

SSeemmii--iinntteennssiivvee ppoollyyccuullttuurree ooff sseeaabbrreeaamm aanndd ssoollee iinn eeaarrtthh ppoonnddssH.Q. Ferreira, A. Ramalho, J. Dias, M. Yúfera, A. Arias, M. Falcão, D. Serpa, A. Vieira, T. Aires, P. Pousão-Ferreira, M.E. Cunha, M.T. Dinis, L. Conceição 32

MMaannaaggeemmeenntt tteecchhnniiqquueess ffoorr ffiisshh pprroodduuccttiioonn iinn bbrraacckkiisshh wwaatteerr ppoonnddss:: NNiillee DDeellttaa,, EEggyyppttS. Sadek 33

GGrrooww--oouutt ooff wwhhiittee sseeaabbrreeaamm ((DDiipplloodduuss ssaarrgguuss)),, zzeebbrraa sseeaabbrreeaamm ((DDiipplloodduuss cceerrvviinnuuss)) aanndd ccoommmmoonn ttwwoo--bbaannddeedd sseeaabbrreeaamm ((DDiipplloodduuss vvuullggaarriiss)) iinn ppoollyyccuullttuurreeP. Pousão-Ferreira, H.Q. Ferreira, M. Silva, J.B. Guerra, L.D. Rodrigues, F. Soares 35

Session IV: Integrated Systems

IInntteeggrraatteedd ssyysstteemm vveerrssuuss llaaggoooonn//ppoonndd ttrreeaattmmeenntt aass eefffflluueenntt ppuurriiffiiccaattiioonn pprroocceessssiinn aa llaanndd--bbaasseedd mmaarriinnee ffiisshh hhaattcchheerryyJ. Hussenot, M. Cardinal, S. Cariou, B. Dupuy, R. Fabre, M. Hamdaoui, A. Hervé,R. Kaas, M. Richard, L. Valente, J.S. Bruant 36

TThhee ZZeeeellaanndd SSoollee PPrroojjeecctt:: iinntteeggrraattiinngg ssoollee ((SSoolleeaa ssoolleeaa)),, rraaggwwoorrmm ((NNeerreeiiss vviirreennss))aanndd sshheellllffiisshh ccuullttuurreeJ. Ketelaars 37

SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee,, iinntteeggrraatteedd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree ooff sseeaawweeeeddss aanndd ffiisshh iinnssoouutthheerrnn EEuurrooppeeL. Mata, R. Santos 38

Session V: Technical Improvements

DDiieett ffoorrmmuullaattiioonn ffoorr ssuussttaaiinnaabbllee ffiisshh ffaarrmmiinngg iinn ppoonnddss//llaaggoooonnssJ. Dias, L. Conceição, A. Ramalho, T. Aires, P. Borges, L.M.P. Valente, P. Rema,M.T. Dinis 39

SSllaauugghhtteerriinngg pprroocceedduurreess:: ffiisshh ffrroomm eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee pprroodduuccttiioonnP. Vaz-Pires, A. Ramalho, S. Soares, C. Escórcio, E. Matos 40

Innvveessttiiggaattiinngg ssttrreessss rreessppoonnssee aanndd aaddaappttaabbiilliittyy ttoo llooww tteemmppeerraattuurree iinn tthhee ggiilltthheeaaddsseeaabbrreeaamm tthhrroouugghh aa pphhyyssiioollooggiiccaall aapppprrooaacchhP. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Priori, S. Livi, S. De Innocentiis, M.G. Finoia, A. Longobardi, G. Marino 41

IInnvveessttiiggaattiinngg ssttrreessss rreessppoonnssee aanndd aaddaappttaabbiilliittyy ttoo llooww tteemmppeerraattuurree iinn tthhee ggiilltthheeaaddsseeaabbrreeaamm tthhrroouugghh aa ffuunnccttiioonnaall ggeennoommiicc aapppprrooaacchhA.N. Mininni, L. Bargelloni, T. Patarnello 42

Session VI: Product Quality

JJuuvveenniillee’’ss qquuaalliittyy oonn AAqquuaaccuullttuurree ssyysstteemmssC. Boglione 43

PPrroodduucctt qquuaalliittyy aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee rreeaarriinngg ssyysstteemm:: iinntteennssiivvee // sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee //eexxtteennssiivvee // iinntteeggrraatteedd ssyysstteemm.. MMooddeell ssppeecciieess:: sseeaabbrreeaamm ((SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa)) M. Cardinal, J. Cornet, C. Donnay-Moreno, J.P. Gouygou, J.P. Bergé, J. Hussenot,E. Rocha, F. Malhão, C. Escórcio, M. Bacelar, L.M.P. Valente 44

BBeesstt iinnddiiccaattoorrss ffoorr sseeaabbrreeaamm ((SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa)) qquuaalliittyy ffrroomm eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee ssyysstteemmssL.M.P. Valente, M. Cardinal, C. Escórcio, M. Bacelar, E. Rocha, F. Malhão, J. Cornet, C. Donnay-Moreno, J.P. Gouygou, J.P. Bergé, J. Hussenot 45

FFaarrmmiinngg pprraaccttiicceess ooff ggiilltthheeaadd sseeaabbrreeaamm ((SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa)) iinn sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee eeaarrtthhppoonnddss:: eeffffeeccttss oonn tthhee fflleesshh qquuaalliittyyE. Matos, M.T. Dinis, P. Rodrigues, L.M.P. Valente, A. Gonçalves, M.L. Nunes, J. Dias 46

EEffffeecctt ooff ddiieett wwiitthh llooww ffiisshh--ddeerriivveedd pprrootteeiinn aanndd ooiill oonn tthhee sseennssoorryy pprrooppeerrttiieess aannddnnuuttrriittiioonnaall vvaalluuee ooff ggiilltthheeaadd sseeaabbrreeaamm ((SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa))A. Gonçalves, N. Bandarra, J. Dias, M.L. Nunes 47

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Session VII: Certification

CCooddeess ooff ccoonndduucctt aanndd cceerrttiiffiiccaattiioonn oonn sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aanndd eexxtteennssiivvee ssyysstteemmssP. Vaz-Pires, A. Ramalho, L. Conceição, F. Soares, M.T. Dinis, P. Pousão-Ferreira, L. Ribeiro

48NNeeww EEUU oorrggaanniicc aaqquuaaccuullttuurree rruulleess R. Bates 49

OOrrggaanniicc aaqquuaaccuullttuurree:: aa ssttrraatteeggyy ffoorr vvaalloorriissaattiioonn ooff sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree??L. Ribeiro, F. Soares, M.E. Cunha, P. Pousão-Ferreira 50

Session VIII: Current Status of Extensive and Semi-intensive Aquaculture

CCuurrrreenntt ssttaattuuss ooff eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree pprraaccttiicceess iinnSSoouutthheerrnn EEuurrooppeeL. Anras, C. Boglione, S. Cataudella, M.T. Dinis, S. Livi, P. Makridis, G. Marino, A.Ramalho, M. Yúfera 51

SSttaattuuss aanndd cchhaalllleennggeess ooff eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree iinn PPoorrttuuggaallA. Vieira 53

SSttaattuuss aanndd cchhaalllleennggeess ooff eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree iinn SSppaaiinnI. de La Rosa , J.M. García de Lomas 54

CCuurrrreenntt ssttaattuuss ooff eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree pprraaccttiicceess iinn FFrraannccee L. Anras, J.S. Bruant 55

SSttaattuuss aanndd cchhaalllleennggeess ooff eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree iinn IIttaallyy A. Fabris 56

SSttaattuuss aanndd cchhaalllleennggeess ooff eexxtteennssiivvee aanndd sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree iinn GGrreeeecceeA. Ventiris, P. Makridis 57

Session IX: Socio-economic Assessment of Non-intensive Systems

SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee ccooaassttaall aaqquuaaccuullttuurree:: aann ooxxyymmoorroonn?? M. Magalhães-Sant’Ana 58

AAqquuaaccuullttuurree iinn ttrraannssiittiioonn ssppaacceess:: tthhee eeccoonnoommiicc vviiaabbiilliittyy iinn qquueessttiioonnP. Raux, D. Bailly 59

SSoocciioo--eeccoonnoommiicc aasssseessssmmeenntt ooff nnaattiioonnaall ccaassee--ssttuuddiieessP. Raux, D. Bailly 60

TThhee ppaattrriimmoonniiaall aauuddiitt:: aa ttooooll ttoo pprroommoottee ssuussttaaiinnaabbllee aaqquuaaccuullttuurreeD. Bailly, A. Delval, P. Raux 61

EEccoollooggiiccaall--eeccoonnoommiicc aasssseessssmmeenntt ooff ssuussttaaiinnaabbllee aaqquuaaccuullttuurree ooppttiioonnss:: iinntteeggrraatteeddssyysstteemmss VVss mmoonnooccuullttuurreeA.M. Nobre, D. Robertson-Andersson, A. Neori, K. Sankar 62

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LIST OF POSTERS


BBeenntthhiicc mmaaccrrooffaauunnaa ccoommmmuunniittiieess iinn ccooaassttaall eeaarrtthheenn ppoonnddss uusseedd ffoorr ffiisshh ffaarrmmiinnggiinn tthhee SSoouutthh AAttllaannttiicc ccooaasstt ooff tthhee IIbbeerriiaann PPeenniinnssuullaaA.M. Arias, E. Ramos-García, M. Yúfera 63

PPllaannkkttoonn aanndd pphhyyssiiccoo--cchheemmiiccaall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiiccss iinn eeaarrtthheenn ppoonnddss uusseedd ffoorr ttrraaddiittiioonnaall eexxtteennssiivvee ffiisshh ffaarrmmiinngg iinn tthhee BBaayy ooff CCááddiizz ((SSppaaiinn)).. CCoommppaarriissoonnbbeettwweeeenn oolldd aanndd rreecceenntt bbuuiilltt ppoonnddssM. Yúfera, D. Quintana, A.M. Arias 64

HHeeaalltthh aanndd wweellffaarree ooff sseeaabbrreeaamm ffrroomm vvaalllliiccuullttuurreeP. Di Marco, T. Petochi, A. Priori, A. Longobardi, V. Donadelli, G. Marino 65


EEffffeeccttss ooff ssttoocckkiinngg ddeennssiittyy aanndd ffeeeedd ffoorrmmuullaattiioonn oonn tthhee qquuaalliittyy ooff eefffflluueenntt wwaatteerrssffrroomm sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee ppoollyyccuullttuurree ppoonnddss M. Falcão, D. Serpa, H.Ferreira,P. Pousão –Ferreira 66


MMeeddiiaa mmaanniippuullaattiioonn ffoorr rreessppoonnssee ccoonnttrrooll iinn mmaarriinnee mmiiccrrooaallggaaee NNaannnnoocchhlloorrooppssiisssspp.. ccuullttiivvaattiioonnH.D. Burrows, A.C. Pais, M.G. Campos, T. Encarnação 67

TThhee IInnfflluueenncceess ooff tthhee DDiieettaarryy PPrrootteeiinn aanndd DDaaiillyy FFeeeeddiinngg FFrreeqquueennccyy oonn GGrroowwtthhPPeerrffoorrmmaannccee aanndd FFeeeedd UUttiilliizzaattiioonn ooff PPoollyyccuullttuurree FFrreesshhwwaatteerr PPrraawwnn MM.. rroosseennbbeerrggiiii PPLL aanndd NNiillee TTiillaappiiaa OO.. nniilloottiiccuuss FFrryyS.M. Hebalah, A.M. Goda, E. Omar, N. El-Bermawy, M. Wafaa 68

EEffffeecctt ooff tteemmppeerraattuurree aanndd ddiieettaarryy pprrootteeiinn//lliippiidd rraattiioo oonn ggrroowwtthh ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee aannddffeeeedd uuttiilliizzaattiioonn ooff jjuuvveenniillee SSeenneeggaalleessee ssoollee ((SSoolleeaa sseenneeggaalleennssiiss))I. Guerreiro, H. Peres, A. Oliva-Teles 69

MMaannaaggeemmeenntt ssttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr bbiiooffoouulliinngg ddeevveellooppeedd bbyy tthhee EEUU CCRRAABB pprroojjeecctt wwiitthheexxaammpplleess ffrroomm aann iinntteerrttiiddaall ((RRiiaa FFoorrmmoossaa)) aanndd aann ooffffsshhoorree ((SSaaggrreess)) ssiittee oonn tthheeAAllggaarrvvee,, PPoorrttuuggaallB. Fragoso, R. Climaco, J. Icely, A. Manjua 70

AAsssseessssmmeenntt ooff aa pprroottooccooll ffoorr aa nneeww sspprraayy--ddrriieedd mmiiccrrooaallggaaee ffoorrmmuullaattiioonnS. Castanho, S. Sousa, A.C. Mendes, P. Pousão-Ferreira 71

GGrreeeenn wwaatteerr tteecchhnniiqquuee uussiinngg ffrreeeezzee--ddrriieedd mmiiccrrooaallggaaee ffoorr SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa llaarrvvaaee rreeaarriinnggD. Marujo, S. Castanho, A. Cabrita, A.C. Mendes, P. Pousão-Ferreira, M.T. Dinis 72

GGrroowwtthh aanndd ssuurrvviivvaall ooff SSeenneeggaalleessee ssoollee,, SSoolleeaa sseenneeggaalleennssiiss,, ffeedd wwiitthh ddiiffffeerreennttlleevveellss ooff EEFFAAA.C. Mendes, D. Martins, S. Castanho, J. Coutinho, N. Bandarra, L. Conceição, S. Morais, P. Pousão-Ferreira 73

EEffffeecctt ooff ppaarrttiiaall ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn ooff ffiisshh pprrootteeiinn bbyy hhyyddrroollyysseedd ffeeaatthheerr mmeeaall iinn sseeaabbrreeaammT. Aires, N. Nogueira, D. Teixeira 74


QQuuaalliittyy ooff sseeaabbaassss ((DDiicceennttrraarrcchhuuss llaabbrraaxx)) ccuullttuurreedd uunnddeerr sseemmii--iinntteennssiivvee ccoonnddiittiioonnssT.G. Pereira, A. Gonçalves, P. Pousão-Ferreira, M.L. Nunes 75

IInnfflluueennccee ooff llaarrvvaall ssttaaggee mmaallffoorrmmaattiioonnss oonn jjuuvveenniillee ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff wwhhiitteesseeaabbrreeaamm,, DDiipplloodduuss ssaarrgguussL. Nicolau, M. Barata, P. Pousão-Ferreira 76

IImmpprroovviinngg tthhee ffiisshh qquuaalliittyy ooff iinntteennssiivvee ssyysstteemmss bbyy aa sshhoorrtt ccrroossssiinngg iinn eefffflluueennttttrreeaattmmeenntt ppoonnddssM. Richard, M. Cardinal, R. Fabre, J.T. Maurice, J. Cornet, C. Donnay-Moreno,J.P. Gouygou, J.P. Bergé, L. Valente, S. Cariou, M. Hamdaoui, J. Hussenot 77

EEvvaalluuaattiioonn aanndd PPrreeddiiccttiioonn ooff mmoorrpphhoollooggiiccaall qquuaalliittyy ooff jjuuvveenniilleess ffoorr eexxtteennssiivveeaaqquuaaccuullttuurree:: nneeww iinnssiigghhttss bbaasseedd oonn tthhee aapppplliiccaattiioonn ooff SSeellff--OOrrggaanniizziinngg MMaappssT. Russo, E. Palamara, M. Scardi, S. Cataudella, C. Boglione 78

18 19

SShhaappee aannaallyyssiiss ooff ggiilltthheeaadd sseeaabbrreeaamm ((SSppaarruuss aauurraattaa,, LL..)) ffrroomm ddiiffffeerreenntt oorriiggiinnssaanndd rreeaarriinngg ccoonnddiittiioonnssC. Costa, F. Antonucci, S. Cataudella, C. Boglione 79

EEvvaalluuaattiioonn ooff tthhee sskkeelleettaall qquuaalliittyy iinn SSeenneeggaalleessee ssoollee ((SSoolleeaa sseenneeggaalleennssiiss)) rreeaarreedduunnddeerr iinntteennssiivvee vvss eexxtteennssiivvee ccoonnddiittiioonnssP.J. Gavaia, N. Richard, L. Dâmaso, M.T. Dinis, P. Pousão-Fereira, S. Engrola, L. Conceição, L. Cancela 80


CCaarrrryyiinngg ccaappaacciittyy ooff bbiivvaallvvee mmoolllluusskkss iinn ccooaassttaall wweettllaannddss:: AA nneeww ppootteennttiiaall ttooooll iinnaaqquuaaccuullttuurree ddeevveellooppmmeenntt aanndd mmaannaaggeemmeenntt iinn tthhee GGuullff ooff CCááddiizzO. Moreno, J. Morales, A. Royo, C. Jiménez, P. Azcona, E.J. Malta 81


SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee ccooaassttaall aaqquuaaccuullttuurree iinn EEuurrooppee:: tthhee eetthhiiccss ooff ffaarrmmeedd ffiisshh pprroodduuccttiioonnM. Magalhães-Sant’Ana, L. Conceição, J. Dias, P. Raux, I.A. Olsson 82

TTeecchhnniiccaall aanndd eeccoonnoommiiccaall eevvaalluuaattiioonn ooff ttiillaappiiaa hhaattcchheerriieess pprroojjeeccttss ffoorr eeggyypptt yyoouutthhA. Salem, A.M. Nour, A.R. Haleam, M.A. Essa, T.M. Srour, M.A. Zaki , N. El-Bermawy

83

ORAL COMMUNICATIONS

HOW DOES EU SUPPORT THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEANAQUACULTURE THROUGH RESEARCH RELATED INITIATIVES?SS.. VVaarrssaammooss**European Commission, Directorate General for Research, Square de Meeus 8, SDME 08/92, 1049 Brussels, Belgium*[email protected]

The European Union (EU) was created to establish and guarantee long-lastingpeace between its member states and its neighbours. Fifty years of Europeanintegration have shown that the EU has much more economic, social, technological,commercial and political weight as a whole, than if its member states act individually. Science has always been one of the most suitable fields to achievethis integration, mainly because cooperation is a key for achieving breakthroughsin knowledge and for transforming this into scientific advice, innovation, economicgrowth and general improvement of the quality of our lives. Today, the Union possesses three key funding instruments to support research and innovation: thefirst is the Research Framework Programme, along with the Cohesion policywhich is funded through the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund; and theCompetitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP). The European aquaculture sector is one of the many important socio-economicsectors covered by the Research Framework Programme. The European Unionsupports an integrated approach for aquaculture research aiming at filling thegaps in knowledge, building capacities and critical mass for research, supportingthe industry and promoting international cooperation based on the principle ofmutual interest and benefit. The EU actions in this field intend to maximise synergies between Member States and Community efforts, to improve the dia-logue between the scientific community, industry, policy makers and relevantstakeholders, to stimulate public and private investment in research technologicaldevelopment and innovation (RTDI) and to promote knowledge transfer and innovation. SEACASE has been funded during the 6th Framework Programme for Researchand Technological Development, within the frame of the aforementioned EUstrategy for aquaculture research, with the aim to review, explore and developsustainable tools, methods and practices to stimulate productivity and profitabil-ity of environment-friendly extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture productionsin Southern Europe, while promoting the quality, image, as well as non marketvalues of these activities.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EUROPEAN UNION, RESEARCH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME, CIP, EU STRATEGY FOR AQUACULTURE RESEARCH

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Session I: Semi-extensive Nurseries

SEMI-INTENSIVE NURSERIES IN PONDS AND LAGOONS, A MESOCOSM SYSTEMPP.. MMaakkrriiddiiss**,, PP.. DDiivvaannaacchhHellenic Center for Marive Research, Iraklio, Crete, P.O. Box 2214, Greece*[email protected]

A mesocosm system in 40 m3 tanks was used for the rearing of Senegalese soleand seabream larvae. The stocking density of the larvae was quite low (1-3 larvae L-1). In each case, larvae were reared as well in intensive systems(about 100 larvae L-1). The larvae in both trials were fed mass-cultured rotifersand enriched Artemia metanauplii. Two experiments were run in a lagoon in EastPeloponnese with the aim to determine the possibility to use small cages forgradual adaptation of fish in lagoon conditions. The effect of the quality of thejuveniles was tested, so growth and survival of juveniles produced in mesocosmossystems were compared with intensively produced juveniles. The first experimentwas run in summer 2007 with sole juveniles, while the second experiment wasrun in summer 2009 with seabream juveniles. In both cases, the juveniles weretransported by car. The first experiment lasted four weeks and the second sixweeks. The effect of stocking density of sole juveniles was tested in the firstexperiment, so larvae were reared at 150, 300 and 500 juveniles per cage. Rearingof juveniles in the lagoon was performed in 1 m3 cages. In the rearing ofseabream juveniles self-feeders were used for optimal growth.

No differences were found in terms of growth and survival for sole and seabreamjuveniles between mesocosmos reared and intensively-reared juveniles. Solejuveniles showed a very slow growth, which could be explained by the extremelyhigh temperatures during the experiment, and by the experimental set-up.Mesocosmos juveniles showed a better survival during the transport to thelagoon, but no difference was shown during the experiment. Self-feeders wereused and the seabream juveniles showed a very high growth.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::FISH LARVAE, REARING SYSTEMS, SENEGALESE SOLE, GILTHEAD SEABREAM, GROWTH

22 23

EEFFFFEECCTT OOFF VVEERRTTIICCAALL SSUURRFFAACCEESS ((AAQQUUAAMMAATTSS®®)) OONN TTHHEE EENNHHAANNCCEEMMEENNTT OOFFPPLLAANNKKTTOONN PPRROODDUUCCTTIIVVIITTYY IINN SSEEMMII--EEXXTTEENNSSIIVVEE SSPPAARRUUSS AAUURRAATTAA LLAARRVVAALL RREEAARRIINNGGMM..EE.. CCuunnhhaa**,, HH..QQ.. FFeerrrreeiirraa,, AA.. BBaarrrraaddaass,, MM.. FFaallccããoo,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaINRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR L.A., *[email protected]

As a first step in assessing the viability of artificial vertical substrates, generallyused for periphyton growth (AquaMats®) in fish larval rearing, we evaluated theefficacy of using AquaMats® to enhance plankton productivity and their effect onseabream larval rearing in semi-extensive systems. Experimental ponds (earthenponds and two different size tanks) were provided with different quantities ofAquaMats® to change substrate areas to 1 (control), 12 and 20 times the originalsurface area, and two fish larval densities were tested, 2 and 5 larvae per litre.

Higher production was observed in the tanks with AquaMats® although significanthigher plankton abundances were only found in the tanks where the area wasincreased 20 times. The main zooplankton groups associated with the presenceof AquaMats® were Calanoid and Harpacticoid copepodids and nauplii, veligersof gastropods and trocophora of polychaets. The presence of AquaMats® alsoseemed to potentiate the development of dinoflagellates mainly Gynmodiniales.Pre-weaning seabream larvae reared in the presence of AquaMats® were significantly longer than the larvae reared without AquaMats® and their specificgrowth rate was higher. Larval rearing densities had a much greater effect on larval survival than AquaMats® - even though the high density tanks started with3 times as many larvae, the mortality was so high that at the end of the experiment the number of surviving larvae was actually lower. This was truewhether or not AquaMats® were used.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: AQUAMATS®, PERIPHYTON, MESOCOSMS, FISH LARVAE

EXTENSIVE FISH NURSERIES BASED ON MARINE PERIPHYTONMM.. RRiicchhaarrddaa,,bb**,, AA.. AAnnggiinnoottbb,, JJ..TT.. MMaauurriicceebb,, FF.. PPaattiiccaattbb,, LL.. PPaavviieebb,, CC.. TTrroottttiieerrbb,, MM.. VVeerrddeeggeemmcc,, JJ.. HHuusssseennoottdd

a Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe deGouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, Franceb Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), 17137 L’Houmeau, Francec Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlandsd Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Dept AGSAE, Station d'aquaculture,85230 Bouin, France *[email protected]

Traditional extensive cultures, as Acadja, Kathas or Samarahs, are well developedin African and Asian freshwater ponds. The principle of these cultures is to introduceartificial substrates (eg., wood stick, bamboo, etc.) to enhance the colonisationsurface in ponds. Thus, a complex assemblage of muco-polysaccharides, detritus,bacteria, fungi, protists, algae and fauna (called hereafter periphyton) develops onit. Periphyton development increases natural food availability in ponds and conse-quently production of some fishes as carp and tilapia. SEACASE program is createdto develop effective tools to maintain productivity and sustainability of extensiveand semi-intensive aquaculture in Southern Europe. As part of this project, theIFREMER team proposed to test efficiency of periphyton-based systems on fish juvenileproductivity in French marine ponds (Atlantic coast). Thus in May 2007, artificial substrates were deployed in marine ponds to test theinfluence of (i) collect methods and (ii) substrates types on periphyton development.This preliminary study revealed that a correction must be carried out for the dissolved inorganic salts present in periphyton samples from marine and brackishponds. Moreover it showed that whole substrate unit sampling using a tube andstopper is recommended to avoid underestimation of periphyton development.Finally, it showed that periphyton development was greater on meshed than onsleek substrates. During the summer 2007 and 2008, three experiments were carried out to testthe influence of (i) periphyton substrate and (ii) stocking densities on growth ofseabream (Sparus aurata), grey mullet (Liza aurata) and Kuruma shrimp(Marsupenaeus japonicus) juveniles. Fishes and shrimps were reared in 1m2

cages and 7m2 enclosures respectively. Rearing devices randomly contained different densities of substrates and juveniles. Results of analysis and fieldobservations showed that fishes ate on periphyton. Seabream growth wasgreater in medium density of meshed substrates. Juveniles of seabream had atop-down control on harpacticoid copepods observed on periphyton substrates.

Nevertheless, biomass of associated fauna on periphyton substrates was probablynot sufficient to enhance the production of seabream. Longer substrate immersionand more frequent water renewals were recommended to enhance the food availability per juvenile at the both interfaces (benthic + periphyton). Shrimpgrowth was greater in the presence of substrates in enclosures. Substrates couldact as refuge and food interface for shrimps. Nevertheless, their survival waslower. Thus production of shrimp did not vary according to the substrate presence. Periphyton based-systems do not seem to be an interesting solution torear shrimps in terms of production/cost ratio in contrast to traditional extensivesystems. Stocking density had a great influence on growth and survival of fish andshrimp juveniles. They were greater in low rearing density where trophic competitionwas lower. In contrast to seabream cages and shrimp enclosures, the food availability was not limiting in control cages of mullets. Mullets did not have to eaton periphyton substrates to survive and well growth. Their survival was great (70to 100%) in contrast to seabream (18 to 57%) and shrimp juveniles (20 to 55%). Infuture studies, lower density of seabream and shrimp ( <5 ind.m2) will be recommended in extensive systems. After two months of rearing, final yield ofmullet (120g.m-2) was almost ten times greater than one of seabream (13g.m-2)or shrimp (17g.m-2). Mullet is an appropriated species of extensive systems inSouthern Europe. Finally, density of mullets could be greatly enhanced (>100 ind.m-2) in periphyton-based systems, especially if the latter would beenriched with fertilizers or with effluents of intensive farm in integrated systems.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::PERIPHYTON, EXTENSIVE SYSTEM, SEABREAM, MULLET, SHRIMP, STOCKING DENSITY, GROWTH

24 25

MESOCOSM NURSERY SYSTEMS: IS LARGE BEAUTIFUL? CC.. AAnnddrraaddee**,, NN.. NNoogguueeiirraa,, PP.. SSiillvvaaCMC, Centro de Maricultura da Calheta, 9370-133 Calheta, Madeira, Portugal*[email protected]

Semi-intensive mesocosm hatcheries evolved from the concept of large enclosures for extensive larval production with the environmental control andfeeding conditions typical from intensive systems. A mesocosm hatchery wasinstalled at Calheta Mariculture Centre (CMC) in 2002, via a technology transferproject co-financed by the ERDF (EU) and technical support from the Institute ofMarine Biology of Crete. Production was initiated with gilthead seabream Sparusaurata using 2 tanks for egg incubation and larval rearing (40m3 volume and aproduction output of 120,000 post larvae each). We used a “green water” tech-nique (Nannochloropsis spp., 2x105 cells/mL) with low water exchange (10% to200% daily), continuous light (1000 Lx) and addition of enriched rotifers (DHAProtein Selco, INVE Aquaculture, Belgium) and Artemia (Protein Selco, INVEAquaculture, Belgium), at 2-4 individuals/mL and 0.1-0.5 individuals/mL, respec-tively. Fry produced under mesocosm (M) conditions out performed resultsreported for intensive systems (IN) in terms of growth (y=3.8072e0.0289x, r2=0.9757,n=328 M to y=3.1325e0.0297x, r2=0.9404, n=784 IN), survival (30% M to 8%IN, in 1gfish), lower size dispersion and occurrence of deformities.As a result of the success of the CMC mesocosm hatchery, the technique is nowapplied to different larval species and has been adapted for larger tanks. In thediversification trials, Pagrus pagrus and Diplodus sargus larvae live food demandwas 3 to 4 times greater than S. aurata and required higher food monitoringeffort, additional frequency and volumes of live food supplies. High cannibalismwas observed in P. pagrus from 25 days after hatching, suggesting an earlytransfer to shallower tanks and improvements on food quality and feeding techniques are needed at this stage. Pseudocaranx dentex larvae were stronglyphototropic (negative or positive) at early developmental stages, necessitatingspecific light management and adaptation of routine tasks, such as, water surface cleaning. Regarding the use of larger enclosures a 110 m3 tank was eval-uated for mesocosm production of D. sargus larvae. Low system performancewas due to limitations of the live food production chain. In conclusion, semi-intensive mesocosm hatcheries are particularly suitable forfry production in regions with low technology or little experience in aquaculturewith low to medium size fishfarms. It is also suitable for the study of “new”species. Furthermore, culture conditions and fry quality make the system idealfor stock enhancement purposes and a strong candidate for organic farming.However, the size of larval tanks and related methodology must be adapted tomeet the species environmental and feeding requirements, plus the productionof food capability, from both endogenous source and accessory live food cultures.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::MESOCOSM HATCHERY, SPARUS AURATA, PAGRUS PAGRUS, DIPLODUS SARGUS, PSEUDOCARANX DENTEX, LARVAE PERFORMANCE

MESOCOSMS AS NURSERIES FOR REARING GILTHEAD SEABREAM(SPARUS AURATA) AND SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS): SEACASE TRIALS IN PORTUGALHH..QQ.. FFeerrrreeiirraa,, MM..EE.. CCuunnhhaa**,, AA.. BBaarrrraaddaass,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaINRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR L.A., *[email protected]

Mesocosm systems to rear fish larvae under semi-intensive conditions wereused to produce high quality juveniles with only minor deformities, pigmentationproblems and stress-related diseases. A set of five trials were performedbetween April 2007 and June 2009 to test this production system on the larvalrearing of a mixed culture of seabream and sole, seabream alone and sole alone.Larval rearing was performed in different settings (larval densities, feedingschedules, rearing volumes, water sources, and season, among others) and theresults were used to evaluate the best set of conditions for efficient larval rearing of the two species. Results show that mixed culture of seabream and sole larvae is not practicalsince the feeding behavior of seabream caused heavy mortality on sole. Seedingmesocosms with low densities (1.7 larvae L-1) of seabream led to significantlylower mean weight (0.50 g ± 0.28 s.d.) of two month old juveniles and to signifi-cantly higher survival (5.7 % ± 2.17 s.d.). When higher densities were used (5 lar-vae L-1) the mean weight was 0.63 g ± 0.43 s.d and the survival was 1.3 % ± 0.45s.d.. The carrying capacity of 1 m3 mesocosms was only enough for the develop-ment of a mean total biomass of 42g and 48g of two month old seabream rearedrespectively at high and low densities. The total biomass produced in the tworearing densities was not statistically different (P>0.05). When exogenous livefeed was added to the mesocosms with high density (5 larvae L-1) the survival oftwo month old seabream juveniles became 6.8% ± 1.15 s.d., the mean weight 0.66 g± 0.27 s.d and the carrying capacity 226 g .m-3. By comparison the intensive systems produced larvae with a mean weight of 0.60 g ± 0.26 s.d. When the mesocosms were seeded with sole larvae alone and exogenous live feed wasadded, survival was 5.51% ± 2.35 s.d., similar to the intensive system with a survival rate of 5.05 %. One month old larvae were significantly (P>0.05) longer(14.31 mm ± 2.11 s.d.) in the mesocosms than in the intensive system (7.44 ± 0.70 s.d.).Daily growth rates in length during the first twenty days were similar (6% day-1)between mesocosms and intensive systems. Diseases (Amyloodinium sp., gasbubble disease) and the carrying capacity of mesocosms were the main factorsconstraining efficient growth in both species.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: MESOCOSM, LARVAL REARING, SEABREAM, SOLE

26 27


IMPROVED FARMING PROTOCOLS FOR VALLICULTURECC.. BBoogglliioonnee**Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica s.n.c., 00133 Roma Italy*[email protected]

Two different approaches were used to try to enhance the economic return fromValliculture, an ancient extensive aquaculture methodology practiced in NorthAdriatic Italian valli, based on the evaluation of i) the effects of the origin (wild vshatchery) of gilthead seabream juveniles on recapture and growth rates and ii) ofmaintaining gilthead seabream in Valle up to reach larger sizes (>300 gr) at harvest, in order to obtain large-sized wild-like gilthead seabream.Trials were carried by the University of Rome Tor Vergata and ISPRA (Italy) andfour Valli were involved: Valle Morosina, Valle Ghebo Storto (Brenta river delta- 350 and 200 ha, respectively, by Tor Vergata), Valle Bonello and Valle Bagliona(Po river delta - 50 and 350 ha, respectively, by ISPRA).Origin effects - For two years, wild and reared juveniles (0.04-0.8 gr BW range)were stocked in the valli in springtime and recaptured at the fish barriers onautumn when fish return to the sea to avoid lowering temperatures. Samplesboth from seeded and recaptured fish were analysed for growth performances(length and weight), morphological (shape and skeletal anomalies) quality.Recapture rates (range 0-65%) and BW gain (90-200 gr) greatly varied according-ly to the weather conditions, juveniles origin, valle characteristics andichthyophagous birds activities. All of these factors are analysed and relative inci-dences on fish performances and quality are discussed.Size effects - The effect of the time of harvesting on the productivity of valliculturewas investigated in order to optimize production cycles (and bring ‘added-value’to valliculture productions). Gilthead seabream of about 700 gr BW were sampled,analysed and growth and survival performances were estimated when fish wererecaptured before wintering periods. Morphological quality of final product wasassessed on the basis of the similarity with wild phenotype (shape and skeleton).Economic aspects of 1-year and 2-3 year production cycles were compared. Alsofor the production of large-sized seabreams weather conditions and valle characteristics are factors that strongly influenced valliculture productivity,whilst ichthyophagous birds activity seemed to wield a minor role.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, JUVENILES ORIGIN, WILD, WILD-LIKE, VALLICOLTURA, VALLICULTURE, EXTENSIVEAQUACULTURE, PRODUCTIVITY, ICHTHYOPHAGOUS BIRDS

MOLECULAR APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF WILD AND HATCH-ERY SEABREAM WITHIN A VALLICULTURE CASE STUDYSS.. DDee IInnnnoocceennttiiiiss**,, SS.. LLiivvii,, PP.. DDii MMaarrccoo,, TT.. PPeettoocchhii,, AA.. LLoonnggoobbaarrddii,, VV.. DDoonnaaddeellllii,, GG.. MMaarriinnooISPRA, Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via di Casalotti, 300 – 00166 Rome, Italy*[email protected]

The effect of fish origin (hatchery vs wild) on growth and survival of seabream invalliculture was evaluated during the first year of the life cycle. In order to eliminate environmental variables from the final analysis, hatchery and wildseabream juveniles were seeded in equal proportions in the same valle and identified at recapture using molecular tools.One hundred fifty seabream, corresponding to 1.5% of the expected populationsize in the Bonello valle, were sampled during winter migration to the sea at thefixed fish barrier. In order to get representative samples of the whole populationand to minimize eventual bias with respect to temporal migration, sampling wascarried out at different time points, at the beginning, in the middle and at the endof the winter migration. The reference wild population, as well as all breeders of hatchery broodstockfrom which the seeded juveniles originated, were first analysed, and a DNA fingerprinting method based on 6 microsatellite loci genotyping was employed toassign seabream specimens to wild or hatchery origin.Along with genetic analysis, the physical and physiological status of the same sampleswere evaluated in order to infer the effects of fish origin on fish performance and welfare.Results of the molecular identification show different recapture rates accordingto fish origin and different fish proportions at the various sampling points.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, DNA FINGERPRINTING, MICROSATELLITES, VALLICULTURE, TRACEABILITY.

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TRADITIONAL EXTENSIVE FISH POLYCULTURE IN EARTHEN PONDS - ESTEROSMM.. YYúúffeerraa**,, AA..MM.. AArriiaass Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 PuertoReal, Cádiz, Spain*[email protected]

Extensive fish culture in earthern ponds “esteros” is a traditional activity in thesalt-marshes area surrounding the Bay of Cádiz (S.W. Iberian Peninsula, Spain).This culture system started as a sub-activity associated to salt exploitation, but inthe second half of 20th century became more relevant with the progressive abandonof salt-works. Currently, the initial 140 former salt-works properties (9,000 ha)have decreased to 90 (6,000 ha), 7 of which continue with the salt exploitation, 68are used for extensive culture, and 15 have been transformed to semi-intensivefish farm. All these farms and saltpans, together with abandoned areas andinter-tidal marshes are integrated in the protected area “Natural Park Bay ofCádiz”. This juridical status prevent in some extend the negative impact ofanthropic activity. Nevertheless, other aspects such as progressive sedimentationand drying up of ponds, and low profitability are threatening the maintenance ofthe activity, and consequently the landscape and the Park itself. These farms obtain a natural fry recruitment by an adequate management ofwater in-flow with the tides during winter season. The pond-monks are closed inlate spring and the ponds keep permanently inundate during several months during which the fish grow while feeding on natural prey species from benthoscommunities and small fish. The fish are caught at the end of the year. The mainfish species produced are mullets, seabass, seabream, sole and eel. The productivityin these traditionally extensive systems ranges between 100 and 160 kg/ha/yeardepending on zones and years. The main problems that may significantly reducethe production are the impact of ichthyophagous birds and furtive fishing. Theeconomic sustainability of this extensive culture system is strongly depending onthe appropriate management and integral use of all resources (including therecovery of drained areas and transformation of the former crystallization pondsto extensive culture) and on product differentiation.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::COASTAL PONDS, FISH, POLYCULTURE, EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

MONITORING AND INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT FOR THE PRESERVATIONOF EEL (ANGUILLA ANGUILLA) RESOURCES IN DIKED SALTMARSHESEE.. BBuuaarrddaa**,, PP.. BBllaacchhiieerraa**,, CC.. RRiiggaauuddbb,, TT.. GGaaiillllaarrddaa,, TT.. LLee BBeerrrreeaa,, VV.. MMaacchhaauullttaa

aCREAA, Centre Régional d’Expérimentation et d’Application Aquacole, Prise de Terdoux, 17480 Le Châteaud’Oléron, FrancebCEMAGREF, Unité “Systèmes estuariens et Poissons Migrateurs amphihalins”, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France*[email protected]

The CREAA has devised a monitoring method applicable to yellow and silver eelsin saltmarshes through the use of an eel fyke net with 6 or 10 mm mesh. Thismethod was tested in June 2007 and 2008 on the various saltmarshes of threedifferent areas (Seudre, Ré Island and Arcachon Bay) with the following results:a majority of 30-45 cm yellow eels (50%) and a few eels over 60 cm (5%). The biomass of eels over 30 cm in the Seudre fishponds is estimated at 90 kg/ha (250kg/ha in the 1980s). By comparison, Cádiz (Spain) saltmarshes mostly containeels of 30-45 cm (45%) and of 45-60 cm (35%). Another study was conducted on7 experimental Seudre fishponds: after having been emptied of all eels, they werefilled with tagged, 25-35 cm yellow eels (6/100m_). Three different kinds ofhydraulic management were then tested: open ponds with minimum water level,closed ponds with 5 mm screen and half-open ponds with 5 mm keepnets. Aftertwo years, closed ponds showed an important ratio of newly-admitted eels (50%)as well as 30% of re-captured tagged eels, 62% of which were silver males. Openponds contained a great proportion of untagged eels (13/100m_) and only a fewinitially-tagged eels (4%). Finally, half-open ponds contained large quantities ofuntagged eels under 45 cm (33/100m_) and only a few tagged eels (3%). In conclusion, all tagged eels were males, which had silvered at the end of thesecond summer and left the ponds to return to sea, including eels, which were inclosed ponds. We observed a growth of 6-7cm/year and the production potentialof these saltmarshes would therefore be of 440 silver males per hectare and peryear in the case of open ponds. Besides, the monitoring of fish farms and salinemarshes showed large quantities of silver eels, which could leave the ponds toreproduce with the help of an appropriate management of hydraulic works.Furthermore, a sanitary survey of marsh eels as well as the analysis of their levelof contamination by PCB and heavy metals showed that they did not suffer fromany significant pathology or contamination.To conclude, the restoration of fish ponds is one of the keys to the preservation ofwetland activities; the management of these territories in view of preserving eelspecies would amount to 700 ¤/ha/year.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EUROPEAN EEL, DIKED SALTWATER MARSHES, FISH PONDS, HYDRAULIC MANAGEMENT, SIZE CLASSES

30 31

INTEGRATED MODELLING FOR MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE SHELLFISH AQUACULTURECC.. SSaauurreellaa**,, JJ..GG.. FFeerrrreeiirraaaa,, JJ..KK.. PPeetteerrsseennbb

a IMAR-DCEA, Institute of Marine Research, Centre for Ocean and Environment, Fac. Ciencias e Tecnologia,Qta Torre, 2829-516 Monte de Caparica, Portugal.b The Danish Shellfish Centre, Øroddevej 80, DK-7900 Nykøbing Mors, Denmark.*[email protected]

Ecological modelling is an important instrument for helping managers andstakeholders to achieve sound decision-making in sustainable development ofcoastal water within the current EU legislation as it integrates different elementsof the ecosystem. A robust generic component for the simulation of clams andoysters growth, the major species farmed in Southern Europe, is lacking in exist-ing ecological carrying capacity models. An ecophysiological model at individualscale is being developed to be implemented in existing farm and ecological models.This integrated modelling will be tested in Portugal in extensive lagoon system.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::BIVALVES, ECOLOGICAL MODELLING, GROWTH, INDIVIDUAL MODELS.


SEMI-INTENSIVE POLYCULTURE OF SEABREAM AND SOLE IN EARTH PONDSHH..QQ.. FFeerrrreeiirraabb,, AA.. RRaammaallhhooaa,, JJ.. DDiiaassaa,, MM.. YYúúffeerraa,, AA.. AArriiaass,, MM.. FFaallccããoobb,, DD.. SSeerrppaabb,, AA.. VViieeiirraadd,, TT.. AAiirreessee,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraabb,, MM..EE.. CCuunnhhaabb,, MM..TT.. DDiinniissaa,, LL.. CCoonncceeiiççããooaa**a CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugalb INRB - IPIMARc CSIC, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Apartado Oficial, E-11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spaind Aqualvor Lda, Vale da lama, Odiàxere, 8600 Lagos, Portugale SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, SA, EN 109 – Pardala, 3880-728 S. João Ovar, Portugal*[email protected]@ualg.pt

Earth ponds are the main production system for seabass and seabream inPortugal and in Spain, in particular in the Cádiz province. Different farms use various levels of intensification and pond size, but in general these are semi-intensive ponds covering large areas, ranging from one to several hectares,and with production ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 Kg/m2 at the end of the productioncycle. Production costs in this farming system are higher compared to intensivecage farms, and its economic sustainability depends on product differentiationand optimization of production. Seabass and seabream are traditionally the target species produced, but natural stocking with wild Senegalese sole andother species is common. A case study in the framework of the SEACASE projectconsisted in testing different improved production protocols in the earth pondswhich are presently used to ongrowing seabream in the South of the IberianPeninsula. The aim was to enhance production through: 1) increasing revenueper ton of feed supplied to the system, while reducing its environmental impact,through polyculture of species with different feeding niches: seabream (feed,macroalgae), Senegalese sole (benthos, uneaten feed of seabream); 2) increasingproduction per hectare within sound environmental conditions. Controlled trialswere performed in two locations: IPIMAR´s pilot Aquaculture Research Station(Olhão, Portugal) and Aqualvor fish farm (Odiáxere, Portugal). These trialsdemonstrated that feeds with low incorporation levels of fish meal, and consequent lower release of soluble phosphorus, and thereby more environmentallyfriendly compared to common commercial feeds, can be used without adverseeffects on production. They also showed that ongrowing sole in ponds in polyculturewith seabream can bring added value, but recovery of stocked sole is variable. It depends on maintaining good pond bottom conditions, namely preventing thecreation of anoxic layers in the bottom.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, SENEGALESE SOLE, GROWTH, POLYCULTURE

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MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR FISH PRODUCTION IN BRACKISHWATER PONDS: NILE DELTA, EGYPTSS.. SSAADDEEKK**Aquaculture Consultants Office, 9 Road 256, 11435 New Maadi, Cairo, Egypt.*[email protected]; [email protected]

In 1984 the Egyptian aquaculture was figured to 29,244 tons, which is 25 % of totalfish production for that year, and it rose to 635,517 tons in 2007, which is 63 % ofthe year's total. Three decades ago tilapia and mullet were the main speciesreared in extensive earthen ponds. Today ten finfish (Tilapia spp.; Mullet spp.;Carp spp., Catfish; Bagrus bayad; Eels; Seabream; Seabass; Meagre and Solea,besides three crustacean species; Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus semisulcatus and P. japonicus), are playing an important role in the Egyptianaquaculture production. Nile tilapia is ranking with 40 %, Mullet spp. 38 %; Carpspp. 16 % and others (Catfish; Seabream; Seabass, Meagre; eels and shrimp) 6% from the total aquaculture production.The Egyptian aquaculture map showed that fish farming activities are more concentrated in sub-regions of the Nile delta (98 % of the total surface area),where the water resources are available and non-agricultural lands. Few fishfarms are located in the Upper Egypt region, the Mediterranean and the Red Seacoasts for the 2 % remain. The private sector is producing 95.3 % and the publicsector 4.7 % of the total aquaculture production. The number of finfish fry cur-rently produced from hatcheries has reached 306 million seeds in year 2007;from which 98.8 % fresh water fry species (Nile tilapia and Carp spp.) and 1.2 %for marine finfish (seabream; seabass; solea and mullet). The public sector ischarring for 62.6 % of the total seed production and 37.4 % for the private sectors. GAFRD, 2008 has reported that the actual major culture systems is the earthenponds system, which their production rank in the first with 89 % of the total Egyptianaquaculture production, while cage culture follow by 10 %, and 1 % at lastly commoncarp paddy filed with the tilapia intensive culture production in tanks. Over 90% offish farmed are produced in extensive and semi-intensive in earthen ponds for atotal surface of around 151.4 thousands hectares are practiced in Egypt.The yearly production per hectare is fluctuating in the extensive culture ponds(polyculture Nile tilapia, Carp spp. and Mullet spp.) and/or (seabream, seabassand Mullet spp.) from 500 kg to 1 ton/ha. For the semi-intensive culture productionis fluctuating from 4.5 to 20 tons/ha in monoculture system (tilapia or Meagre)and/or polyculture system (Nile tilapia associated with Mullet spp.). This paperexamines the economic analysis of Egyptian fish farmings in different Nile Deltaareas: area A (Kafr El-Sheik) and area B1 - B2 (Damietta). A sample survey of 215farmers representing the fish farming community in areas was used.

The study was conducted from April 2006 to October 2008 covering one productionseason of 8 months for tilapia monoculture; 15 months for meagre monocultureand 24 months for seabream/seabass/mullet polyculture. Different performanceindicators (PI) of the selected Egyptian earthen fish farms management characteristics were considered. In area (A) tilapia monoculture was dominated. The PI figures revealed that theaverage age of fish operators was (45 years), majority are married (71.5%), fairlylevel of education (67%), majority with rented land ownership (69.9%) and tilapiarepresented over 91% of total fish harvested. The top ranking serious constraintsfacing fish farmers in that area were found high prices of fish feed; declining fishprices and lack of credit finance. Feed costs per kg of fish were LE 3.10, representing 63.3% of the production costs. The break-even analysis (BEA)showed average production costs of LE 6.80/kg of fish while the sales price is LE7.25 /kg. Result figures showed that there is high positive relationship betweencost of feed and extra labours to the level of farm income.The study results in area (B-1) revealed that the meagre monoculture wasapplied. The PI showed that the average age of fish operators was (49.5 years),majority are married (80.5%), highly level of education (59%) and majority withrented land ownership (77.3%). Different constraints were found high prices offish seed, availability of trash fish feed, low water quality source and lack of experience of fish diseases. The (BEA) showed average production costs of LE15.0/kg of fish while the sales price is LE 25.0 /kg. Result figures showed thatthere is high positive relationship between high fish density, availability of trashfish feed and water exchange rate to the level of farm income. In area (B-2) thepolyculture of seabream/seabass/mullet was widespread. The PI showed that theaverage age of fish operators was (52.0 years), majority are married (86.3%),medium level of education (41%) and majority with rented land ownership (89.0%). Several serious constraints were found high prices and low quality of fishseed, availability and acceptable price of marine fish feed and poor to mediumwater quality source. The (BEA) figured average production costs of LE 30.0; 35and 8 /kg of seabream; seabass and mullet respectively, while the sales price isLE 47.0; 58 and 16 /kg respectively. The is high positive relationship betweenincreasing the water exchange rate, high fingerlings density, availability of goodand acceptable of marine fish feed to the level of farm income. There is need toestablish of producer’s association which could assist the Egyptian fish farmersto pioneer the management culture techniques; increase the availability of commercial inputs, improved marketing distribution channels and facilitate credit.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EGYPT, EARTHEN PONDS, FISH FARMING, MONOCULTURE, MULLET, NILE DELTA, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, POLYCULTURE, TILAPIA

34 35

GROW-OUT OF WHITE SEABREAM (DIPLODUS SARGUS), ZEBRA SEABREAM(DIPLODUS CERVINUS) AND COMMON TWO BANDED SEABREAM (DIPLODUS VULGARIS) IN POLYCULTUREPP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraa**,, HH..QQ.. FFeerrrreeiirraa,, MM.. SSiillvvaa,, JJ..BB.. GGuueerrrraa,, LL..DD.. RRooddrriigguueess,, FF.. SSooaarreessINRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR, , Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 – 305 Olhão, Portugal *ppousao @cripsul.ipimar.pt

White seabream, zebra seabream and two-banded seabream are new candidatesfor aquaculture in earthen ponds. The polyculture of each one of this species,either with seabass or seabream, was adopted to maximize production and compare growth performances between all species. Between 2004 and 2009, atthe IPIMAR Aquaculture Research Station (Olhão, Portugal), several rearing’swere followed using different fish densities and species combination. Data fromfish rearing’s were pooled by species, growth curves determined and used tomodel the growth performances between all species.Seabass had the best growth performance, followed by seabream, whiteseabream, zebra seabream and two-banded seabream (Fig. 1). To achieve 350 gseabass, seabream, white seabream, zebra seabream and two banded seabreamtook respectively 20, 21, 46, 53 and 114 months. To attain 1 kg of the same speciestook 45, 51, 129, 146 and 340 months. The growth of the three Diplodus speciesstudied was significantly slower than seabass and seabream. In monoculturetheses species enhanced slightly growth performance when compared with polyculture, especially zebra seabream, which attained 350 grams in 33 months.When compared with traditional species Diplodus species exhibit lower growthrates, still they represent an added value in different regions and might be usedto diversify aquaculture products.

KKeeyywwoorrddss:: WHITE SEABREAM, ZEBRA SEABREAM, COMMON TWO-BANDED SEABREAM, POLYCULTURE, SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

Session IV: Integrated Systems

INTEGRATED SYSTEM VERSUS LAGOON/POND TREATMENT AS EFFLUENTPURIFICATION PROCESS IN A LAND-BASED MARINE FISH HATCHERYJJ.. HHuusssseennoottaa**,, MM.. CCaarrddiinnaallbb,, SS.. CCaarriioouucc,, BB.. DDuuppuuyyaa,, RR.. FFaabbrreeaacc,, MM.. HHaammddaaoouuiicc,, AA.. HHeerrvvéébb,, RR.. KKaaaassbb,, MM.. RRiicchhaarrdddd,, LL.. VVaalleenntteeee,, JJ..SS.. BBrruuaannttcc

a IFREMER, Dépt Amélioration Génétique, Santé Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France2 b Ifremer Dépt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, Rue de l’ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes cedex 3, Francec Ferme Marine de Douhet LGP, Port du Douhet 17 840 La Brée Les Bains, Franced CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, UMR 6250 LIENSs, 17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, Francee CIIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal*[email protected]

Why did Ifremer propose a case-study on integrated systems in the SEACASEproject? Because (i) extensive and semi-intensive marine fish monoculture inponds as find in Spain, Portugal or Italy, are not profitable today in France (lowgrowth, mortality risk in winter), (ii) intensive fishfarm effluents on the otherhand have two interesting characteristics: calories and nutrients. So, Integratedsystems associating intensive land-based cultures and extensive pond culturesare an interesting coupling in order to improve aquaculture sustainability inFrench coastal wetlands.Ferme Marine de Douhet (FMD) is a marine fish hatchery/nursery using3800m3/day of seawater pre-treated by foam fractionation, sand filtration andgas desaturation by means of packed columns. FMD effluents flow throughtwelve 500m_-ponds in the final treatment (macroalgal lagoon pond). In thoseponds we tested diverse species, photo-autotrophic species (microalgae,macroalgae) and heterotrophic species (Kuruma shrimp, seabream and gigasoyster), and diverse effluent water renewal rates (WRR: 100%, 50%, 33% per day).Microalgal productions (diatoms) develop easily only in spring and at the lowerWRR. When comparing the three tested macroalgae species (Chaetomorpha sp.,Ulva rigida and Gracilaria vermiculophylla), it appears that algal production insummer is higher with Ulva, and Nitrogen removal higher in regularly harvestedUlva ponds. Fish quality of intensive seabream is like-wild after only 2-monthextensive stocking in algae ponds. But algae respiration and organic mineralizationby bacteria rendered water anoxic in 100% and 50% WRR, and proved to be notcompatible with animal productions.After verification of the high food quality of the produced Ulva, FMD could valorise thisalgae under frozen or dry form to the industry. The best management system for thetreatment ponds will be a regularly harvested Ulva pond system. A production unit of100 mt per year of wet algae is forecasted. The integrated pond management andthe algae harvest and packaging will be supported by the Ulva sale, and conse-quently the effluent depuration.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: INTEGRATED SYSTEM, LAGOON POND, MACROALGAE, ULVA, VALORISATION

3636 37

THE ZEELAND SOLE PROJECT: INTEGRATING SOLE (SOLEA SOLEA),RAGWORM (NEREIS VIRENS) AND SHELLFISH CULTURE JJ.. KKeetteellaaaarrssaa**aPlant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Korringaweg 5, 4401 NTYerseke, The Netherlandsl*[email protected]

Farming sole (Solea solea) has been hampered by the lack of nutritionally adequate commercial feeds. In the diet of wild sole, worms, especiallyPolychaetes, play an important role. The ragworm, Nereis virens, is a polychaeteprey species that is well consumed by sole and that has shown to promote fastgrowth. In a comparative feeding trial juvenile sole grew twice as fast on a diet offresh ragworms compared to the growth on a diet of a commercial dry feed. Evenwith prolonged feeding (i.e. a 5 month period) on a pure ragworm diet, a highgrowth rate was maintained. Fast growth on live ragworms is due to a high feedintake and to a better feed conversion. The superior feeding value of fresh ragworms as a fish feed is not well understood but may be related to the specialdigestive characteristics of sole. Ragworm culture is well developed in theNetherlands, ragworms mainly being produced as bait for sport fishing. As thebait market becomes saturated, new outlets are sought. The Zeeland Sole project explores several ways to link ragworm culture to sole and shellfish farming in a multi-trophic aquaculture system. The main challenge is to design asystem that results in a dramatic reduction of the cost price of ragworms. Onlythen, using ragworms as a fish feed can become a viable option. In order toachieve such a cost reduction three different options have been identified. Thefirst option is a coculture of sole and ragworm. In this case both species aregrown in the same pond and the fish feeds itself with the live worm. Starting witha high density of worms sole will do the necessary thinning over the growing season. A mathematical model has been developed to explore the simultaneousdevelopment of both populations over a season. The second option involves theuse of mechanically harvested ragworms as live feed for the sole. In this casesole and ragworms are cultured in separate ponds. Ragworms can be obtainedfrom a pure ragworm culture but also from a mixed culture of worms and shellfish (cockles or clams). Combining shellfish with ragworm has the advantage that ragworms suppress the growth of weeds (macro algae) while benefiting from the malcro algae as a feed free of charge. In a third option ragworms are not used as a pure feed but instead as an ingredient of a mixed feedfor sole. Pros and cons of the different options will be discussed in the frameworkof an integrated aquaculture farm. An experimental farm is currently being developedto test the technical and economic feasibility of the most promising options.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::INTEGRATED AQUACULTURE, SOLEA SOLEA, NEREIS VIRENS, SHELLFISH

SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE OF SEAWEEDS AND FISH IN SOUTHERN EUROPE LL.. MMaattaa,, RR.. SSaannttoossALGAE – Marine Ecology Research group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal

Integrated aquaculture of seaweeds and animals is a potential method to reducethe content of dissolved inorganic nutrients of pond effluents, thereby reducingtheir environmental impact. Green seaweeds of the genera Ulva have been successfully used in experimental systems. However, the low value of the produced biomass hinders the generalized use of this biofilter by the aquacultureindustry. As well, the costs imposed by the existing legislation to account for theenvironmental impact of aquacultures are not enough to make seaweed biofiltersappealing to the industry. Consequently, an integrated aquaculture system needsto use species that also produce valuable secondary products with an establishedmarket so that the seaweed biofiltration may effectively become an economicself-sustainable and environmental friendly technology. We will present theresearch conducted over the last years by our group with Asparagopsis speciesthat produce an array of halogenated compounds commercially used in cosmeticsformulations, including 1) establishment and optimization of their cultivation in asemi-intensive aquaculture in southern Portugal 2) comparison with the performance of Ulva spp. 3) optimization of the production of halogenated compounds and 4) potential for using these for antimicrobial therapy in animalaquaculture. The production rates obtained are the highest ever reported for cultivated algae. The system will remove all the nutrients produced by an identicalarea of fish pond, producing 150 fw kg m-2 y-1 of biomass.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::ASPARAGOPSIS, INTEGRATED AQUACULTUE, NUTRIENT BIOFILTRATION, SEAWEED PRODUCTION

38 39


DIET FORMULATION FOR SUSTAINABLE FISH FARMING IN PONDS/LAGOONSJJ.. DDiiaassaa**,, LL.. CCoonncceeiiççããooaa,, AA.. RRaammaallhhooaa,, TT.. AAiirreessbb,, PP.. BBoorrggeesscc,, LL..MM..PP.. VVaalleenntteecc,, PP.. RReemmaadd,, MM..TT.. DDiinniissaa

a CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus deGambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugalb SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, SA, EN 109 – Pardala, 3880-728 S. João Ovar, Portugalc CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS, Instituto deCiências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, Portugald CIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and Universidade deTrás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.*[email protected]

A responsible growth of the aquaculture industry relies on the delicate balancebetween the safety and quality of fish for human consumption, the environmentalcost of production systems and its socio-economic implications. Several farmedspecies, such as gilthead seabream, European seabass or Senegalese sole areconsidered as “carnivorous” fish. Under semi-intensive conditions, they are feddiets rich in protein and fats, derived mainly from ingredients of marine origin,such as fishmeal and fish oil. A shift towards a lower usage of these finitemarine-harvest resources is a major sustainability challenge facing the aquaculture industry. Data from a set of trials generated within the SEACASEproject shows that high levels of plant ingredients (up to 60% replacement of fishmeal) do not affect growth performance in seabream. Such approach leads tosignificant reductions of soluble phosphorus losses by the fish, contributing thusto the concept of low-pollution feeds. A replacement of up to 40% of the fish oilby a blend of vegetable oils has no detrimental effects on growth, feed use orhealth status of seabream. However, since muscle fatty acids profile mimics thatof the diets, fish fed vegetable oils show lower levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids (PUFA), which are beneficial to human health. However, feeding a 100% fishoil diet during the last weeks prior to harvest restores n-3 PUFA and guaranteesa fish of high nutritional quality.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, PLANT INGREDIENTS, GROWTH, SOLUBLE EXCRETION

SLAUGHTERING PROCEDURES: FISH FROM EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE PRODUCTIONPP.. VVaazz--PPiirreessaa**,, AA.. RRaammaallhhoobb,, SS.. SSooaarreessaa,, CC.. EEssccóórrcciiooaa,, EE.. MMaattoossbb

aCIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto,Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 PORTO, Portugal and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de AbelSalazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 PORTO, b CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139, Faro, Portugal*[email protected]

Project SEACASE included all along the 3 years of activities several ways of characterization of slaughtering procedures, which included visits to non-intensivefarms, contact with farmers, an enquiry about slaughtering in selected farms andthe collection of published materials.The first steps included the listing of all possible methods, the development of asimple method to measure rigor mortis (as an indicator of global and final fishquality) and the performing of a simple trial to get an approximate and comparativeidea about the times needed to achieve death.Following the identification of the most common method currently used (immersionin ice slurry), some improvements on this method were tested in practical conditionsand viable solutions for improvement were defined and will be shown in this presentation. Main conclusions of these pilot trials include that although onlyslight improvements in temperatures and times could be achieved in practice,these resulted in some interesting improvements in specific quality parameters.Within the main conclusions of the SEACASE work on this particular subject, itwas confirmed that the “slaughtering process” really begins earlier and includes(and is strongly influenced) by several “pre-slaughter” factors. These includewelfare concerns during all farming steps, and the slaughter can be consideredas only the final step of a complex welfare-related phases.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::SLAUGHTER, FISH WELFARE, ICE SLURRY

40 41

INVESTIGATING STRESS RESPONSE AND ADAPTABILITY TO LOW TEMPERATUREIN THE GILTHEAD SEABREAM THROUGH A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACHPP.. DDii MMaarrccoo,, TT.. PPeettoocchhii,, AA.. PPrriioorrii,, SS..LLiivvii,, SS.. DDee IInnnnoocceennttiiiiss,, MM..GG.. FFiinnooiiaa,, AA.. LLoonnggoobbaarrddii,,GG.. MMaarriinnoo**ISPRA, Higher Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Via di Casalotti, 300 – 00166 Rome, Italy*[email protected]

Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) farmed in extensive and semintensive systemsalong northern Mediterranean coasts are exposed to low temperature and suffer fromstress, metabolic and immune depression and mortality. A 5-week trial was carriedout in 5 m3 recycling tanks at the “Veneto Agricoltura Experimental Centre” (ValleBonello, Rovigo, Italy) to provide physiological and functional genomic knowledge onstress response and adaptability to low temperature in seabream. Two groups ofseabream were caught in two different geographic areas (Veneto and Sicily) andanalysed through microsatellite loci genotyping in order to ascertain their genetic vari-ability and their suitability for the gene-expression analyses at low temperature. Fish(n= 1250, 100-150 g BW) were exposed to 6°C for 3 weeks and then let them recoverfor 1 week at 16°C. Two control groups (VC, SC) were maintained at 16°C throughoutthe trial. Blood and tissue samples (n=538) were collected: during decreasing temper-ature phase from 16°C to 12 °C, during acute and chronic cold exposure at 6°C (after0, 6h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 7d, 21d), after 1 week of recovery from 6° to 16°C (28d). Growth,behaviour, external appearance, physiological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, pro-tein oxidation and complement activity were measured as stress, metabolic andimmunological indicators. Cold temperature significantly affected growth, metabolic and immune functions (2-way ANOVA). Similar responses to low temperature were observed in the Veneto (V)and in the Sicilian (S) groups. The concentration of cortisol, glucose, triglycerides significantly increased in both groups, whereas cholesterol, T-proteins, urea, haematocritand complement significantly decreased. Differences in S and V groups were observed inrelation to their ability to recover from cold temperature, probably in relation to differentearly life histories, ambient temperature and feeding conditions. Back temperature to 16°allowed the recovery of all parameters in S groups, whereas induced a significant reduc-tion of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, NEFA and T-proteins in V groups. Complementactivity decreased during cold exposure and was only partially restored in V group.Discriminant analysis (DA) also confirms univariate analysis results. At day 28, DA showed an overlapping of S and controls and a displacement of V group,suggesting that physiological recovery only occurred in Sicilian seabream. Overall dataset indicates that a better nutritional status allowed seabream to cope with cold stressand with increased energy demand at higher temperature during spring.Changes of physiological parameters in response to cold stress reflect changes in several molecular pathways involved in lipid and protein metabolism, oxidative stressand immune response analysed by functional genomics (UPD).

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: GILTHEAD SEABREAM, COLD STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

42 43

INVESTIGATING STRESS RESPONSE AND ADAPTABILITY TO LOW TEMPERATURE IN THE GILTHEAD SEABREAM THROUGH A FUNCTIONALGENOMIC APPROACHAA..NN.. MMiinniinnnniiaa**,, LL.. BBaarrggeelllloonniiaa,, TT.. PPaattaarrnneellllooaa

aDepartment of Public Health, Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Hygiene, University of Padua, Italy.*[email protected]

A 5-week experimental trial was carried out at the Aquaculture ExperimentalCentre of Veneto Agricoltura (Valle Bonello, Rovigo, Italy) from January to March2008 to evaluate the effects of low temperature on gene expression in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Experimental animals were adult seabreams(100 -150 g BW) caught from wild populations of two different geographical areasin Italy (Sicily and Veneto). All fish were kept in six 5 m3 circular re-circulatingwater tanks. In three tanks temperature was kept at 16°C (controls) while in theother tanks a temperature of 7°C was reached through two consecutive and rapiddrops. Tissue samples (liver, gill, spleen and head kidney) were collected at dif-ferent sampling time-points from control tanks and low-temperature ones. Liverand gill expression profiles were analyzed using a microarray technology afterpooling individual samples for the same condition Time-course microarray datawere subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis to identify genes that showedstatistically significant changes in expression over time between low-temperatureand control groups. Significance analysis of microarrays was used to find out differentially expressed genes between exposed to low temperature and controlindividuals collected at the same time-point. Functional annotation andenrichment analyses were carried out to highlight the most significant processesacross differentially expressed genes. Results revealed a complex response tocold, with many molecular pathways involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism,regulation of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and other protein chaperones, proteindegradation and repair, regulation of cell death, and immune response. Low temperature seems to lead to oxidative stress, a high level of protein and DNAdamage, a re-allocation of energy sources, and a perturbation of immune functions.Real-time RT-PCR was finally performed on a set of 10 genes in order to validatemicroarray results as well as to confirm homogeneity within pooled samples.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddssGILTHEAD SEABREAM, MICROARRAY, GENE EXPRESSION, LOW TEMPERATURE


JUVENILE’S QUALITY ON AQUACULTURE SYSTEMSCC.. BBoogglliioonnee**Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica s.n.c., 00133 Roma Italy *[email protected]

Developmental anomalies are one of the most important factors affecting marinelarviculture, with effects on production costs, taking into account that as many as50–60% of hatchery juveniles present at least one severe, externally detectableskeletal malformation, i.e.. In the aquaculture industry, losses due to malforma-tions also impact on-growing farms, where malformed market size fish have tobe discarded or sold at lower values than market prices. Extensive aquacultureconditions require juveniles able to face a wild-like environment, where no external sources of food, temperature control or ichthyophagous bird protectionare available. Some developmental anomalies, like skeletal deformities or senseorgans alterations, are generally associated with a general lowering of perform-ance (i.e. swimming ability, conversion index, growth rate, survival, and susceptibility to stress, pathogens, bacteria). Therefore, in order to obtain highrecapture rate with reared juveniles and to enhance sustainability of extensiveaquaculture by lowering or abandoning the wild juveniles for stocking ponds andlagoons, three SEACASE partners, the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy(hereafter named UTV), the Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve Universidad deAlgarve, Portugal (CCMAR) and the University of Crete, Greece (UoC), analysedjuveniles obtained with different rearing procedures in order to understand howto lower incidences of developmental anomalies. In particular, UTV analyzed for morphological quality differently reared and wildgilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. On all of them, the differences inthe external fish body shape, and shape and number of skeletal elements withthe wild ones were inspected. CCMAR analyzed wild sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles and from intensive,mesocosms and other SEACASE experimental protocols for skeletal anomalies.UoC checked whether the rearing method (intensive versus extensive) during thegilthead seabream early development has an effect on the fish body lateral line’sexternal appearance (and thus on its functionality) and on the anatomy of the specialized scales.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, SOLEA SENEGALENSIS, MORPHOLOGICAL QUALITY, SKELETAL ANOMALIES,MERISTIC COUNTS, LATERAL LINE ANOMALIES

44 45

PRODUCT QUALITY ACCORDING TO THE REARING SYSTEM: INTENSIVE /SEMI-INTENSIVE / EXTENSIVE / INTEGRATED SYSTEM. MODEL SPECIES:SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA)MM.. CCaarrddiinnaall11,, JJ.. CCoorrnneett11,, CC.. DDoonnnnaayy--MMoorreennoo11,, JJ..PP.. GGoouuyyggoouu11,, JJ..PP.. BBeerrggéé11,, JJ.. HHuusssseennoott11,, EE.. RRoocchhaa22,, FF.. MMaallhhããoo22,, CC.. EEssccóórrcciioo22,, MM.. BBaacceellaarr22,, LL..MM..PP.. VVaalleennttee22

1IFREMER, Dépt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, 44311 Nantes 03, et Dépt Amélioration Génétique,Santé Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France.France 2CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS - Instituto de CiênciasBiomédicas de Abel Salazar, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal

The quality of reared seabream (Sparus aurata) was studied through differentsystems used in Southern Europe: an extensive system in earthen pond in Spain,a semi-intensive polyculture in earthen pond in Portugal, Valliculture in Italy andan integrated system for the treatment of fish hatchery effluent. Various qualityparameters were measured: Nutritional aspect including fat and protein content,fatty and amino acid profile, sensory characteristics using a trained panel, colourevaluation by instrumental method and histological characteristics of the muscle. These parameters were compared to those obtained from samplesreared under intensive conditions.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, QUALITY PARAMETERS, NUTRITIONAL QUALITY, SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS, HISTOLOGY

BEST INDICATORS FOR SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) QUALITY FROMEXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEMS LL..MM..PP.. VVaalleennttee11,, MM.. CCaarrddiinnaall22,, CC.. EEssccóórrcciioo11,, MM.. BBaacceellaarr11,, EE.. RRoocchhaa11,, FF.. MMaallhhããoo11,, JJ.. CCoorrnneett22,, CC.. DDoonnnnaayy--MMoorreennoo22,, JJ..PP.. GGoouuyyggoouu22,, JJ..PP.. BBeerrggéé22,, JJ.. HHuusssseennoott 22

1CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS - Instituto de CiênciasBiomédicas de Abel Salazar, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-223 Porto, Portugal2IFREMER, Dépt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, 44322 Nantes 03, et Dépt Amélioration Génétique,Santé Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France.France

Quality parameters (chemical, physical, sensory and histological) measured onseabream from extensive and semi-intensive system were compared to thoseobtained from intensive system.Results show that extensive system and in a lesser extent semi-intensive system,allow seabream to keep external appearance of wild specimen (yellow/goldcolour between eyes) and that lipid content of fish from extensive system are generally on the low part of the values distribution observed for fish reared underintensive system. The fatty acid profile of the flesh, which reflects the kind of feedused during the growing phase, can reveal differences between systems. In ourstudy, samples from intensive system have a higher level of w6 and often a lowerproportion of w3 fatty acids. Regarding sensory characteristics, the cooked fleshof seabream from intensive system seems firmer and the muscle structure underthe teeth more dense. These fish also presented smaller white muscle fibres andat a higher density. The taste and odour of fatty fish is also stronger. It seems thatan extensive rearing in earthen pond is more propitious to the development ofcertain characteristics of odour and taste related to the environment.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, QUALITY PARAMETERS, FATTY ACID PROFILE, SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS, FLESHCOLOUR, MUSCLE STRUCTURE

FARMING PRACTICES OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) INSEMI-INTENSIVE EARTH PONDS: EFFECTS ON THE FLESH QUALITY EE.. MMaattoossaa**,, MM..TT.. DDiinniissaa,, PP.. RRooddrriigguueessaa,, LL..MM..PP.. VVaalleenntteebb,, AA.. GGoonnççaallvveesscc,, MM..LL.. NNuunneesscc,, JJ.. DDiiaassaa

aCCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139, Faro, PortugalbCIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS, Instituto deCiências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 Porto, PortugalcINRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR, Unidade de Valorização dos Produtos da Pesca e Aquacultura, Av. Brasília, 1449-006Lisboa, Portugal*[email protected]

Aquaculture is vital for meeting the world's growing needs for fish and otherseafood products. One of the major concerns of the consumer towards aquacultureproducts is quality, namely safety, freshness and nutritional value. Also, bothconsumers and producers are becoming increasingly aware of fish welfareissues. It is interesting to note that these two issues are intrinsically linked; as there is evidence that inadequate fish husbandry results in lower flesh quality.Under farming conditions, fish quality is influenced by extrinsic factors such asdiet composition and feeding strategies. Moreover, fish handling prior to slaughter(exposure to air, high density during crowding and a long crowding period) andslaughtering method can be highly variable in semi-intensive farming systems.Several farming practices (feeding strategies, seasonal composition of fish, theisolated effect of harvesting stress and slaughter method) will be the object of acritical assessment regarding its impact on major flesh quality traits of giltheadseabream (Sparus aurata) reared under semi-intensive conditions.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, FLESH QUALITY, HARVESTING STRESS

46 47

EFFECT OF DIET WITH LOW FISH-DERIVED PROTEIN AND OIL ON THESENSORY PROPERTIES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF GILTHEADSEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA) AA.. GGoonnççaallvveessaa**,, NN.. BBaannddaarrrraaaa,, JJ.. DDiiaassbb,, MM..LL.. NNuunneessaa

aINRB, I.P./L-IPIMAR, Unidade de Valorização dos Produtos da Pesca e da Aquicultura, Avenida de Brasília,1449-006, Lisboa, PortugalbCCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139, Faro, Portugal*[email protected]

A 12-week performance trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of a concomitant replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in the final quality of seabream,mainly on the sensory properties and fatty acid profile of fish muscle. The influence of diet composition on the quality changes during the frozen storagewas also evaluated.A control diet (CTRL) was formulated with practical ingredients to contain 48%protein, 20% fat and 23 kJ/g energy. The second diet was prepared in order toreplace 60% of fishmeal by plant-protein sources (PP60FO) and the third diet wasformulated based on the plant-rich diet in which fish oil was replaced at a 65%level by a mixture of soy and rapeseed oils (PP60VO).Sensory properties of fish muscle were not significantly affected by the diet composition. The changes during frozen storage were mainly due to the effect ofstorage time. Nevertheless, the development of rancid flavour was delayed in thefish fed the diet with the highest proportion of vegetable components. In agreement,the higher oxidative stability (lower TBARS values) was found in the fish fed vegetable based feeds. The replacement of both fishmeal and fish oil had a significant effect on the fattyacid composition and the ratio n-3/n-6 was significantly affected, due to the highlevels of fatty acids n-6, particularly in the muscle of fish fed on diet PP60VO.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GILTHEAD SEABREAM, PLANT INGREDIENTS, SENSORY QUALITY, NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Session VII: Certification

CODES OF CONDUCT AND CERTIFICATION ON SEMI-INTENSIVE ANDEXTENSIVE SYSTEMSPP.. VVaazz--PPiirreessaa**,, AA.. RRaammaallhhoobb,, LL.. CCoonncceeiiççããoobb,, FF.. SSooaarreessbb,, MM..TT.. DDiinniissbb,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraacc,, LL.. RRiibbeeiirroocc

aCIIMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto,Rua dos Bragas, 177, 4050-123 PORTO, Portugal and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de AbelSalazar, Universidade do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 PORTO, bCCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139, Faro, PortugalcINRB.IP-IPIMAR, Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139, Faro, Portugal*[email protected]

Since the beginning, SEACASE project predicted a considerable effort on the concern about the differences between non-intensive farming products and theircommercial alternatives (wild and intensively-produced fish) and the commercialvalorisation of the existing advantages.After a phase of bibliographic collection of published material and direct contactwith farmers from the project and many others within Europe, it is clear that therearing conditions are somewhere between the more natural conditions availablefor the wild fish and the more controlled environment used in intensive farming.Among the advantages of non-intensive farming, the direct environment of thefarmed species and the feeding systems are particularly relevant. The lowerfarming intensity also implies less quantities to deal in each operation, normallyinducing less stress and consequently higher welfare and better final quality.SEACASE project discussed intensively the ways these advantages can be shownto consumers. The most adequate way seems to be by the implementation ofCertification systems, which involve the establishment of quantifiable parametersand a checking system, able to prove what is being claimed. Several Certificationsystems already implemented were analysed and persons involved contacted tocollaborate in this study.SEACASE project ends with a set of Codes of Conduct on the different farming systems studied within the project (that will be summarized in this presentation),which represent project members opinions and several other inputs collected outsidethe project. They can be used in the future as basic information and starting point for thecreation of a complete Certification system for non-intensive aquatic farming systems.SEACASE partners strongly believes that the creation of such a system will helpto achieve a more effective perception, by consumers, of the advantages of thenon-intensively farmed species, and will also contribute to the subsistence ofthese more “natural” systems in the actual era of strong competition between allrearing systems, normally not favourable to the non-intensive producers.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::NON-INTENSIVE FARMING, PRODUCT QUALITY, CODES OF CONDUCT, CERTIFICATION PROCESSES

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NEW EU ORGANIC AQUACULTURE RULESRR.. BBaatteess**European Commission (Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries)*[email protected]

In 2007 the EU agreed a new regulation on organic production and labelling(Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007) which for the first timeincludes aquaculture. In 2009, after extensive discussion with experts, theCommission agreed implementing rules for aquaculture and seaweed and thenew Regulation (Commission Regulation (EC) 710/2009 of 5 August 2009) waspublished in the summer. The presentation outlines the legislation, which willapply in the European Union from 1 July 2010. The regulation sets conditions forthe aquatic production environment, for feeds, for impacts on other species, separation of organic and non-organic aquaculture units, and animal welfareincluding maximum stocking densities.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::ORGANIC AQUACULTURE

ORGANIC AQUACULTURE: A STRATEGY FOR VALORISATION OF SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE?LL.. RRiibbeeiirrooaa**,, FF.. SSooaarreessaa,, MM..EE.. CCuunnhhaaaa,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaaa

a INRB, I.P./ L- IPIMAR L.A., *[email protected]

In western Mediterranean countries aquaculture in earthen ponds is the traditional production system. According to the new regulation on organic aquaculture animal and seaweed production (Regulation (EC) No 710/2009) thesesystems can evolve to organic with adaptations, enhancing the quality and profitability of the produced organisms. The aim of this talk is to describe the procedures currently used by thePortuguese semi-intensive aquaculture and to highlight those that require modifications in order to comply with recent legislation for biological production.The semi-intensive system of the Aquaculture Research Station of IPIMAR will beused as a case study to describe the alterations needed regarding origin of aquaculture animals, aquaculture husbandry practices, feed for fish, diseaseprevention and veterinary treatment to comply with the organic legislation, andevaluate its economical implications.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::ORGANIC AQUACULTURE, SEMI-INTENSIVE, PRODUCT VALORISATION

50 51


CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTUREPRACTICES IN SOUTHERN EUROPELL.. AAnnrraass11**,, CC.. BBoogglliioonnee55,, SS.. CCaattaauuddeellllaa44,, MM..TT.. DDiinniiss22,, SS.. LLiivvii44,, PP.. MMaakkrriiddiiss33,, GG.. MMaarriinnoo44,, AA.. RRaammaallhhoo 22,, MM.. YYúúffeerraa 55

1 Forum des Marais Atlantiques BP 40214, 17300 Rochefort, France2 Centro de Ciencias do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR), Portugal3 Hellenic Center for Marine Research, (HCMR), Greece4 Istituto centrale per la ricerca scientifica e tecnologica applicata al mare (ICRAM), Italy5 University of Rome “Tor Vegata”, Italy.6 Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN–CSIC), Spain*[email protected]

In less then 30 years intensive fish farming has quickly become the first providerof marine farmed products. Yet, extensive and semi-intensive systems still represent significant amounts of production and use large places along thesouthern Europe coastal zones (artificial lagoons, natural and managed deltas,and semi closed bays and estuaries, encompassing polders with earthponds).Modern techniques have been integrated by farmers for mass production ofshellfish (oysters, clams), as well as semi-intensive fish and shrimp rearing. Theyare quite homogeneous from one country to another. Adversely, traditional practicesdisplay more differences regarding technical protocols and water management. Improvements on domestic species have been done to reliable productions,mainly concerning oysters and mussels’ monocultures. Oyster cultivation hasintensively evolved with spreading over all available places. Shellfish aquacultureprovides massive volumes of production in lagoons (>100 000 T), that is a noticeablecontribution to total European shellfish production (including offshore productions).Lagoon use is optimized (over 100 000 ha), but expansion in many other lagoonsis limited by the threats done by pollution and eutrophication processes. In manycases, marshlands with earthponds display a land use depletion (France, Spain),though they could still provide room for extra refining productions (smallamounts), like in France.The old-age practices of extensive fish aquaculture still goes on because of thetraditional background of local populations. Except in Italy (eg. Valli’s) these activities benefits from only partial improvements. They produce small amounts,of high quality, but suffering from a lack of traceability and public recognition.Only Italy with their different types of lagoons display an optimized use of theirpotential for extensive fish production, with probably large amounts of production(despite lack of statistics).

Semi-intensive productions of fish are a prolongation of these practices. Severalsuccessful trials leaded during the last 15 years are now converted into reliablefarming systems (Spain, Portugal). Fish production statistics are not completed,because of lack of data, but reach a minimum of 4200 T (total in countries studied).Real production amount probably display larger amounts, but non official tradepractices and barter still persist and prevent from getting reliable information. Most of these environmentally friendly activities contribute to preserve naturalwetlands in coastal areas, but guidelines for the correct management of extensivebasins have still to be formulated. They must take into account some strategicissues regarding engineering, socio-economy and ecology for maintaining theextensive aquaculture production at a level of profitability and ecosystem functionality.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EXTENSIVE FARMING, SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING, MARINE AQUACULTURE, MARSHLANDS

52 53

STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN PORTUGALAA.. VViieeiirraa**ANAQUA, Associação Nacional de Aquacultores, Apartado 2138, 8501-902 Portimão, Portugal*[email protected]

The extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Portugal is going trough a verydifficult period, due to the lack of species that are suitable for production inPortugal allied to the increasing of prices of raw material (feed, electricity) andthe production costs. On the other way the Portuguese aquaculture producers areselling his products much cheaper, because of the European trade market thatallow the importation of fish from countries like Greece and Spain; it is very wellknown that the fish is growing in less time than the fish produced here inPortugal, due to several factors, specially the water temperature. So thePortuguese extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture must decrease his productioncosts in order to get more competitive prices on his final product. There are someproposals that ANAQUA is studying to get this reduction in the production costs,and pass by decreasing the tax burden over some raw material (fuel, electricity)and give the aquaculture producers specific formation in some areas of interestthat are very important in this sector (like marketing, diseases, general workingof a fish farm, feeding practices). However, the Portuguese aquaculture alsoneeds to have a more wide variety and adaptable species in order to get morecompetitive inside the European market.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PRODUCT VALORISATION, PORTUGAL

STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN SPAIN II.. ddee LLaa RRoossaaaa,, JJ..MM GGaarrccííaa ddee LLoommaassbb

aLANGOSTINOS DE HUELVA S.A., Ctra. Pozo del Camino a Isla Cristina s/n. 21410 Isla Cristina.Huelva. Spain.bCTAQUA., Centro Tecnológico Acuicultura de Andalucía. Parque Comercial “Las Salinas”. Edificio “LasSalinas”. C/Dr Duarte Acosta, 7 2º ofc.611500-El Puerto de Santa María. Cádiz. Spain.

Production volumes in coastal ponds and confined systems is difficult to knowexactly because there are not always record information about small farms orpure extensive production units. It seems that for the last five years total productionin extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture has been relatively stable. This trendwill probably drop in 2009 and 2010. Comercial situation is very hard at themoment because there is a big offer of seabream, seabass and molluscs comingfrom different big companys in Europe and the prices go down under productioncosts. This particular situation started in 2008 and it is clearly affecting farms viability.Cost production in semi-intensive fish farming systems could be higher thanintensive cage systems because of electric ang oxigenation cost, and labour efficency. Final price of extensive and semi-intensive products used to be higherthan the price of intensive products but this fact is not enough at this moment.Forecast suggest that production will drop and companies will reduce productionor even stop it. We are faced with a hard situation and extensive and semi-inten-sive farms have to optimize production costs. Some of the technical lines to workwith are:

- Fry cost: election of good quality juveniles.- feed cost: feed composition and feed strategies.- Electric costs- Other costs: Patology and predators.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EXTENSIVE AND SEMIEXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PRODUCTION COSTS.

54 55

CURRENT STATUS OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTUREPRACTICES IN FRANCELL.. AAnnrraass11**,, JJ..SS.. BBrruuaanntt22

1 Forum des Marais Atlantiques BP 40214, 17300 Rochefort, France2 Ferme marine du Douhet BP 4 , 17840 La Brée les Bains, France* [email protected]; bruant @douhet.com

Nowadays, French marine aquaculture mainly takes place in open water, on mudflatsand lagoons. Most of commercial production is concentrated on oysters mussels(extensive open sea) and fish (intensive in sea-cages or intensive in raceways inland).The polders still hosts specific infrastructures but most of them, devoted formerly tofish farming, are mainly used for oysters refining or stocking before shipping. Formerextensive fish farming activities still maintain but as recreational, with different trendsamong geographical areas (re-appropriation or abandonment). New tendencies are the development of new practices as oyster growth (extensive) in marshes, and shrimp production (semi-intensive). These high value prod-ucts represent a small but growing market (oysters growing in marshes), and the sec-ond a stable micro-market.There were 4150 aquaculture companies in France (except continental fishfarms) in2002, totalizing 533 billions euros turnover. French shellfish aquaculture is the first inEurope, but total aquaculture production is the second after Spain, and before Italy. Professional marine fish production is done by 50 companies, for a total production of6000 tons per year. They produce fry or grow seabass (3600 tons), seabream (1400 tons)and turbot (950 tons). They occupy small areas inland in intensive systems or in cages inopen sea. 60% of the fry production is exported, since France still import the sameamount of what farmers produce to satisfy consumers needs (mainly from Europe).Many disseminated extensive farming system are still producing marine fish, for leisure, in very large areas, with unfortunately no production datas available.Shellfish aquaculture is done by 3720 private companies, most of them taking place onthe Atlantic ocean. Production is estimated to 180 000 tons, 60% with oysters, 40% withmussels. The main region of production is Poitou-Charentes (44% for oysters and 13mussels), followed by south Brittany and Pays de la Loire (21% for oysters and 35%mussels). In these regions a certain amount of oysters grown on seashore are refinedin marshlands to get a better value (800 tons). Oyster’s productions in lagoons also havea great importance in the Mediterranean sea (since it represents only 10% national production),and their volume of production has also recently increased with open sea farming.Semi-intensive and extensive shrimp farms are able for over 15 years to produce highquality products. They are located in Vendée, Seudre and Médoc sites, on the Atlanticcoast, and provide a little but high value market (25 tons)Extensive and semi-intensive commercial aquaculture in marshlands represents asmall but high quality and good value market that still have to demonstrate its placeamong intensive productions.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:EXTENSIVE FARMING, SEMI-INTENSIVE FARMING, MARINE AQUACULTURE, MARSHLANDS

STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE IN ITALY.AA.. FFaabbrriiss**Associazione Piscicoltori Italiani – API – Via del Perlar, 37/A – 37135 Verona – ITALY*[email protected]

Coastal areas used for aquaculture purposes in Italy are confined saltwater environments, with salinities ranging from low brackish to hyperaline, partiallyseparated from the sea by means of sands barriers, earth or other sediments andin connection through openings and/or large mouths. The extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Italy contributes historically to the physical andbiological conservation of wetlands, which are constantly menaced by the negative effects of the activities surrounding or upstream these areas. It protectsthe hydrogeological stability of these zones.A unique model of lagoon farm end management, however, cannot be strictlydefined since their ecological, hydrological and biological characteristics are verydifferent. This also influences the composition of the fish population, the relativeabundance of euryhaline and marine species and trophic status of coastal lagoon.The productive management of coastal lagoons by means of fixed fish barriersand hydraulic regulation of continental freshwater and seawater is the traditionalmodel of extensive aquaculture in Italy. Human intervention is limited in terms ofwater management to maintain environmental conditions suitable for rearing thefarmed species and harvesting the product from the fish barriers.The status of extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Italy will be discussedwith particular attention to the following aspects: geographical and structuraldata, farming systems, typologies and farm infrastructures. Italian extensive andsemi-intensive aquaculture is currently exposed to the general trend affectingMediterranean aquaculture, in which the overinflated market and competitionfrom intensively reared seabass and seabream have induced a lowering of aquaculture fish prices on the market. Coastal lagoons, stagni and valli are components of Italy’s economic assets.Extensive aquaculture in coastal lagoons represents a social, cultural and economic heritage, which is profoundly linked to biodiversity preservation.

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STATUS AND CHALLENGES OF EXTENSIVE AND SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUA-CULTURE IN GREECEAA.. VVeennttiirriissaa,, PP.. MMaakkrriiddiissbb**aFederation of Greek Maricultures,Athens, Greece. bHellenic Center for Marire Research, Institute of Aquaulture, P.O. Box 2214, 71003 Iraklion Crete, Greece*[email protected]

Extensive and semi-intensive aquaculture in Greece takes place in more than 76lagoons, which are located mainly in the areas of Western Greece, Northwest(Ipiros) and region of East Macedonia. These lagoons are shallow (average depthis about 1 m), a large majority of them (73%) are of chocked type with restrictedwater exchange with the ocean, and about half of them do not receive significantamount of freshwater. This has as a result that they represent quite sensitivebiotopes. Eel, seabass, seabream, and different species of mullet are the fishspecies of economic important that are harvested. Only in some cases, there aresporadic measurements of the water quality and at the same time a lot of thelagoons receive water from agriculture, which may deteriorate water quality further. About 40% use traditional wooden traps for harvesting of the fish, and therest use more modern traps. Most of the people that work in this traditional sector acquired their knowledge through their family and only few have a formaleducation or training related to their activity. The total production of extensiveand semi-intensive aquaculture is estimated to about 500 tons. Maintenance ofthe lagoons involves deepening of lagoons, creation of overwintering ponds, andrequires support by governmental funds in order to aid the preservation of a traditional sector.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, LAGOONS, EUTROPHICATION


SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AQUACULTURE: AN OXYMORON?MM.. MMaaggaallhhããeess--SSaanntt’’AAnnaaaa**aLaboratory Animal Science, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua doCampo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal*[email protected]

Sustainability is the buzzword of the moment in fisheries science, although thatwas not always the case. Since the advent of European industrial fish farming inthe 1970’s, aquaculture was primarily profit-driven and the early aspirations thatit would satisfy global seafood needs and limit wild fish harvesting rapidly provedinflated. Many sustainable small-scale production systems turned into unsustainable intensive fish farms, highly dependent on fish feed and causingsignificant aquatic pollution. Additionally, production of farmed fish did not seemto have any effect in the restoration of wild fish populations. Rather than becoming part of the solution, marine aquaculture was turning into part of theproblem of overfishing.Albeit major shifts have taken place during the last two decades in the social andecological responsibilities of aquaculture industry, public perception of aquacultureproduction is by and large negative and associated with diseases in fish, chemicalresidues in the food chain, namely antibiotics, and environmentally poor practices. Furthermore, European consumers seem to have lower intrinsic quality expectations about farmed fish.Does this means that the promise of aquaculture blue revolution failed permanently? There are strong reasons to believe that the public view describeddoes not do justice to most of contemporary European fish farming. This compet-itive food industry has seen a positive development in terms of technologicalinnovation, scientific research and effective management policies. As a result,pollution decreased, animal welfare standards improved and greater attention isnow given to coastal communities and natural ecosystems. Non-intensive integrated farming systems in particular played an important role in this change.Aquaculture is deeply involved in the public discourse of sustainability. But thesocial, economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development areperceived differently by different stakeholders. The aim of this article is to defineand discuss key issues to be addressed in order for European marine coastalaquaculture move towards (genuine) sustainability and greater public acceptability.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::COASTAL AQUACULTURE, SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

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AQUACULTURE IN TRANSITION SPACES: THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY IN QUESTIONPP.. RRaauuxxaa**,, DD.. BBaaiillllyyaa

aUMR AMURE Centre de Droit et d'Economie de la Mer, Université de Brest, Centre Ifremer Brest, BP 70,29280 Plouzane, France**ppaassccaall..rraauuxx@@uunniivv--bbrreesstt..ffrr

Based on surveys and interviews completed by literature review a global trendcan be drawn to characterize marine aquaculture in transition spaces in SouthernEurope from a social and economic point of view. This coastal aquaculturein transition spaces (wetlands, tidal areas, estuaries, lagoons, deltas) developedunder various forms: shellfish, fish; earth or concrete ponds; seedbed over tidalarea or trapping in wetlands; hatcheries, nurseries, prefattening and fattening,stocking. Among these productions, extensive systems face competitivenessissues. Higher production costs and a stronger variability of technical performancesare as many disadvantages compared to more intensive systems productions,especially from the offshore cage productions. What happened for coastal extensiveand semi-intensive farms in Southern Europe is symptomatic of a sector developed on high value species, driven more by technical choices rather thansocio-economic ones. Quick productivity growth leads to quickly increasing production and lower prices. High value aquaculture species are often export-oriented aquaculture that are in general characterized by quickly increas-ing production, price declines and cyclical profitability. Aquaculture developmentin Southern Europe also underlined a development disconnected from consumers' preference and markets characteristics. Facing fish stocks depletionaquaculture comes back to the forefront on the same basis than the BlueRevolution, ignoring past failures and European seafood consumption's properties. As a consequence the aquaculture development is seeking after goalsdifficultly compatible in the specific European seafood consumption context.Present trend for the industry is a trend to concentration for more intensive systems. Family based small production units seem to better resist due to theirstructure. But if they are able to temporary reduce or cease activity they often donot offer a sufficient income for their owners and open the door to disused wetlands. Trapped into a vicious circle through an inefficient intensification andimportance dependence from credit, intermediate scale farms are much moreunder question. If technological progress can delay difficulties it doesn't seemstrong enough to reverse the situation.There are needs to rethink the scheme of development in a more sustainable way.The acknowledgement of the aquaculture role in maintaining ecosystems functionalities can provide a first answer as well as differentiation of products.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC VIABILITY, SUSTAINABILITY, DRIVING FORCES

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL CASE-STUDIESPP.. RRaauuxxaa**,, DD.. BBaaiillllyyaa

aUMR AMURE Centre de Droit et d'Economie de la Mer, Université de Brest, Centre Ifremer Brest, BP 70,29280 Plouzane, France*[email protected]

The SEACASE project aims at exploring the different ways to improve the economic viability and the social and environmental sustainability of extensiveand semi-intensive aquaculture in Southern European coastal areas. In that context, several case studies were selected to assess the diversity of farming systems in order to develop tools to maintain the farms' competitiveness whileminimizing their environmental impact and improving products' quality and theirbrand image. Based on surveys and interviews, extensive and semi-intensivepolyculture in esteros, integrated management of eels fisheries in coastallagoons and wetlands, as well as oysters refinement in wetlands were studied.The socio-economic assessment reveals a development profile according tointensification schemes rather than to techniques, species farmed or country.The intrinsic characteristics of transition spaces (confined to semi-confinedareas such as wetlands, tidal areas, estuaries, lagoons or deltas) appear to be astrong discriminating factor. If in the initial step of the development the issue ofcoastal aquaculture was rather technical and environmental, today the relevanceis more social and economic.Extensive systems, whatever the species and countries considered, tend to beabandoned facing additional constraints from environmental regulations thatreinforce the differential production cost with marine systems. Fully dependentfrom natural productivity, they also face decreasing productivity and a lack ofinterest from farmers' descendants. Usually presenting the most recent oldness,intermediate scale systems in terms of intensification suffer important difficulties.No more profitable or just profitable their future is seriously questioned. Far lessnumerous, vertically integrated and/or diversified systems benefiting from otheractivities and facilities are the ones that are still able to manage in an efficientway their resources. But their success is also built on their low representativeness.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, SEMI-INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE, PROFITABILITY, DEVELOPMENT PROFILES,TECHNICO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

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THE PATRIMONIAL AUDIT: A TOOL TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTUREDD.. BBaaiillllyyaa**,, AA.. DDeellvvaallbb,, PP.. RRaauuxxaa

aUMR AMURE Centre de Droit et d'Economie de la Mer, Université de Brest, Centre Ifremer Brest, BP 70,29280 Plouzane, FrancebAgroParisTech, UFR Gestion du vivant et stratégies patrimoniales, Institut de stratégies patrimoniales, 16rue Claude Bernard, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France*[email protected]

Extensive and Semi-Intensive production systems settled in transition spaces inSouthern Europe face a number of difficulties: competitiveness with more intensivesystems and marine productions, conflict uses, competition for access to coastalareas. In that context, protection constraints of lush and fragile environmentswhere coastal aquaculture takes place, add further to costs differentials withmore intensive farms in open sea. Beyond of the economic viability it questionsthe place, role and maintenance of these systems over highly coveted spacessubjected to multiple pressures generating conflict uses. Aside technical andeconomic issues, other dimensions of the viability have to be considered. Forinstance, maintain aquaculture systems will be less costly to the society on longterm rather than restoring ecosystem functionalities once aquaculture disappears. But the simple acknowledgement of non-market benefits derivedfrom extensive aquaculture such as the maintenance of wetlands' multifunctionality,the structuring landscape dimension or the integrity of coastal ecosystems is notenough to guarantee the improvement of the economic viability. The substitutionof a production for non-market services to the environment is still insufficientlyacknowledged and remains a difficult way to improve sustainability.Looking for incentive mechanisms such as an increase of added value or a diversification of income are other complementary options:• products differentiation in order to generate niche markets for extensive and

semi-intensive aquaculture;• complementary activities developed in order to generate an income through

added value or through activities benefiting from environment and aquaculture'simage (ecotourism, activities related to education and environmental awareness);

• technological innovations such as integrated systems but linked to economic reality.Rather than assessing the patrimonial value of aquaculture through non-marketvaluation methods that delivers a statement in monetary terms, the patrimonialaudit tool is implemented favouring action and way of implementation. The auditfocused on the eel fisheries and oysters refinement in earth ponds along theSeudre wetlands in France.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::PATRIMONIAL VALUE, CULTURAL VALUE, SUSTAINABILITY, ECOSYSTEMS FUNCTIONALITIES

ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTUREOPTIONS: INTEGRATED SYSTEMS VS MONOCULTUREAA..MM.. NNoobbrreeaa,,bb**,, DD.. RRoobbeerrttssoonn--AAnnddeerrssssoonncc,, AA.. NNeeoorriidd,, KK.. SSaannkkaarree

a Institute of Marine Research (IMAR), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, NewUniversity of Lisbon. FCT, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugalb Algae-Marine Plant Ecology Research Group, CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139 Faro, Portugalc Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Bellville 7535, South Africad Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Centre for Mariculture, P.O. Box 1212, Eilat88112, Israele Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa*[email protected]

A quantification of the ecological-economic gains and losses in different aquaculturepractices provides the real value of sustainable farms. The presentation includes:1) An application of the differential Drivers-Pressure-State-Impact-Responseapproach for a comparison between abalone monoculture and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) of abalone and seaweed, based on data from SouthAfrican farms; 2) Description of the benefits that the application of similarapproaches can have on the integration and management of traditional extensiveand semi-intensive aquaculture systems into coastal ecosystems in SouthernEurope.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, ECONOMIC VALUATION, DIFFERENTIAL DRIVERS-PRESSURE-STATE-IMPACT-RESPONSE, AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, SUSTAINABLEAQUACULTURE, IMTA, SEAWEED BIOFILTERS

62 63

POSTERS


BENTHIC MACROFAUNA COMMUNITIES IN COASTAL EARTHEN PONDSUSED FOR FISH FARMING IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC COAST OF THE IBERIANPENINSULAAA..MM.. AArriiaass,, EE.. RRaammooss--GGaarrccííaa,, MM.. YYúúffeerraa** Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 PuertoReal, Cádiz, Spain*[email protected]

Macrobenthos communities inhabiting coastal fish-farming earthen ponds havebeen studied during two yearly seasons in three different farms of the Gulf ofCádiz (SW Iberian Peninsula), two of them sited in Portugal (Portimao and Olhão)and one in Spain (Puerto Real). Each farm has a different culture system andhydrologic regime. We are presenting here the main characteristics, dominantspecies and/or taxonomic groups and differences among the three studied ponds.In the three farms the populations of annelida and nematoda were the numericallymost abundant organisms, followed by molluscs and crustaceans, and in a lesser extend by insecta. Species belonging to other taxonomic groups appearedin very small amount and episodically. In Puerto Real ponds the most abundant taxa were the polychaetes Capitellacapitata, Oriopsis metchnikowi and Streblospio shrubsolii as well asoligochaetes; the molluscs Hydrobia minorecensis, H. ulvae and Cerastodermaglaucum; and the amphipods Microdeutopus gryllotalpa and Gammarus insensibilis.In Olhão the dominant species were the polychaetes Capitella capitata, Nereisdiversicolor, and nematodes; the molluscs Abra ovata, H. ulvae and H. minorecensis; and the amphipods M. gryllotalpa and Corophium sp.Finally the ponds in Portimão, the polychaetes were more diverse with regularpresence of C. capitata, O. metchnikowi, S. shrubsolii, Nereis diversicolor andPolydora ligni as well as oligochaetes and nematodes. Contrarily the molluscswere less abundant and only A. ovata and H. minorecensis were regularly present. The amphipods Corophium sp, Melita palmate, M. gryllotalpa dominatedamong the crustaceans.Larvae of Chironomus salinarius were the only insect observed in the three sitesalthough it was practically absent in Portimão.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: MACROBENTHOS, FISH PONDS.

PLANKTON AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN EARTHENPONDS USED FOR TRADITIONAL EXTENSIVE FISH FARMING IN THE BAY OFCÁDIZ (SPAIN). COMPARISON BETWEEN OLD AND RECENT BUILT PONDS MM.. YYúúffeerraa**,, DD.. QQuuiinnttaannaa,, AA..MM.. AArriiaass Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro s/n, 11510 PuertoReal, Cádiz, Spain*[email protected]

Main zooplankton groups, chlorophyll A, inorganic nutrients, organic matter,temperature and pH in water, as well as pH and redox potential in the sedimenthave been examined during eighteen months in a traditional farm of the CádizBay (South Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula). The study aimed in comparing two zones differing in the time of the sediment maturation. One zonehas two ponds that have been working for decades while the other has a newpond that was inundated for the first time. All ponds take water from the samesea channel.Most of environmental and chemical factors were fairly similar in all ponds withexception of pH and redox potential in the sediment that were clearly different inthe new pond. Yearly average values in the seawater ranged between 9 and 28 ºCfor temperature, 26 and 56 g l-1 for salinity, and 7.8-8.8 for pH. Organic matterranged between 0.05 and 0.2 g l-1 excepting in September 2008 when picked upto 0.4 g l-1. In that date an episodic event in the seawater channel surroundingthe farm affected the environmental condition in some ponds, mainly the amountof organic matter, chlorophyll a, water pH and silicate concentration. Zooplankton communities were dominated by copepods (nauplius, copepoditesand adults) and veligers of bivalves. Rotifers were also common in autumn.Overall, higher densities of these groups were punctually reached in the newpond reflecting the colonisation by opportunistic species.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::FISH PONDS, PLANKTON, ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES, SEDIMENT, SEAWATER,

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HEALTH AND WELFARE OF SEABREAM FROM VALLICULTUREPP.. DDii MMaarrccoo,, TT.. PPeettoocchhii,, AA.. PPrriioorrii,, AA.. LLoonnggoobbaarrddii,, VV.. DDoonnaaddeellllii,, GG.. MMaarriinnoo** ISPRA Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – Via casalotti 300, 00166 Rome, Italy *[email protected]

Seabream is an economic important species traditionally reared in extensive andsemintensive coastal lagoons and in northern Adriatic Italian valli. Quality ofseeding, wintering and harvesting practices represent the main critical pointsduring the productive cycle in extensive systems, significantly influencing finalrecapture rate (Ravagnan, 1992), fish quality (Orban, 2003) and fish welfare(EFSA, 2008). In valliculture, as in other extensive systems, slightly fewer hazardsfor fish welfare have been identified compared to other systems (EFSA, 2008).However, these hazards, consisting of predation by birds, stress at harvest andlow temperature during winter periods, strongly impact the welfare and health ofseabream. This study aimed to evaluate the health and welfare of wild and hatcheryseabream juveniles at the end of the first year of rearing by means of anatomo-pathological and biochemical analyses. Seabream were seeded in April 2009 in Valle Bonello (Rovigo, Italy) and recaptured during November 2009 using a fixed fish barrier. A sub-sample of 100specimens was taken. After rapid anaesthesia, blood was withdrawn from thecaudal vein and then processed for serum sample collection and storage. A set of15 blood chemistry parameters, including stress indicators (cortisol, glucose),serum lipids (NEFA, triglycerides, cholesterol), proteins (albumin, urea, total protein), enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, ALP), minerals and electrolytes (Ca, Mg, Cl)were determined. Fish were measured and examined to evaluate growth, somatic indices and general health conditions before the wintering period.External lesions on fins (splitting, erosion), skin (scale loss, reddening, haemorrhages, ulcers), eye and gill lesions and internal alterations of liver,spleen, kidney and the gastrointestinal tract were recorded. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were applied to the data set.Autoptic indicators proved to be a practical tool for assessing seabream welfare,providing indications of the effects of predation, low temperature and fish management at the barriers. Results of biochemical analyses were compared toreference literature data and with seabream reference intervals identified in ourlaboratory. Genetic analysis is in progress to assess fish origin and detect any differences in welfare status between wild and hatchery specimens.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: GILTHEAD SEABREAM, VALLICULTURE, HEALTH AND WELFARE, PHYSICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS


EFFECTS OF STOCKING DENSITY AND FEED FORMULATION ON THE QUALITYOF EFFLUENT WATERS FROM SEMI-INTENSIVE POLYCULTURE PONDSMM.. FFaallccããooaa,, DD.. SSeerrppaaaa**,, HH.. FFeerrrreeiirraaaa,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaaa

aInstituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, I. P./IPIMAR, Avenida 5 de Outubro, s/n, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal*[email protected]

The environmental risks associated to intensive aquaculture, together with theincreasing demand of consumers on food safety and on cultivated species welfare, have brought semi-intensive culture products back into the front scene.However, semi-intensive aquaculture systems face some difficulties mainly dueto its low productivity and increased competitiveness for space allocation andmarket competition, especially with products from intensive aquaculture. Oneway to increase the competitiveness of semi-intensive pond aquaculture is byoptimising the production systems, while maintaining sound environmental conditions in the adjacent coastal areas. With this purpose, different improvedproduction protocols were tested in the earth ponds of the IPIMAR AquacultureResearch Station. In one trial, two different stocking densities of seabream andsole were tested in the earthen ponds (respectively, 1.5 and 3.0 Kg m-3), while inthe other an ecofeed was tested against a standard industrial feed, to evaluate itseffects on the quality of effluent waters from semi-intensive polyculture ponds.The impact of farming protocols on effluent water quality was evaluated by several physical, chemical and biological parameters, which were determined atregular intervals, with special incidence in the warmer periods. Fish densityseemed to affect the composition of effluent waters, since organic nitrogen compounds were particularly higher in the high density ponds at the end of thetrial, probably as a result of fish activity. Feed formulation also had an impact oneffluent water quality, since lower organic phosphorus concentrations werefound in the effluent waters of the ecofeed ponds. The information gathered inthis study may help defining a good practices code for semi-intensive aquaculturesystems, which will not only contribute for the maximization of fish productionbut also for the minimisation of the environmental impacts of this activity.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::STOCKING DENSITY, COMMERCIAL AND ECOFEEDS, WATER QUALITY, SEABREAM AND SOLE POLYCULTURE

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MEDIA MANIPULATION FOR RESPONSE CONTROL IN MARINE MICROALGAENANNOCHLOROPSIS SP. CULTIVATIONHH..DD.. BBuurrrroowwssaa,, AA..CC.. PPaaiissaa,, MM.. GG.. CCaammppoossbb,, TT.. EEnnccaarrnnaaççããooaa** aDepartamento de Química da Universidade de Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, PortugalbFaculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal *[email protected]

The effect of nitrate and phosphate concentration on the chemical and biochemicalcomposition of the products of marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis sp., wasinvestigated. The response of the microalgae in relation to the nitrate and phosphate concentrations leads to changes in the total amount of carotenoids,chlorophyll a, iron and magnesium. The carotenoids presented a higher yieldwhen cultivated under low phosphate concentrations, but showed no change withnitrate concentration. Chlorophyll a increased in the presence of higher concentrations of nitrogen and lower concentrations of phosphorus. There wasan increase in the amount of iron absorbed by cells in the presence of higher levels of nitrates, but none with phosphates. Magnesium content was not affected by culture manipulation. The antioxidative potential of the microalgaeNannochloropsis sp. was also determined by using the method of DPPH• radicalscavenging, and give values around 300 µg/ ml. The degree of unsaturation of thelipid extract found was 0,77. The biomass production cultivated with atmospheric air and cultivated with asupplement source of CO2 was also assessed. The use of CO2 resulted in therebeing a greater amount of biomass produced. The results of the present study show great potential for the use of cultivation ofmicroalgae under controlled media, which can be focused on obtaining compounds of considerable interest.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::MICROALGAE, NANNOCHLOROPSIS SP., ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, CAROTENOIDS

THE INFLUENCES OF THE DIETARY PROTEIN AND DAILY FEEDING FREQUENCY ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED UTILIZATION OF POLYCULTURE FRESHWATER PRAWN M. ROSENBERGII PL AND NILETILAPIA O. NILOTICUS FRYSS..MM.. HHeebbaallaahh aa,,bb**,, AA..MM.. GGooddaa aa,, EE.. OOmmaarr bb,, NN.. EEll--BBeerrmmaawwyybb,, MM.. WWaaffaaaa aa..a (NIOF), National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Aquaculture Division, Alexandria, Egypt.b Animal and Fish Production Dept., Fac. of Agric. Saba Basha, Alexandria Univ., Egypt.*[email protected]

Six different experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate to represent sixnutritional treatments to determine the influences of two different dietary protein(30 and 35%) and three feeding frequency (2, 3 and 4 time a days) in a factorialmanner on growth performance and feed utilization of polyculture freshwaterprawn M. rosenbergii PL and Nile tilapia O. niloticus fry. Experiments were conducted in small-scale hapa (3.75 m3 each). An average initial body weight of0.20 ± 0.028 g for M. rosenbergii PL and 0.20 ± 0.05 g for Nile tilapia. Each hapawere stocked with 150 PL and 37 Nile tilapia fry. The results showed that, thehighest values of whole body Crude Protein (CP) crude fat, ash and energy content as the interaction effect of different dietary protein and feeding frequencieswere recorded for PL fed diet content 30% or 35% CP and fed two times /day feeding frequency. Regarding to Nile tilapia, no clear trend was observed forwhole body composition of fry as the interaction effect for the different dietaryprotein and feeding frequencies except for the highest (P ≤0.05) value of wholebody lipid recorded for the fish fed diet containing 30% CP and 2 or 3 times /dayfeeding frequency. Irrespective of polyculture system no significant differencewas showed in all whole body proximate composition indices as the effect ofeither different dietary protein level (30 and 35% CP) or different feeding frequency(2, 3 and 4 times /days), for both M. rosenbergii PL and Nile tilapia fry.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::FRESHWATER PRAWN, TILAPIA, POLYCULTURE, HAPA, FEEDING FREQUENCY, DIETARY PROTEIN

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND DIETARY PROTEIN/LIPID RATIO ONGROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FEED UTILIZATION OF JUVENILE SENEGALESE SOLE (SOLEA SENEGALENSIS)II.. GGuueerrrreeiirroo aa**,, HH.. PPeerreessaa,, AA.. OOlliivvaa--TTeelleessaa,,bb

a Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMAR), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050 Porto, Portugal.b Faculdade de Ciências do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.*[email protected]

A 74-days trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the temperature (16 and22 ºC) and dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth performance of Senegalese solejuveniles. For that purpose 4 practical diets were formulated to contain 55% protein: 16% lipid (diet 55P16L), 55% protein: 8% lipid (diet 55P8L), 45% protein:16% lipid (diet 45P16L) and 45% protein: 8% lipid (diet 45P8L). Twenty-fourhomogenous groups of 20 Senegalese sole (mean initial body weight: 6.4±0.01 g)were stocked in 100-L capacity tanks (each with approximately 63l of water) andeach diet was assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were fed 2/3 times a dayto apparent visual satiety, six days a week.Growth of Senegalese sole was highest in fish reared at the highest temperature.Within each temperature, growth was highest in fish fed the 45P16L diet at 16 ºCand the 55P8L diet at 22ºC. Feed intake was significantly higher at 16 ºC in fishfed the 55P16L diet and 45P16L diets and the 45P8L diet at 22 ºC. On the otherhand feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were higher in fish fed the dietwith 55P8L at both studied temperatures, being higher at 22 ºC.At the end of the growth trial, at 16 ºC whole-body protein content was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. On the other hand, whole-body lipidcontent was significantly higher in fish fed diets 55P16L and 45P16L and energywas significantly higher in fish fed diet 45P16L. At 22 ºC energy was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas whole-body lipid content wassignificantly higher in fish fed the diet with 45P16L and protein content was significantly higher fin fish fed the diet with 55P8L. The results of this study indi-cate that regardless of water temperature, the diet with 55% protein and 8% lipidpromoted the best growth and feed efficiency. Overall, increasing water temperature from 16 to 22 ºC improved growth and feed efficiency.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::SENEGALESE SOLE, PROTEIN/LIPID RATIO, TEMPERATURE, GROWTH

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR BIOFOULING DEVELOPED BY THE EUCRAB PROJECT WITH EXAMPLES FROM AN INTERTIDAL (RIA FORMOSA)AND AN OFFSHORE (SAGRES) SITE ON THE ALGARVE, PORTUGALBB.. FFrraaggoossooaa,,bb,, RR.. CCllíímmaaccoobb,, JJ.. IIcceellyybb,,cc,, AA.. MMaannjjuuaadd

aIMAR - Instituto do Mar a/c Departamento de Zoologia, FCT, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra,Portugal.bCIMA -FCTEdificio 7, Universidade do Algarve 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.cSagremarisco –Viveiros de Marisco Lda , Apartado 21, 8650-999 Vila do Bispo, PortugalcViveiros Ana Manjua Unipessoal Lda , Rua Ataíde de Oliveira N97 3ªe 8000- 218 Faro, Portugal.

Biofouling represents a serious problem for the aquaculture industry, affectingboth infrastructure and stock. The EU project Collective Research forAquaculture Biofouling (CRAB) has developed best practice guidelines forEuropean aquaculture based on: a pan European baseline study on biofoulingcommunities using a standard protocol for evaluation; an analysis of currentantifouling strategies throughout Europe; and trials for more novel non-toxicstrategies for anti-fouling.The focus in this poster will be on the biofouling communities observed duringthe CRAB project at an inshore site (Ria Formosa) and an offshore site (Sagres)on the Algarve coast of Portugal, as well as initial observations from modifications to the standard CRAB protocol at Sagres. Results will also be presented on the trials at Sagres for one of the more viable non-toxic solutions toantifouling.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::BIOFOULING, NON-TOXIC, STRATEGIES, OFFSHORE, ANTIFOULING

70 71

ASSESSMENT OF A PROTOCOL FOR A NEW SPRAY-DRIED MICROALGAEFORMULATIONSS.. CCaassttaannhhooaa**,, SS.. SSoouussaaaa,, AA..CC.. MMeennddeessaa,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaaa

aINRB I.P.- IPIMAR, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 – 305 Olhão, Portugal*[email protected]

Despite recent improvements on the micro diets for marine larval fishes, hatcheries still depend largely on live prey production, normally involving highcosts. During the last years several alternatives to live microalgae, used for liveprey production, were developed to reduce production costs. In this study spray-dried microalgae formulation was tested during a 76 hoursperiod in order to develop a protocol for rotifers, Brachionus sp. production incomparison to a yeast-based product. Three protocols were compared using different concentrations of product: 0.3g, 0.6g per 10-6 rot and a free dose (chosen according to water turbidity). Free dose treatment had variable dosesduring the trial and was the treatment with higher doses (Table 1). As a control

treatment, the commercial yeast ω3YEAST60 from Bernaqua® was used.

TTaabbllee 11 – Free dose treatment used during the trial

TTiimmee (hours after rotifer inoculation) 0 25 51CCoonncceennttrraattiioonn (g . 106 rot.day-1) 1 1,5 1,2

Growth and egg production of rotifers were analyzed together with practicalaspects of rotifers production.Results show that a minor concentration of product provided a better water qual-ity during the trial. Regarding growth, no statistical differences were observedbetween treatments, except in the last two observations (57 and 76h after inocu-lation) where 0.6g treatment exhibited higher growth than 0.3g treatment. Also,no statistical differences were observed in egg production, until the last observa-tion (76h after inoculation) with higher egged individuals in the 0.6g treatmentcompared to the free dose treatment.Concerning rotifers welfare and growth our results seems to indicate that thisspray-dried microalgae formulation can be used for rotifers production. A lowerdose of product (0.3g per 10-6rot) can be used in the first 50 hours after rotifersinoculations with an increase of dose to 0.6g per 10-6rot afterwards.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::SPRAY-DRIED MICROALGAE, LIVE FEEDS, ROTIFERS PRODUCTION, BRACHIONUS SP.

GREEN WATER TECHNIQUE USING FREEZE-DRIED MICROALGAE FORSPARUS AURATA LARVAE REARINGDD.. MMaarruujjoobb,, SS.. CCaassttaannhhooaa;; AA.. CCaabbrriittaaaa,, AA..CC.. MMeennddeessaa,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaaa,, MM..TT.. DDiinniissbb

aINRB I.P. - IPIMAR, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 Olhão, PortugalbUniversidade do Algarve/CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal

Green water is a technique widely used during larval rearing, representing higheconomical costs. During the last years several commercial microalgae formulations have appeared on the market in order to reduce or substitutemicroalgae production in hatcheries. In this study the potential use of freeze-dried microalgae (FDM) as green-water technique on rotifers andseabream larval performance was analyzed. Performances of two FDM productson water recreating the larval rearing environment (turbidity, foam in the surfaceof the tanks, filter blockage and deposit of particles by direct observation of thetanks) were studied by comparing with live microalgae (LM), Nannochloropsisoculata. Product providing identical results on water performance to live microalgae was selected for rotifers and seabream trials. Rotifers survival wasanalyzed when using this product and live microalgae as green-water technique.After, growth and survival of seabream (Sparus aurata) was also studied usingthe same treatments, in a standard trial from hatching until 20 days after hatching (DAH).No significant differences were observed on rotifers survival with live and freeze-dried microalgae. Rotifers with LM exhibited a 78 ± 13 % and 79 ± 3 % survival, respectively after 3 and 6 hours of the beginning of the trial, whereasrotifers with FDM exhibited 63 ± 7 % and 72 ± 5 % survival, after 3 and 6 hours. At 20 DAH, seabream larvae exhibited identical values of growth (1.17 ± 0.16 mgfor LM and 1.23 ± 0.14 mg for FDM) and survival (17 ± 10 % for LM and 14 ± 8 %for FDM) regardless the treatment used.Freeze-dried microalgae can be a viable substitution of live algae in green watertechnique for S. aurata larvae.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::GREEN WATER TECHNIQUE; MICROALGAE; BRACHIONUS SP.; SPARUS AURATA.

72 73

GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF SENEGALESE SOLE, SOLEA SENEGALENSIS,FED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EFAAA..CC.. MMeennddeessaa,,,, DD.. MMaarrttiinnssbb,, SS.. CCaassttaannhhooaa,, JJ.. CCoouuttiinnhhooaa,, NN.. BBaannddaarrrraaaa,, LL.. CCoonncceeiiççããoobb,, SS.. MMoorraaiisscc,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaaa

aINRB I.P. - IPIMAR, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700 Olhão, PortugalbCIIMAR-Universidade do Algarve/CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, Portugal cInstitute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK

Solea senegalensis is a highly appreciated sole species, with a significant commercial value. Although several studies have been conducted in the last fewyears, the nutritional requirements of this species are still not well known. In thiswork we fed S. senegalensis post-larvae with Artemia enriched with one of fiveexperimental emulsions with increasing graded levels (A-E) of each of two essential fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) during approximately two weeks (post-metamorphosis until weaning). EPA dietdid not produce any differences, while in ARA trial there are differences in sometreatments. Survival rates were not affected by the diets (Fig.1).

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::SOLEA SENEGALENSIS, FATTY ACIDS, EPA, ARA, GROWTH

EFFECT OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF FISH PROTEIN BY HYDROLYSEDFEATHER MEAL IN SEABREAMTT.. AAiirreessaa**,, NN.. NNoogguueeiirraabb,, DD.. TTeeiixxeeiirraabb

aSORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações, SA, EN 109 – Pardala, 3880-728 S. João Ovar, PortugalbCentro de Maricultura da Calheta, Vila da Calheta, 9370-133 Calheta, Madeira, Portugal*[email protected]

Production of formulas with low amounts of fish meal for seabream is beingresearched widely. However, the substitution is usually made with vegetable rawmaterials. Three formulas were designed with similar digestible protein (DP)/digestible energy (DE) and two energy levels. Seabream (initial weight271.16±16.00g) were fed ad libitum during three months six days per week. At theend of the feeding trial weight gain and biological parameters were assessed. The results obtained show that for large seabream at the lower end of optimaltemperature (17.5±0.2ºC), no gain in growth and feed efficiency was obtained withhigh digestible energy, and that it is possible to substitute fish meal with a highamount of hydrolysed feather meal without loosing performance. When economical analysis is performed, this substitution gives the best cost-performance relation.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: GILTHEAD SEABREAM, FEATHER MEAL, SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL

74 75


QUALITY OF SEABASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX) CULTURED UNDERSEMI INTENSIVE CONDITIONSTT..GG.. PPeerreeiirraaaa,, AA.. GGoonnççaallvveessaa,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraabb,, MM..LL.. NNuunneessaa

aU-VPPA, INRB I.P./L-IPIMAR, Avenida Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, PortugalbU-AQ, INRB I.P./L-IPIMAR, Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal

Fish farming (freshwater, brackish and marine fish species) has registered a rapidexpansion in last decades, because of the increase of demand for seafood. Seabass(Dicentrarchus labrax) is one of the main cultured fish species in Portugal.The highest knowledge gain about the effects of culture conditions on the qualityof farmed fish will allow improving of quality features of cultured fish. Quality ofcultured fish is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The nutritional valueand organoleptic characteristics of fish are especially affected by culture conditions.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proximate composition and sensorialquality of farmed seabass.Cultured seabass were reared in earthen pond in EPPO/L-IPIMAR, fed with commercial dry feed. After slaughter in ice: water slurry, fish were transportedto the laboratory in ice. Total length and weight were determined. The liver andvisceral fat were removed and separately weighed to calculate the perivisceral fat(%) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of fishmuscle were assayed by AOAC methods. A shelf life study in ice was also carried out.The quality changes during the chill storage were evaluated by sensory assessmentand chemical analysis (formation of volatile basic compounds: TVB-N and TMA-N).Total fish length and body weight were 41.37±1.06 cm and 886.31±55.61 g, respectively.The perivisceral fat and HSI values were 6.59 ±1.41% and 2.46±0.48%, respectively.The proximate composition of fish muscle was 70.3% moisture, 20.9% total protein, 7.6% fat and 1.2% ash. Sensory results show high freshness of fish at initial stage (1 day in ice) and borderline quality after 14 days of chill storage. Significant formation of volatilecompounds was not observed within this period and values around 17 and 3 mgN/100 g of muscle were found for TVB-N and TMA-N, respectively.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::SEABASS, SENSORY QUALITY, SEMI INTENSIVE REARING, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION

INFLUENCE OF LARVAL STAGE MALFORMATIONS ON JUVENILE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE SEABREAM, DIPLODUS SARGUSLL.. NNiiccoollaauuaa**,, MM.. BBaarraattaaaa,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerrrreeiirraaaa

aINRB.IP-IPIMAR, Avenida 5 de Outubro, 8700 Olhão, Portugal*[email protected]

In aquaculture skeletal deformations are responsible for higher mortalities,reduced growth and conversion rates, lower resistance to disease, alteration ofexternal morphology, resulting in higher production costs. The purpose of thisstudy was to analyse how the malformations observed during larval stage evolvedat juvenile stage after fish were maintained at different densities. Whiteseabream Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758) is new candidate species for aquaculture production, especially for semi-intensive regime in earthen ponds.Larval rearing experiments were carried out during 50 days. Samples were collected throughout development at regular stages from hatching until the endof larval stage. Specimens were stained with alcian blue 8GX and alizarin red Sfor the observation of cartilage and bone respectively, allowing the detection ofskeletal deformities. After this period fish were maintained at different densities(1.5 and 5 kg/m3) until 150 DAH, when these individuals were sampled to determine the percentage of skeletal deformities visible externally.At the end of larval stage (50dah), high levels of skeletal deformities wereobserved, where 70% of Diplodus sargus larvae exhibited malformations with avariable degree of severity, and fish exhibited one deformity to multiple deformities.Of the deformations detected, 54% featured at the caudal complex, only observedby staining. Only 18% were externally visible deformities, such as lordosis andkyphosis. During juvenile stage, these malformations increased to 30-40%.Again, lordosis, kyphosis and vertebral fusion were the malformations more frequent at this stage. The percentage of malformations was identical (40%)regardless the different densities used.In this study density was not responsible for enhancing malformations. Themajority of malformations observed externally at juvenile stage were identical tothe ones described at the end of larval stage, by the double staining technique.The use of this methodology at the end of larval period might be used to predictthe percentage of malformations being a valuable tool for production management.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: DIPLODUS SARGUS; SKELETAL DEFORMATIONS; DENSITY

76 77

IMPROVING THE FISH QUALITY OF INTENSIVE SYSTEMS BY A SHORTCROSSING IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT PONDSMM.. RRiicchhaarrddaa,,bb**,, MM.. CCaarrddiinnaallcc,, RR.. FFaabbrreedd,, JJ..TT.. MMaauurriicceebb,, JJ.. CCoorrnneettcc,, CC.. DDoonnnnaayy--MMoorreennoocc,,JJ..PP.. GGoouuyyggoouucc,, JJ..PP.. BBeerrggéécc,, LL.. VVaalleenntteeee,, SS.. CCaarriioouudd,, MM.. HHaammddaaoouuiidd,, JJ.. HHuusssseennoottff

a Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 6250, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe deGouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, Franceb IFREMER, 17137 L’Houmeau, Francec IFREMER, Dépt Biotechnologies et Ressources Marines, 44311 Nantes 03, France d Ferme Marine de Douhet, 17840 La Brée les Bains, Francee CIIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugalf IFREMER, Dépt Amélioration Génétique, Santé Animale, Environnement, 85230 Bouin, France*[email protected]

As part of SEACASE project, an experiment was carried out to test the influenceof production system (intensive vs. integrated system) on quality of seabream(Sparus aurata). The studied integrated system coupled a seabream intensivefarm (Ferme Marine du Douhet, Île d’Oléron) and extensive productions ofmacroalgae (Ulva, Chaetomorpha) and fish in effluent treatment ponds. Resultsshowed that in contrast to intensive farms, seabream were naturally colourfull(golden yellow marl above eyes) in effluent treatment ponds. Fish flesh was morecolourfull before and after cooking. Muscles were less fatty and contained moreomega 3 fatty acids. Finally, odour and taste had a marine-iodine like character-istic. Analysis of stomachal contents showed that seabream ate crustaceans(decapods, isopods and amphipods) and ulvae in ponds. Crustaceans seemed tohave the same profile of fatty acids than seabream. The quality of seabreamreared in integrated systems is probably correlated with their natural environment (natural preys and sun). A short stay of two months in the integratedsystem could improve the quality of 300g-fish resulting from intensive system.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::PRODUCT QUALITY, GILTHEAD SEABREAM, EFFLUENT TREATMENT PONDS, INTEGRATED SYSTEM

EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF MORPHOLOGICAL QUALITY OF JUVE-NILES FOR EXTENSIVE AQUACULTURE: NEW INSIGHTS BASED ON THEAPPLICATION OF SELF-ORGANIZING MAPSTT.. RRuussssoo,, EE.. PPaallaammaarraa,, MM.. SSccaarrddii,, SS.. CCaattaauuddeellllaa,, CC.. BBoogglliioonneeExperimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory Biology Department University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Viadella Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Roma - ITALY

Data inherent skeletal anomalies in shape (deformities) and number (meristiccounts) of a total of 2590 wild (6 lots) and reared (25 lots) juveniles of giltheadseabream (Sparus aurata), were joined to the historical database of theLaboratory of Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture of the “Tor Vergata”University of Rome (2797 juveniles, whose 262 are wild ones) and submitted toSelf Organizing Maps (SOMs) that are a particular kind of non-supervised artificial neural networks. They are data visualization techniques which generatemodels in which the original information, exemplified by “prototypes”, can beeffectively analysed and correlated with other external source of information(rearing density, temperature, tank volumes). The SOMs revealed a series ofwell-defined patterns of shape and skeletal characteristic that relate to eachrearing approach.

78 79

SHAPE ANALYSIS OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA, L) FROMDIFFERENT ORIGINS AND REARING CONDITIONSCC.. CCoossttaaaa,, FF.. AAnnttoonnuucccciiaa,, SS.. CCaattaauuddeellllaabb,, CC.. BBoogglliioonneebb

aAgritech Lab (Lab. for the High-Tech Engineering Applications in Agriculture) CRA-ING (AgriculturalEngineering Research Unit of the Agriculture Research Council) Via della Pascolare, 16 - 00016Monterotondo (Roma) – ITALYbExperimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory Biology Department University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Viadella Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Roma - ITALY

A total of 1402 wild and reared post-larvae specimens of seabream, divided in 4 size-groups, were sampled to investigate their morphological differencesthrough Geometric morphometry coupled with Canonical Variates Analysis (CVA).Each group is composed by specimens originated from different rearing sites andby wild individuals. The CVA evidenced a good differentiation among wild andfarmed and rearing sites.

EVALUATION OF THE SKELETAL QUALITY IN SENEGALESE SOLE (SOLEASENEGALENSIS) REARED UNDER INTENSIVE VS EXTENSIVE CONDITIONSPP..JJ.. GGaavvaaiiaa11,, NN.. RRiicchhaarrdd11,, LL.. DDââmmaassoo22,, MM..TT.. DDiinniiss11,, PP.. PPoouussããoo--FFeerreeiirraa22,, SS.. EEnnggrroollaa11,, LL.. CCoonncceeiiççããoo11,, LL.. CCaanncceellaa11

1- CCMAR - Centre for Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005 – 139 Faro, Portugal. [email protected] Estação Piloto Piscicultura de Olhão, IPIMAR/CRIP Sul, Av. 5 Outubro s/n 8700-302 Olhão, Portugal

The Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is characteristic from southern Europeand Mediterranean. It has recently been adapted for aquaculture productionsince it is well accepted by consumers and reaches high commercial values. Afterthe description of the ontogenic events of skeletogenesis a evaluation on the incidence of malformations was conducted, revealing high levels of skeletaldeformities reaching up to 80% incidence. This can represent a constraint for further improving performances in this species. A comparison of rearingmethodologies revealed a relatively high incidence of skeletal deformities in earlylife stages captured in nature (20%) and in individuals raised in mesocosms (20-50%), that indicates that deformities have other causes than just the onesinduced in captivity. Although relatively high numbers of deformities wereobserved in different conditions, the external anatomy is normally not severelyaffected, meaning that the aquaculture success of this species might not beimpaired by skeletal deformities. Still, advances in nutritional and zootechnicalconditions should be made to improve the overall skeletal quality of Solea senegalensis.

80 81


CARRYING CAPACITY OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS IN COASTAL WETLANDS: A NEW POTENTIAL TOOL IN AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT IN THE GULF OF CÁDIZOO.. MMoorreennoo**,, JJ.. MMoorraalleess,, AA.. RRooyyoo,, CC.. JJiimméénneezz,, PP.. AAzzccoonnaa,, EE..JJ.. MMaallttaa*[email protected]

Shellfish harvesting has been a long tradition in the coastal salt-marshes of theHuelva and Cádiz, more recently the introduction of intensive bivalve aquacultureprocedures forced the Andalusian administration to develop regional spatialplanning of suitable areas for exploitation. Our paper will review the planning criteria used in the first attempts of identification and distribution of the cultureunits. The original planned distribution in individual/family cultivation units hasbeen in operation during the past 25 years, in this time extensive studies hasbeen performed in several European countries to set-up an operational methodological approach for the estimation of the carrying capacity for bivalvemollusks aquaculture. The current carrying capacity models proposed in the scientific literature could be grouped within three categories, which will be brieflydescribed in comparison with the former planning concepts. Finally, a criticalreview about the feasibility of the proposed carrying capacity methodologicalapproaches, as an operational management tool, will be performed taken to theCarreras saltwater-marshes complex (Huelva, SW Spain) as an application case study.

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SUSTAINABLE COASTAL AQUACULTURE IN EUROPE: THE ETHICS OFFARMED FISH PRODUCTIONMM.. MMaaggaallhhããeess--SSaanntt’’AAnnaaaa**,, LL.. CCoonncceeiiççããoobb,, JJ.. DDiiaassbb,, PP.. RRaauuxxcc,, II..AA.. OOllssssoonnaa

aLaboratory Animal Science, IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua doCampo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, PortugalbCCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas,8005-139, Faro, PortugalcUMR-AMURE Centre de droit et d’Economie de la Mer – Université de Brest / IFREMER, Centre IfremerBrest - BP 70, 29280 Plouzane, France *[email protected]

While ocean fish populations have become critically endangered, the foreseeablecollapse of commercial wild fish stocks puts increasing pressure over traditionaloceanic fisheries and makes worldwide demand for dietary fish protein particu-larly dependent of farmed fish production. In response to this demand, aquacul-ture production has increased steadily during the last two decades but, at thesame time, there is serious concern over the sustainability of a number of thepractices involved. While European markets are amongst the world largest con-sumers of fish products, official health recommendations advocate an additionalincrease in fish consumption. As large consumers with environmental ambitionsand economic power, European public and private sectors bear special responsibilityin the implementation of sustainable marine aquaculture systems. Researchprojects are under way which intend to minimize environmental impacts of aqua-culture, increase its socio-economic benefits and improve the safety and qualityof aquaculture products. But how able are they to achieve these goals? The purposes of the present paper are to (1) present a critical appraisal of some ofthe measures that can help aquaculture production move towards sustainabilityand (2) make an analysis of how recent EU funded research projects on sustainablecoastal aquaculture meet the aforementioned objectives.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss::COASTAL AQUACULTURE, SUSTAINABILITY, ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF TILAPIA HATCHERIESPROJECTS FOR EGYPT YOUTHAA.. SSaalleemm aa,,dd**,, AA..MM.. NNoouurr bb,, AA..RR.. HHaalleeaamm cc,, MM..AA.. EEssssaa aa,, TT..MM.. SSrroouurrdd,, MM..AA.. ZZaakkii bb,, NN..EEll--BBeerrmmaawwyydd..a (NIOF), National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Aquaculture Division, Alexandria, Egypt.b Animal Production Dept., Fac. of Agric. El-Shatby, Alexandria Univ., Egypt. c Central Laboratory of Aquaculture Research, Agriculture Research Center, El-Abbassa, Egypt.d Animal and Fish Production Dept., Fac. of Agric. Saba Basha, Alexandria Univ., Egypt.*[email protected]

The goal of this study was to propose a fish project for the youth. Astudy was conducted to evaluate the technical and economical performance ofthree tilapia hatcheries differing in their scale of production and most of theirmanagement procedures but similar in some technical procedures: manualremoval of fry from mouth brooders reared in concrete tanks kept inside greenhouses. The parameters tested included water quality, feeding regime andfry production related to brooders weight and stocking rate. The results revealed the superiority of the small-scale hatcheries in yearly fryproduction per individual female (3724 fry), total brooder weight (20248 fry/kg)and water volume in cubic meter (27930 fry). This superiority may be attributedto the application of high quality ground water supplied with continuous aerationand higher quality feed (30% protein). On the other hand large scale fish farmachieved the best fry yield per kg female/year averaging 24640 fry, a productionwhich is a direct effect of the higher number of females per unit weight of stockedbrooders (12 females / kg brooders). Economic evaluation, however, indicatedthat medium scale fish farm is more profitable than both small scale and large-scale farms as indicated by the lowest operating ratio and the value ofreturn on cost. It is concluded that a medium size hatchery project should be recommended for the youth.

KKeeyy--wwoorrddss:: EGYPT, YOUTH, TILAPIA, BROOD FISH, FRY, HATCHERIES, TECHNICAL, ECONOMICAL, EVALUATION AND PROJECTS.

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seacase international workshop 2010

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